Article(id=1322934526288200024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322934508630180057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725465600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-05, revisedDate=1729008000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341770001, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341770001, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341770001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341770001, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322934508630180057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='101', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1738166400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341765792, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341765792, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=112, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322934526510498138, articleId=1322934526288200024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=β-glucan attenuates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by promoting glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the protective effect of β-glucan (BG) against intestinal ischemia reperfusion (II/R) injury by regulating the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).

Methods‍

Male C57BL/6 mice (6~8 weeks old) were subjected, and finally, the experiments had sham group, II/R group, II/R+BG group (0.1 mg/mL BG in drinking water for 2 weeks before modeling), II/R+liraglutide (LLT, GLP-1 analogue) group (0.2 μg/g LLT injected every 12 hours for 3 consecutive days before modeling), and II/R+BG+Ex9-39 (GLP-1R antagonist) group (intraperitoneal injection of 2 μg/g Ex9-39 1 h before modeling). After modeling, HE staining was used to observe intestinal morphological changes, and RT-qPCR and Western blotting were employed to evaluate the molecules (Occludin, ZO-1 and Claudin-1) related to intestinal barrier damage. The effect of 0.1 mg/mL BG treatment on the GLP-1 level in the serum and intestinal tissues of normal mice was determined with ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, respectively, and RT-PCR for the molecules related to GLP-1 expression (Gcg, Pcsk1/2, GIP and Foxa2). The effects of LLT and Ex9-39 pretreatment on intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier damage were also determined by morphological observation and expression levels of related molecules.

Results‍

II/R induced significant decreases in the mRNA levels of Occludin, ZO-1 and Claudin-1 and increase in Chiu's score when compared with sham control mice (P<0.05). While, the mRNA levels of the 3 molecules were obviously higher and the Chiu's score was lower in the II/R+BG group than the II/R group (P<0.05). BG pretreatment induced notably enhanced secretion of GLP-1 in the serum and intestinal tract of normal mice, and improved the mRNA expression of GLP-1-related molecules (P<0.05). The intervention of GLP-1 analogue LLT could attenuate the II/R damage and decreased Chiu's score, with statistical difference in comparison with the II/R group (P<0.05). GLP-1 receptor antagonist Ex9-39 reversed the protective effects of BG pretreatment against II/R damage, with notably differences in the expression of Occludin, ZO-1 and Claudin-1 and Chiu's score (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

BG can attenuate intestinal mucosal and functional injury after II/R by promoting intestinal GLP-1 secretion.

, authors=Wei WANG1, Ben HAN1, Lihua SUN2, Huichao XIE2, Xiong ZENG2, Weidong XIAO2, Jian WANG1, authorsList=Wei WANG, Ben HAN, Lihua SUN, Huichao XIE, Xiong ZENG, Weidong XIAO, Jian WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weidong XIAO, Jian WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322934527978504555, articleId=1322934526288200024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=β-葡聚糖通过促进胰高血糖素样肽-1分泌减轻肠缺血再灌注损伤, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨β-葡聚糖(β-glucan,BG)通过调控胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)分泌对肠缺血再灌注(intestinal ischemia reperfusion,II/R)损伤作用及机制。

方法

将18只6~8周雄性C57BL/6小鼠按随机数字表法分为3组(n=6):假手术组、II/R组、II/R+BG组,假手术组和II/R组正常饮食,II/R+BG组造模前2周饮用水中含0.1 mg/mL BG,建模后,HE染色用于观察肠道形态变化,RT-qPCR评估与肠道屏障损伤相关的分子(Occludin、ZO-1和Claudin-1)。将12只6~8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠按随机数字表法分为2组(n=6):Water组、BG组,Water组正常饮食,BG组饮用水含中0.1 mg/mL BG。分别用ELISA、免疫荧光法以及RT-PCR检测与GLP-1表达相关的分子(Gcg、Pcsk1/2、GIP和Foxa2),探究0.1mg/mL BG治疗对正常小鼠血清和肠组织中GLP-1水平的影响。将另外12只6~8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠按随机数字表法分为2组(n=6):II/R组造模前腹腔注射生理盐水,连续3 d,每12 h注射1次,II/R+利拉鲁肽(liraglutide,LLT)组造模前腹腔注射0.2 μg/g LLT,连续3 d,每12 h注射1次,建模后,HE染色用于观察肠道形态变化,RT-qPCR和Western印迹用于评估与肠道屏障损伤相关的分子(Occludin、ZO-1和Claudin-1)。12只6~8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠饮水中加入BG预处理2周,按随机数字表法分为2组(n=6):II/R+BG组、II/R+BG+Ex9-39(GLP-1R拮抗剂)组(建模前1 h腹膜注射2 μg/g Ex9-39),造模后采用上述方法评估肠屏障损伤情况。

结果

与假手术组相比,II/R组诱导Occludin、ZO-1和Claudin-1的mRNA水平显著降低,Chiu’s评分升高(P<0.05)。而II/R+BG组3种分子的mRNA水平明显高于II/R组,Chiu’s评分低于II/R组(P<0.05)。与Water组相比,BG组显著增强了正常小鼠血清和肠道中GLP-1的分泌,并改善了GLP-1相关分子的mRNA表达(P<0.05)。GLP-1类似物LLT的干预可以减轻II/R损伤,降低Chiu’s评分,与II/R组相比有统计学差异(P<0.05)。与II/R+BG组相比,II/R+BG+Ex9-39(GLP-1R拮抗剂)组逆转了BG预处理对II/R损伤的保护作用,在Occludin、ZO-1和Claudin-1的表达以及Chiu’s评分方面存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。

结论

BG可以通过促进肠道GLP-1分泌减轻II/R后肠黏膜形态和功能损伤。

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王 建,E-mail:
肖卫东,E-mail:
WANG Jian,E-mail:wangjian
XIAO Weidong,E-mail:
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Biochem Soc Trans,2015,43(4):727-733., articleTitle=The intestinal immunoendocrine axis:novel cross-talk between enteroendocrine cells and the immune system during infection and inflammatory disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322934535603749329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934526288200024, doi=10.3390/nu14010096, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=96, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=AOE S, journalName=Nutrients, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AOE S. Beta-glucan in foods and health benefits[J]. 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A:各组小肠实体图;B:各组小肠组织HE染色 C:各组小肠组织病理变化评分;D:各组小鼠小肠组织的肠屏障因子mRNA相对表达量;a:P<0. 05,与Sham组比较;b:P<0.05,与II/R组比较

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A:各组小鼠血液中GLP-1的分泌浓度;B:各组小鼠小肠组织GLP-1相关基因mRNA相对表达量;C:各组小肠GLP-1(红色)免疫荧光染色共聚焦;a: P<0.05,与Water组比较

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A:各组小肠实体图;B:各组小肠组织HE染色;C:各组小肠组织病理变化评分;D:各组小鼠小肠组织的肠屏障因子mRNA相对表达量;a: P<0.05,b: P<0.01,与II/R组比较

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A:Western blot检测小肠组织中Occludin和ZO-1蛋白表达;B:Occludin蛋白相对表达量;C:ZO-1蛋白相对表达量;a: P<0.05,b: P<0.01,与II/R组比较

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A:各组小肠实体图;B:各组小肠组织HE染色;C:各组小肠组织病理变化评分;D:各组小鼠小肠组织的肠屏障因子mRNA相对表达量;a: P<0.05,b: P<0.01,与II/R+BG组比较

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A:Western blot检测小肠组织中Occludin和ZO-1蛋白表达;B:Occludin蛋白相对表达量;C:ZO-1蛋白相对表达量;a: P<0.05,b: P<0.01,与II/R+BG组比较

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β-葡聚糖通过促进胰高血糖素样肽-1分泌减轻肠缺血再灌注损伤
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王维 1 , 韩奔 1 , 孙力华 2 , 谢会超 2 , 曾雄 2 , 肖卫东 2 , 王建 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(2): 112-121
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (2) : 112 -121
β-葡聚糖通过促进胰高血糖素样肽-1分泌减轻肠缺血再灌注损伤
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王维1, 韩奔1, 孙力华2, 谢会超2, 曾雄2, 肖卫东2 , 王建1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院,营养科,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院,普通外科,重庆
通讯作者:
王 建,E-mail:
肖卫东,E-mail:
WANG Jian,E-mail:wangjian
XIAO Weidong,E-mail:
β-glucan attenuates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by promoting glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion
Wei WANG1, Ben HAN1, Lihua SUN2, Huichao XIE2, Xiong ZENG2, Weidong XIAO2 , Jian WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Nutrition, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
  • 2Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409020
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目的

探讨β-葡聚糖(β-glucan,BG)通过调控胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)分泌对肠缺血再灌注(intestinal ischemia reperfusion,II/R)损伤作用及机制。

方法

将18只6~8周雄性C57BL/6小鼠按随机数字表法分为3组(n=6):假手术组、II/R组、II/R+BG组,假手术组和II/R组正常饮食,II/R+BG组造模前2周饮用水中含0.1 mg/mL BG,建模后,HE染色用于观察肠道形态变化,RT-qPCR评估与肠道屏障损伤相关的分子(Occludin、ZO-1和Claudin-1)。将12只6~8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠按随机数字表法分为2组(n=6):Water组、BG组,Water组正常饮食,BG组饮用水含中0.1 mg/mL BG。分别用ELISA、免疫荧光法以及RT-PCR检测与GLP-1表达相关的分子(Gcg、Pcsk1/2、GIP和Foxa2),探究0.1mg/mL BG治疗对正常小鼠血清和肠组织中GLP-1水平的影响。将另外12只6~8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠按随机数字表法分为2组(n=6):II/R组造模前腹腔注射生理盐水,连续3 d,每12 h注射1次,II/R+利拉鲁肽(liraglutide,LLT)组造模前腹腔注射0.2 μg/g LLT,连续3 d,每12 h注射1次,建模后,HE染色用于观察肠道形态变化,RT-qPCR和Western印迹用于评估与肠道屏障损伤相关的分子(Occludin、ZO-1和Claudin-1)。12只6~8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠饮水中加入BG预处理2周,按随机数字表法分为2组(n=6):II/R+BG组、II/R+BG+Ex9-39(GLP-1R拮抗剂)组(建模前1 h腹膜注射2 μg/g Ex9-39),造模后采用上述方法评估肠屏障损伤情况。

结果

与假手术组相比,II/R组诱导Occludin、ZO-1和Claudin-1的mRNA水平显著降低,Chiu’s评分升高(P<0.05)。而II/R+BG组3种分子的mRNA水平明显高于II/R组,Chiu’s评分低于II/R组(P<0.05)。与Water组相比,BG组显著增强了正常小鼠血清和肠道中GLP-1的分泌,并改善了GLP-1相关分子的mRNA表达(P<0.05)。GLP-1类似物LLT的干预可以减轻II/R损伤,降低Chiu’s评分,与II/R组相比有统计学差异(P<0.05)。与II/R+BG组相比,II/R+BG+Ex9-39(GLP-1R拮抗剂)组逆转了BG预处理对II/R损伤的保护作用,在Occludin、ZO-1和Claudin-1的表达以及Chiu’s评分方面存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。

结论

BG可以通过促进肠道GLP-1分泌减轻II/R后肠黏膜形态和功能损伤。

肠缺血再灌注损伤  /  β-葡聚糖  /  GLP-1  /  肠屏障
Objective‍

To investigate the protective effect of β-glucan (BG) against intestinal ischemia reperfusion (II/R) injury by regulating the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).

Methods‍

Male C57BL/6 mice (6~8 weeks old) were subjected, and finally, the experiments had sham group, II/R group, II/R+BG group (0.1 mg/mL BG in drinking water for 2 weeks before modeling), II/R+liraglutide (LLT, GLP-1 analogue) group (0.2 μg/g LLT injected every 12 hours for 3 consecutive days before modeling), and II/R+BG+Ex9-39 (GLP-1R antagonist) group (intraperitoneal injection of 2 μg/g Ex9-39 1 h before modeling). After modeling, HE staining was used to observe intestinal morphological changes, and RT-qPCR and Western blotting were employed to evaluate the molecules (Occludin, ZO-1 and Claudin-1) related to intestinal barrier damage. The effect of 0.1 mg/mL BG treatment on the GLP-1 level in the serum and intestinal tissues of normal mice was determined with ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, respectively, and RT-PCR for the molecules related to GLP-1 expression (Gcg, Pcsk1/2, GIP and Foxa2). The effects of LLT and Ex9-39 pretreatment on intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier damage were also determined by morphological observation and expression levels of related molecules.

Results‍

II/R induced significant decreases in the mRNA levels of Occludin, ZO-1 and Claudin-1 and increase in Chiu's score when compared with sham control mice (P<0.05). While, the mRNA levels of the 3 molecules were obviously higher and the Chiu's score was lower in the II/R+BG group than the II/R group (P<0.05). BG pretreatment induced notably enhanced secretion of GLP-1 in the serum and intestinal tract of normal mice, and improved the mRNA expression of GLP-1-related molecules (P<0.05). The intervention of GLP-1 analogue LLT could attenuate the II/R damage and decreased Chiu's score, with statistical difference in comparison with the II/R group (P<0.05). GLP-1 receptor antagonist Ex9-39 reversed the protective effects of BG pretreatment against II/R damage, with notably differences in the expression of Occludin, ZO-1 and Claudin-1 and Chiu's score (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

BG can attenuate intestinal mucosal and functional injury after II/R by promoting intestinal GLP-1 secretion.

intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury  /  β-glucan  /  glucagon-like peptide-1  /  intestinal barrier
王维, 韩奔, 孙力华, 谢会超, 曾雄, 肖卫东, 王建. β-葡聚糖通过促进胰高血糖素样肽-1分泌减轻肠缺血再灌注损伤. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (2) : 112 -121 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409020
Wei WANG, Ben HAN, Lihua SUN, Huichao XIE, Xiong ZENG, Weidong XIAO, Jian WANG. β-glucan attenuates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by promoting glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (2) : 112 -121 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409020
肠缺血再灌注(intestinal ischemia reperfusion,II/R)损伤是临床上常见且较为严重的疾病,具有较高的发病率和死亡率,以肠屏障破坏、炎症反应、血管通透性增加等为主要病理生理表现[1]。多发于急性肠系膜缺血、肠扭转、肠梗阻以及肠移植、体外循环手术和严重休克、中重度烧伤等。通常伴有全身炎症反应以及远端脏器如肝脏、肾脏、肺脏等损害,甚至可能会发展为肠源性脓毒症,严重者可能会导致全身多器官功能障碍[2]。目前,II/R损伤的病理机制尚不完全明确,临床上缺乏行之有效的防治手段,对患者的预后产生不利影响。因此,探究II/R损伤背后的发病机制,寻找新的防治策略,已成为亟待解决的问题。
越来越多的研究证实,全谷物和膳食纤维可能在人体健康中发挥着相当重要的作用,其中燕麦来源的β-葡聚糖(β-glucan,BG)约占粘性纤维相关研究的一半[3]。BG是一种可溶性的非淀粉多糖,具有显著的生物学活性,可以增加胃肠道的粘度,延缓胃排空和肠道对碳水化合物的吸收,在减少胆固醇和胆汁酸吸收和重吸收的同时,还可以预防餐后高血糖的发生[4]。不仅如此,近年来,BG作为益生元再次成为膳食纤维研究中的热点,补充BG可以促进嗜粘蛋白阿克曼菌的扩张,这是一种粘液蛋白分解菌,能保护肠道上皮细胞和黏膜层的完整性,在肠道内发挥抗炎作用,与肥胖、糖尿病和心血管疾病发生率和严重程度呈负相关[5]。BG还可以改善高脂饮食引起的肠道微生态失衡,降低肠道氧化应激反应,对肠道稳态的维护也发挥了突出作用[6]。这些证据都支持BG对人体健康发挥着重要的益生作用。
随着研究的深入,发现BG在消化吸收的过程中可能促进多种肠道激素的分泌,这些激素作用于远处的靶器官,维持内环境稳态[7]。酪酪肽(pancreatic polypeptide,PYY)、胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)和胰高血糖素样肽-2(glucagon-like peptide-2,GLP-2)等激素是由肠黏膜内的肠内分泌细胞所分泌,这些细胞可以感知到肠道内膳食纤维的存在[8]。其中GLP-1是在肠黏膜中的L细胞、胰岛的α细胞和孤束细胞核中的神经元中合成的胰高血糖素原裂解的产物,它在调控血糖中发挥了极为重要的作用[9]。随着研究的深入,发现它具有更为广泛的药理作用,包括抗炎、神经保护、调节血压和降低脂毒性[10]。研究显示GLP-1在心肌缺血再灌注损伤后会发生显著变化[11],肠组织在遭受感染、缺血、缺氧时,GLP-1分泌也会发生显著异常[12],通过调控GLP-1的分泌或许可能成为II/R损伤防治的新靶点。
GLP-1类似物如利拉鲁肽等在临床上被广泛应用,但主要以外源性的补充为主,由于药物本身副作用、给药方式、经济成本等在一定程度上限制了其应用[13]。通过更加经济便利的手段调控内源性GLP-1的分泌或许能够拓宽其应用范围。当前大量的研究显示,膳食纤维如BG的摄入,能够影响肠道内源性激素的分泌,其中GLP-1对膳食纤维的摄入变化较为敏感,GLP-1可能是BG对机体产生益生作用的主要效应因子之一[14]。
基于以上研究,我们推测BG可能会通过促进肠道GLP-1的分泌,发挥对II/R损伤的保护作用。本研究以II/R损伤为临床研究背景,以BG与GLP-1之间的关系为切入点,聚焦BG通过GLP-1发挥II/R损伤的保护作用,为II/R损伤的防治寻找新靶点。
C57BL/6雄鼠,6~8周龄,采购于江苏集萃药康生物科技股份有限公司,体质量22~24 g,饲养于陆军军医大学第二附属医院实验动物中心SPF级动物房,自由饮食和饮水,昼夜明暗交替时间12 h/12 h,温度控制在20~26 ℃,实验过程中,遵循陆军军医大学实验动物伦理规定(AMUWEC20210174)。
燕麦来源β-葡聚糖(Sigma,G6513),GLP-1检测ELISA试剂盒(solarbio,SEKM-0148),GLP-1受体拮抗剂Exendin 9-39(AbMole,M10089),GLP-1兔多克隆抗体(Servicebio,GB11335-100),Occludin单克隆抗体(proteintech,Cat no :66378-1-Ig),ZO-1 单克隆抗体(proteintech,Cat No. 66452-1-Ig),TRIZol、逆转录试剂盒和实时荧光定量核酸扩增试剂盒(TaKaRa),引物(上海生工),4%多聚甲醛溶液(Solarbio,P1110),外科显微镜(Leica),荧光定量PCR仪(Bio-Rad),低温高速离心机、Nano drop2000(Thermo)。
第1批模型建立:建立6~8周龄C57BL/6雄鼠,无差别混合饲养7 d后,随机数字表法分为3组:假手术组(普通饲饮水,n=6),II/R组(普通饲饮水,n=6),II/R+BG组(饲饮水中添加BG 0.1 mg/mL,n=6),持续2周后造模进行RT-qPCR、HE检测。
第2批模型建立:随机数字表法分为2组:Water组(普通饲饮水,n=6),BG组(饲饮水中添加BG 0.1 mg/mL,n=6),持续2周后直接进行RT-qPCR、ELISA、免疫荧光染色检测。
第3批模型建立:随机数字表法分为2组:II/R组(造模前腹腔注射生理盐水,n=6,连续3 d,每12 h注射1次),II/R+LLT组(造膜前腹腔注射GLP-1类似物LLT 0.2 μg/g,n=6,连续3 d,每12 h注射1次)。造模后进行RT-qPCR、HE、Western blot检测。
第4批模型建立:6~8周龄C57BL/6雄鼠,无差别混合饲养2周(饲饮水中添加BG 0.1 mg/mL)后,随机数字表法分为2组:II/R+BG组(n=6),II/R+BG+EX9-39组(造模前1 h注射GLP-1R受体拮抗剂EX9-39 2 μg/g,n=6),造模后进行RT-qPCR、HE、Western blot检测。
6~8周的C57BL/6雄鼠,用2.5%三溴乙醇(10 μL/g)麻醉小鼠,将小鼠仰卧位固定于小鼠手术板上。腹部备皮消毒,做好手术标记,依次打开腹部皮肤、腹膜,用经37 ℃预热的生理盐水沾湿棉签,动作轻柔,取出盲肠,沿着回肠端将整段小肠取出,暴露肠系膜上动脉,使用微血管夹夹闭肠系膜上动脉,而后用生理盐水浸润的纱布覆盖,缺血约30 min。通过肠道颜色变化判断肠道缺血严重程度,30 min后可见小肠变为酒红色。缺血结束后,轻轻取下微血管夹,用湿润的棉签将肠道依次还纳回腹部,依次缝合腹膜、皮肤。假手术组小鼠麻醉后,开腹如上述模型组充分暴露小肠,暴露时间与II/R组小肠缺血时间相同。将小鼠放置笼中,自由饮食水,持续6 h后取小鼠眼眶血,脱颈处死小鼠后进行取材。
取小鼠回肠末端约1 cm,用预冷后的PBS对肠腔进行冲洗,置于4%多聚甲醛溶液固定。肠组织经脱水和石蜡包埋后切片,切片脱蜡后行苏木精染色,中性树脂封片,在镜下观察小肠组织形态学改变,依据Chiu’s评分标准对小肠黏膜损伤进行评分。
冰冻切片于37 ℃温箱干燥处理,4%多聚甲醛固定组织,依次进行组织通透和蛋白封闭,用抗原修复液进行抗原修复,GLP-1一抗稀释后覆盖组织,细胞核用DAPI染色,在荧光显微镜下观察。
取小鼠眼眶血,全血静置于室温静置约1 h,4 ℃,8 000×g离心10 min,取上清置于1.5 mL EP管,-80 ℃冻存备用。取小鼠肠组织10 mg,加入500 μL PBS后用匀浆仪研磨粉碎,4 ℃,5 000×g离心10 min,取上清置于1.5 mL EP管-80 ℃冻存备用。参照ELISA试剂盒说明书检测GLP-1的含量。
取小鼠回肠末端约1 cm,用预冷PBS冲洗,纵行切开,匀浆仪研磨粉碎。使用TRIzol法将提取小肠RNA,测定浓度后进行反转录。然后,根据SYBR Green试剂盒说明书采用Bio-Rad荧光定量PCR仪器进行qRT-PCR,结果采用2-ΔΔCt计算目的基因的mRNA相对表达量。
取小鼠回肠末端约2 cm,用预冷的PBS进行冲洗后切开置于蛋白裂解液中,匀浆仪研磨粉碎,采用Western blot分别检测β-actin、Occludin、ZO-1的蛋白表达,用电化学发光法显影,显影后用Image J软件计算并进行分析。
实验所得数据以x¯±s形式表示,使用GraphPad Prism 9.3.0进行数据分析和统计绘图,数据的正态性检验采用Shapiro-Wilk检验,2组之间的比较采用独立样本t检验。当P<0.05时差异具有统计学意义。
为了确定BG对II/R损伤的影响,在饲饮水中添加BG干预2周。结果提示:与假手术组相比,II/R组小肠发生明显的出血、水肿,但经BG干预后的小肠得到明显改善(图1A)。HE染色提示:假手术组小鼠肠细胞排列整齐,绒毛完整,结构形态未见明显改变;II/R组肠组织结构排列紊乱,部分绒毛脱落、坏死,固有层及黏膜下层分离,部分肠段出现坏死;II/R+BG组肠组织结构形态基本正常,绒毛肿胀,但病理损伤较II/R组明显减轻(图1B),Chiu’s评分显示II/R+BG组明显低于II/R组(P<0.05,图1C)。RT-qPCR提示II/R+BG组小鼠肠组织中的Occludin、ZO-1、Claudin-1 mRNA水平较II/R组明显提高(P<0.05,图1D)。
为确定BG对GLP-1激素分泌的影响,通过ELISA法对小鼠血清进行检测,发现与Water组相比,BG组小鼠血清中GLP-1的分泌水平明显增加(P<0.05,图2A),提示BG可以促进小鼠体内GLP-1分泌。进一步探讨GLP-1分泌与肠道的相关性,回肠组织RT-qPCR结果提示,与Water组相比,BG组的小鼠回肠GLP-1表达相关基因mRNA表达水平明显增加(P<0.05,图2B),提示BG干预可能促进肠道GLP-1分泌。免疫荧光提示,BG组的小鼠肠道GLP-1蛋白表达水平明显增加(图2C)。
为了进一步探索GLP-1分泌在肠道疾病中的作用,在造模前预注射GLP-1类似物利拉鲁肽,发现II/R+LLT组较II/R组肠道的充血水肿得到明显改善(图3A)。HE染色显示:II/R组肠绒毛变钝伴脱落,黏膜下间隙变大,炎性细胞弥漫性浸润(P<0.05,图3B)。相较于II/R组,II/R+LLT组肠道损伤得到显著改善,Chiu’s评分明显降低(P<0.05,图3C)。结果提示,GLP-1可以显著改善II/R引起的肠黏膜损伤。RT-qPCR提示:与II/R组相比,II/R+LLT组小肠组织中Occludin、ZO-1、Claudin-1在mRNA水平表达增加(P<0.05,图3D),Occludin、ZO-1在蛋白水平上表达也明显增高(P<0.05,图4)。
为了进一步明确GLP-1是BG发挥作用的主要因素,2组同时给予BG,其中1组在造模前给予GLP-1受体拮抗剂EX9-39。观察发现,与II/R+BG组相比,II/R+BG+EX9-39组出现明显的小肠水肿、出血(图5A)。HE染色提示:II/R+BG+EX9-39组肠绒毛排列紊乱伴脱落,黏膜下间隙变大,炎性细胞弥漫性浸润(图5B)。与II/R+BG组相比,GLP-1受体拮抗剂干预后肠道损伤加重,Chiu’s评分明显升高(P<0.05,图5C),小肠组织中Occludin、ZO-1、Claudin-1在转录水平上明显降低(P<0.05,图5D),Occludin、ZO-1在蛋白水平上也出现相同的变化(P<0.05,图6)。提示GLP-1是BG改善II/R损伤后肠黏膜损伤的重要因素。
BG因其多种健康益处而被视作一种功能性食品,具有调节血糖血脂、减轻体质量、抗肿瘤和抗感染的特性[15]。它是一种可溶性的非淀粉多糖,有很强的生物学活性,可以发挥降血糖、降血脂、抗炎、减重等功能[16]。有研究表明BG可以改善肠易激综合征和炎性肠病,对肠屏障的改善发挥了重要作用[17]。美国食品和药物管理局于1997年发布使用燕麦产品的健康声明,每天至少摄入3 g BG可以降低心血管疾病的风险。在临床中多应用于代谢性疾病、心血管疾病、癌症等慢性病的辅助治疗[18]。最近,有研究证实低分子量的BG可以通过调节肠道菌群结构,促进短链脂肪酸分泌[19],诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡,重建肠黏膜屏障,表现出更强的抗炎活性,为结肠癌及其他肠道炎症的临床治疗提供了新的替代策略[20]。
II/R损伤常见于围手术期,可能导致肠源性脓毒症、全身炎症反应等不良后果,其发生的主要原因是由于肠系膜血管收缩使肠壁缺血缺氧,肠屏障功能下降引起内毒素移位继而导致多器官受损[21]。当前研究多聚焦于疾病发生后的治疗,但其预防手段鲜为报道。BG具有抗炎和抗氧化应激的特性[7],与II/R损伤发生发展的病理机制相吻合,有理由推测BG可以作为下一步预防II/R损伤的重要物质。本研究发现,与II/R组相比,BG可以调节肠屏障,改善小肠的出血、水肿,对疾病预后发挥重要作用,然而其保护机制尚不明确。
肠道是负责营养吸收、新陈代谢和识别食物信号的重要器官[22]。不仅如此,它还充当物理和生物屏障,抵御有害物质,包括食品、病原体和环境化学物质[23]。肠道稳态与人体健康息息相关,它必须保持紧密平衡才能允许营养吸收。肠道稳态的维持不仅需要维护屏障功能和免疫稳态,肠道激素也是其重要组成部分,它们相互串扰共同维持内环境稳态[24-25]。肠道激素是调节能量和葡萄糖稳态的重要信号,主要作用是维持体内血清葡萄糖浓度和适应性免疫,与营养物质、神经和激素激活等因素息息相关[7]。
BG作为一种临床广泛使用的膳食补充剂,主要应用于降糖降脂等代谢性疾病相关领域,通过延长胃排空、肠道运输时间和营养吸收来调节血糖和控制体质量[26]。营养物质的吸收消化与多种肠道激素的分泌息息相关。通过实验发现BG不仅可以增加血清中GLP-1浓度,还可以提高肠道中GLP-1的分泌。在mRNA和蛋白表达水平上,都证实了BG可以促进肠道中GLP-1分泌。GLP-1是在肠黏膜的L细胞、胰岛的α细胞和孤立束核的神经元中合成的胰高血糖素原裂解产物[9]。它对人体维持正常的葡萄糖耐量至关重要,主要作用于胰岛 β 细胞以及其他特定GLP-1受体,具有广泛的药理作用,包括抗炎、神经保护、调节血压和降低脂毒性等[10]。提示GLP-1可能是BG发挥保护作用的潜在介质。
BG作为大分子多糖,并不能直接被机体吸收利用,但有研究显示BG可以显著增加L细胞的数量,改善回肠功能[14]。GLP-1主要由回肠L细胞分泌[27]。研究显示BG会改变肠道菌群的组成,进而影响机体生理功能,如嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌在BG摄入后丰度会显著提高,而嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌外膜上的P9蛋白可以和细胞间黏附分子2(intercelluar adhesion molecule-2,ICAM-2)结合来刺激GLP-1分泌,从而改善代谢综合征,这可能是BG促进GLP-1分泌的机制之一,也是研究关注的重点[28]。鉴于这些生理特性,本研究通过实验证实GLP-1可以提高小肠组织中Occludin、ZO-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平来发挥保护作用,改善因II/R引起的肠屏障损伤,进一步减轻内毒素移位引起的全身炎症。我们有理由推测BG是通过调控GLP-1分泌对II/R损伤发挥保护作用。
BG不仅可以促进GLP-1的分泌,还可以促进生长素释放肽、PYY和GLP-2的分泌[7]。它们功能类似,但作用机理互不相同,共同维持着肠道内稳态。为了进一步验证GLP-1是BG发挥主要效应的激素,本研究同时给予BG和GLP-1受体抑制剂进行干预,发现GLP-1受体抑制剂明显降低了BG的保护作用,进一步验证 GLP-1是介导BG发挥保护作用的重要物质。虽然可以明确BG可以通过GLP-1对II/R发挥保护作用,但其发生的中间环节尚未可知。肠道作为体内集中微生物最大的器官,其生物屏障也是其稳态的重要组成部分[29]。BG作为一种益生元,可以调控肠道菌群结构,继而改变菌群相关代谢产物生成[30],不排除肠道菌群及代谢产物与GLP-1的分泌存在着交互效应。
综上所述,BG作为一种广受认可的膳食纤维,不仅可以在慢性病中发挥治疗效应,还可以在急性病中发挥防治作用。预防性服用BG不仅可以促进GLP-1分泌,还可以改善II/R后的肠黏膜损伤,增强肠道的生理和防御功能,对疾病预后发挥了保护作用。但关于BG激活GLP-1分泌的机制尚未进行深入研究。在未来的研究中,可以以肠道菌群为切入点,分析小鼠肠道微生物及其代谢产物改变,进一步挖掘其潜在的分子生物机制。

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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202409020
  • 接收时间:2024-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-05
  • 修回日期:2024-10-16
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院,营养科,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院,普通外科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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