Article(id=1322934526980268989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322934508630180057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202407052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720713600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-12, revisedDate=1733241600000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341770166, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341770166, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341770166, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341770166, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322934508630180057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='101', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1738166400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341765792, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341765792, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=141, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322934527219344318, articleId=1322934526980268989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Oncolytic influenza virus enhances killing effect of gemcitabine against pancreatic cancer cells, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the killing effect of the recombinant oncolytic influenza virus OvFlu-GM-CSF,constructed using reverse genetics (RG) technology,in combination with chemotherapy drug,gemcitabine (GEM),against pancreatic cancer cells.

Methods

The recombinant oncolytic virus OvFlu-GM-CSF was successfully rescued using RG technology in our previous study. The virus was then comprehensively characterized through chicken red blood cell hemagglutination assay,transmission electron microscopy,and viral replication assay. CCK-8 assay was utilized to determine the impact of OvFlu-GM-CSF viruses [multiplicities of infection (MOI):0,0.1,1.0,3.0] on the survival rate of pancreatic cancer cell lines (Panc02,PANC-1,SW1990,BxPC-3) and normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (HPDE6-C7) after treatment for 24,48 or 72 h. Using a subcutaneous tumor-bearing mouse model of pancreatic cancer,36 female C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks old) were randomly divided into PBS group,recombinant oncolytic virus group,GEM group,and the combined treatment group,with 9 mice in each group. PBS (100 μL/animal) or OvFlu-GM-CSF virus (1×107 PFU/100 μL) was given to the mice of the corresponding groups through intratumoral injection,while GEM (100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally,once per 3 days,for totally 9 times. Changes in tumor volume and survival rate were monitored. Multi-immunofluorescence staining was employed to analyze T cell infiltration and proliferation in the tumor tissues. HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in major organs (heart,liver,lungs,kidneys and brain),and the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured to evaluate the safety of the recombinant oncolytic virus.

Results

The recombinant oncolytic influenza virus OvFlu-GM-CSF has a hemagglutination titer of 28,typical morphological features of influenza virus,and can selectively replicate within pancreatic cancer cells. At the cellular level,the viruses demonstrated a significant selective cytotoxic effect on Panc02,PANC-1,SW1990,and BxPC-3 cells under the conditions of 48 h post-infection and MOI=3.0,when compared to 48 h post-infection and MOI=0 (P<0.01). The cell survival rate was gradually decreased with the increase in MOI value and the extension of infection time (P<0.01),but the viruses showed no significant effect on normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (HPDE6-C7). In the pancreatic cancer tumor-bearing mouse model,the combined treatment of the viruses+GEM significantly reduced the tumor volume than simple virus treatment and simple GEM treatment (P<0.01),and enhanced the infiltration of T cells in the tumor tissues. No obvious pathological changes were observed in the above-mentioned major organs. Additionally,there were no significant differences in the serum levels of ALT and AST in the OvFlu-GM-CSF group,GEM group,and OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM group compared to the PBS group.

Conclusion

RS technology-constructed recombinant oncolytic influenza virus OvFlu-GM-CSF,when combined with the chemotherapeutic agent GEM,enhances the cytotoxic efficacy against pancreatic cancer cells and effectively activates the host’s anti-tumor immune response.

, authors=Zihe MENG1, 2, Yongru XU2, Zhaoda DENG2, Yuxin ZHANG1, 2, Penghui YANG1, 2, Ruiping HU1, authorsList=Zihe MENG, Yongru XU, Zhaoda DENG, Yuxin ZHANG, Penghui YANG, Ruiping HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ruiping HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322934529807229898, articleId=1322934526980268989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=溶瘤流感病毒联合吉西他滨提升对胰腺癌细胞的杀伤效果, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究基于反向遗传学(reversed genetics,RG)技术构建的重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF联合化疗药吉西他滨(gemcitabine,GEM)杀伤胰腺癌细胞的效果。

方法

前期利用RG技术成功拯救重组溶瘤病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF,通过鸡红细胞凝集实验、透射电镜、病毒复制等对OvFlu-GM-CSF进行全面鉴定,CCK-8法检测OvFlu-GM-CSF在不同时间(24、48、72 h)、不同感染复数(MOI=0、0.1、1.0、3.0)条件下,对胰腺癌细胞系(Panc02、PANC-1、SW1990、BxPC-3)及正常胰腺导管上皮细胞(HPDE6-C7)存活率的影响。利用胰腺癌小鼠皮下荷瘤模型,按照完全随机法将6周龄雌性C57BL/6小鼠分为4组(n=9):PBS组、重组溶瘤病毒组(OvFlu-GM-CSF组)、吉西他滨组(GEM组)以及重组溶瘤病毒与吉西他滨联合治疗组(OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM组),并分别给予PBS、OvFlu-GM-CSF、GEM、OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM治疗,监测小鼠肿瘤体积及存活率等指标的变化。采用多重免疫荧光染色技术分析肿瘤组织中T细胞浸润及增殖情况。通过HE染色检测小鼠主要器官(心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、脑组织)的病理变化,小鼠血清肝功能实验检测谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)酶活性水平,以评估重组溶瘤病毒的安全性。

结果

重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF的血凝效价为28,其病毒形态符合流感病毒典型特征,且病毒在胰腺癌细胞内可选择性复制。在细胞水平,OvFlu-GM-CSF在感染时间为48 h、MOI=3.0的条件下,与感染时间为48 h、MOI=0比较,对Panc02、PANC-1、SW1990、BxPC-3具有显著的选择性杀伤作用(P<0.01),且细胞存活率随着MOI值的增加以及感染时间的延长而逐渐降低(P<0.01),但对HPDE6-C7无明显影响。在胰腺癌荷瘤小鼠体内,与PBS组的肿瘤体积比较,OvFlu-GM-CSF组、OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM组显著减小(P<0.01)。多重免疫荧光检测结果显示在OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM组小鼠的肿瘤组织中T淋巴细胞浸润显著增加;在小鼠心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、脑组织中未观察到明显病理变化;与PBS组比较,OvFlu-GM-CSF组、GEM组、OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM组小鼠血清中ALT及AST酶活性水平无明显差异。

结论

通过反向遗传学技术构建的重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF与化疗药GEM联合应用,提升了对胰腺癌细胞的杀伤效能,并有效激活了机体的抗肿瘤免疫应答。

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扈瑞平,E-mail:
HU Ruiping,E-mail:
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A:OvFlu-GM-CSF血凝示意图;B:OvFlu-GM-CSF电镜观察;C:不同胰腺癌细胞系中病毒复制折线

, figureFileSmall=Nez3VfKh2hn/L5STttQVfQ==, figureFileBig=r1CHesFlTvBer6iKAqJAjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934532843906045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934526980268989, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ny3MPvkSWY/OKgAv+fETIA==, figureFileBig=W3Zy2emUin5170Mv2uYVgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934532927792126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934526980268989, language=CN, label=图2, caption=重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF对不同胰腺癌细胞及正常胰腺导管上皮细胞的活力抑制作用

A:Panc02细胞;B:PANC-1细胞;C:SW1990细胞;D:BxPC-3细胞;E:HPDE6-C7细胞;a:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=ny3MPvkSWY/OKgAv+fETIA==, figureFileBig=W3Zy2emUin5170Mv2uYVgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934533032649727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934526980268989, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=v/YBckV0ghDZyJd6hI7BeQ==, figureFileBig=mf+5KTLKzVCKZcoa2dhYKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934533091369984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934526980268989, language=CN, label=图3, caption=重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF联合吉西他滨对胰腺癌荷瘤小鼠的抗肿瘤效果及生存率影响

A:小鼠给药实验方案;B:小鼠肿瘤体积变化曲线(n=9,x¯±s);C:离体肿瘤组织样本排列(n=5,x¯±s);D:离体肿瘤组织质量(n=5,x¯±s);E:小鼠生存曲线(n=9,x¯±s);a:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=v/YBckV0ghDZyJd6hI7BeQ==, figureFileBig=mf+5KTLKzVCKZcoa2dhYKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934533192032256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934526980268989, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7xmNhqOzQiMFtnDW+wqIqQ==, figureFileBig=VtdHICjYuTQv/Jipe86d/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934533275918337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934526980268989, language=CN, label=图4, caption=重组溶瘤流感病毒与吉西他滨联合治疗对胰腺癌小鼠肿瘤组织中T细胞浸润及增殖的影响

A:PBS组多色免疫荧光观察;B:重组溶瘤病毒与吉西他滨联合治疗组多色免疫荧光观察;橘黄色箭头:CD4+Ki67+细胞;紫色箭头:CD8+Ki67+细胞

, figureFileSmall=7xmNhqOzQiMFtnDW+wqIqQ==, figureFileBig=VtdHICjYuTQv/Jipe86d/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934533355610114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934526980268989, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SbNtbT2SZH3EzM5CtGvmOQ==, figureFileBig=YbyWwfRlZ8dhiT9hgE5OIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934533456273411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934526980268989, language=CN, label=图5, caption=重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF在小鼠体内主要器官组织学及肝功能指标的安全性评估

A:小鼠心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、脑组织的HE染色观察;B:小鼠血清ALT和AST酶活性水平检测(n=3,x¯±s)

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溶瘤流感病毒联合吉西他滨提升对胰腺癌细胞的杀伤效果
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孟子鹤 1, 2 , 徐永茹 2 , 邓肇达 2 , 张雨欣 1, 2 , 杨鹏辉 1, 2 , 扈瑞平 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(2): 141-150
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (2) : 141 -150
溶瘤流感病毒联合吉西他滨提升对胰腺癌细胞的杀伤效果
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孟子鹤1, 2, 徐永茹2, 邓肇达2, 张雨欣1, 2, 杨鹏辉1, 2, 扈瑞平1
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古医科大学基础医学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特
  • 2中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心肝胆胰外科医学部研究所,北京
通讯作者:
扈瑞平,E-mail:
HU Ruiping,E-mail:
Oncolytic influenza virus enhances killing effect of gemcitabine against pancreatic cancer cells
Zihe MENG1, 2, Yongru XU2, Zhaoda DENG2, Yuxin ZHANG1, 2, Penghui YANG1, 2, Ruiping HU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia
  • 2Institute of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202407052
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目的

探究基于反向遗传学(reversed genetics,RG)技术构建的重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF联合化疗药吉西他滨(gemcitabine,GEM)杀伤胰腺癌细胞的效果。

方法

前期利用RG技术成功拯救重组溶瘤病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF,通过鸡红细胞凝集实验、透射电镜、病毒复制等对OvFlu-GM-CSF进行全面鉴定,CCK-8法检测OvFlu-GM-CSF在不同时间(24、48、72 h)、不同感染复数(MOI=0、0.1、1.0、3.0)条件下,对胰腺癌细胞系(Panc02、PANC-1、SW1990、BxPC-3)及正常胰腺导管上皮细胞(HPDE6-C7)存活率的影响。利用胰腺癌小鼠皮下荷瘤模型,按照完全随机法将6周龄雌性C57BL/6小鼠分为4组(n=9):PBS组、重组溶瘤病毒组(OvFlu-GM-CSF组)、吉西他滨组(GEM组)以及重组溶瘤病毒与吉西他滨联合治疗组(OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM组),并分别给予PBS、OvFlu-GM-CSF、GEM、OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM治疗,监测小鼠肿瘤体积及存活率等指标的变化。采用多重免疫荧光染色技术分析肿瘤组织中T细胞浸润及增殖情况。通过HE染色检测小鼠主要器官(心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、脑组织)的病理变化,小鼠血清肝功能实验检测谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)酶活性水平,以评估重组溶瘤病毒的安全性。

结果

重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF的血凝效价为28,其病毒形态符合流感病毒典型特征,且病毒在胰腺癌细胞内可选择性复制。在细胞水平,OvFlu-GM-CSF在感染时间为48 h、MOI=3.0的条件下,与感染时间为48 h、MOI=0比较,对Panc02、PANC-1、SW1990、BxPC-3具有显著的选择性杀伤作用(P<0.01),且细胞存活率随着MOI值的增加以及感染时间的延长而逐渐降低(P<0.01),但对HPDE6-C7无明显影响。在胰腺癌荷瘤小鼠体内,与PBS组的肿瘤体积比较,OvFlu-GM-CSF组、OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM组显著减小(P<0.01)。多重免疫荧光检测结果显示在OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM组小鼠的肿瘤组织中T淋巴细胞浸润显著增加;在小鼠心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、脑组织中未观察到明显病理变化;与PBS组比较,OvFlu-GM-CSF组、GEM组、OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM组小鼠血清中ALT及AST酶活性水平无明显差异。

结论

通过反向遗传学技术构建的重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF与化疗药GEM联合应用,提升了对胰腺癌细胞的杀伤效能,并有效激活了机体的抗肿瘤免疫应答。

溶瘤流感病毒  /  吉西他滨  /  胰腺癌  /  联合治疗
Objective

To investigate the killing effect of the recombinant oncolytic influenza virus OvFlu-GM-CSF,constructed using reverse genetics (RG) technology,in combination with chemotherapy drug,gemcitabine (GEM),against pancreatic cancer cells.

Methods

The recombinant oncolytic virus OvFlu-GM-CSF was successfully rescued using RG technology in our previous study. The virus was then comprehensively characterized through chicken red blood cell hemagglutination assay,transmission electron microscopy,and viral replication assay. CCK-8 assay was utilized to determine the impact of OvFlu-GM-CSF viruses [multiplicities of infection (MOI):0,0.1,1.0,3.0] on the survival rate of pancreatic cancer cell lines (Panc02,PANC-1,SW1990,BxPC-3) and normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (HPDE6-C7) after treatment for 24,48 or 72 h. Using a subcutaneous tumor-bearing mouse model of pancreatic cancer,36 female C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks old) were randomly divided into PBS group,recombinant oncolytic virus group,GEM group,and the combined treatment group,with 9 mice in each group. PBS (100 μL/animal) or OvFlu-GM-CSF virus (1×107 PFU/100 μL) was given to the mice of the corresponding groups through intratumoral injection,while GEM (100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally,once per 3 days,for totally 9 times. Changes in tumor volume and survival rate were monitored. Multi-immunofluorescence staining was employed to analyze T cell infiltration and proliferation in the tumor tissues. HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in major organs (heart,liver,lungs,kidneys and brain),and the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured to evaluate the safety of the recombinant oncolytic virus.

Results

The recombinant oncolytic influenza virus OvFlu-GM-CSF has a hemagglutination titer of 28,typical morphological features of influenza virus,and can selectively replicate within pancreatic cancer cells. At the cellular level,the viruses demonstrated a significant selective cytotoxic effect on Panc02,PANC-1,SW1990,and BxPC-3 cells under the conditions of 48 h post-infection and MOI=3.0,when compared to 48 h post-infection and MOI=0 (P<0.01). The cell survival rate was gradually decreased with the increase in MOI value and the extension of infection time (P<0.01),but the viruses showed no significant effect on normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (HPDE6-C7). In the pancreatic cancer tumor-bearing mouse model,the combined treatment of the viruses+GEM significantly reduced the tumor volume than simple virus treatment and simple GEM treatment (P<0.01),and enhanced the infiltration of T cells in the tumor tissues. No obvious pathological changes were observed in the above-mentioned major organs. Additionally,there were no significant differences in the serum levels of ALT and AST in the OvFlu-GM-CSF group,GEM group,and OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM group compared to the PBS group.

Conclusion

RS technology-constructed recombinant oncolytic influenza virus OvFlu-GM-CSF,when combined with the chemotherapeutic agent GEM,enhances the cytotoxic efficacy against pancreatic cancer cells and effectively activates the host’s anti-tumor immune response.

oncolytic influenza virus  /  gemcitabine  /  pancreatic cancer  /  combination therapy
孟子鹤, 徐永茹, 邓肇达, 张雨欣, 杨鹏辉, 扈瑞平. 溶瘤流感病毒联合吉西他滨提升对胰腺癌细胞的杀伤效果. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (2) : 141 -150 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202407052
Zihe MENG, Yongru XU, Zhaoda DENG, Yuxin ZHANG, Penghui YANG, Ruiping HU. Oncolytic influenza virus enhances killing effect of gemcitabine against pancreatic cancer cells[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (2) : 141 -150 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202407052
胰腺癌的恶性程度极高,其中胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,PDAC)是胰腺癌最常见的组织学亚型,占据了胰腺癌总病例的90%以上[1]。近年来,PDAC的发病率逐年上升,预计到2030年将成为导致癌症相关死亡的第二大原因,由于疾病的晚期诊断、患者的耐药性、肿瘤的侵袭性以及复杂的肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME),胰腺癌患者5年相对生存率仅为13%[2-4]。过去10年里,尽管胰腺癌在治疗方面取得了一定进展,但患者整体生存状况仍不容乐观[1]。手术切除仍然是胰腺癌治疗的主要方式,但只有不超过20%的患者确诊时可选择切除肿瘤[5]。对于无法进行手术切除的患者,化疗、放疗和免疫治疗成为可选的治疗方案。遗憾的是,这些传统治疗方案的疗效并不理想[6-8],因此,迫切需要探索新颖且更具针对性的治疗方法,与现有治疗手段相结合,共同针对肿瘤细胞发挥作用,为胰腺癌的临床治疗提供新思路。
溶瘤病毒疗法作为一种新兴的癌症治疗策略,其核心机制在于利用转基因病毒精准靶向杀伤癌细胞,激发全身性抗肿瘤免疫反应[9]。溶瘤病毒进入肿瘤组织后,在肿瘤细胞内选择性复制并导致细胞裂解,同时将TME由免疫抑制状态转变为免疫激活状态,进而促进T细胞活化,为癌症治疗提供了新的策略和选择[10]。近年来,粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor,GM-CSF)在溶瘤病毒领域得到了广泛的应用,它可以通过促进树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)的成熟与活化,从而激发出全身的抗肿瘤免疫反应[11]。T-VEC是一种携带GM-CSF的Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus type-1,HSV-1),也是第一个获得美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准用于治疗晚期黑色素瘤的溶瘤病毒。T-VEC通过插入GM-CSF基因,感染并溶解肿瘤细胞,从而激发全身的抗肿瘤免疫反应[12]。CG0070是基于腺病毒的溶瘤病毒,也携带GM-CSF基因,它能够在肿瘤细胞中选择性复制并最终裂解肿瘤细胞,同时通过GM-CSF增强宿主的免疫反应,在膀胱癌等肿瘤的研究中已显示出了良好的治疗效果[13]。以上研究表明,溶瘤病毒介导的细胞因子在肿瘤组织中充分表达,且具有显著的肿瘤特异性,有效克服了传统细胞因子治疗的局限性,为肿瘤免疫治疗开辟了新途径[14-16]。
本团队前期利用反向遗传学技术已成功构建了重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF,并通过体内外实验证实了其对肝癌细胞的抗肿瘤作用[17]。前期的研究成果显示[18],重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF不仅有效表达了GM-CSF蛋白,而且还能够显著激活免疫细胞的免疫活性,进而展现出其抗肿瘤活性。为进一步探究重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF的广谱抗肿瘤活性,本研究选择胰腺癌为研究对象,通过体内外实验评估其对胰腺癌细胞的杀伤效果。同时,将重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF与吉西他滨(gemcitabine,GEM)联合应用治疗胰腺癌,并评估其疗效,旨在为胰腺癌的临床免疫治疗提供新策略。
人胰腺癌细胞系BxPC-3、SW1990、PANC-1,小鼠胰腺癌细胞系Panc02以及犬肾细胞MDCK均购自美国ATCC细胞库。人正常胰腺导管上皮细胞系HPDE6-C7购自亿奥邦(北京)生物科技研究有限公司。溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF由中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心肝胆胰外科医学部研究所构建并保存。
DMEM培养基、PBS、胰蛋白酶、胎牛血清、牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)购自美国Gibco公司;CCK-8检测试剂购自北仁化学科技(北京)有限公司;CD4、CD8、Ki67抗体购自北京华兴博创基因技术有限公司;1%鸡红细胞悬液购自广州鸿泉生物科技有限公司;谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)生化试剂购自上海罗氏诊断有限公司;磷钨酸、乙酸铀酰购自深圳海思安生物技术有限公司;甲醛溶液购自北京益利精细化学品有限公司;透射电子显微镜购自日本电子株式会社;酶联免疫分析仪购自美国Thermo公司;数字病理扫描仪购自宁波江丰生物信息技术有限公司;全自动生化分析仪购自上海罗氏诊断有限公司;微型离心机购自德国Eppendorf公司;超高速离心机、超高速离心管购自美国Thermo公司。
6周龄雌性C57BL/6小鼠,体质量为16~18 g,购自北京药康生物科技有限公司。本研究中使用的所有方案经过北京药康生物科技有限公司动物福利伦理委员会批准(批件号:GPT-BJAP001),涉及动物处理的程序符合实验动物护理机构的指南;9日龄SPF鸡胚购自北京勃林格海威特生物技术有限公司。
团队前期利用反向遗传学技术成功重组获得稳定传代的重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF,将OvFlu-GM-CSF与PBS按1∶10 000体积进行稀释,接种于9日龄鸡胚中,接种病毒后的鸡胚用石蜡封口,并放回孵箱中孵育,72 h后将鸡胚取出,收取其阳性尿囊液,红细胞凝集实验检测血凝效价,并将尿囊液转移至50 mL离心管中,4 ℃,1 574×g离心25 min,弃沉淀,留取上清液。再将上清液于4 ℃,128 800×g超速离心2 h,浓缩后弃上清,用1 mL PBS将沉淀重悬。
收取接种72 h的鸡胚尿囊液OvFlu-GM-CSF 100 μL置于血凝板第1列孔,其余各孔50 μL PBS,取血凝板第1列50 μL OvFlu-GM-CSF至第2列孔,均匀混合后取50 μL至第3列孔,依次倍比稀释,稀释至第12列孔后,每孔加50 μL 1%鸡红细胞,静置30 min观察血凝结果。此过程重复3次,并设置PBS对照孔:每孔加入50 μL PBS,再加入50 μL 1%鸡红细胞。红细胞凝集的孔为阳性孔,未凝集的孔为阴性孔。
在超速离心管中依次分别加入高压消毒后的60%蔗糖溶液6 mL、30%蔗糖溶液3 mL和1 mL病毒悬液,精准配平,4 ℃,128 800×g超速离心4 h。随即吸取2个蔗糖梯度之间的白色病毒条带,PBS重悬后转移至新的超速离心管中,4 ℃,128 800×g超速离心2 h。弃上清,PBS重悬沉淀,分装于-80 ℃冰箱保存备用。
用0.5%磷钨酸对纯化后的重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF进行负染,取样品,将其吸附至碳涂层铜网,用水对网架进行冲洗,用乙酸铀酰进行染色并将其风干,最后用负染透射电镜观察重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF的形态。
将鼠源胰腺癌Panc02细胞和人源胰腺癌BxPC-3细胞分别接种于96孔细胞板中,5 000细胞/孔,待细胞长至单层完全覆盖孔底时,用感染复数(MOI)=0.1的重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF对2种细胞进行感染,每个细胞系设置3个重复孔,将细胞板置于37 ℃,5%CO2细胞培养箱内进行孵育。分别在感染后的12、24、48、72和96 h收集细胞培养上清液,于-80 ℃冰箱保存,将收集的样品于MDCK细胞中统一进行病毒滴度检测。
将MDCK细胞接种于96孔细胞板中,细胞数为2×104个/孔,待细胞长至单层铺满孔底后,弃掉原培养基,PBS清洗2遍,将重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF按10-1、10-2、10-3、10-4……10-12用无抗无血清DMEM倍比稀释后感染MDCK细胞,200 μL/孔,每个稀释浓度做3个重复孔,将细胞板置于37 ℃,5%CO2细胞培养箱中培养,分别于3、5 d后用1%鸡红细胞检测血凝。
Panc02、BxPC-3、SW1990、PANC-1及HPDE6-C7分别铺入96孔板,5 000细胞/孔,37 ℃细胞培养箱培养24 h。弃去培养基,PBS洗涤,分别加入不同MOI(0.1、1.0、3.0)的病毒液,除此之外,每个细胞分别增设对照组(MOI=0)与空白组,对照组不加病毒,空白组不接种细胞。将96孔板在培养箱中分别培养24、48、72 h,弃去培养基,每孔加入含CCK-8的培养基,37 ℃孵育1 h,酶标仪测定450 nm处光密度值[D(450)]。细胞存活率=[(As-Ab)/(Ac-Ab)]×100%,其中As为实验组的[D(450)]值,Ab、Ac分别为空白组、对照组的平均[D(450)]值。
选6周龄C57BL/6小鼠,在右侧腹股沟注射Panc02细胞5×106/100 μL。待肿瘤体积生长至100~120 mm³时,利用完全随机法将小鼠分为4组:PBS组、重组溶瘤病毒组(OvFlu-GM-CSF组)、吉西他滨组(GEM组)和重组溶瘤病毒与吉西他滨联合治疗组(OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM组)。其中PBS和OvFlu-GM-CSF采用瘤内注射,PBS剂量为100 μL/只,病毒剂量为1×107 PFU/100 μL;GEM通过腹腔注射,剂量为100 mg/kg。每3 d给药1次,共给药9次。每隔1 d测量肿瘤体积,记录并观察小鼠的生命体征。肿瘤体积的计算公式为:体积(mm3)=长径(mm)×宽径(mm)²/2。
将切片于烤片机上65 ℃烤片2 h,脱蜡至水,随后将EDTA抗原修复液(pH=8.0)于微波炉内进行抗原修复,室温下自然冷却;3%过氧化氢溶液室温封闭15 min;滴加非免疫正常山羊血清100 μL/张,室温孵育30 min;滴加100 μL CD4(CD4∶BSA按1∶500体积比例稀释)、CD8(CD8∶BSA按1∶500体积比例稀释)、Ki67(Ki67∶BSA按1∶200体积比例稀释)一抗,4 ℃孵育过夜;滴加二抗,室温孵育30 min;依次滴加TYR-520、TYR-690、TYR-620荧光染料反应3~10 min;DAPI复染细胞核,避光室温孵育10 min;荧光封片。
将小鼠放入含有3%~5%异氟烷的麻醉箱中,待其进入深度麻醉状态,确认小鼠角膜反射消失、呼吸平稳且频率显著降低,对疼痛刺激无反应。肌肉松弛后,使用颈椎脱臼法将小鼠处死,取其心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、脑组织,置于4%甲醛溶液中固定后,进行梯度脱水并石蜡包埋。制备厚度为5 μm的切片,在70 ℃烤片1 h,随后脱蜡并至水。使用苏木精染色3~5 min,1%盐酸酒精分化数秒,温水反蓝处理,细胞核呈蓝色。接着用伊红染色2 min,显微镜下观察,细胞质呈红色。最后,梯度脱水并用中性树脂封片。
最后1 d给药后,各组小鼠禁食不禁水12 h,隔天上午使用眼眶静脉丛取血法采集小鼠眼眶中的血液,每只小鼠采血0.5 mL,血样于室温静置30 min,25 ℃,885×g离心20 min,取上清约100 μL,用于小鼠血清肝功能指标ALT及AST的测定。
使用GraphPad Prism 9.0进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量数据以x¯±s表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
红细胞凝集实验检测病毒血凝效价,经检测其血凝效价为28(图1A);通过负染透射电镜可观察到重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF整体呈现圆形,表面有囊膜包被,囊膜表面有纤毛,符合流感病毒典型的形态特征(图1B);使用MOI=0.1的重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF分别感染鼠源胰腺癌细胞Panc02和人源胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3,并在不同时间点对病毒滴度进行测定。结果如图1C所示,OvFlu-GM-CSF可在胰腺癌细胞系Panc02和BxPC-3中高效复制。感染12 h后,病毒滴度已达到4~5 lgTCID50/mL,并随着时间延长,病毒滴度持续上升,在72 h达到峰值,为6~7 lgTCID50/mL,进一步证实了溶瘤病毒在胰腺癌细胞内具有选择性复制的能力。
通过CCK-8法检测重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF对鼠胰腺癌细胞Panc02,人胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3、SW1990、PANC-1及人正常胰腺导管上皮细胞HPDE6-C7在不同时间、不同剂量下的细胞活力抑制作用。如图2A、B所示,在感染时间为48 h、MOI=0.1的条件下,Panc02和PANC-1细胞的存活率约为90%,相较于对照组(MOI=0),细胞存活率明显下降(P<0.01)。当感染时间维持在48 h,而MOI=1.0、3.0时,Panc02及PANC-1细胞的存活率相较于对照组(MOI=0)显著降低(P<0.01)。此外,在相同感染时间(48 h)下,不同感染剂量(MOI=0.1、1.0、3.0)对SW1990和BxPC-3细胞的存活率亦表现出显著下降趋势(P<0.01),并且细胞存活率随着MOI值的增加以及感染时间的延长而逐渐降低(图2C、D)。然而用不同MOI的重组溶瘤流感病毒感染人正常胰腺导管上皮细胞HPDE6-C7,在病毒感染后不同时间点均未呈现出杀伤作用(图2E)。结果表明,重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF可选择性地杀伤肿瘤细胞,而对正常的胰腺导管上皮细胞无明显影响。
为验证重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF联合吉西他滨(GEM)体内抗肿瘤效果,选用小鼠胰腺癌Panc02细胞建立小鼠皮下荷瘤模型(图3A)。隔天测量小鼠肿瘤体积,绘制肿瘤体积变化曲线(图3B)。在结局终点将小鼠肿瘤组织分离,记录并分析肿瘤体积与质量(图3C、D)。与GEM组、OvFlu-GM-CSF组相比,OvFlu-GM-CSF+GEM组小鼠肿瘤体积的增长明显受到抑制(P<0.01)。此外,联合治疗组小鼠的生存率显著高于其他3组,存活率高达80%(图3E)。结果证实,重组溶瘤流感病毒联合吉西他滨治疗可显著抑制肿瘤增长,并提高胰腺癌荷瘤小鼠的存活率。
为进一步检测重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF与GEM联合治疗后T细胞浸润及增殖情况,对PBS组及重组溶瘤病毒与吉西他滨联合治疗组小鼠的肿瘤组织分别进行了多重免疫荧光染色分析(图4)。结果显示,与PBS组相比,重组溶瘤病毒与吉西他滨联合治疗组小鼠肿瘤组织中CD4+Ki67+和CD8+Ki67+细胞数量显著增加。这一结果表明,OvFlu-GM-CSF与GEM的联合治疗策略能够有效激活CD4+及CD8+ T细胞,显著增强小鼠肿瘤组织内T细胞的浸润和增殖能力,从而显著提升免疫活性和抗肿瘤效应。
为了全面评估重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF的安全性,对小鼠心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、脑组织进行HE染色,结果如图5A所示。镜下观察到各组织结构清晰可见,未见组织结构明显异常,证明重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF的安全性良好,对各器官无明显毒性损害。与此同时,对小鼠血清中ALT及AST酶活性水平进行检测,结果显示,各组小鼠ALT和AST之间差异均无统计学意义(图5B),表明重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF无明显肝毒性,对小鼠肝功能无显著影响。
胰腺癌因其复杂的肿瘤微环境被称为“癌中之王”,化疗效果常受限于结缔组织过度增生及纤维化形成的致密基质,不仅阻碍了化疗药物递送,还抑制了T细胞活化,削弱抗肿瘤免疫反应[19-20]。溶瘤病毒作为一种创新疗法,凭借其选择性复制、引发免疫原性细胞死亡及激发
抗肿瘤免疫等特性,在肿瘤免疫治疗领域展现出巨大潜力[21]。
T-VEC作为首个FDA批准用于晚期黑色素瘤的溶瘤病毒,通过嵌入粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)于单纯疱疹病毒载体,显著提升抗肿瘤疗效[22]。JX-594则通过将人GM-CSF基因插入牛痘病毒TK基因区,成功诱导晚期肝癌患者的局部及远处抗肿瘤免疫反应[23-24]。溶瘤牛痘西储菌株JX-963在临床前模型中也表现出强效抗肿瘤活性[25]。最新研究显示,溶瘤病毒在胰腺癌治疗中潜力巨大,能全身给药渗透肿瘤深部,激活免疫系统,显著提高患者生存率[26]。此外,溶瘤病毒与常规疗法联合治疗在胆管癌小鼠模型中显著增强了抗肿瘤效果并延长了存活时间[27]。
本课题组前期利用流感病毒反向遗传学技术(RG),成功构建并拯救了重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF。GM-CSF作为关键免疫调节因子,能激活多种免疫细胞因子,诱发特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答,显著提升免疫细胞活性[28]。GM-CSF促进树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)成熟,增强DCs捕获和呈递肿瘤抗原给T细胞的能力,有效激活CD4+和CD8+T细胞,激发持久且特异的抗肿瘤免疫反应,从而诱导全身性的肿瘤特异性免疫应答[29]。CD4+T细胞通过MHC Ⅱ介导的直接杀伤及分泌IFN-γ、TNF-α等细胞因子,协调免疫网络[30]。CD8+T细胞则通过识别MHC Ⅰ类分子呈递的抗原肽,特异性杀伤肿瘤细胞,形成免疫记忆,防止肿瘤复发和转移[31]。此外,GM-CSF还能激活巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NK)和粒细胞等,强化机体对肿瘤细胞的清除能力[32]。本研究系统探讨了重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF在不同感染时间和不同MOI条件下对胰腺癌细胞存活率的影响。结果显示,OvFlu-GM-CSF在不同感染时间和不同MOI条件下,对胰腺癌细胞的存活率均呈现出显著的杀伤作用。随着MOI值的增加以及感染时间的延长,胰腺癌细胞的存活率逐渐降低,这一现象表明OvFlu-GM-CSF具有显著的溶瘤活性,能够有效杀伤胰腺癌细胞。为了进一步验证OvFlu-GM-CSF的靶向性和安全性,采用不同MOI的重组溶瘤流感病毒感染人正常胰腺导管上皮细胞HPDE6-C7,结果显示,在所有检测时间点和MOI条件下,HPDE6-C7细胞的存活率均未出现显著下降,未观察到明显的杀伤作用。这表明OvFlu-GM-CSF在有效杀伤胰腺癌细胞的同时,对正常胰腺上皮细胞表现出良好的安全性。
皮下成瘤模型的优势在于其操作简便、可重复且能动态评估肿瘤生长及免疫反应,并可有效模拟肿瘤生长、免疫相互作用及纤维化过程。LIU等[33]和WEI等[34]利用该模型验证了重组溶瘤病毒OV-mOX40L和OVV-GPX4逆转免疫抑制性TME,激活T细胞反应,显著提升胰腺癌小鼠生存率和抗肿瘤疗效。ARAKI等[35]进一步证实,OBP-702溶瘤病毒联合PD-1抗体治疗显著促进CD8+T细胞浸润,有效抑制了肿瘤生长。本研究采用C57BL/6小鼠胰腺癌皮下荷瘤模型,验证了重组溶瘤流感病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF在体内的抗肿瘤效果。实验结果显示,OvFlu-GM-CSF与吉西他滨的联合治疗能够显著抑制胰腺癌细胞生长、延长小鼠生存期,并显著增强肿瘤组织内CD4+Ki67+T和CD8+Ki67+T细胞的浸润。OvFlu-GM-CSF通过其溶瘤活性直接杀伤肿瘤细胞,同时分泌的GM-CSF能够有效激活和招募免疫细胞,促进肿瘤微环境中的免疫反应。吉西他滨作为一种化疗药物,不仅直接抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,还能通过诱导免疫原性细胞死亡,进一步激活抗肿瘤免疫。两者的联合应用产生了协同效应,不仅显著改变了肿瘤微环境,降低了免疫抑制因素,还显著提升了抗肿瘤效果,并增强了机体的抗肿瘤免疫反应。以上结果表明,溶瘤病毒OvFlu-GM-CSF与吉西他滨的联合治疗策略在胰腺癌治疗中具有显著的潜力。本研究虽未在原位胰腺癌模型中验证,未来将开发更贴近临床的小鼠模型,全面评估OvFlu-GM-CSF与吉西他滨联合疗效,为溶瘤病毒在胰腺癌治疗中的应用提供坚实的实验基础。
综上所述,本研究利用RG技术成功构建OvFlu-GM-CSF,并通过体内外实验证实其显著抑制胰腺癌细胞生长,联合吉西他滨增强抗肿瘤效果,为胰腺癌免疫治疗提供了科学依据。下一步,将通过原位和诱发小鼠模型,全面评价OvFlu-GM-CSF的溶瘤效果,旨在为胰腺癌患者提供更有效且安全的治疗新策略。

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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202407052
  • 接收时间:2024-07-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-12
  • 修回日期:2024-12-04
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    1内蒙古医科大学基础医学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特
    2中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心肝胆胰外科医学部研究所,北京

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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