Article(id=1322210895896359286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726070400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-12, revisedDate=1736092800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169243072, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169243072, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169243072, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169243072, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210840242139234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='629', pageEnd='748', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744646400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169229803, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325214855, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865089049383299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865089049383300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=664, endPage=673, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210896370315639, articleId=1322210895896359286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Effect of supplementing specific nutrients under calorie restriction on exercise performance in mice, columnId=1320435151990014650, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Military Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To develop a composite nutritional preparation that can effectively improve exercise performance under calorie restriction (CR) condition.

Methods‍

A total of 24 male C57BL/6J mice (weighing 23~26 g, 8 weeks old) were randomly divided into control group (CON), CR, CR+basal nutrient group (CRN1), and CR+compound nutrient group (CRN2). All groups underwent moderate-intensity running training 5 d per week, for totally 3 weeks. The grip strength of the forelimbs were measured weekly, and in 3 weeks after training, exhaustion and post-exhaustion distance tests were conducted to evaluate exercise performance. Blood biochemical indicators, levels of skeletal muscle and liver redox biomarkers, and histopathological conditions were measured and observed.

Results‍

After 21 d of intervention, the CR group and CRN1 group had the post-exhaustion running distance prolonged by 278% and 289%, respectively, reduced blood glucose level, and decreased muscle mass, subcutaneous fat and epididymal fat mass when compared with the CON group (P<0.05). Compared with the CON group, the CRN1 and CRN2 groups demonstrated significantly higher gastrocnemius glycogen content. The CRN2 group obtained even longer post-exhaustion distance (increased by 52% and 36% respectively, compared with the CON group and CRN1 group, P<0.05), enhanced grip strength of the forelimbs (raised by 9%, 17% and 15%, respectively than the CON, CR and CRN1 groups, P<0.05), elevated brown fat mass (compared to the CON group and CRN1 group, P<0.05), increased blood glucose level (compared to the CRN1 group, P<0.05), decreased blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (compared to the CON and CR groups, P<0.05), and increased glutathione peroxidase content in the gastrocnemius muscle (compared to the CON group, P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Supplementing with compound nutritional supplements in mice under CR can promote exercise performance, including improving fatigue recovery after exhaustive exercise and enhancing forelimb grip strength.

, authors=Jiaqi YUAN, Peng WANG, Weifang LI, Xin RAO, Min ZHOU, Mantian MI, Yu QIN, authorsList=Jiaqi YUAN, Peng WANG, Weifang LI, Xin RAO, Min ZHOU, Mantian MI, Yu QIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mantian MI, Yu QIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210902934401414, articleId=1322210895896359286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=能量限制下补充特定营养素对小鼠运动表现的影响, columnId=1322185581656920707, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=军事医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

研制一种在能量限制条件下能有效提升运动表现的复合营养制剂,并对其作用效果进行综合评估。

方法

24只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(体质量23~26 g,8周龄)随机数字表法分为4组:对照组(CON)、能量限制组(CR)、能量限制+基础营养素组(CRN1)以及能量限制+复合营养素组(CRN2)。所有组进行每周5 d的中等强度跑步训练,每周测量前肢握力,21 d后进行力竭和力竭后运动距离测试以评估运动表现。检测血液生化指标、骨骼肌和肝脏氧化还原生物标志物水平以及组织病理情况。

结果

干预21 d后,与CON组相比,CR组和CRN1组小鼠跑步力竭距离分别延长278%和289%(P<0.05),血糖、肌肉质量、皮下脂肪和附睾脂肪质量均有所下降(P<0.05);相较于CON组,CRN1组和CRN2组腓肠肌糖原含量显著上升;CRN2组力竭后的运动距离比CON组和CRN1组分别增加52%和36%(P<0.05),前肢握力较其他各组分别提高9%、17%和15%(P<0.05),棕色脂肪质量比CON组和CRN1组显著增加(P<0.05),血糖比CRN1组显著上升(P<0.05),血液低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量比CON组和CR组都显著减少(P<0.05),腓肠肌谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶较CON组显著提高(P<0.05)。

结论

能量限制下补充复合营养制剂可以提升小鼠的运动表现,包括促进力竭运动后的疲劳恢复、提高前肢握力。

, authors=袁家奇, 王鹏, 李韦昉, 饶昕, 周敏, 糜漫天, 秦玉, authorsList=袁家奇, 王鹏, 李韦昉, 饶昕, 周敏, 糜漫天, 秦玉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=糜漫天, 秦玉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
糜漫天,E-mail:
秦 玉,E-mail:
MI Mantian,E-mail:
QIN Yu,E-mail:
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FASEB J,2022,36(8):e22461., articleTitle=Maternal L-carnitine supplementation promotes brown adipose tissue thermogenesis of newborn goats after cold exposure, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322210903446106503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210903752290696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, companyId=1322210903446106503, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Health,Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210903769067914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, companyId=1322210903446106503, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系营养与食品安全研究中心,重庆市医学营养研究中心,重庆市营养与健康重点实验室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322210912807793085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rcdYRCZkxptYZZ5nduaEzg==, figureFileBig=cIQPzr83d1WJeIOyZwOQTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210912887484862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=CN, label=图1, caption=能量限制下补充特定营养素对小鼠器官质量的影响

a:P<0.05,与CON组比较;b:P<0.05,与CR组比较;c:P<0.05,与CRN1组比较A:心脏质量;B:肝脏质量;C:比目鱼肌质量;D:腓肠肌质量;E:附睾脂肪质量;F:棕色脂肪质量;G:皮下脂肪质量

, figureFileSmall=rcdYRCZkxptYZZ5nduaEzg==, figureFileBig=cIQPzr83d1WJeIOyZwOQTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210913118171583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=i/ltpXL+T2lQcSpEODrWJA==, figureFileBig=0AFoIHGLyTRu3gd+wsf1lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210913185280448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=CN, label=图2, caption=能量限制下补充特定营养素对小鼠力竭距离的影响

a:P<0.05,与CON组比较

, figureFileSmall=i/ltpXL+T2lQcSpEODrWJA==, figureFileBig=0AFoIHGLyTRu3gd+wsf1lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210913290138049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OkbufnfXPytm2s49t1wBmw==, figureFileBig=JeAR8g7ys7UUZ2TjA2WReg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210913382412738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=CN, label=图3, caption=能量限制下补充特定营养素对小鼠力竭后5 min内运动距离的影响

a:P<0.05,与CON组比较; b:P<0.05,与CRN1组比较

, figureFileSmall=OkbufnfXPytm2s49t1wBmw==, figureFileBig=JeAR8g7ys7UUZ2TjA2WReg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210913508241859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0D8g9R79jkih0tsOiDlcuw==, figureFileBig=m+3ltZEkk3AgFZ8ti8S/Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210913592127940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=CN, label=图4, caption=能量限制下补充特定营养素对小鼠血液生化指标的影响

a:P<0.05,与CON组比较;b:P<0.05,与CR组比较;c:P<0.05,与CRN1组比较A:血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平;B:血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶水平;C:血清乳酸脱氢酶水平;D:血清尿素水平;E:血清肌酐水平;F:血清肌酸激酶水平;G:血清肌酸激酶同工酶水平;H:血清一氧化氮水平;I:血清甘油三酯水平;J:血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平;K:血清总胆固醇水平;L:血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平;M:血清血糖水平

, figureFileSmall=0D8g9R79jkih0tsOiDlcuw==, figureFileBig=m+3ltZEkk3AgFZ8ti8S/Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210913680208325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bKakFO/No/4vlGpLAv2zGw==, figureFileBig=BX79KjyUL+aY2EUs5+Kgmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210913797648838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=CN, label=图5, caption=能量限制下补充特定营养素对小鼠骨骼肌和肝脏糖原以及脂滴含量的影响

a:P<0.05,与CON组比较A:肝脏糖原染色代表图; B:腓肠肌糖原染色代表图;C:肝脏油红O染色代表图;D:肝脏糖原光强度值;E:骨骼肌(腓肠肌)糖原光强度值;F:肝脏脂滴光强度值

, figureFileSmall=bKakFO/No/4vlGpLAv2zGw==, figureFileBig=BX79KjyUL+aY2EUs5+Kgmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210913868952007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cuwAKW1ktjkLAfCXxwqbZQ==, figureFileBig=/F3D10RMWauWWGjXyH5vJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210913957032392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=CN, label=图6, caption=能量限制下补充特定营养素对小鼠骨骼肌和肝脏氧化还原生物标志物的影响

a:P<0.05,与CON组比较A:腓肠肌还原型谷胱甘肽活性;B:腓肠肌谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性;C:腓肠肌丙二醛活性;D:腓肠肌超氧化物歧化酶活性;E:肝脏过氧化氢活性;F:肝脏还原型谷胱甘肽活性;G:肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性;H:肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性

, figureFileSmall=cuwAKW1ktjkLAfCXxwqbZQ==, figureFileBig=/F3D10RMWauWWGjXyH5vJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210914024141257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组能量限制额外维生素和矿物质补充复合营养制剂
CON---
CR+--
CRN1++-
CRN2+++
), ArticleFig(id=1322210914095444426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

饮食干预方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组能量限制额外维生素和矿物质补充复合营养制剂
CON---
CR+--
CRN1++-
CRN2+++
), ArticleFig(id=1322210914217079243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间点CON组CR组CRN1组CRN2组P
0 d23.83±0.8423.23±1.0423.38±1.0323.92±1.030.569
7 d22.78±2.6119.52±1.06a19.75±0.76a21.57±1.17bc0.015
14 d21.80±2.0319.50±1.27a19.42±0.66a21.03±1.830.035
21 d23.83±1.7318.70±1.12a17.87±1.10a19.50±1.66a<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322210914292576716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

能量限制下补充特定营养素对小鼠体质量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间点CON组CR组CRN1组CRN2组P
0 d23.83±0.8423.23±1.0423.38±1.0323.92±1.030.569
7 d22.78±2.6119.52±1.06a19.75±0.76a21.57±1.17bc0.015
14 d21.80±2.0319.50±1.27a19.42±0.66a21.03±1.830.035
21 d23.83±1.7318.70±1.12a17.87±1.10a19.50±1.66a<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322210914372268493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间点CON组CR组CRN1组CRN2组P
7 d1 085.3±153.6997.1±126.2905.0±147.01 030.1±252.70.375
14 d849.8±158.4854.2±71.1923.1±78.3883.2±126.10.670
21 d985.9±66.8918.5±86.2932.1±71.11073.1±58.3abc0.005
), ArticleFig(id=1322210914447765966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210895896359286, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

能量限制下补充特定营养素对小鼠前肢握力的影响(mN,n=6,x¯±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间点CON组CR组CRN1组CRN2组P
7 d1 085.3±153.6997.1±126.2905.0±147.01 030.1±252.70.375
14 d849.8±158.4854.2±71.1923.1±78.3883.2±126.10.670
21 d985.9±66.8918.5±86.2932.1±71.11073.1±58.3abc0.005
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能量限制下补充特定营养素对小鼠运动表现的影响
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袁家奇 , 王鹏 , 李韦昉 , 饶昕 , 周敏 , 糜漫天 , 秦玉
陆军军医大学学报 | 军事医学 2025,47(7): 664-673
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陆军军医大学学报 |军事医学 2025 , 47 (7) : 664 -673
能量限制下补充特定营养素对小鼠运动表现的影响
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袁家奇, 王鹏, 李韦昉, 饶昕, 周敏, 糜漫天 , 秦玉
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系营养与食品安全研究中心,重庆市医学营养研究中心,重庆市营养与健康重点实验室,重庆
通讯作者:
糜漫天,E-mail:
秦 玉,E-mail:
MI Mantian,E-mail:
QIN Yu,E-mail:
Effect of supplementing specific nutrients under calorie restriction on exercise performance in mice
Jiaqi YUAN, Peng WANG, Weifang LI, Xin RAO, Min ZHOU, Mantian MI , Yu QIN
Affiliations
  • 1Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Health,Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409084
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目的

研制一种在能量限制条件下能有效提升运动表现的复合营养制剂,并对其作用效果进行综合评估。

方法

24只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(体质量23~26 g,8周龄)随机数字表法分为4组:对照组(CON)、能量限制组(CR)、能量限制+基础营养素组(CRN1)以及能量限制+复合营养素组(CRN2)。所有组进行每周5 d的中等强度跑步训练,每周测量前肢握力,21 d后进行力竭和力竭后运动距离测试以评估运动表现。检测血液生化指标、骨骼肌和肝脏氧化还原生物标志物水平以及组织病理情况。

结果

干预21 d后,与CON组相比,CR组和CRN1组小鼠跑步力竭距离分别延长278%和289%(P<0.05),血糖、肌肉质量、皮下脂肪和附睾脂肪质量均有所下降(P<0.05);相较于CON组,CRN1组和CRN2组腓肠肌糖原含量显著上升;CRN2组力竭后的运动距离比CON组和CRN1组分别增加52%和36%(P<0.05),前肢握力较其他各组分别提高9%、17%和15%(P<0.05),棕色脂肪质量比CON组和CRN1组显著增加(P<0.05),血糖比CRN1组显著上升(P<0.05),血液低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量比CON组和CR组都显著减少(P<0.05),腓肠肌谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶较CON组显著提高(P<0.05)。

结论

能量限制下补充复合营养制剂可以提升小鼠的运动表现,包括促进力竭运动后的疲劳恢复、提高前肢握力。

能量限制  /  维生素  /  矿物质  /  复合营养素  /  运动表现
Objective‍

To develop a composite nutritional preparation that can effectively improve exercise performance under calorie restriction (CR) condition.

Methods‍

A total of 24 male C57BL/6J mice (weighing 23~26 g, 8 weeks old) were randomly divided into control group (CON), CR, CR+basal nutrient group (CRN1), and CR+compound nutrient group (CRN2). All groups underwent moderate-intensity running training 5 d per week, for totally 3 weeks. The grip strength of the forelimbs were measured weekly, and in 3 weeks after training, exhaustion and post-exhaustion distance tests were conducted to evaluate exercise performance. Blood biochemical indicators, levels of skeletal muscle and liver redox biomarkers, and histopathological conditions were measured and observed.

Results‍

After 21 d of intervention, the CR group and CRN1 group had the post-exhaustion running distance prolonged by 278% and 289%, respectively, reduced blood glucose level, and decreased muscle mass, subcutaneous fat and epididymal fat mass when compared with the CON group (P<0.05). Compared with the CON group, the CRN1 and CRN2 groups demonstrated significantly higher gastrocnemius glycogen content. The CRN2 group obtained even longer post-exhaustion distance (increased by 52% and 36% respectively, compared with the CON group and CRN1 group, P<0.05), enhanced grip strength of the forelimbs (raised by 9%, 17% and 15%, respectively than the CON, CR and CRN1 groups, P<0.05), elevated brown fat mass (compared to the CON group and CRN1 group, P<0.05), increased blood glucose level (compared to the CRN1 group, P<0.05), decreased blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (compared to the CON and CR groups, P<0.05), and increased glutathione peroxidase content in the gastrocnemius muscle (compared to the CON group, P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Supplementing with compound nutritional supplements in mice under CR can promote exercise performance, including improving fatigue recovery after exhaustive exercise and enhancing forelimb grip strength.

calorie restriction  /  vitamin  /  mineral  /  compound nutrients  /  exercise performance
袁家奇, 王鹏, 李韦昉, 饶昕, 周敏, 糜漫天, 秦玉. 能量限制下补充特定营养素对小鼠运动表现的影响. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (7) : 664 -673 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409084
Jiaqi YUAN, Peng WANG, Weifang LI, Xin RAO, Min ZHOU, Mantian MI, Yu QIN. Effect of supplementing specific nutrients under calorie restriction on exercise performance in mice[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (7) : 664 -673 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409084
能量限制指在没有营养不良或者缺乏关键营养素的情况下每日平均能量摄入减少20%~40%[1],本研究采用的是减少30%能量摄入方案。动物研究发现,能量限制可以改善神经内分泌反应、激素反应、炎症反应以及调节氧化还原系统[2-3],间接和直接影响运动能力。在一项纳入12名男运动员的研究中,每周3 d限制能量摄入(减少33%)但不改变宏量营养素供能比,干预6周后导致每日特定微量营养素的摄入量减少,同时氧化损伤指标和运动时最大能量消耗降低[4]。另一项针对阻力训练的年轻男性限时限能进食的随机对照研究发现,1周训练3 d,另外4 d每天限制4 h内完成进食,干预8周后发现每天减少2 721 kJ能量摄入肌肉力量得到明显改善[5]。以上研究提示,能量限制在没有某些特定营养素缺乏的情况下有可能提高运动能力。
微量营养素参与能量代谢和调节抗氧化,从而减少肌肉损伤并促进运动后的恢复[6],但在啮齿动物中广泛应用的能量限制通常是降低每日食物供给量或者是隔日喂养[7-8]。能量限制期间会减少许多关键营养素的摄入[4],可能影响运动表现。因此,有研究建议能量限制期间应适当补充微量营养素[4]。
补充特定营养素也有助于提升运动能力。人群研究表明,补充支链氨基酸和肌酸能提高运动员的自行车骑行耐力表现[9-10];6周的β-丙氨酸补充可以有效提高年轻水球运动员反复冲刺能力中的球速射击成绩[11];其他营养素如牛磺酸、左旋肉碱和紫檀芪也对运动员的运动训练有积极影响[12-14]。但这些营养素能否在能量限制的情况下发挥作用,尚未明确。
为明确能量限制以及能量限制期间同时补充多种营养素对运动能力的影响,本研究对运动训练的小鼠进行能量限制并补充特定营养素,观察力竭运动表现和运动后疲劳恢复情况,并研制出了一种有效的可提升能量限制下运动表现的复合营养制剂。
8周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠24只(体质量23~26 g),购自江苏华创信诺医药科技有限公司。小鼠饲养在23~25 ℃、50%~58%湿度、昼夜各半循环照明的房间内。实验设计、过程以及动物处死方法经陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20230408)。
在2周的适应性喂养期间,小鼠随意进食和饮水,并进行适应性跑步训练。每天观察,以初步评估小鼠的健康状态和跑步的适应性。适应性喂养后,小鼠按随机数字表法分为4组,每组6只,分别是对照组(CON)、能量限制组(CR)、能量限制+基础营养素组(CRN1)以及能量限制+复合营养素组(CRN2),进行连续3周的饮食和跑步训练干预。
饮食干预方法如表1所示。CON组和CR组小鼠饲喂纯化型AIN-93G饲料(货号:XT93G),能量密度为16.7 kJ/g。CRN1组和CRN2组饲喂维生素矿物质调整型AIN-93G饲料(货号:XTVV),能量密度为16.2 kJ/g。维生素矿物质调整型AIN-93G饲料维生素和矿物质含量均是常规AIN-93G饲料的2.5倍,所有小鼠饲料购自江苏省协同医药生物工程有限责任公司。
CON组小鼠随意进食进水,其余组小鼠(CR组、CRN1组、CRN2组)按照前1天CON组小鼠平均每克体质量摄入能量的70%投喂并随意进水。每天测量体质量和摄食量,每周测量握力值。21 d后对所有能量限制小鼠进行最后一次喂食,然后进行跑步力竭实验和力竭后恢复实验,实验后所有小鼠随意进食,第22天处死所有小鼠,并且收集其血液和组织样本。每周能量限制的天数为5 d,其余2 d为了避免CR各组小鼠报复性饮食按照CON组前一天摄入能量的100%提供饲料。每天投喂后观察每笼小鼠的摄食情况,确保每只小鼠能吃到食物。
复合营养制剂包括一水肌酸、β-丙氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、牛磺酸、左旋肉碱和紫檀芪,剂量分别为3.03、0.97、0.38、0.19、0.19、0.46、0.46和0.07 g/kg[15-21] 。将8种营养素混合溶解于生理盐水中制成复合营养制剂,装入带有无菌不锈钢灌胃针的一次性聚丙烯注射器内,于每天上午10点给CRN2组小鼠灌胃。其余组在同一时间灌胃等体积生理盐水。现用现配,1天1次,1周灌胃5 d。
测量前肢握力用握力测试仪(意大利 Ugobasile公司),从第7天开始,每隔7 d测量1次,在给小鼠投喂食物6 h后进行。具体方法为首先将小鼠放进测试房10 min让小鼠适应房间环境,然后将每只小鼠放在握力测试仪抓板上让其4只脚握住抓板对握力测试仪进行适应。之后用手抓住每只小鼠的尾巴尖把小鼠抬起,让其离开抓板,再从上往下缓缓地靠近抓板最前方,等到小鼠前肢抓握住抓板之后沿着握力测试轴缓慢拉动小鼠,确保小鼠前肢能产生足够的抵抗拉力,等小鼠前肢离开抓板后记录握力测试仪上显示的握力值。每只动物进行3次连续的测试,若发现小鼠不用力或是后肢误触到抓板则重新进行1次实验。最后取3次数据中最大值作为衡量握力大小的指标。
在整个干预阶段,所有小鼠先进行饮食干预,而后在15:00开始用小鼠跑步机(SA101B,江苏赛昂斯生物科技有限公司)完成30 min跑步训练,每周5 d。跑步机坡度为10°,电击强度0.1mA,速度从0 m/s按照加速度8.3×10⁻⁴ m/s²增加到0.2 m/s,随后一直保持此速度到结束。
在干预的第21天,所有动物都进行一次跑步力竭测试。所有小鼠先被放在同1个笼子里,然后被随机安排在小鼠跑步机任意跑道上,研究人员无法预先得知小鼠对应的分组情况。跑步机坡度10°,电击强度0.2 mA,跑台速度为0.20 m/s持续20 min、0.25 m/s持续20 min、0.30 m/s持续20 min、0.35 m/s持续30 min,最后以0.40 m/s的速度跑至力竭[22]。力竭判断标准为小鼠多次触电或长时间停留在电击区而无法继续往前,此过程中不进行人为驱赶以免对小鼠造成伤害,最后以每只小鼠的跑步距离作为衡量小鼠耐力水平的指标。
跑步力竭测试结束后立即将已经力竭的小鼠从跑步机转移至旷场实验仪器(上海玉研科学仪器有限公司)内并用顶部的摄像机记录小鼠力竭后5 min内的运动情况。每次放小鼠进入旷场前用酒精将场地擦拭干净。最后绘制小鼠力竭后的运动轨迹图,用小鼠力竭后5 min内在旷场中的运动距离作为衡量小鼠耐力运动后的恢复情况指标。
实验动物在第21天进行完跑步力竭实验和力竭恢复实验后按照实验设计给予之前一样的饲料,随意进食进水过夜,同时不再进行灌胃干预,于第22天采用颈椎脱臼法处死。然后立即从眼眶取血,血液放置于常温3 h后8 500×g,4 ℃离心10 min,取上清放入-80 ℃冰箱保存。取肝脏、心脏、比目鱼肌、腓肠肌、棕色脂肪、皮下脂肪和附睾脂肪,称量后取一部分组织放在多聚甲醛中进行固定,其余组织立即放入液氮中,随后转入-80 ℃冰箱中储存。
用全自动生化分析仪[3110,日立诊断产品(上海)有限公司]对血清样本进行临床生化指标检测,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶试剂盒购自南京建成科技有限公司,其余试剂盒购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司,按照说明书进行检测。
动物处死后,将肝脏切成小块浸泡在4%多聚甲醛中24 h以上,脱水完成后进行包埋和切片,用组织固定液固定之后再用自来水清洗并晾干。将切片依次用油红O工作液、异丙醇 、苏木素、分化液、返蓝液进行处理,最后用甘油明胶进行封片。用光学显微镜观察切片脂滴染色情况,每只小鼠从组织切片的上下左右随机截取不同位置的显微镜图像(每个切片截取3~5张),从中选取1张肝脏组织形态较为完整且染色具有代表性的图像,用Image J软件计算染色的光密度总和用作统计分析。
动物处死后,将获得的新鲜肝脏和腓肠肌组织切成小块放入组织固定液或组织对应的特殊固定液内固定24 h以上,脱水后石蜡切片,然后用PAS染色液进行染色,最后用中性树胶封片。用光学显微镜观察切片组织糖原染色情况,图像选取与分析方法与油红O染色一致。
用SPSS 26软件对数据进行统计学分析,数据以x¯±s表示,方差齐用单因素方差分析进行多组间比较,两组间比较用LSD法,若方差不齐用Welch ANOVA检验,P<0.05被认为是有统计学差异。
干预开始前,各组小鼠间体质量无明显差异。干预21 d后,相比于CON组,能量限制的3组小鼠都显著降低(P<0.05),结果见表2。
各组间心脏、肝脏质量无差异(图1A、B)。比目鱼肌、腓肠肌、附睾脂肪、棕色脂肪和皮下脂肪绝对质量组间存在统计学差异(P<0.05,图1C~G)。能量限制21 d后,相比于CON组,CRN1组和CR组在肌肉质量上均有所下降,补充复合营养素则明显改善因能量限制导致的肌肉含量减少。能量限制各组皮下脂肪和附睾脂肪显著下降,而仅有补充复合营养素组小鼠的棕色脂肪显著提高。结果表明,复合营养素抵消了能量限制导致的肌肉减少,增加棕色脂肪含量,但并不干扰能量限制对皮下脂肪和附睾脂肪的作用。
各组小鼠前肢握力在第7天和第14天时均没有明显差异(表3)。能量限制21 d后,补充复合营养素使小鼠的前肢握力比CON组、CR组和CRN1组分别提高9%、17%、15%。
各组小鼠跑步力竭距离有差异(P=0.016),与CON组相比,CR组和CRN1组小鼠的跑步力竭距离分别提升了278%、289%(图2)。
为了衡量小鼠运动后的疲劳程度,在力竭运动之后立即进行了旷场实验。结果如图3所示,各组小鼠在力竭后5 min内运动的距离中存在明显差异(P=0.049,图3)。相比CON组和CRN1组分别仅运动了(13.20±2.93)m和(14.76±2.95)m,CRN2组运动距离显著提升到了(20.01±4.49)m。结果显示,能量限制下补充复合营养素可以改善小鼠力竭运动后的疲劳恢复。
肝功能、乳酸脱氢酶、肾功能、心功能、一氧化氮、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和总胆固醇在各组间无明显差异(图4A~K)。低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(P=0.026)和葡萄糖(P=0.010)在各组中表现出统计学差异,CRN2组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇相比于CON组和CR组分别下降30%和26%(图4L)。与CON组相比,CR组和CRN1组血糖分别下降30%和41%,但CRN2组比CRN1组上升了53%(图4M)。这些结果提示,能量限制下补充复合营养素可以降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及维持血糖较稳定水平。
各组小鼠的肝脏糖原含量无明显差异(图5A、D)。相比于CON组,CR组、CRN1组和CRN2组的骨骼肌(腓肠肌)糖原上升3倍以上(图5B、5E)。肝脏脂滴含量相较于CON组,CR组上升109%(图5C、5F)。结果显示,能量限制骨骼肌(腓肠肌)的糖原和肝脏脂滴含量有上升趋势。
各组腓肠肌组织中还原型谷胱甘肽、超氧化物歧化酶含量无明显差异(图6A、D)。相较于CON组,CRN2组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶含量上升最为显著,升高了80%(P=0.024),如图6B所示。CRN1组和CRN2组丙二醛含量比CON组分别下降了28%和31%(P=0.059),如图6C所示。
各组肝脏组织中过氧化氢酶、还原型谷胱甘肽、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和黄嘌呤氧化酶含量均无明显差异(图6E~H)。结果显示,能量限制下补充复合营养素可以增加腓肠肌抗氧化能力。
本研究结果显示能量限制以及能量限制下补充某些特定营养素可以降低小鼠体质量、骨骼肌质量、附睾脂肪质量、皮下脂肪质量、血糖含量和腓肠肌糖原含量,提高小鼠跑步力竭距离;能量限制下补充复合营养素增加力竭后的运动距离,提高小鼠前肢握力、维持骨骼肌肌肉质量和血糖含量、增加棕色脂肪质量和腓肠肌抗氧化能力,降低体质量和血液中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量。
研究表明,更少的体质量可以在运动期间节省更多的能量[23]。一项对能量限制的代谢适应和随后再喂养实验中,32名非肥胖男性在经历了1周的过度喂养、3周的能量限制和2周的再喂养后体质量减少6 kg,步行的能量成本降低了22%[24]。另外一项针对30名受试者的关于体质量扰动对人体骨骼肌工作效率的研究中发现,减重约10%后,运动期间骨骼肌工作效率增加约15%;体质量增加约10%后,运动期间骨骼肌工作效率降低约25%[25]。在本研究中,能量限制21 d后小鼠的体质量明显下降,这节约了小鼠力竭跑步过程中的能量成本。
与此同时,糖原是小鼠跑步力竭期间首先用到的能量,特别是肌糖原可以在运动中产生丰富的ATP[26],为小鼠提供充足的能量。本研究结果中,能量限制组小鼠腓肠肌糖原含量是对照组的3倍以上,这可能在跑步力竭运动初期为小鼠提供更多的能量。另一方面,脂质被认为是运动过程中的重要能量来源,储存的能量是糖原的60倍[27],这在力竭运动中后期发挥重要作用。从优先脂质合成、储存到脂肪分解的转变通常发生在肝细胞中的糖原耗尽时,脂肪组织中的脂肪分解速度增加,导致血浆游离脂肪酸水平升高,从而在肝脏、肾脏、星形胶质细胞和肠上皮细胞中产生更多的脂肪酸衍生酮作为能量供应[28-30]。我们之前的研究也表明等能量高脂饮食可以提高大鼠脂肪利用能力,从而增加耐力运动时间[31]。在能量限制期间由于食物的紧缺,小鼠机体被迫长时间使用脂质供能,使得能量限制各组小鼠在力竭运动期间能顺利进入脂质供能。本研究结果显示,能量限制组肝脏脂滴含量是对照组的2倍以上,这可以为小鼠跑步过程中后期提供丰富的能量,让小鼠在跑步力竭运动中发挥更为出色。
本研究的复合营养素中存在牛磺酸、一水肌酸、支链氨基酸、β-丙氨酸、紫檀芪等多种抗氧化剂,抗氧化剂在帮助运动员训练后恢复方面起着至关重要的作用。在运动过程中,身体释放的自由基和活性氧增加,这会损伤细胞并导致组织中产生氧化应激[32],活性氧升高已被确定为肌肉损伤和性能下降的触发因素[33]。研究表明,服用抗氧化剂可以延缓疲劳和缩短恢复期[34]。一项针对21名年轻男性的随机对照实验中,受试者接受14 d的牛磺酸补充,开始补充牛磺酸后的第1、14、16、18和21天收集血液样本并测量肌肉性能,结果显示使用牛磺酸作为补充剂可以提高受试者运动能力、减少肌肉损伤和氧化应激[35]。另一项研究中,18名受试者被随机分为2组,进行6周的高强度间歇训练并每天补充6.4 g β-丙氨酸或葡萄糖,结果补充β-丙氨酸组增加了肌肉肌肽含量并减轻神经肌肉疲劳[36]。本研究的结果中,腓肠肌谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶增加和丙二醛含量减少也表明复合营养素可以提高腓肠肌的抗氧化能力。表明复合营养素中的多种抗氧化剂可以通过降低肌肉组织氧化应激水平来改善肌肉疲劳,加快小鼠跑步力竭后的恢复。
研究表明,肌酸可以在短时间运动(<3 min)中提高肌肉力量,且与补充剂量的多少以及持续时间无关[37],服用肌酸补充剂和阻力训练同时进行10周后,肌肉力量比对照组增加57%,而只进行阻力训练力量仅增加35.9%,说明肌酸可以协同阻力训练对肌肉力量产生正向影响[38]。紫檀芪可以增加肌肉血管生成并增强线粒体功能[20]。牛磺酸可以减少患者的肌肉炎症并提高肌肉强度[39]。在支链氨基酸中添加支链淀粉/铬复合物可增强大鼠骨骼肌的肌肉蛋白质合成[40]。本研究结果显示,小鼠的骨骼肌肌肉质量在补充了复合营养素后得到维持,这可能是能量限制期间补充复合营养素提高了小鼠前肢握力的其中一个原因。另一方面,补充复合营养素组小鼠的棕色脂肪质量增加。棕色脂肪可以促进细胞呼吸并产生大量的ATP,通过解耦连蛋白1将细胞内储存的能量以热量的形式释放出来[41]。左旋肉碱可以促进新生山羊棕色脂肪细胞的棕色脂肪生成和产热以及增加棕色脂肪中的脂滴和糖原含量[42]。本研究结果提示,复合营养素中的特殊营养素可以通过维持小鼠腓肠肌肌肉质量以及通过激活棕色脂肪来提高小鼠前肢握力。
复合营养素没有改变肝脏、肾脏和心脏的健康指标,也没有影响肝脏或心脏的质量,表明其是安全的。另一方面,补充复合营养素降低了低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、使能量限制降低的血糖水平恢复正常,说明能量限制期间补充复合营养素可以改善血脂和维持血糖含量。
本研究存在以下局限性:首先,未在小鼠力竭后立即采集肌肉和肝脏组织测量糖原与脂肪含量,无法明确运动过程中相关物质的消耗动态;其次,实验仅纳入雄性小鼠,未能揭示性别差异对结果的影响;最后,采用多种营养素联合干预模式,难以区分具体起作用的单一或组合营养素成分。
综上,本研究发现一种可以在能量限制期间提高小鼠前肢肌肉力量、增加小鼠力竭后运动距离、维持腓肠肌质量和血糖含量以及提高腓肠肌抗氧化性的特殊营养素组合。研究结果为实施能量限制的特殊人群开展营养保障、提升运动能力提供了新的干预方法。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409084
  • 接收时间:2024-09-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-12
  • 修回日期:2025-01-06
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系营养与食品安全研究中心,重庆市医学营养研究中心,重庆市营养与健康重点实验室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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