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Article(id=1322210898752684072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409098, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726243200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-14, revisedDate=1735315200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169243753, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169243753, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169243753, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169243753, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210896617783335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='749', pageEnd='892', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745942400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169243243, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325231503, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=749, endPage=755, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210898941427753, articleId=1322210898752684072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Research status and prospects of psycho-vaccine, columnId=1320434417353470541, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Expert Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Psycho-vaccine refers to a small dose of stress that can enhance psychological immunity, and it may be a life-event, experience, training, learning, etc., that enters the human brain and self processes, enhancing the cognitive function of the brain, with the characteristics of irritability, accumulation, and covertness, and so on. The world military powers, represented by the United States, have begun extensive researches on psycho-vaccine, such as psychological resilience enhancement, “super-soldier” plan, and other projects. In-depth researches have been conducted on the action pathways, vaccination, and promotion of psycho-vaccine in whole army. Our military still lacks systematic research on psycho-vaccine, vaccination and prevention and control. There still exist some problems in the current research of psycho-vaccine, including uncertain specificity, unclear threshold of natural stress vaccination, uncertain chain-relationship of psycho-virus—psycho-vaccine—psycho-antibody, and unclear effect of novel psycho-vaccination. Future researches on psycho-vaccine should be carried out in following 4 aspects: ①confirm the specificity of different types of psycho-vaccine; ②clarify the doses, types, and ways of natural stress vaccination; ③uncover the chain relationship of psycho-virus—psycho-vaccine—psycho-antibdy; ④develop novel psycho-vaccination.

, authors=Qin DAI, Zongpei DAI, authorsList=Qin DAI, Zongpei DAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qin DAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210899545407532, articleId=1322210898752684072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=心理疫苗研究现状与展望, columnId=1320434417496076879, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=专家述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

心理疫苗是指小剂量压力能够增强心理免疫力，可以是一段经历/经验、一种训练/学习等，进入人的大脑后自我加工，增强人脑神经认知功能，具有刺激性、累积性、隐秘性等特点。以美国为代表的军事强国开展心理疫苗的研究实践方兴未艾，包括心理弹性提升计划、“超级战士”等项目，从心理疫苗的作用路径、心理接种技术进行了深入研究、全军推广。我军对心理疫苗及其接种防控尚缺乏体系化研究，心理疫苗研究主要存在特异性未确定、自然接种界限不清、心灵病毒-心理疫苗-心理抗体链式关系不明晰、新兴心理接种作用不详的问题。未来关于心理疫苗的研究应从4个方面进行：①确定不同心理疫苗的特异性；②明确自然压力接种剂量、种类和途径；③揭示心灵病毒-心理疫苗-心理抗体的链式关系；④研发新兴心理接种途径。

, authors=戴琴, 代宗佩, authorsList=戴琴, 代宗佩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=戴琴, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
戴 琴，博士，教授，博士生导师。陆军科技英才，重庆市心理学学术带头人后备人才。担任中国社会心理学学会理事，中国社会心理学会军事心理学专业委员会主任委员，中国心理学会军事心理学专业委员会委员，重庆社会心理学会理事。主持国家自然（社会）科学基金、重庆市自然（社会）科学基金、军队创新课题等20余项。以第一或通信作者发表论文100余篇，包括Clinical Neurophysiology、Human Brain Mapping等SCI/SSCI收录期刊和《心理学报》《心理科学》等权威杂志。主编国家规划教材、译著等10余部。主要从事军人心理健康促进与抑郁防治及脑机制方面的研究。E-mail：
DAI Qin，E-mail：
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心理疫苗种类神经心理抗体
塑造遗传始基疫苗5-HT转运基因功能正常
培育合理认知疫苗无负性注意偏向，增强归因风格，更少沉思，较高的认知灵活性，生活目标感和希望感
增强积极情绪疫苗积极情绪，低焦虑，情感增胜气质，情绪稳定
养成适应行为疫苗合理应对，乐观，外向性，幽默，自尊，自我效能感，耐挫和内部自我控制
建立社会联结疫苗高社会支持，特别是感知到的爱和高亲社会倾向（较低的社交相关完美主义、感恩、利他主义和宽恕）
产生皮质醇反应疫苗较高皮质醇浓度
塑造大脑基础疫苗活跃的中枢5-羟色胺（DRN）、去甲肾上腺素能（LC）、中脑多巴胺回路，以及边缘系统
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心理疫苗种类及对应的心理抗体

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心理疫苗种类神经心理抗体
塑造遗传始基疫苗5-HT转运基因功能正常
培育合理认知疫苗无负性注意偏向，增强归因风格，更少沉思，较高的认知灵活性，生活目标感和希望感
增强积极情绪疫苗积极情绪，低焦虑，情感增胜气质，情绪稳定
养成适应行为疫苗合理应对，乐观，外向性，幽默，自尊，自我效能感，耐挫和内部自我控制
建立社会联结疫苗高社会支持，特别是感知到的爱和高亲社会倾向（较低的社交相关完美主义、感恩、利他主义和宽恕）
产生皮质醇反应疫苗较高皮质醇浓度
塑造大脑基础疫苗活跃的中枢5-羟色胺（DRN）、去甲肾上腺素能（LC）、中脑多巴胺回路，以及边缘系统
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心理疫苗研究现状与展望
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戴琴 , 代宗佩
陆军军医大学学报 | 专家述评 2025,47(8): 749-755
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陆军军医大学学报 |专家述评 2025 , 47 (8) : 749 -755
心理疫苗研究现状与展望
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戴琴 , 代宗佩
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学（第三军医大学）医学心理系心理训练中心，重庆
通讯作者:
戴 琴，博士，教授，博士生导师。陆军科技英才，重庆市心理学学术带头人后备人才。担任中国社会心理学学会理事，中国社会心理学会军事心理学专业委员会主任委员，中国心理学会军事心理学专业委员会委员，重庆社会心理学会理事。主持国家自然（社会）科学基金、重庆市自然（社会）科学基金、军队创新课题等20余项。以第一或通信作者发表论文100余篇，包括Clinical Neurophysiology、Human Brain Mapping等SCI/SSCI收录期刊和《心理学报》《心理科学》等权威杂志。主编国家规划教材、译著等10余部。主要从事军人心理健康促进与抑郁防治及脑机制方面的研究。E-mail：
DAI Qin，E-mail：
Research status and prospects of psycho-vaccine
Qin DAI , Zongpei DAI
Affiliations
  • 1Psychological Training Center，Faculty of Medical Psychology，Army Medical University （Third Military Medical University），Chongqing，China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409098
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心理疫苗是指小剂量压力能够增强心理免疫力，可以是一段经历/经验、一种训练/学习等，进入人的大脑后自我加工，增强人脑神经认知功能，具有刺激性、累积性、隐秘性等特点。以美国为代表的军事强国开展心理疫苗的研究实践方兴未艾，包括心理弹性提升计划、“超级战士”等项目，从心理疫苗的作用路径、心理接种技术进行了深入研究、全军推广。我军对心理疫苗及其接种防控尚缺乏体系化研究，心理疫苗研究主要存在特异性未确定、自然接种界限不清、心灵病毒-心理疫苗-心理抗体链式关系不明晰、新兴心理接种作用不详的问题。未来关于心理疫苗的研究应从4个方面进行：①确定不同心理疫苗的特异性；②明确自然压力接种剂量、种类和途径；③揭示心灵病毒-心理疫苗-心理抗体的链式关系；④研发新兴心理接种途径。

心理疫苗  /  心理接种  /  积极心理学  /  经颅刺激  /  VR技术

Psycho-vaccine refers to a small dose of stress that can enhance psychological immunity, and it may be a life-event, experience, training, learning, etc., that enters the human brain and self processes, enhancing the cognitive function of the brain, with the characteristics of irritability, accumulation, and covertness, and so on. The world military powers, represented by the United States, have begun extensive researches on psycho-vaccine, such as psychological resilience enhancement, “super-soldier” plan, and other projects. In-depth researches have been conducted on the action pathways, vaccination, and promotion of psycho-vaccine in whole army. Our military still lacks systematic research on psycho-vaccine, vaccination and prevention and control. There still exist some problems in the current research of psycho-vaccine, including uncertain specificity, unclear threshold of natural stress vaccination, uncertain chain-relationship of psycho-virus—psycho-vaccine—psycho-antibody, and unclear effect of novel psycho-vaccination. Future researches on psycho-vaccine should be carried out in following 4 aspects: ①confirm the specificity of different types of psycho-vaccine; ②clarify the doses, types, and ways of natural stress vaccination; ③uncover the chain relationship of psycho-virus—psycho-vaccine—psycho-antibdy; ④develop novel psycho-vaccination.

psycho-vaccine  /  psycho-vaccination  /  positive psychology  /  transcranial stimulation  /  virtual reality technique
戴琴, 代宗佩. 心理疫苗研究现状与展望. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (8) : 749 -755 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409098
Qin DAI, Zongpei DAI. Research status and prospects of psycho-vaccine[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (8) : 749 -755 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409098
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近年来，心理疫苗的概念随着积极心理学蓬勃发展而提出。大量研究表明战争所致心理创伤持续数年甚至终生。随着神经战的出现，各国军方的反心理战意识迅速增强、对“超级战士”的研究热情高涨。“超级战士”不仅意味着躯体上的铜墙铁壁，也意味着心理上的百毒不侵，是现代战争的制胜法宝之一。因此，各军事强国对心理疫苗的研究均高度重视、方兴未艾。但我军在神经战领域的研究较少，对心理疫苗等武器的研制薄弱，因此为打赢未来战争，我军必须高度重视对心理疫苗的研发，并加快开展我军心理疫苗的相关研究。
1　心理疫苗的概念及与心理弹性、心理资本的区别
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心理疫苗最早来自于毒物兴奋效应［1］，指小量的有毒应激诱导强化效应，从而导致细胞和分子的耐受性模式，即通过小剂量有害刺激增强免疫力。心理疫苗是产生心理抗体/心理免疫力的刺激物，这一概念的提法与生理疫苗类似。我们认为：心理疫苗这个概念从生理疫苗迁移而来，是指小剂量压力不会导致心理疾病，能够增强心理免疫力和抵抗力，可以是一段经历/经验、一种训练/学习等，进入人的大脑后自我加工、增强人脑神经认知功能，具有刺激性、累积性、隐秘性等特点。
心理疫苗与心理弹性、心理资本等概念有本质区别。心理弹性是积极适应生活的能力，是通过恢复初始平衡或弹性作为实现成长的机会［2］。2004年，LUTHANS等［3］在积极心理学框架下将心理资本定义为“个体在成长和发展过程中表现出来的一种积极心理状态”，包括自我效能、乐观、韧性和希望。可见，心理弹性和心理资本属于心理免疫力范畴，亦称为心理抗体，是心理疫苗作用于机体的结果。
2　心理疫苗的提出
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2.1　积极心理学
积极心理学由SELIGMAN在1998年提出。传统心理学关注负面（问题），而积极心理学关注正面（资源）。对于心理疾病，传统心理学问：为什么人们会得心理疾病（如抑郁症）？积极心理学问：为什么有的人经历压力挫折没有得心理疾病？这种思路有力地孵化了心理疫苗的提出和研究。
2.2　毒物兴奋效应理论
毒物兴奋效应理论指出，低-中等剂量应激可能增加耐受性，这在心理学研究中得到证实［4］。青年人群研究表明，温和压力+丰富心理社会资源可增加工作记忆，获得神经认知收益，验证了毒物兴奋效应理论，证实了压力接种效应［5］。毒物兴奋效应理论的观点及研究证据进一步为心理疫苗的提出奠定了基础。
2.3　美军心理弹性提升计划及认知增强技术
美军2010年首次采用JOHNSON等［6］创立的“基于正念的心理健康训练”项目（mindfulness-based mind fitness training，MMFT）对海军陆战队开展了为期8周的系统培训，旨在加强未来战争应激应对能力，可事先保护士兵免受应激的过度伤害。2011年，美军采纳了积极心理学之父SELIGMAN团队研发的心理弹性计划［7］，将为期10 d的“心理弹性训练”（master resilience training，MRT）课程推广至全军应用。研究显示，MMFT和MRT可强化心理能力，保护个体免受战争或其他军事行动带来的认知和情绪障碍的过度伤害，同时还可使个体持续保持对环境的警觉并维持高水平工作记忆，从而提高军事作业绩效，真正帮助军人成为“超级战士”。
美军一系列举措开启了军方心理疫苗研究热潮。为增强军人战斗力，各国纷纷开发战场军人效能增强技术尤其是“认知增强技术”，包括药物增强（如麦角二乙酰胺）［8］、基因增强（如CRISPR/Cas9基因剪刀）［9］、神经刺激增强（如经颅磁刺激）［10］、赛博格增强（如脑机接口）［11］等。其中神经刺激领域备受关注，美军特种部队在正常情况下注意力只能保持20 min左右，而2017年以来应用经颅电刺激技术后注意力可维持2 h之久。2024年6月，美国顶尖神经调控技术企业宣布，用于作战部队士兵的迷走神经刺激系统TAC-STIM正式上市，可以加快士兵的学习速度，改善情绪和认知能力。
3　心理疫苗的作用及种类
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3.1　心理疫苗的作用
心理疫苗的机制原理是通过小剂量压力刺激而形成的心理适应模式（包括感知模式和诠释外界的编码方式），给机体提供了“学习/练习”的机会，形成了科学应对能力，从而对后续碰到的严重危机事件达到心理免疫的效果。心理疫苗可以增强心理免疫力，在心灵病毒和心理抗体之间起到桥梁作用，通过心理接种（获得经历/经验、参加训练/学习等）实现联结（图1）。
3.2　心理疫苗的种类
心理疫苗种类繁多，包括防抑郁疫苗、防自杀疫苗、防创伤后应激障碍疫苗等，像生理疫苗一样，每一种疾病都对应一种疫苗。然而导致心理疾病的心理病毒［12］并不单一，以抑郁症为例，自尊受损、自罪自罚、应对方式单一、社会支持不足等共同导致了抑郁症的发生，因此每种心理疫苗应该对应心理抗体集（心理品质包），且相互之间存在重叠但具有特异性。心理疫苗的种类可以从心理抗体集反推产生，寻找心理抗体有利于细化心理疫苗的种类，主要包括：遗传始基、合理认知、积极情绪、适应行为、社会联结、皮质醇反应和大脑基础7种类型［13-25］。
3.2.1　遗传始基
特定遗传易感性会增加个体精神障碍的风险。5-羟色胺转运体基因多态性与应激或早期生活逆境在预测抑郁中的相互作用已被最新元分析证实［13］。
3.2.2　合理认知
研究表明特质耐受和消极注意偏向之间存在动态关系，增强的归因风格个体报告了更高的积极情绪［14］。关注计划和更少沉思的认知调节策略有助于提升心理弹性［14］，认知灵活性较差的个体不像认知灵活性较好的个体一样认为认知重建对缓解抑郁有用。同时美国退伍军人调查表明拥有一个明确的生活目标有助于增强心理弹性［15］，而希望是焦虑/抑郁症状［16］最强的负相关因子。该领域研究表明无负性注意偏向、增强的归因风格、更少沉思、更高的认知灵活性、生活目标感和希望感与心理弹性相关。
3.2.3　积极情绪
低水平的焦虑或压力感知可减轻压力易感人群的慢性失眠［17］。相反，高焦虑人格特质被认为是抑郁症发展的易感因素。美国退伍军人研究发现，较高水平的情绪稳定性可以预测高心理弹性［15］。结果支持了积极情绪（特别是低焦虑）和情绪稳定性在心理弹性中的作用。
3.2.4　适应行为
应对策略和人格（如自我效能感、耐挫力）很重要［14］。自责与抑郁呈正相关，而积极重聚焦、积极重评、接受和计划与抑郁呈负相关［14］。在患者群体中［18］，乐观程度较高的人较少出现自杀意念和企图。美国退伍军人调查显示更高水平的外向性预示着高心理弹性［15］。基于幽默的策略对抑郁康复个体［19］具有适应性结果，而更高的自尊对心理弹性的作用最强［14］。WERNER等［20］纵向调查指出内部控制感可增强儿童的心理弹性。系列研究证实，积极的应对策略、乐观、外向、幽默、自尊、自我效能感、耐挫和内部自我控制可提升心理弹性。
3.2.5　社会互动
总体上，高心理弹性个体表现出更多的社会活动，且拥有更多的照顾者。一项跨国调查表明［21］，人际互动和感知到的爱与较低精神病理学风险相关。基于76年的纵向研究发现，童年时期与父母的温暖关系对成年时期生活满意度有最大的积极影响［22］。最近综述发现心理弹性的最强预测来自于较低的社交相关的完美主义，而更高水平的感恩和利他与较高的心理弹性相关，同时宽恕被证明是焦虑/抑郁症状最强负相关因子［14］。因此，社会支持特别是感知到的爱和高亲社会倾向（低社交相关完美主义、感恩、利他和宽恕）已被确定为心理弹性品质。
3.2.6　皮质醇反应
在患有焦虑障碍的被收养者中，与未受虐待的被收养者相比，被严重虐待经历与较低的每日皮质醇分泌相关［23］。然而，生活事件并不会显著改变下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal，HPA）轴活动和糖皮质激素受体表达水平，即单独发生的早期或成年逆境可以提高后代对未来压力的准备［24］。这强调早期生活经验对个体的接种作用，意味着糖皮质激素系统可能有利于与压力相关的适应。
3.2.7　大脑基础
人格特征和情绪都与单胺类神经递质（多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素和血清素）关系密切［14］。基础和临床研究均表明血清素（5-HT）和去甲肾上腺素能（norepinephrine，NE）降低与抑郁症显著相关，蓝斑中的NE神经元通过抑制控制腹侧被盖区（ventral tegmental area，VTA）［25］中的多巴胺神经元来调节对社会挫败的耐受性。有研究发现，β类钙/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ型（β form of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type Ⅱ，βCaMⅡ）在抑郁动物模型的外侧缰核（lateral habenula，LHb）中表达显著上调，而在抗抑郁治疗［26］中表达下调，表明βCaMKⅡ是抑郁易感性或耐受的关键分子。提示中枢血清素［主要位于中缝背核（dorsal raphe nucleus，DRN）］、去甲肾上腺素能（主要位于LC）、中脑多巴胺回路以及边缘系统是心理弹性的大脑基础。
4　心理疫苗的获得及应用：心理接种
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MASTEN曾说：心理弹性是一种普通魔法，它起源于人类适应系统的常规功能。这为改善人类心理弹性素质提供了积极看法，即现实世界中，通过“心理疫苗接种”来获得心理弹性是可能的和可行的。“心理疫苗接种”与生物疫苗接种类似，在此过程中通过学习训练或生活事件来增强心理免疫力。
4.1　自然压力接种
4.1.1　负性事件使心理更强大
环境特别是早期经历参与心理弹性的形成。研究表明，儿童期压力暴露并没有线性增加与压力相关的精神病理（如抑郁）易感性［27］。早期生活事件对心理弹性的影响是结果依赖的：适应不良导致功能障碍或心理创伤，而成功应对导致心理弹性增强。
4.1.2　自然压力接种的方法
现实世界的自然压力疫苗接种意味着暴露在轻度压力下不会导致心理疾病，但会使人们对更大的压力表现出心理弹性（心理上更强大）。基于心理弹性模型，在现实生活中，对温和、可控的自然生活事件的适应对于获得心理弹性至关重要。值得指出的是，儿童的适应力可以通过社会联结来增强。据报道，当婴儿看到成年人坚持下去时，他们做出了更多的努力来达到目标，并且可以将坚持下去的价值推广到新任务上［28］。因此，在儿童成长过程中当生活事件发生时，有必要让父母或年轻引领者参与自然压力接种，可以更有效地提升青少年的心理弹性。
4.2　学习训练接种
4.2.1　心理弹性可以学习训练
研究表明个人可以通过学习或训练获得心理弹性，而不用压力暴露，这可能是一种更安全和更容易的方式。WERNER等［20］研究表明，当早年缺乏心理弹性的孩子更了解心理弹性时，他们变得更有心理弹性，表明心理弹性可通过实践来训练。
4.2.2　学习训练接种的方法
其基本思想是：心理弹性（合理认知、积极情绪、适应行为和社会互动）可以纳入心理弹性培训项目［14-22］，并给予易感人群，这有助于增强心理弹性，预防心理疾病发生和促进康复，可以起到事半功倍的效果，即通过提升心理免疫力而更快预防疾病，获得康复。
4.3　军事及一线急救人员——新兴电磁信息技术
对于军队及一线急救人员如警察、军人群体，由于任务和特殊环境的挑战性，心理疫苗接种备受重视。如美军的心理弹性训练计划MMFT［6］和MRT［7］，我军冯正直团队［29］提出的军人心理素质训练等（聪慧、忠诚、勇敢、自信、耐挫）。新兴技术为这些特殊群体心理疫苗的研发提供新的可能。
4.3.1　脑功能靶向认知训练
研究表明同情心训练增加积极情感体验，所诱发的脑活动与积极情感和社会联结相关的奖赏网络有关［30］。这表明奖赏网络可以随着情感韧性的提高而得到增强，提示可以通过认知训练进行神经网络接种。
4.3.2　经颅电、磁物理刺激
最近，神经科学领域丰硕的研究进展激发了研究者探索非侵入性、精确和有效治疗心理障碍的神经生物学方法的巨大热情。其中经颅直流电刺激（transcranial direct current stimulation，tDCS）已经被认为是缓冲认知功能或神经可塑性的有效手段，在认知训练同时开展tDCS，可能会促进短期和长期的认知增强和大脑可塑性［31］。海马-皮质网络重复经颅磁刺激（repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation，rTMS）产生了持久的面孔-词语配对学习能力提高［32］，证实了rTMS对压力耐受的积极作用，提示通过经颅电磁刺激进行神经网络接种的可能。
4.3.3　虚拟现实VR技术
对健康人群实时的适应性VR训练显著降低了心率和焦虑情绪，起到个性化压力接种作用［33］。临床研究表明VR训练可有效降低癌症患者负性情绪，起到心理接种作用［34］。VR技术为军队心理疫苗和接种研究提供了新的可能。
4.3.4　药物研发
有研究证实，麦角二乙酰胺在增强情绪和创造性认知、治疗精神疾病上的潜力［8］。同时，“911”事件后美军数量急增，亟需药物/非药物方式来消除这些“战争中的无形创伤”。β受体阻滞剂普萘洛尔有望减少恐惧记忆，有助于预防更严重的情绪障碍，增加长期战争中军人心理弹性［35］。硫酸脱氢表雄酮的研究显示出对军人的神经保护作用和神经兴奋性特性，这一研究领域对应激接种、创伤性脑损伤的康复和军事人员的效能增强有重要意义［36］。
5　问题与展望
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心理疫苗现有研究存在的问题包括如下4方面：①不同心理疾病疫苗的特异性没有确定；②自然压力接种剂量、种类和途径尚需大量研究揭示；③心灵病毒-心理疫苗-心理接种-心理抗体的链式关系须进一步明确；④值得指出的是，目前心理疫苗研究常用方法主要有常规社会调查、行为观察和计算机任务，这些方法具有便捷和成本低的特点，家庭和跟踪调查更准确，但耗时耗力，生理基础研究和新兴电磁信息技术（如经颅电磁刺激、VR技术、增强药物等）是重要补充，但覆盖面还不够，其作用和机制需进一步明确。
未来研究可从以下4个方面深化拓展心理疫苗研究：①确定不同心理疫苗的特异性，区分不同心理疾病（如抑郁和自杀）之间重叠和独立的心理抗体，由此设计心理疫苗：如低社会经济地位可以作为自杀的心理疫苗［37］，但可能是抑郁的易感因素（非疫苗），这需要针对不同心理疾病患者包括共病和非共病两种情况的跟踪调查进行揭示；②明确自然压力接种剂量、种类和途径，如希望感品质应该在教育中得到多少失望进行刺激比较合适，干预研究涉及伦理问题，这需要在家庭和学校教育中进行大量的行为观察来确定；③进一步揭示心灵病毒-心理疫苗-心理接种-心理抗体的链式关系，这需要设计严谨的跟踪调查，分阶段逐一进行观察，确定链式因果关系；④研发新兴心理接种途径，如经颅电磁刺激、VR技术、增强药物等，包括经颅电磁刺激部位-频率-时间组合、VR场景设计、药物剂量及靶标等，这需要动物研究和人群研究相结合，同时需要心理学、脑科学和认知神经科学多学科合作。
值得指出的是，心理疫苗和接种效应因人而异，表现为性别、年龄、个体差异。以色列战争中心理接种对降低男性绝望有效，但对女性效果有限［38］。美国调查显示，经历过世贸大厦被袭后的老人，在飓风面前呈现出心理接种效应，与年轻人相反［39］。大屠杀的老年幸存者在面对额外的累积逆境时表现出广泛的心理弹性与特定的易感性交织在一起［40］，表明创伤史既可以增加易感也可以增强免疫。未来心理疫苗和接种研究需综合考虑。

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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409098
  • 接收时间：2024-09-14
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-14
  • 修回日期：2024-12-28
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    1陆军军医大学（第三军医大学）医学心理系心理训练中心，重庆

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戴 琴，博士，教授，博士生导师。陆军科技英才，重庆市心理学学术带头人后备人才。担任中国社会心理学学会理事，中国社会心理学会军事心理学专业委员会主任委员，中国心理学会军事心理学专业委员会委员，重庆社会心理学会理事。主持国家自然（社会）科学基金、重庆市自然（社会）科学基金、军队创新课题等20余项。以第一或通信作者发表论文100余篇，包括Clinical Neurophysiology、Human Brain Mapping等SCI/SSCI收录期刊和《心理学报》《心理科学》等权威杂志。主编国家规划教材、译著等10余部。主要从事军人心理健康促进与抑郁防治及脑机制方面的研究。E-mail：
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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