Article(id=1322210840946782306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408087, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724083200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-20, revisedDate=1739980800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169229971, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169229971, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169229971, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169229971, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210840242139234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='629', pageEnd='748', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744646400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169229803, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325214855, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865089049383299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865089049383300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=629, endPage=638, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210841852751971, articleId=1322210840946782306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Protective effect and mechanism of heat acclimation on hippocampus neuron injury in mice after exposure to electromagnetic field, columnId=1320435149808980440, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Neuroscience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of heat acclimation (HA) on electromagnetic field (EMF) induced hippocampus neuron injury in mice.

Methods‍

Forty healthy BALB/c male mice (18~22 g, 7 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10): Control group (Con), HA group (34 ℃, 30 d), EMF group (2 450 MHz, 20 min/d, 4 weeks) and HA+EMF group (HA preconditioning+EMF). Sucrose preference test was performed to evaluate sucrose preference levels of mice in each group. Tail suspension test and forced swimming test were utilized to observe the immobility time. Morris water maze test was conducted to determine the learning and memory capabilities. Pathological changes in the hippocampus were observed with HE staining. Immunohistochemical assay for Iba1 (marker of microglia), CD68 (marker of pro-inflammatory phenotype) and CD206 (marker of anti-inflammatory phenotype) were used to detect the number and activation phenotype of microglia in the hippocampus. ELISA was applied to measure the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β and IL-10 in the hippocampus of each group. Western blotting was performed to determine the protein levels of HSP70 in the hippocampus.

Results‍

As compared with the Con group, the EMF group showed a decreased preference for sucrose (P<0.05), prolonged immobile time in the tail suspension test (P<0.01) as well as in the forced swimming test (P<0.01), extented escape latency on the 7th day (P<0.01), and a decreased time of crossing the platform (P<0.05). EMF exposure resulted in that the hippocampal neurons were in disordered arrangement, loose structure and irregular morphology, with swollen cytoplasm and condensed nuclei, swollen and more microglial cells in the hippocampus (P<0.01), and enhanced relative fluorescence intensity of CD68 (P<0.01), but not in CD206 fluorescence intensity (P=0.885). All these findings suggested that activated microglia predominantly exhibited a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype during this phase. In the hippocampus, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly increased, while the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were significantly decreased (P<0.01).HA treatment reversed the conditions induced by EMF exposure, including better preference for sucrose (P<0.01), shorten immobile time in tail suspension test (P<0.05) and forced swimming test (P<0.01), less escape latency on the 7th day (P<0.01), and improved hippocampal cell injuries. Compared with the Con group, there were more microglial cells in the hippocampus in the HA+EMF group, with increased relative fluorescence intensity of M2 phenotype marker CD206 (P<0.01) and decreased CD68 fluorescence intensity (P<0.01). HA treatment also significantly decreased the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β levels (P<0.01), increased the expression of IL-10 and TGF-β (P<0.01), and elevated the protein level of HSP70 (P<0.01) when compared with the EMF group.

Conclusion‍

HA may ameliorate EMF-induced hippocampus neurons injury in mice by altering the phenotype of activated microglia and inhibiting inflammatory responses.

, authors=Zeze WANG1, 2, Xuesen YANG1, 2, Ying WANG1, 2, Yulong TAN1, 2, Zhen LUO1, 2, Ping LI1, 2, Genlin HE1, 2, Xiaoqian LIU1, 2, Tingting SHEN1, 2, Yishan LIU1, 2, Xue LUO1, 2, authorsList=Zeze WANG, Xuesen YANG, Ying WANG, Yulong TAN, Zhen LUO, Ping LI, Genlin HE, Xiaoqian LIU, Tingting SHEN, Yishan LIU, Xue LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xue LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210846957219952, articleId=1322210840946782306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=热习服对电磁辐射所致小鼠海马神经损伤的保护作用及机制研究, columnId=1322185530771619910, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=神经科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究热习服对电磁辐射所致海马神经损伤的保护作用及机制。

方法

40只雄性BALB/c小鼠(体质量18~22 g,7周龄)按随机数字表法分为4组(n=10):对照(Con)组、热习服(HA)组(34 ℃,30 d)、电磁辐射(EMF)组(2 450 MHz,20 min/d,4周)、热习服+电磁辐射(HA+EMF)组。采用糖水偏好实验检测各组小鼠蔗糖偏好程度,悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验观察各组不动时间,Morris水迷宫检测各组学习记忆能力。采用HE染色观察各组小鼠海马组织病理变化;分别使用小胶质细胞标志物Iba1、促炎表型标志物CD68及抗炎表型标志物CD206进行免疫荧光标记,检测各组海马内小胶质细胞数量及小胶质细胞表型变化;采用ELISA检测各组海马内TNF-α、IL-1β、TGF-β和IL-10水平;采用Western blot检测各组海马内HSP70的蛋白表达水平。

结果

与Con组相比,EMF暴露小鼠对蔗糖的偏好降低(P<0.05),悬尾不动时间延长(P<0.01),强迫游泳不动时间延长(P<0.01),第7天的逃避潜伏期延长(P<0.01),穿越平台次数减少(P<0.05);海马区细胞排列较紊乱、结构较松散、存在细胞形态不规则、肿胀,细胞核固缩、着色深,小胶质细胞水肿;海马区小胶质细胞数量增加(P<0.01),CD68相对荧光强度升高(P<0.01)、CD206相对荧光强度差异无统计学意义(P=0.885),提示此时活化小胶质细胞主要呈促炎型M1表型;海马中TNF-α、IL-1β含量显著升高,IL-10和TGF-β含量显著下降(P<0.01)。与EMF组相比,HA+EMF组小鼠对蔗糖的偏好增加(P<0.01),悬尾不动时间减少(P<0.05),强迫游泳不动时间减少(P<0.01),第7天的逃避潜伏期缩短(P<0.01);小鼠海马区细胞损伤程度改善,细胞固缩减轻。与Con组相比,HA+EMF组海马区小胶质细胞数量增加(P<0.01),抗炎型M2表型标志物CD206相对荧光强度升高(P<0.01),此时CD68相对荧光强度相较EMF组显著下降(P<0.01)。与EMF组相比,HA+EMF组小鼠海马中TNF-α、IL-1β水平下降(P<0.01),TGF-β和IL-10水平升高(P<0.01)。HA+EMF组小鼠海马内HSP70蛋白表达量相较于EMF组显著升高(P<0.01)且显著高于HA组(P<0.01)。

结论

热习服可能通过改变小胶质细胞表型调节炎症反应,改善电磁辐射诱导的神经损伤。

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罗雪,E-mail:
LUO Xue,E-mail:
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Neurosci Lett,2020,715:134642., articleTitle=Heat shock protein signaling in brain ischemia and injury, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322210847217266801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210840946782306, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210847234044018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210840946782306, companyId=1322210847217266801, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Tropical Medicine, (Cultivation),Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210847246626931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210840946782306, companyId=1322210847217266801, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):军事预防医学系热带医学教研室,(培育),重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322210847326318708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210840946782306, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210847334707317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210840946782306, companyId=1322210847326318708, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine of Ministry of Education, (Cultivation),Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210847343095926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210840946782306, companyId=1322210847326318708, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):极端环境医学教育部重点实验室,(培育),重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322210854926397635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210840946782306, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1iaDd1VAm+6jID0clc/oSw==, figureFileBig=k+AsExioZPG7cRpq61hE/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210855115141316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210840946782306, language=CN, label=图1, caption=HA改善EMF引起的小鼠抑郁样行为

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与Con组比较;c:P<0.05,d:P<0.01,与EMF组比较A:蔗糖偏好实验;B:悬尾实验;C:强迫游泳实验

, figureFileSmall=1iaDd1VAm+6jID0clc/oSw==, figureFileBig=k+AsExioZPG7cRpq61hE/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210855610069189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210840946782306, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5NPHXLWuOZO+0WViFzipOA==, figureFileBig=lo++id6PECR9B7jyL57B3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210855677178054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210840946782306, language=CN, label=图2, caption=HA对EMF小鼠空间学习记忆的影响

a:P<0.01,c:P<0.05,与Con组比较;b:P<0.01,与EMF组比较A:Morris水迷宫代表性轨迹图;B:游泳速度;C:逃避潜伏期时间;D:第7天撤除平台后小鼠穿越平台次数

, figureFileSmall=5NPHXLWuOZO+0WViFzipOA==, figureFileBig=lo++id6PECR9B7jyL57B3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210855752675527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210840946782306, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5CyXephLxLojFk1gD/4RuQ==, figureFileBig=S5OH8mClbqQlxSL6s+8ocw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210855836561608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210840946782306, language=CN, label=图3, caption=HE染色观察小鼠海马病理改变

↖:示小胶质细胞

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A:Iba1和CD68免疫荧光染色

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a:P<0.01,与Con组比较;b:P<0.01,与EMF组比较

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a:P<0.01,与Con组比较;b:P<0.01,与EMF组比较;c:P<0.01,与HA组比较A:小鼠海马中TNF-α含量;B:小鼠海马中IL-1β含量;C:小鼠海马中TGF-β含量;D:小鼠海马中IL-10含量;E:小鼠海马中HSP70蛋白表达情况

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热习服对电磁辐射所致小鼠海马神经损伤的保护作用及机制研究
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王泽泽 1, 2 , 杨学森 1, 2 , 王英 1, 2 , 谭雨龙 1, 2 , 罗珍 1, 2 , 李萍 1, 2 , 何根林 1, 2 , 刘晓倩 1, 2 , 申婷婷 1, 2 , 刘怡杉 1, 2 , 罗雪 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 神经科学 2025,47(7): 629-638
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陆军军医大学学报 |神经科学 2025 , 47 (7) : 629 -638
热习服对电磁辐射所致小鼠海马神经损伤的保护作用及机制研究
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王泽泽1, 2, 杨学森1, 2, 王英1, 2, 谭雨龙1, 2, 罗珍1, 2, 李萍1, 2, 何根林1, 2, 刘晓倩1, 2, 申婷婷1, 2, 刘怡杉1, 2, 罗雪1, 2
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):军事预防医学系热带医学教研室,(培育),重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):极端环境医学教育部重点实验室,(培育),重庆
通讯作者:
罗雪,E-mail:
LUO Xue,E-mail:
Protective effect and mechanism of heat acclimation on hippocampus neuron injury in mice after exposure to electromagnetic field
Zeze WANG1, 2, Xuesen YANG1, 2, Ying WANG1, 2, Yulong TAN1, 2, Zhen LUO1, 2, Ping LI1, 2, Genlin HE1, 2, Xiaoqian LIU1, 2, Tingting SHEN1, 2, Yishan LIU1, 2, Xue LUO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Tropical Medicine, (Cultivation),Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine of Ministry of Education, (Cultivation),Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408087
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目的

探究热习服对电磁辐射所致海马神经损伤的保护作用及机制。

方法

40只雄性BALB/c小鼠(体质量18~22 g,7周龄)按随机数字表法分为4组(n=10):对照(Con)组、热习服(HA)组(34 ℃,30 d)、电磁辐射(EMF)组(2 450 MHz,20 min/d,4周)、热习服+电磁辐射(HA+EMF)组。采用糖水偏好实验检测各组小鼠蔗糖偏好程度,悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验观察各组不动时间,Morris水迷宫检测各组学习记忆能力。采用HE染色观察各组小鼠海马组织病理变化;分别使用小胶质细胞标志物Iba1、促炎表型标志物CD68及抗炎表型标志物CD206进行免疫荧光标记,检测各组海马内小胶质细胞数量及小胶质细胞表型变化;采用ELISA检测各组海马内TNF-α、IL-1β、TGF-β和IL-10水平;采用Western blot检测各组海马内HSP70的蛋白表达水平。

结果

与Con组相比,EMF暴露小鼠对蔗糖的偏好降低(P<0.05),悬尾不动时间延长(P<0.01),强迫游泳不动时间延长(P<0.01),第7天的逃避潜伏期延长(P<0.01),穿越平台次数减少(P<0.05);海马区细胞排列较紊乱、结构较松散、存在细胞形态不规则、肿胀,细胞核固缩、着色深,小胶质细胞水肿;海马区小胶质细胞数量增加(P<0.01),CD68相对荧光强度升高(P<0.01)、CD206相对荧光强度差异无统计学意义(P=0.885),提示此时活化小胶质细胞主要呈促炎型M1表型;海马中TNF-α、IL-1β含量显著升高,IL-10和TGF-β含量显著下降(P<0.01)。与EMF组相比,HA+EMF组小鼠对蔗糖的偏好增加(P<0.01),悬尾不动时间减少(P<0.05),强迫游泳不动时间减少(P<0.01),第7天的逃避潜伏期缩短(P<0.01);小鼠海马区细胞损伤程度改善,细胞固缩减轻。与Con组相比,HA+EMF组海马区小胶质细胞数量增加(P<0.01),抗炎型M2表型标志物CD206相对荧光强度升高(P<0.01),此时CD68相对荧光强度相较EMF组显著下降(P<0.01)。与EMF组相比,HA+EMF组小鼠海马中TNF-α、IL-1β水平下降(P<0.01),TGF-β和IL-10水平升高(P<0.01)。HA+EMF组小鼠海马内HSP70蛋白表达量相较于EMF组显著升高(P<0.01)且显著高于HA组(P<0.01)。

结论

热习服可能通过改变小胶质细胞表型调节炎症反应,改善电磁辐射诱导的神经损伤。

热习服  /  电磁辐射  /  海马神经损伤  /  神经炎症  /  热休克蛋白70
Objective‍

To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of heat acclimation (HA) on electromagnetic field (EMF) induced hippocampus neuron injury in mice.

Methods‍

Forty healthy BALB/c male mice (18~22 g, 7 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10): Control group (Con), HA group (34 ℃, 30 d), EMF group (2 450 MHz, 20 min/d, 4 weeks) and HA+EMF group (HA preconditioning+EMF). Sucrose preference test was performed to evaluate sucrose preference levels of mice in each group. Tail suspension test and forced swimming test were utilized to observe the immobility time. Morris water maze test was conducted to determine the learning and memory capabilities. Pathological changes in the hippocampus were observed with HE staining. Immunohistochemical assay for Iba1 (marker of microglia), CD68 (marker of pro-inflammatory phenotype) and CD206 (marker of anti-inflammatory phenotype) were used to detect the number and activation phenotype of microglia in the hippocampus. ELISA was applied to measure the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β and IL-10 in the hippocampus of each group. Western blotting was performed to determine the protein levels of HSP70 in the hippocampus.

Results‍

As compared with the Con group, the EMF group showed a decreased preference for sucrose (P<0.05), prolonged immobile time in the tail suspension test (P<0.01) as well as in the forced swimming test (P<0.01), extented escape latency on the 7th day (P<0.01), and a decreased time of crossing the platform (P<0.05). EMF exposure resulted in that the hippocampal neurons were in disordered arrangement, loose structure and irregular morphology, with swollen cytoplasm and condensed nuclei, swollen and more microglial cells in the hippocampus (P<0.01), and enhanced relative fluorescence intensity of CD68 (P<0.01), but not in CD206 fluorescence intensity (P=0.885). All these findings suggested that activated microglia predominantly exhibited a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype during this phase. In the hippocampus, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly increased, while the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were significantly decreased (P<0.01).HA treatment reversed the conditions induced by EMF exposure, including better preference for sucrose (P<0.01), shorten immobile time in tail suspension test (P<0.05) and forced swimming test (P<0.01), less escape latency on the 7th day (P<0.01), and improved hippocampal cell injuries. Compared with the Con group, there were more microglial cells in the hippocampus in the HA+EMF group, with increased relative fluorescence intensity of M2 phenotype marker CD206 (P<0.01) and decreased CD68 fluorescence intensity (P<0.01). HA treatment also significantly decreased the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β levels (P<0.01), increased the expression of IL-10 and TGF-β (P<0.01), and elevated the protein level of HSP70 (P<0.01) when compared with the EMF group.

Conclusion‍

HA may ameliorate EMF-induced hippocampus neurons injury in mice by altering the phenotype of activated microglia and inhibiting inflammatory responses.

heat acclimation  /  electromagnetic field  /  hippocampus neurons  /  inflammatory responses  /  heat shock protein 70
王泽泽, 杨学森, 王英, 谭雨龙, 罗珍, 李萍, 何根林, 刘晓倩, 申婷婷, 刘怡杉, 罗雪. 热习服对电磁辐射所致小鼠海马神经损伤的保护作用及机制研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (7) : 629 -638 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408087
Zeze WANG, Xuesen YANG, Ying WANG, Yulong TAN, Zhen LUO, Ping LI, Genlin HE, Xiaoqian LIU, Tingting SHEN, Yishan LIU, Xue LUO. Protective effect and mechanism of heat acclimation on hippocampus neuron injury in mice after exposure to electromagnetic field[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (7) : 629 -638 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408087
近年来,各类电器及设备的种类和数量不断增多,其在工作时发射的电磁辐射已成为人类生活中主要污染源之一[1],而从事高频冶炼、广播电视发射、移动通信、医用微波治疗等行业的职业人群暴露于电磁辐射的时间更长、强度更大,受到的健康威胁也更严重。大脑是电磁辐射的主要靶器官之一,长期遭受电磁辐射的人群可能会出现睡眠障碍、记忆力减退,严重时可能会导致抑郁、焦虑等神经精神症状[2]。已有研究表明,2 450 MHz的电磁辐射暴露会导致乏力、睡眠障碍、抑郁等症状[3]。电磁辐射导致中枢神经系统损伤往往呈现隐蔽性和不可预测性,积极研究寻求有效的防治措施,对维护人们的健康具有重要意义。
由于电磁辐射(主要是射频段)具有明确的热效应,其对人体的热效应危害主要表现为神经功能异常[4]。热习服是一种机体反复受热负荷刺激而出现的一系列适应性反应的现象[5]。既往研究证实,热习服作为一种适应性生理过程,在中暑、缺氧、氧中毒、创伤性脑损伤等导致的神经系统疾病中存在保护作用,该现象称为热习服的交叉耐受[6]。提前建立热习服是否也同样可以减轻电磁辐射导致的神经损伤,尤其是主要负责情绪、记忆等功能的海马神经,尚不完全清楚。
本研究建立了小鼠电磁辐射和热习服模型,旨在探究热习服对电磁辐射导致的海马神经功能障碍的保护作用及其可能涉及小胶质细胞活化的机制,为电磁辐射的防护提供新的策略和方法。
40只健康、雄性BALB/c小鼠(体质量18~22 g,7周龄),均购自陆军军医大学实验动物中心。依据随机数字表法,将小鼠分为4组(n=10):对照(Con)组、热习服(HA)组、电磁辐射(EMF)组、热习服+电磁辐射(HA+EMF)组。
根据文献报道的热习服模型构建条件[7],将小鼠置于温度设置为(34±0.5)℃、相对湿度设置为(55±5)%的热习服环境模拟舱(Wason WS 215)连续暴露30 d,12 h光照/12 h黑暗,实验期间小鼠自由进食饮水。
HA动物模型建立后,进行EMF动物模型的建立。进行辐射的微波暗室反射系数近似为零,环境温度和相对湿度分别恒定为25 ℃、55%。将小鼠置于可透射微波的专用辐射盒内,在脉冲微波为2 450 MHz,脉冲宽度为2.5 μs,脉冲重复频率为500 Hz的平台上每天接受20 min的电磁辐射,平均比吸收率为6 W/kg,连续暴露4周。Con组和HA组同样在微波暗室中置于专用辐射盒内20 min,但不暴露于电磁辐射。
每只小鼠孤笼饲养。笼中放置2个饮水瓶,小鼠先后给予2瓶1%的蔗糖水12 h、纯水12 h后,禁食水24 h。然后给予小鼠1瓶1%的蔗糖水和1瓶纯水12 h,期间将2个瓶子交换位置,以消除动物的侧面或位置偏好的可能性。蔗糖偏好计算公式:蔗糖偏好率=蔗糖水量/(蔗糖水量+纯水量)×100%。
将小鼠距尾尖约1cm的尾部,使用胶带固定于高约40 cm水平支架上,使小鼠呈倒悬状态,无法接触到地面或周围物体。每只小鼠在实验结束后,试验箱使用75%的酒精进行清理。系统记录视频6 min,统计后4 min累计不动时间。
将实验小鼠放入水深10 cm的恒温游泳桶(高度:20 cm,直径:14 cm),水温(24±1)℃,系统记录视频6 min,统计后4 min累计不动时间。不动时间是指小鼠在水中停止挣扎,呈漂浮或仅有微小肢体运动以维持头部在水面之上。
实验第1天,将实验小鼠依此放入水池开展适应性训练。在第2~6天的同一时间段对实验小鼠开展定位巡航训练,每天在不同的象限入水,共进行4次训练,每次训练时间为60 s,记录实验小鼠找到隐藏平台的时间(逃避潜伏期)和游泳路径。第7天移除隐藏平台,开展空间探索实验。将实验小鼠从定位巡航训练时隐藏平台所在位置的对面象限,沿池壁轻轻放入水中,记录时间为60 s。使用Ethovision 17.5软件记录并分析小鼠的运动轨迹、游泳速度、逃避潜伏期、穿越平台的次数等参数。
实验小鼠麻醉后,经心脏先后灌注生理盐水、4%多聚甲醛,之后剥离大脑组织置于4%多聚甲醛中固定24 h。大脑组织经洗涤、脱水、透明、浸蜡、包埋后进行切片,之后进行烤片、脱蜡、HE染色、脱水、透明、封片后,于光学显微镜下评估脑组织病理变化。
小鼠全脑经4%多聚甲醛浸泡24 h后,使用蔗糖进行梯度脱水(10%蔗糖、20%蔗糖、30%蔗糖各24 h),使用冰冻切片机制备冠状脑切片(30 µm)。切片经PBS漂洗、Triton X-100通透、山羊血清封闭后,使用Iba1(019-19741,1:200),CD68(97778S,1:200),CD206 (PA5101657,1:200),在4℃下过夜进行免疫荧光染色,使用猴抗兔IgG (H+L) CF568二抗(SAB4600076,1:200)、鸡抗兔IgG (H+L) CF488(SAB4600030,1:200)二抗进行染色,采用DAPI对细胞核进行染色,封片后使用LSM780激光共聚焦显微镜进行观察和拍照,使用Image J对图像灰度值进行分析。
将各组小鼠海马组织制备匀浆后,严格按照ELISA试剂盒(eBioscience)说明书测量组织匀浆中TNF-α、IL-1β、TGF-β和IL-10的水平。进行8次独立重复实验。
将小鼠海马组织分离后,使用4 ℃ RIPA裂解缓冲液进行裂解。每个样品50 μg用10%的SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(SDS-PAGE)电泳分离,并转移到PVDF膜上。将膜在含0.1% Tween 20和5%脱脂奶粉的Tris缓冲溶液中封闭1 h,然后分别与热休克蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,HSP70)(4876S,1∶2 000)、内参GAPDH(1:3 000)在4 ℃孵育过夜,TBST洗涤3次后,用相应辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)偶联二抗。通过增强型化学发光试剂(Bio-Rad)显色,使用ChemiDoc MP凝胶成像系统(Bio-Rad)成像并对灰度值进行分析。
使用SPSS 25.0软件对数据进行统计分析,实验结果均以x¯±s表示,各组数据均满足正态分布且方差齐,采用t检验和单因素方差分析对两组和多组数据之间进行比较,以P<0.05时差异有统计学意义。
EMF暴露小鼠对蔗糖的偏好率相较于Con组明显降低(P<0.05),与EMF组相比,HA+EMF组小鼠的蔗糖的偏好明显改善(P<0.01,图1A)。EMF暴露小鼠在悬尾期间的不动时间相较于Con组明显升高(P<0.01),与EMF组相比,HA+EMF小鼠不动时间显著缩短(P<0.05,图1B)。为了进一步证实HA可减轻电磁辐射诱导的小鼠抑郁样行为,我们使用强迫游泳对小鼠静止不动的时间进行了分析,结果如图1C所示,EMF暴露小鼠在强迫游泳期间的不动时间相较于Con组明显延长(P<0.01),而HA明显减少了EMF导致的小鼠在强迫游泳时的静止时间(P<0.01)。以上结果提示,HA改善了EMF引起的小鼠抑郁样行为。
通过Morris水迷宫实验观察各组小鼠的空间学习和记忆能力(图2A)。各组小鼠的平均游泳速度差异无统计学意义,证明各组小鼠的运动水平基本一致(图2B)。EMF暴露小鼠在第7天逃避潜伏期相较于Con组明显升高(P<0.01,图2C),与EMF组相比,HA+EMF小鼠的逃避潜伏期显著下降(P<0.01,图2C)。EMF暴露小鼠穿越平台次数相较于Con组明显降低(P<0.05),与EMF组相比,HA+EMF组小鼠穿越平台次数有增多的趋势(P=0.148,图2D)。以上结果提示,EMF暴露显著损伤小鼠的空间学习和记忆能力,HA能一定程度上减轻EMF暴露导致的小鼠空间记忆损伤。
Con组与HA组小鼠海马区细胞(包括神经元细胞、神经胶质细胞)形态结构较为完整、排列整齐,细胞质和细胞核结构清晰,EMF组小鼠海马区细胞排列较紊乱,结构较松散,存在细胞形态不规则、肿胀,细胞核固缩、着色深,小胶质细胞水肿等现象。经HA预处理的EMF暴露小鼠海马区细胞损伤程度明显改善,细胞固缩减轻。
EMF组小鼠海马区小胶质细胞标志物Iba1阳性细胞数量相较于Con组显著增加(P<0.01,图4C),且小胶质细胞的胞体较大,突起较粗、较长。由于活化的小胶质细胞可以极化为促炎型M1表型和抗炎型M2表型,本研究通过M1表型标志物CD68或M2表型标志物CD206对活化小胶质细胞的表型进行标记,分析了极化小胶质细胞CD68和CD206的相对荧光强度。结果显示,EMF组小鼠海马区小胶质细胞M1表型标志物CD68相对荧光强度相较于Con组明显增强(P<0.01,图4A、D)。EMF组小鼠海马区小胶质细胞M2表型标志物CD206相对荧光强度略低于Con组,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.87,图4B、E)。以上结果表明,EMF可以诱导海马区小胶质细胞活化为促炎型(M1)表型。
与Con组相比,HA+EMF组海马区小胶质细胞标志物Iba1阳性细胞数量增加(P<0.01,图4C),且HA+EMF组M2表型标志物CD206相对荧光强度相较于Con组显著升高(P<0.01,图4B、E)。HA+EMF组M1表型标志物CD68相对荧光强度显著低于EMF组(P<0.01,图4A、D)。以上结果表明,HA改善了EMF暴露对海马区小胶质细胞极化的影响。
EMF暴露小鼠海马中TNF-α、IL-1β较Con组显著升高(P<0.01),而TGF-β、IL-10较Con组显著下降(P<0.01)。HA显著抑制了由EMF导致的小鼠海马区TNF-α、IL-1β的升高(P<0.01),并显著抑制了TGF-β和IL-10水平的下降(P<0.01,图5A~D)。以上结果提示,热习服可降低电磁辐射诱导的海马神经炎症反应。
与Con组相比,HA组小鼠海马内HSP70蛋白表达量升高了(2.29±0.23)倍(P<0.01),提示成功构建热习服模型。EMF组小鼠海马内HSP70蛋白表达量相较Con组略有升高,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.43)。HA+EMF组小鼠海马内HSP70蛋白表达量相较于EMF组显著升高(P<0.01)且显著高于HA组(P<0.01,图5E)。
科学技术飞速发展的同时也营造了大量的电磁场,其发射的电磁辐射已被视为继“三废”和噪声污染之后的第五大公害[1]。人们每天可能会暴露于各种形式的电磁辐射环境中,引发了关于电磁辐射危害人体健康的广泛关注。近年来,有研究发现,电磁辐射对神经系统、心血管系统、生殖系统、内分泌系统[8-10]等产生较大影响,尤其是对中枢神经系统影响较为显著,表现为乏力、睡眠障碍、记忆力减退、抑郁等症状。在本研究中,观察到2 450 MHz电磁辐射暴露的BALB/c小鼠出现了抑郁样行为,包括糖水消耗量减少,悬尾和强迫游泳实验中不动时间延长。同时,采用Morris水迷宫对小鼠空间学习和记忆能力检测时发现,EMF暴露小鼠相较于对照组逃避潜伏期明显延长,穿梭平台次数显著减少,提示了EMF暴露损伤了小鼠的空间记忆能力。热习服作为一种适应性生理过程,不仅可减轻热损伤[11],还存在显著的交叉耐受现象[12]。由于电磁辐射(主要是射频段)具有明确的热效应,热习服很有可能在电磁辐射导致的神经功能损伤中同样存在交叉耐受。热习服小鼠在接受电磁辐射暴露之后,其抑郁样行为得到改善,包括糖水消耗量显著增多,悬尾和强迫游泳实验中不动时间缩短;其空间记忆功能障碍得到缓解,包括逃避潜伏期缩短,穿梭平台次数呈增加趋势。实验结果说明,热习服可显著减轻电磁辐射导致的小鼠抑郁样行为和空间记忆功能障碍。
海马在调控情绪、情感和认知等方面扮演着至关重要的角色[13-15],抑郁症患者及学习记忆功能障碍患者常伴有海马功能受损[16-17],海马体也极易受到应激性损伤[18],当其功能障碍时会影响情绪调节和学习记忆,导致焦虑、抑郁、记忆力减退等症状[19]。在本研究中,采用HE染色观察了BALB/c小鼠海马组织的病理变化。Con组和HA组的细胞质和细胞核结构清晰,而EMF组的海马组织细胞排列较紊乱,结构较松散,存在细胞形态不规则、肿胀,细胞核固缩、着色深,空泡化等现象。热习服小鼠在接受电磁辐射暴露之后,因电磁辐射暴露引起的海马细胞损伤程度明显改善,提示热习服对电磁辐射暴露导致的海马神经损伤具有显著的保护作用。
炎症反应与神经系统疾病之间关系密切,已有多项研究表明,神经炎症的发生与神经功能障碍之间密切相关[20-21]。小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中重要的免疫细胞,当中枢神经系统受到损伤时,小胶质细胞会被迅速激活,并向M1型(促炎型)或M2型(抑炎型)小胶质细胞转变[22]。本研究发现EMF暴露小鼠海马区小胶质细胞显著增多,并呈活化状态,经M1型小胶质细胞标志物CD68和M2型小胶质细胞标志物CD206标记后发现,EMF暴露后小鼠海马区活化小胶质细胞主要呈M1型,而热习服小鼠在接受EMF暴露后并未显著抑制EMF引起的小鼠海马区小胶质细胞的活化,但对其进行CD68或CD206标记后发现,此时小鼠海马区活化小胶质细胞主要呈M2型。以上结果提示热习服可以促使EMF暴露时海马区小胶质细胞活化为神经保护型。
小胶质细胞参与多种病理刺激下的炎症反应,M1型小胶质细胞可以激活炎症通路,导致IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α等促炎细胞因子增多[23],引发神经功能受损。本研究中发现EMF暴露后小鼠海马区TNF-α、IL-1β含量明显升高。在以往的研究中,TNF-α和IL-1β与神经功能障碍的发生发展密切相关[24],这与本研究结果相一致。同时本研究还发现,热习服显著抑制了EMF引起的小鼠海马区TNF-α和IL-1β水平的升高,提示热习服改善了EMF引起的神经功能障碍,且与神经炎症被抑制有关。抗炎细胞因子和促炎细胞因子的平衡也是制约神经免疫系统发挥功能的关键[25],因此本研究同样观察了抗炎因子的变化。当小鼠暴露于EMF后,其海马区TGF-β、IL-10含量显著下降。TGF-β和IL-10通常会抑制促炎性细胞因子水平的升高和炎症反应的发生,同时TGF-β和IL-10的降低往往会推动神经功能障碍的发生发展,而热习服显著抑制了EMF引起的小鼠海马区TGF-β和IL-10水平的下降。有研究指出,HSP70作为一种非特异损伤性相关蛋白,其可刺激免疫细胞释放细胞因子,推动后续的免疫损伤相关的应答反应。HSP70具有分子伴侣作用、细胞保护作用,还可直接抗凋亡和抗DNA损伤,可以对多种应激发挥保护作用[26-27]。热习服的成功建立与HSP70表达水平升高,并与机体重新达到稳态关系密切[28]。本研究中,热习服小鼠海马组织HSP70蛋白表达显著升高,证实本次热习服动物模型构建成功。EMF组HSP70蛋白表达略有升高但与Con组相比无统计学差异。当热习服小鼠暴露于EMF后,其海马区HSP70蛋白表达升高更为显著。现有研究同样发现,HSP70可以影响小胶质细胞的活化状态,降低细胞内活性氧和TNF-α的生成水平,减轻脓毒症引起的中枢炎症与认知能力下降[29],提高HSP70表达水平可以抑制神经元细胞凋亡,改善脑缺血引发的认知功能障碍[30]。以上提示,热习服可能是通过HSP70改变激活后的小胶质细胞表型,达到对神经炎症的抑制作用,从而减轻电磁辐射诱发的神经功能障碍。
综上所述,EMF诱发的神经功能障碍,与海马内小胶质细胞激活后表现为促炎型M1表型,进而激活促炎反应有关。热习服可以通过HSP70促进小胶质细胞活化为抑炎型M2表型,激活抑炎反应,进而改善EMF诱发的小鼠神经功能障碍。同时本研究热习服的建立简单、方便、操作性强,为防治电磁辐诱发的神经功能障碍提供了新的策略。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408087
  • 接收时间:2024-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-20
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):军事预防医学系热带医学教研室,(培育),重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):极端环境医学教育部重点实验室,(培育),重庆

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