Article(id=1322218846681944445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218723616862544, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728489600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-10, revisedDate=1737302400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793171138687, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793171138687, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793171138687, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793171138687, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322218723616862544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1145', pageEnd='1242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749916800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793171109346, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325423536, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865964295766226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218723616862544, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865964295766227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218723616862544, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1190, endPage=1198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322218846883271038, articleId=1322218846681944445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Role of mitophagy in pancreatic cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To explore the role of mitophagy in pancreatic cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy and its underlying mechanism.

Methods‍

Six male C57BL/6J mice (8 weeks old, weighing 20~30 g) were equally and randomly divided into a control group (intrapancreatic injection of normal saline) and a cachexia group (orthotopic pancreatic injection of KPC1199 cells). After successful model establishment, gastrocnemius muscles were harvested for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to assess mitochondrial ultrastructure. Western blotting was performed to quantify mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (Ⅰ~Ⅳ) and autophagy-related proteins, while immunofluorescence staining was conducted to evaluate mitochondrial-lysosomal colocalization. In in vitro experiments, C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated into myotubes, and then divided into a control group (standard culture) and a cachexia group (co-cultured with KPC1199 cells for 48 h using transwell chambers). Mitochondrial-lysosomal colocalization and autophagy-related protein expression were analyzed with immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting. The mitochondrial division inhibitor Mdivi-1 (20 μmol/L) was added to the co-culture system to assess its myotube diameter.

Results‍

Compared to the control mice, the cachectic mice exhibited mitochondrial swelling, reduced cristae density, and significantly increased mitochondrial-lysosomal colocalization in gastrocnemius muscle (P<0.05). Western blotting revealed the expression levels of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins complexⅠ (1.00±0.04 vs 0.51±0.04, P<0.05), complexⅡ (1.00±0.13 vs 0.73±0.15, P<0.05), complexⅢ (1.00±0.20 vs 0.64±0.01, P<0.05), complexⅣ (1.00±0.06 vs 0.65±0.02, P<0.05) and PGC1α (1.00±0.03 vs 0.62±0.06, P<0.05) were decreased, and the levels of mitophagy markers, LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ (1.00±0.14 vs 1.65±0.25, P<0.05), PINK1 (1.00±0.11 vs 1.51±0.05, P<0.05), and BNIP3 (1.00±0.22 vs 2.02±0.10, P<0.05) were elevated when compared to the control. In the C2C12 myotube model, tumor cell co-culture increased mitochondrial-lysosomal colocalization and upregulated mitophagy-related protein expression (P<0.05), consistent with the in vivo findings. Mdivi-1 treatment increased myotube diameter from 220.6±35.5 μm to 315.0±39.1 μm (R²=0.666 5, P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Mitophagy is activated in pancreatic cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy. Inhibiting mitophagy can effectively alleviate muscle atrophy induced by pancreatic cancer cachexia.

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‍

目的

探究线粒体自噬在胰腺癌恶病质肌肉萎缩中的作用及其潜在机制。

方法

采用随机数字表法将8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(n=6,体质量20~30 g)分为对照组(n=3,胰腺原位注射生理盐水)和恶病质组(n=3,胰腺原位注射KPC1199细胞,建立胰腺癌模型)。建模完成后,采集2组小鼠的腓肠肌组织,使用透射电镜观察线粒体超微结构;通过Western blot检测线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ-Ⅳ及自噬相关蛋白的表达,免疫荧光染色观察腓肠肌中线粒体溶酶体共定位。细胞实验中,将C2C12成肌细胞诱导分化为肌管后,分为对照组(常规培养)和恶病质组(通过共培养小室与KPC1199细胞共培养48 h)。通过免疫荧光染色及Western blot分别观察线粒体溶酶体共定位和线粒体自噬相关蛋白的表达。在共培养体系中加入线粒体分裂抑制剂,通过免疫荧光染色评估肌管直径。

结果

与对照组比较,恶病质组小鼠腓肠肌线粒体肿胀、嵴减少,线粒体溶酶体共定位显著增多。Western blot检测显示,与对照组比较,线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ(1.00±0.04 vs 0.51±0.04,P<0.05)、复合体Ⅱ(1.00±0.13 vs 0.73±0.15,P<0.05)、复合体Ⅲ(1.00±0.20 vs 0.64±0.01,P<0.05)、复合体Ⅳ(1.06±0.06 vs 0.65±0.02,P<0.05)和PGC-1α(1.00±0.03 vs 0.62±0.06,P<0.05)表达降低,线粒体自噬标志物LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ(1.00±0.14 vs 1.65±0.25,P<0.05)、PINK1(1.00±0.11 vs 1.51±0.05,P<0.05)和BNIP3(1.00±0.22 vs 2.02±0.10,P<0.05)表达升高。在C2C12肌管模型中,肿瘤细胞共培养组线粒体溶酶体共定位较对照组增多,线粒体自噬相关蛋白表达增高,变化趋势与动物模型一致。加入20 μmol/L线粒体分裂抑制剂干预后,肌管直径从(220.6±35.5)μm增至(315.0±39.1)μm(R²=0.666 5,P<0.05)。

结论

胰腺癌恶病质萎缩肌肉中线粒体自噬激活,体外抑制线粒体自噬可有效减缓肿瘤诱导的肌管萎缩。

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梁后杰,E-mail:
LIANG Houjie,E-mail:
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Nature,2021,593(7859):435-439., articleTitle=Distinct fission signatures predict mitochondrial degradation or biogenesis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322218860212769240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, doi=10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.020, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=40, issue=6, pageStart=583, pageEnd=594.e6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=32, authorNames=BORDT E A, CLERC P, ROELOFS B A, journalName=Dev Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BORDT E A,CLERC P,ROELOFS B A,et al. The putative Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1 is a reversible mitochondrial complex Ⅰ inhibitor that modulates reactive oxygen species[J]. 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J Transl Med,2023,21(1):427., articleTitle=Inhibition of DRP1-dependent mitochondrial fission by Mdivi-1 alleviates atherosclerosis through the modulation of M1 polarization, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322218848586158474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218848598741387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, companyId=1322218848586158474, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Oncology,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218848611324300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, companyId=1322218848586158474, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院肿瘤科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322218852730130862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=y5zm9zAjQSlzmhyWHziN+A==, figureFileBig=ZJe8bi15BFj/2+8XUq6uDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218852822405551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, language=CN, label=图1, caption=肿瘤恶病质模型小鼠的构建与鉴定

a:P<0.05,与对照组比较A:建模后第15天的小鼠活体成像代表性图像; B:小鼠相对体质量变化; C:小鼠骨骼肌握力统计;D:小鼠腓肠肌的大体观察和质量比较; E;小鼠腓肠肌横截面图像(HE染色)及肌纤维横截面积统计

, figureFileSmall=y5zm9zAjQSlzmhyWHziN+A==, figureFileBig=ZJe8bi15BFj/2+8XUq6uDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218853015343536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wwzi76nkw3vLAipWc95hKA==, figureFileBig=V5vW7um3NnR8+34p2+46og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218854684676529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, language=CN, label=图2, caption=肿瘤恶病质模型小鼠骨骼肌中的线粒体形态功能的检测

A:透射电镜观察小鼠腓肠肌线粒体情况 箭头:线粒体嵴; B:Western blot检测小鼠腓肠肌中线粒体呼吸链复合体相关蛋白的表达 a:P<0.05,与对照组比较

, figureFileSmall=wwzi76nkw3vLAipWc95hKA==, figureFileBig=V5vW7um3NnR8+34p2+46og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218854785339826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XnixuC0Z67fVNsTa92sTLQ==, figureFileBig=8Y+Txqlvdl7342+zF1/tCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218854944723379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, language=CN, label=图3, caption=肿瘤恶病质模型小鼠骨骼肌中线粒体自噬的表达情况

A:免疫荧光染色法检测小鼠腓肠肌线粒体自噬小体 箭头:示明显共定位点,绿色:LAMP1,红色:TOM20; B:Western blot检测小鼠腓肠肌线粒体自噬相关通路蛋白的表达 a :P<0.05,与对照组比较

, figureFileSmall=XnixuC0Z67fVNsTa92sTLQ==, figureFileBig=8Y+Txqlvdl7342+zF1/tCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218855028609460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nAvfH08HUc4TwDTCj+GfWw==, figureFileBig=aBpUVY6vR8A6q6IvjP8ZVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218855116689845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, language=CN, label=图4, caption=肿瘤细胞对肌管线粒体自噬的影响

A:采用免疫荧光染色方法检测肌管中线粒体与溶酶体共定位情况 箭头:示明显共定位点;绿色:Lysotracker,红色:Mitotracker; B:Western blot检测肌管中线粒体自噬相关蛋白的表达 a:P<0.05,与对照组比较

, figureFileSmall=nAvfH08HUc4TwDTCj+GfWw==, figureFileBig=aBpUVY6vR8A6q6IvjP8ZVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218855200575926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=L5Dj3XPsh3DHfwSl3BYytA==, figureFileBig=VgdoQisvDVABcZ2WAvqkgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218855297044919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218846681944445, language=CN, label=图5, caption=抑制线粒体自噬对肌管萎缩的影响

a :P<0.05,与对照组比较

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线粒体自噬对胰腺癌恶病质肌萎缩的作用研究
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王一洁 , 李建军 , 王雪松 , 董严 , 梁后杰
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(11): 1190-1198
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (11) : 1190 -1198
线粒体自噬对胰腺癌恶病质肌萎缩的作用研究
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王一洁, 李建军, 王雪松, 董严, 梁后杰
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院肿瘤科,重庆
通讯作者:
梁后杰,E-mail:
LIANG Houjie,E-mail:
Role of mitophagy in pancreatic cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy
Yijie WANG, Jianjun LI, Xuesong WANG, Yan DONG, Houjie LIANG
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Oncology,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410021
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目的

探究线粒体自噬在胰腺癌恶病质肌肉萎缩中的作用及其潜在机制。

方法

采用随机数字表法将8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(n=6,体质量20~30 g)分为对照组(n=3,胰腺原位注射生理盐水)和恶病质组(n=3,胰腺原位注射KPC1199细胞,建立胰腺癌模型)。建模完成后,采集2组小鼠的腓肠肌组织,使用透射电镜观察线粒体超微结构;通过Western blot检测线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ-Ⅳ及自噬相关蛋白的表达,免疫荧光染色观察腓肠肌中线粒体溶酶体共定位。细胞实验中,将C2C12成肌细胞诱导分化为肌管后,分为对照组(常规培养)和恶病质组(通过共培养小室与KPC1199细胞共培养48 h)。通过免疫荧光染色及Western blot分别观察线粒体溶酶体共定位和线粒体自噬相关蛋白的表达。在共培养体系中加入线粒体分裂抑制剂,通过免疫荧光染色评估肌管直径。

结果

与对照组比较,恶病质组小鼠腓肠肌线粒体肿胀、嵴减少,线粒体溶酶体共定位显著增多。Western blot检测显示,与对照组比较,线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ(1.00±0.04 vs 0.51±0.04,P<0.05)、复合体Ⅱ(1.00±0.13 vs 0.73±0.15,P<0.05)、复合体Ⅲ(1.00±0.20 vs 0.64±0.01,P<0.05)、复合体Ⅳ(1.06±0.06 vs 0.65±0.02,P<0.05)和PGC-1α(1.00±0.03 vs 0.62±0.06,P<0.05)表达降低,线粒体自噬标志物LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ(1.00±0.14 vs 1.65±0.25,P<0.05)、PINK1(1.00±0.11 vs 1.51±0.05,P<0.05)和BNIP3(1.00±0.22 vs 2.02±0.10,P<0.05)表达升高。在C2C12肌管模型中,肿瘤细胞共培养组线粒体溶酶体共定位较对照组增多,线粒体自噬相关蛋白表达增高,变化趋势与动物模型一致。加入20 μmol/L线粒体分裂抑制剂干预后,肌管直径从(220.6±35.5)μm增至(315.0±39.1)μm(R²=0.666 5,P<0.05)。

结论

胰腺癌恶病质萎缩肌肉中线粒体自噬激活,体外抑制线粒体自噬可有效减缓肿瘤诱导的肌管萎缩。

恶病质  /  线粒体自噬  /  胰腺癌  /  肌萎缩
Objective‍

To explore the role of mitophagy in pancreatic cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy and its underlying mechanism.

Methods‍

Six male C57BL/6J mice (8 weeks old, weighing 20~30 g) were equally and randomly divided into a control group (intrapancreatic injection of normal saline) and a cachexia group (orthotopic pancreatic injection of KPC1199 cells). After successful model establishment, gastrocnemius muscles were harvested for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to assess mitochondrial ultrastructure. Western blotting was performed to quantify mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (Ⅰ~Ⅳ) and autophagy-related proteins, while immunofluorescence staining was conducted to evaluate mitochondrial-lysosomal colocalization. In in vitro experiments, C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated into myotubes, and then divided into a control group (standard culture) and a cachexia group (co-cultured with KPC1199 cells for 48 h using transwell chambers). Mitochondrial-lysosomal colocalization and autophagy-related protein expression were analyzed with immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting. The mitochondrial division inhibitor Mdivi-1 (20 μmol/L) was added to the co-culture system to assess its myotube diameter.

Results‍

Compared to the control mice, the cachectic mice exhibited mitochondrial swelling, reduced cristae density, and significantly increased mitochondrial-lysosomal colocalization in gastrocnemius muscle (P<0.05). Western blotting revealed the expression levels of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins complexⅠ (1.00±0.04 vs 0.51±0.04, P<0.05), complexⅡ (1.00±0.13 vs 0.73±0.15, P<0.05), complexⅢ (1.00±0.20 vs 0.64±0.01, P<0.05), complexⅣ (1.00±0.06 vs 0.65±0.02, P<0.05) and PGC1α (1.00±0.03 vs 0.62±0.06, P<0.05) were decreased, and the levels of mitophagy markers, LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ (1.00±0.14 vs 1.65±0.25, P<0.05), PINK1 (1.00±0.11 vs 1.51±0.05, P<0.05), and BNIP3 (1.00±0.22 vs 2.02±0.10, P<0.05) were elevated when compared to the control. In the C2C12 myotube model, tumor cell co-culture increased mitochondrial-lysosomal colocalization and upregulated mitophagy-related protein expression (P<0.05), consistent with the in vivo findings. Mdivi-1 treatment increased myotube diameter from 220.6±35.5 μm to 315.0±39.1 μm (R²=0.666 5, P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Mitophagy is activated in pancreatic cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy. Inhibiting mitophagy can effectively alleviate muscle atrophy induced by pancreatic cancer cachexia.

cachexia  /  mitophagy  /  pancreatic cancer  /  muscle atrophy
王一洁, 李建军, 王雪松, 董严, 梁后杰. 线粒体自噬对胰腺癌恶病质肌萎缩的作用研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (11) : 1190 -1198 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410021
Yijie WANG, Jianjun LI, Xuesong WANG, Yan DONG, Houjie LIANG. Role of mitophagy in pancreatic cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (11) : 1190 -1198 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410021
恶病质是一种全身炎症性的多系统综合征,其主要特征表现为进行性体质量下降、骨骼肌萎缩,以及可能伴随的脂肪组织减少[1]。该综合征临床表现为食欲减退、全身性衰弱和多器官功能障碍等临床症状。作为晚期恶性肿瘤常见并发症,恶病质已成为癌症相关死亡的重要诱因,不仅显著降低患者生存质量,还会加剧抗肿瘤治疗的毒性反应[2-4]。胰腺癌作为致命的恶性肿瘤之一,其恶病质发生率尤为突出,流行病学数据显示,85%的胰腺癌患者会出现体质量下降,且在癌症终末期时,中位体质量损失可达基础体质量的25%[5]。超过1/3的患者因恶病质死亡[6],尽管现行临床指南将营养支持作为基础干预策略,但其难以逆转进行性肌萎缩进程,这提示胰腺癌恶病质涉及独特的代谢调控机制亟待揭示。
骨骼肌萎缩是恶病质的主要特征[7]。骨骼肌通过线粒体能量代谢的稳态来维持其在生理或病理刺激下的能量需求和收缩功能[8]。研究表明,线粒体稳态的维持依赖于线粒体自噬的协调作用,后者通过清除受损的线粒体来维护骨骼肌线粒体的健康状态[9-10]。研究表明,线粒体功能稳态失衡与衰老过程中的骨骼肌丢失密切相关[11-12]。作为细胞保护机制,适度线粒体自噬对维持线粒体健康至关重要,但病理状态下过度激活可能引发正常线粒体过度清除,进而对细胞造成不利影响[13-15]。目前研究证实线粒体损伤产生大量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)破坏骨骼肌纤维中线粒体的稳定性,下调与线粒体生物发生的相关途径,促进肌肉萎缩[16],同时炎症和氧化应激也可能参与线粒体自噬相关的骨骼肌萎缩,然而线粒体自噬是否参与癌症相关恶病质骨骼肌萎缩[17],目前尚不明确。
本研究从线粒体自噬角度探究胰腺癌恶病质肌萎缩机制。通过构建胰腺原位移植瘤小鼠模型,联合C2C12肌管共培养细胞模型,探究线粒体自噬在胰腺癌恶病质肌肉萎缩中的作用及其潜在机制,以期为治疗胰腺癌恶病质提供全新策略。
小鼠胰腺导管腺癌细胞系KPC1199获赠自中国上海交通大学医学院,小鼠骨骼肌成肌细胞C2C12购自重庆香堇科技有限公司。6只8周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠(体质量20~30 g)购自中国南京集萃药康公司。本动物实验研究经陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理审查委员会批准(AMUWEC20211317),小鼠饲养环境温度为22~24 ℃,湿度为50%~60%,12 h光照/黑暗循环,自由摄食灭菌饲料及饮水。手术全程采用异氟烷吸入麻醉(诱导浓度2%~3%,维持浓度1.0%~1.5%),未发生意外不良事件,每3天记录体质量数据,当体质量下降>20%为人道终点。
小动物活体成像仪(AniView100)购自中国广州博鹭腾生物科技有限公司;荧光素酶报告基因抗嘌呤霉素慢病毒载体(CV303)购自中国吉凯基因公司;D-荧光素钾盐(ST196,50 mg)购自中国碧云天公司;马血清(BL209A)购自中国Biosharp公司;Polybrene病毒转染试剂(SB-C007)购自中国圣尔生物公司;线粒体呼吸链复合体兔抗体Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ(67935)购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司;动力相关蛋白1(dynamin-related protein 1,DRP1)兔抗体(8570)购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司;PTEN诱导激酶1(PTEN-induced kinase 1,PINK1)兔抗体(23274-1-AP)购自中国Proteintech公司;FUN14结构域包含蛋白(FUN14 Domain Containing 1,FUN14)兔抗体(49240)购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司;BCL2/腺病毒E1B 19 kDa相互作用蛋白3(BCL2/adenovirusE1B19 kDa interacting protein 3,BNIP3)兔抗体(ab109414)购自美国Abcam公司;微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ(microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ,LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ)兔抗体(ABC929)购自美国Sigma公司;HRP标记β-actin鼠抗体(HRP-60008)购自中国Proteintech公司;线粒体外膜转位酶2(translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20,TOM20)兔抗体(AF1717)购自中国碧云天公司;溶酶体相关膜蛋白1(lysosome-associated membrane protein 1,LAMP1)鼠抗体(AG2482)购自中国碧云天公司;Hoechst 33342活细胞染色液(C1022)购自中国碧云天公司;Alexa Fluor 594标记羊抗兔IgG(SB-AB0151)及Alexa Fluor 488标记羊抗鼠IgG(SB-AB0142)购自中国圣尔生物公司;线粒体荧光探针(Mitotracker)和溶酶体荧光探针(Lysotracker)购自中国碧云天公司;线粒体分裂抑制剂1(mitochondrial division inhibitor 1,Mdivi-1)购自美国MedChemExpress公司;肌球蛋白重链4(myosin heavy chain 4,MyH4)兔抗体(20140-1-AP)购自中国Proteintech公司。
将对数生长期的KPC1199细胞接种到6孔板中,每孔约5×104个细胞,在37 ℃ 5%CO2培养箱中孵育。取2 mL新鲜无血清DMEM培养基,加入2 μL Polybrene病毒转染试剂,再加入荧光素酶标记病毒[所需病毒体积(µL)=细胞的感染复数×细胞总数量/病毒滴度(TU/mL)×1 000],感染8~12 h后换新鲜完全培养基培养,观察细胞形态,感染3 d后,使用嘌呤霉素抗性基因的新鲜完全培养基筛选稳定转导的细胞系。
准备8周龄、体质量20~30 g的C57BL/6J雄性小鼠,根据随机数字表法将小鼠均分为对照组(n=3)和恶病质组(n=3)。2组小鼠均进行手术暴露胰腺,恶病质组通过胰腺原位注射胰腺癌细胞构建胰腺癌恶病质模型,对照组在相同手术条件下注射生理盐水,具体步骤如下:取对数生长期的表达荧光素酶基因的胰腺癌KPC1199细胞,消化重悬,调整细胞浓度为4×106个/mL。将小鼠置于麻醉诱导盒中,通过异氟烷气体吸入麻醉(浓度2%~3%),待小鼠翻正反射消失后,固定于手术台并维持异氟烷麻醉(浓度1.0%~1.5%),剃除小鼠侧腹部毛发,右侧卧位,消毒后左部肋缘下切口,暴露胰腺。恶病质组用胰岛素针吸取50 μL细胞悬液注入胰腺,停留30 s后退出针头。对照组暴露胰腺后,注射50 μL生理盐水。正常饲养2组小鼠,并定期记录体质量数据。与对照组比较,当荷瘤小鼠的体质量下降达到5%、10%或15%时(分别为轻度、中度和重度恶病质),安乐死小鼠并分离小鼠腓肠肌组织,将小鼠腓肠肌组织储存于液氮或进行冰冻切片、石蜡包埋处理。
用无菌PBS溶解D-萤光素钾盐,配制成15 mg/mL的D-萤光素钾盐溶液,0.2 μm滤膜过滤除菌。混匀后按照10 μL/g的小鼠体质量浓度,向小鼠腹腔注射萤光素钾盐溶液。注射入体内15 min后,萤光信号达到最强稳定平台期,准备好小动物活体成像仪,将小鼠置于成像系统的暗箱内,采集图像进行成像分析。
将5代以内的小鼠C2C12细胞接种于6孔板,细胞贴壁密度约75%,移除旧培养基,PBS清洗2次。加入分化培养基(2%马血清、1%青-链霉素溶液和DMEM),诱导细胞分化4~6 d,即多核肌管形成。在6孔板上放置共培养小室,小室内接种胰腺癌KPC1199细胞,共同培养48 h。
将恶病质组及对照组小鼠置于操作台上确保其处于平静状态。将各组轻柔放置于小鼠抓力仪上,确保小鼠舒适并能够完全自然地抓握。水平匀速向后牵拉鼠尾,记录测力仪读数,每只小鼠测量5次取平均值。
将肌肉组织样本石蜡包埋后切片,置于烤片架上于60 ℃烘烤4 h脱蜡。二甲苯脱蜡20 min,再依次经过100%、95%、70%乙醇的梯度脱蜡各5 min,随后在双蒸水中洗涤5 min。用PBS洗涤2次,使用苏木素染色10 min,自来水冲洗10 min,蒸馏水洗涤数秒。再用伊红染剂染色30 s~2 min。完成染色后,进行梯度乙醇脱水(70%、80%、90%、无水乙醇各10 s,二甲苯2次×5 min)。将肌肉组织切片脱水后风干,用中性树胶封片,最后使用显微镜观察并记录。
肌肉取样方向为横向,将肌肉组织修整成3 mm×1 mm×1 mm的长条状(1 min内将组织浸泡入固定液内)。用2.5%戊二醛固定液在4 ℃条件下固定小鼠腓肠肌过夜(用量2 mL/例样本)。将样品浸入丙酮与包埋剂的混合物中持续6 h后,转移至60 ℃的恒温环境中进行为期2 d的聚合处理,以确保包埋剂充分固化。对样本进行超薄切片(50~70 nm),置于室温下干燥。使用透射电子显微镜下观察骨骼肌中线粒体。
小鼠腓肠肌标本:取出冰冻切片,室温复温20 min,PBS洗3次,每次5 min。山羊血清封闭液室温封闭1 h。去除封闭液,同时加入一抗TOM20(1∶100稀释)和LAMP1(1∶100稀释),4 ℃孵育过夜。次日,取出切片,室温放置0.5 h复温,PBS洗3次,每次5 min。同时加入荧光二抗(Alexa Fluor 594标记羊抗兔抗体和Alexa Fluor 488标记羊抗鼠抗体,稀释比例1∶500),室温孵育2 h,PBS洗涤3次。带DAPI抗荧光淬灭封片剂染核并封片,15 min后在激光共聚焦显微镜下进行观察评估。
肌管标本:将肌管与线粒体荧光探针Mitotracker(1∶8 000)及溶酶体荧光探针Lysotracker(1∶2 000)共孵育1 h。PBS洗涤3次,每次5 min。使用Hoechst 33342活细胞染色剂孵育15 min后,在激光共聚焦显微镜下进行观察记录。
小鼠腓肠肌组织剪碎至1 mm3的组织块,加入Western blot细胞裂解液,组织匀浆5 min后,超声细胞破碎3 min。对于细胞组织,6孔板内细胞加入130~150 μL的细胞裂解液,快速刮取细胞,移至1.5 mL EP管中。冰上裂解30 min,以4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心30 min,收集上清至新的EP管中。BCA蛋白定量法进行蛋白浓度检测,制备蛋白样品。将蛋白样品加入凝胶中进行电泳,设置电压和电泳时间(浓缩胶80 V,30 min;分离胶120 V,60 min)。电泳完成后进行湿法转膜90 min(250 mA),5%BSA封闭60 min。4 ℃一抗孵育过夜,次日取出,PBST洗涤3次,每次5 min。相应来源二抗(1∶1000)室温孵育1 h。弃去二抗,PBST洗涤3次,每次5 min。使用Image J软件显影,并观察条带。
将胰腺癌KPC1199细胞与分化成功后的肌管共培养48 h。在共培养体系中,一组肌管与肿瘤细胞共培养的同时给予Mdivi-1(20 μmol/L)处理24 h(对照组+Mdivi-1),而另一组则仅接受肿瘤细胞共培养但不加Mdivi-1处理,作为对照(对照组)。
计量资料结果均以x¯±s表示,采用SPSS 26.0统计软件以及GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行数据分析,恶病质组与对照组的组间比较采用独立样本t检验,结果已进行归一化处理;根据检验结果的显著性水平来判断差异是否具有统计学意义,检验水准α=0.05。
建立胰腺癌恶病质模型后,活体成像显示肿瘤成功生长(图1A)。与对照组比较,恶病质组小鼠的相对体质量及骨骼肌握力均显著降低(图1B、C)。解剖学图像显示,恶病质组小鼠腓肠肌体积较对照组缩小;腓肠肌质量测定进一步证实,恶病质组小鼠的腓肠肌质量低于对照组(P<0.05,图1D)。腓肠肌纵切面HE染色显示,恶病质组小鼠的腓肠肌肌纤维排列稀疏,肌纤维横截面积显著缩小(P<0.05,图1E)。上述结果表明胰腺癌恶病质组小鼠已出现明显的骨骼肌萎缩表型。
利用透射电子显微镜观察小鼠腓肠肌线粒体的超微结构,结果显示,恶病质小鼠腓肠肌中肌节结构紊乱和模糊化,肌节内部的精细结构受损,包括Z线和Ⅰ带清晰度降低,肌原纤维排列紊乱;线粒体嵴结构紊乱,表现为嵴模糊或减少(图2A)。Western blot结果显示,恶病质组肌纤维中线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ(NDUFA8)、复合体Ⅱ(SDHB)、复合体Ⅲ(UQCRC2)和复合体Ⅳ(MT-CO1)及线粒体生物发生的主要调控因子PGC-1α的表达显著下调(P<0.05,图2B),表明线粒体呼吸链功能受损。以上结果提示,肿瘤恶病质组小鼠骨骼肌线粒体的形态和功能异常。
免疫荧光染色结果显示:恶病质组小鼠骨骼肌中TOM20(线粒体标记物)和LAMP1(溶酶体标记物)的分布,较对照组呈现出明显聚集,形成微粒结构,提示恶病质组的肌纤维中线粒体和溶酶体存在共定位(图3A、B)。Western blot结果显示,相较于对照组,恶病质组小鼠肌肉中LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ(自噬体形成标志蛋白)和线粒体自噬相关蛋白(PINK1、BNIP3和FUNDC1等)表达显著增加(P<0.05,图3C、D),提示自噬活动和线粒体自噬途径的激活。此外,调控线粒体分裂的关键蛋白DRP1在恶病质组中也显著上调,进一步支持了线粒体自噬的激活。以上结果表明,胰腺癌恶病质小鼠骨骼肌中线粒体自噬激活。
免疫荧光染色结果提示,与对照组比较,与胰腺癌细胞KPC1199细胞共培养(恶病质组)的肌管中线粒体和溶酶体荧光信号分布呈现出明显聚集,提示恶病质组的线粒体和溶酶体共定位较对照组增强(图4A、B)。且共培养后的肌管线粒体自噬相关蛋白表达增加,以PINK1和BNIP3表达较为明显(P<0.05,图4C、D)。以上结果表明,胰腺癌细胞诱导肌管线粒体自噬激活。
为进一步探究线粒体自噬对C2C12诱导的肌管的影响,C2C12成肌细胞分化后与KPC1199肿瘤细胞共培养的同时,给予或不给予Mdivi-1处理24 h。通过明场显微成像和肌管免疫荧光染色分析,发现经Mdivi-1处理的肌管平均长度较对照组显著增加(P<0.05,图5),提示线粒体分裂抑制可有效缓解KPC1199肿瘤细胞诱导的肌管萎缩。以上结果表明,抑制线粒体自噬可以减缓肿瘤细胞诱导的肌管萎缩。
恶病质是胰腺癌患者常见并发症,85%的胰腺癌患者确诊后出现体质量减轻,终末期患者中位体质量损失达基线体质量的25%[5],且恶病质与33%的胰腺癌死亡密切相关。肌肉萎缩是恶病质的主要特征之一,骨骼肌线粒体为骨骼肌提供能量和信号传导,对维持骨骼肌质量和功能起重要作用[13,18]。研究表明在肿瘤相关恶病质的萎缩骨骼肌中,异常线粒体数量显著增加[9,19-20]。本研究通过透射电子显微镜观察到胰腺癌恶病质小鼠腓肠肌中线粒体超微结构显著异常,表现为线粒体肿胀、嵴减少,提示胰腺癌恶病质骨骼肌中线粒体形态异常。线粒体呼吸链通过电子传递产生质子梯度以驱动ATP合成,其关键亚基包括NDUFA8(复合体Ⅰ)、SDHB(复合体Ⅱ)、UQCRC2(复合体Ⅲ)和MT-CO1(复合体Ⅳ)[21],PGC-1α作为线粒体生物发生的主要调控因子,参与维持线粒体功能[22]。通过Western blot检测发现线粒体呼吸链复合体关键亚基及PGC-1α表达均显著降低,提示线粒体功能受损。该发现揭示了胰腺癌恶病质中骨骼肌线粒体的稳态失衡不仅导致骨骼肌ATP合成障碍,还可能在恶病质骨骼肌萎缩中发挥作用,为靶向干预治疗提供理论思路。
线粒体自噬是通过溶酶体清除受损线粒体的过程[17,24]。然而在癌症恶病质病理状态下,线粒体自噬的过度激活会形成恶性循环,其不仅通过异常清除骨骼肌线粒体加剧肌肉萎缩,还导致线粒体功能障碍,表现为线粒体嵴结构破坏、ATP合成能力下降及ROS水平异常升高。同时这种线粒体自噬的激活与炎症因子的释放以及氧化应激反应形成协同作用,共同促进骨骼肌蛋白质分解代谢,最终加速骨骼肌萎缩[25-26]。TOM20是线粒体外膜上的转位酶复合物组成部分,负责识别并转运线粒体蛋白,是常见的线粒体标志蛋白[27];LAMP1则是溶酶体膜的主要糖蛋白,广泛用作溶酶体标志物,对维持溶酶体结构和功能至关重要[28]。本研究通过免疫荧光染色发现,胰腺癌恶病质组小鼠腓肠肌中TOM20和LAMP1的分布呈现出明显聚集,提示线粒体与溶酶体共定位显著增加。PINK1是泛素化依赖途径的线粒体自噬蛋白[17],BNIP3、NIX或FUNDC1是非泛素化依赖途径的线粒体自噬蛋白[29],已有研究表明线粒体自噬相关蛋白可通过调控肌肉干细胞中的线粒体自噬影响肌肉再生[30]。本研究Western blot结果显示,线粒体自噬标志物LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ、PINK1及BNIP3表达均上调,表明线粒体自噬通路被激活,这种双通路同步激活现象提示,胰腺癌微环境可能通过协同调控泛素化与非泛素化途径,驱动病理性线粒体自噬。
DRP1作为线粒体分裂的关键蛋白,通过促进线粒体片段化加速线粒体自噬过程[9,31],Mdivi-1是一种具有选择性和细胞膜穿透性的小分子化合物,能够通过抑制DRP1的活性抑制线粒体自噬[32-34],本研究通过建立诱导分化的C2C12肌管细胞与肿瘤细胞共培养模型,并联合Mdivi-1处理,发现对照组+Mdivi-1肌管较对照组肌管萎缩程度显著减轻,提示DRP1介导的线粒体分裂是自噬激活的关键分子。
综上所述,本研究发现,胰腺癌恶病质骨骼肌萎缩与线粒体功能障碍及线粒体自噬过度激活密切相关。抑制线粒体分裂可显著缓解肌管萎缩,提示靶向线粒体自噬是改善肿瘤恶病质的新方向。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410021
  • 接收时间:2024-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-10
  • 修回日期:2025-01-20
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院肿瘤科,重庆

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梁后杰,E-mail:
LIANG Houjie,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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