Article(id=1322934536568451490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322934508630180057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202403028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709827200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-08, revisedDate=1731513600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341772453, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341772453, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341772453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341772453, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322934508630180057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='101', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1738166400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341765792, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341765792, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=161, endPage=167, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322934537214374307, articleId=1322934536568451490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Robotic-assisted left thoracic small-incision minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting: a case series report, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To summarize the clinical efficacy of robotic-assisted left thoracic small-incision minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCAB).

Methods‍

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the procedures and treatment outcomes of robotic-assisted MIDCAB in the Army Medical Center of PLA from October 2016 to June 2023. Baseline clinical information,MIDCAB-related data,perioperative conditions and data during follow-up were collected and analyzed.

Results‍

There were 23 patients subjected,including 21 males and 2 females,with a mean age of 58.17±7.49 years,and a body mass index (BMI) of 23.99±3.25 kg/m2. All of them experienced angina pectoris,and 1 had a history of myocardial infarction,1 had dilated cardiomyopathy,2 patients had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),and 10 had a history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Robotic-assisted MIDCAB procedure was successfully completed. No internal mammary artery injury or transformation of the procedure occurred in these cases,and excellent bridging vessel flow was achieved after anastomosis of the internal mammary artery to left anterior descending branch. The incision length in the left chest was 8 (8,8) cm,the operation time was 380 (300,465) min,the intraoperative bleeding volume was 300 (100,400) mL,the length of ICU stay was 3 (2,3) d,the amount of thoracic drainage was 780 (525,1 040) mL,and the postoperative length from surgery to discharge was 11.17±2.38 d. No mortality was observed during or within 30 d of hospitalization,and 1 patient was readmitted due to pericardial effusion within 30 d,and was discharged after symptomatic treatment including pericardiocentesis and drainage. No deaths,major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE),or re-revascularization occurred in all patients during outpatient and telephone follow-up.

Conclusion‍

Robotic-assisted internal mammary artery dissection is a delicate and safe technique,and coronary artery bypass grafting in minimally invasive small-incision off-pump is effective,safe and feasible,with satisfactory short- and mid-term outcomes. The technique is suitable for minimally invasive coronary artery disease surgery and is worthy of popularization and application.

, authors=Peiling HE, Yi SONG, Ye YUAN, Wenjun WU, Changming ZHONG, Chang LIU, Jianming CHEN, Yijie HU, authorsList=Peiling HE, Yi SONG, Ye YUAN, Wenjun WU, Changming ZHONG, Chang LIU, Jianming CHEN, Yijie HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yijie HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322934538493637035, articleId=1322934536568451490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=机器人辅助左胸小切口微创冠状动脉旁路移植术的病例系列报道, columnId=1322185541475488183, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

总结机器人辅助左胸小切口微创冠状动脉旁路移植术(minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting,MIDCAB)的临床治疗效果。

方法

回顾性研究陆军特色医学中心2016年10月至2023年6月行机器人辅助MIDCAB开展的情况及治疗效果。收集并分析患者的基线临床资料、MIDCAB相关数据、围术期情况和随访情况。

结果

本研究共纳入23例患者,其中男性21例,女性2例,年龄为(58.17±7.49)岁,体质指数(BMI)为(23.99±3.25)kg/m2,所有患者均有心绞痛症状,其中1例有心肌梗死病史,1例有扩张型心肌病,2例有慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD),10例有经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)史。所有患者均接受机器人辅助MIDCAB,手术均顺利完成,无乳内动脉损伤及术式的转变,乳内动脉和前降支吻合后桥血流良好。左胸切口长度为8(8,8)cm,手术时间为380(300,465)min,术中出血量为300(100,400)mL,ICU时间为3(2,3)d,胸腔引流量为780(525,1 040)mL,术后出院时间为(11.17±2.38)d,未发生住院期间及30 d内死亡率,其中1例患者在30 d内因心包积液再次入院,予以心包穿刺引流等对症处理后好转出院。所有患者门诊及电话随访期间未出现死亡、主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)及再次血运重建的情况。

结论

机器人辅助下乳内动脉游离技术精细、安全,微创小切口不停跳下冠状动脉旁路移植术效果安全、可行,近中期结果满意,适于在冠心病微创外科领域推广应用。

, authors=何沛玲, 宋毅, 袁烨, 吴文军, 钟昌明, 刘畅, 陈建明, 胡义杰, authorsList=何沛玲, 宋毅, 袁烨, 吴文军, 钟昌明, 刘畅, 陈建明, 胡义杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡义杰, authorNote=

同等贡献者

HE Peiling and SONG Yi contributed equally to the article.

, correspAuthorsNote=
胡义杰,E-mail:
HU Yijie,E-mail:
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*:左侧乳内动脉

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A:机器人主操作台;B:主刀位于主操作台位置;C:助手与机械操作臂

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变量结果
年龄/岁58.17±7.49
性别/例
男21
女2
BMI/(kg/m2)23.99±3.25
高血压/例12
糖尿病/例5
高脂血症/例14
吸烟史/例15
心绞痛/例23
心功能(NYHA)/例
Ⅱ级17
Ⅲ级4
Ⅳ级2
心衰/例2
慢性肾功能不全/例0
PCI史/例10
LAD6
LAD LCX RCA1
RCA3
脑血管意外史/例0
COPD/例2
外周血管疾病/例
左锁骨下动脉狭窄1
二尖瓣关闭不全/例0
左心室射血分数(LVEF)/%64(56,67)
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机器人辅助左胸小切口微创冠状动脉旁路移植术患者基本临床资料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量结果
年龄/岁58.17±7.49
性别/例
男21
女2
BMI/(kg/m2)23.99±3.25
高血压/例12
糖尿病/例5
高脂血症/例14
吸烟史/例15
心绞痛/例23
心功能(NYHA)/例
Ⅱ级17
Ⅲ级4
Ⅳ级2
心衰/例2
慢性肾功能不全/例0
PCI史/例10
LAD6
LAD LCX RCA1
RCA3
脑血管意外史/例0
COPD/例2
外周血管疾病/例
左锁骨下动脉狭窄1
二尖瓣关闭不全/例0
左心室射血分数(LVEF)/%64(56,67)
), ArticleFig(id=1322934542067184108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934536568451490, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量结果
乳内动脉数量/根
LIMA23
冠状动脉吻合口数量/例
LIMA-LAD23
左胸手术切口长度/cm8(8,8)
中转为正中开胸/例0
手术时间/min380(300,465)
术中出血量/mL300(100,400)
ICU时间/d3(2,3)
呼吸机支持时间/d
术后1 d20
术后当日3
胸腔引流量/mL780(525,1 040)
术后输血/例5
二次开胸探查止血/例0
再次气管插管/例0
围术期ECMO支持/例0
伤口愈合不良/例0
术后出院时间/d11.17±2.38
死亡/例0
术后并发症/例
新发房颤3
MACCE0
肺炎9
), ArticleFig(id=1322934542159458797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934536568451490, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

机器人辅助左胸小切口微创冠状动脉旁路移植术患者围术期资料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量结果
乳内动脉数量/根
LIMA23
冠状动脉吻合口数量/例
LIMA-LAD23
左胸手术切口长度/cm8(8,8)
中转为正中开胸/例0
手术时间/min380(300,465)
术中出血量/mL300(100,400)
ICU时间/d3(2,3)
呼吸机支持时间/d
术后1 d20
术后当日3
胸腔引流量/mL780(525,1 040)
术后输血/例5
二次开胸探查止血/例0
再次气管插管/例0
围术期ECMO支持/例0
伤口愈合不良/例0
术后出院时间/d11.17±2.38
死亡/例0
术后并发症/例
新发房颤3
MACCE0
肺炎9
), ArticleFig(id=1322934542230761966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934536568451490, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
随访指标例数
随访方式
门诊复查23
电话随访21
死亡0
MACCE0
心绞痛症状(CCS分级)
Ⅰ级19
Ⅱ级2
再次血运重建0
冠脉造影/CTA评估LIMA情况
冠脉造影1
CTA4
Fitzgibbon A级4
Fitzgibbon B级0
Fitzgibbon O级0
), ArticleFig(id=1322934542310453743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934536568451490, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

机器人辅助左胸小切口微创冠状动脉旁路移植术患者术后随访资料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
随访指标例数
随访方式
门诊复查23
电话随访21
死亡0
MACCE0
心绞痛症状(CCS分级)
Ⅰ级19
Ⅱ级2
再次血运重建0
冠脉造影/CTA评估LIMA情况
冠脉造影1
CTA4
Fitzgibbon A级4
Fitzgibbon B级0
Fitzgibbon O级0
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机器人辅助左胸小切口微创冠状动脉旁路移植术的病例系列报道
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何沛玲 , 宋毅 , 袁烨 , 吴文军 , 钟昌明 , 刘畅 , 陈建明 , 胡义杰
陆军军医大学学报 | 临床医学 2025,47(2): 161-167
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陆军军医大学学报 |临床医学 2025 , 47 (2) : 161 -167
机器人辅助左胸小切口微创冠状动脉旁路移植术的病例系列报道
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何沛玲, 宋毅, 袁烨, 吴文军, 钟昌明, 刘畅, 陈建明, 胡义杰
作者信息
  • 1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)心脏血管外科,重庆
通讯作者:
胡义杰,E-mail:
HU Yijie,E-mail:
作者简介:

同等贡献者

HE Peiling and SONG Yi contributed equally to the article.

Robotic-assisted left thoracic small-incision minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting: a case series report
Peiling HE, Yi SONG, Ye YUAN, Wenjun WU, Changming ZHONG, Chang LIU, Jianming CHEN, Yijie HU
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202403028
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目的

总结机器人辅助左胸小切口微创冠状动脉旁路移植术(minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting,MIDCAB)的临床治疗效果。

方法

回顾性研究陆军特色医学中心2016年10月至2023年6月行机器人辅助MIDCAB开展的情况及治疗效果。收集并分析患者的基线临床资料、MIDCAB相关数据、围术期情况和随访情况。

结果

本研究共纳入23例患者,其中男性21例,女性2例,年龄为(58.17±7.49)岁,体质指数(BMI)为(23.99±3.25)kg/m2,所有患者均有心绞痛症状,其中1例有心肌梗死病史,1例有扩张型心肌病,2例有慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD),10例有经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)史。所有患者均接受机器人辅助MIDCAB,手术均顺利完成,无乳内动脉损伤及术式的转变,乳内动脉和前降支吻合后桥血流良好。左胸切口长度为8(8,8)cm,手术时间为380(300,465)min,术中出血量为300(100,400)mL,ICU时间为3(2,3)d,胸腔引流量为780(525,1 040)mL,术后出院时间为(11.17±2.38)d,未发生住院期间及30 d内死亡率,其中1例患者在30 d内因心包积液再次入院,予以心包穿刺引流等对症处理后好转出院。所有患者门诊及电话随访期间未出现死亡、主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)及再次血运重建的情况。

结论

机器人辅助下乳内动脉游离技术精细、安全,微创小切口不停跳下冠状动脉旁路移植术效果安全、可行,近中期结果满意,适于在冠心病微创外科领域推广应用。

冠心病  /  微创冠状动脉旁路移植术  /  机器人辅助  /  乳内动脉获取
Objective‍

To summarize the clinical efficacy of robotic-assisted left thoracic small-incision minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCAB).

Methods‍

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the procedures and treatment outcomes of robotic-assisted MIDCAB in the Army Medical Center of PLA from October 2016 to June 2023. Baseline clinical information,MIDCAB-related data,perioperative conditions and data during follow-up were collected and analyzed.

Results‍

There were 23 patients subjected,including 21 males and 2 females,with a mean age of 58.17±7.49 years,and a body mass index (BMI) of 23.99±3.25 kg/m2. All of them experienced angina pectoris,and 1 had a history of myocardial infarction,1 had dilated cardiomyopathy,2 patients had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),and 10 had a history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Robotic-assisted MIDCAB procedure was successfully completed. No internal mammary artery injury or transformation of the procedure occurred in these cases,and excellent bridging vessel flow was achieved after anastomosis of the internal mammary artery to left anterior descending branch. The incision length in the left chest was 8 (8,8) cm,the operation time was 380 (300,465) min,the intraoperative bleeding volume was 300 (100,400) mL,the length of ICU stay was 3 (2,3) d,the amount of thoracic drainage was 780 (525,1 040) mL,and the postoperative length from surgery to discharge was 11.17±2.38 d. No mortality was observed during or within 30 d of hospitalization,and 1 patient was readmitted due to pericardial effusion within 30 d,and was discharged after symptomatic treatment including pericardiocentesis and drainage. No deaths,major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE),or re-revascularization occurred in all patients during outpatient and telephone follow-up.

Conclusion‍

Robotic-assisted internal mammary artery dissection is a delicate and safe technique,and coronary artery bypass grafting in minimally invasive small-incision off-pump is effective,safe and feasible,with satisfactory short- and mid-term outcomes. The technique is suitable for minimally invasive coronary artery disease surgery and is worthy of popularization and application.

coronary heart disease  /  minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting  /  robot-assistance  /  internal mammary artery obtain
何沛玲, 宋毅, 袁烨, 吴文军, 钟昌明, 刘畅, 陈建明, 胡义杰. 机器人辅助左胸小切口微创冠状动脉旁路移植术的病例系列报道. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (2) : 161 -167 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202403028
Peiling HE, Yi SONG, Ye YUAN, Wenjun WU, Changming ZHONG, Chang LIU, Jianming CHEN, Yijie HU. Robotic-assisted left thoracic small-incision minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting: a case series report[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (2) : 161 -167 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202403028
冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(简称冠心病)是全球发病率和病死率最高的心血管疾病,尽管对冠心病的治疗手段在不断提高,但是冠心病仍然是导致死亡的主要原因之一[1]。冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)是治疗冠状动脉疾病的有效方法,常规CABG需要在体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass ,CPB)下行胸骨正中切开,此方法创伤较大,患者术后恢复较慢。随着微创外科的迅速发展,机器人手术技术逐渐应用到心脏外科领域。机器人辅助下微创冠状动脉旁路移植术(minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting,MIDCAB)是在机器人操作系统下获取单侧或双侧乳内动脉,随后通过左胸小切口在直视下进行血管吻合。本中心在重庆地区较早探索并开展了机器人房间隔缺损修补、室间隔缺损修补、二尖瓣置换、二尖瓣及三尖瓣成形以及左房粘液瘤切除等术式,同时在国际上报道机器人左胸入路的肺动脉瓣下室间隔缺损的修补术,在国内报道机器人主动脉瓣置换术;形成了机器人心脏手术标准流程和规范。本研究旨在总结机器人辅助左胸小切口微创冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床治疗效果。
以“冠状动脉旁路移植术”“机器人手术”等作为关键词检索陆军特色医学中心电子病历系统中2016年10月至2023年6月的全部住院病历,之后由3名医师共同对筛选出的病例进行手工复核确认为“机器人辅助MIDCAB”病例。从上述筛选出的机器人辅助MIDCAB患者的电子病历中抽取3方面信息:(1)基线临床资料,包括临床基本特征、疾病诊断和合并症、冠状动脉病变特点等;(2)MIDCAB相关数据,包括机器人打孔位置、机器人获取乳内动脉数量、左胸手术切口长度、冠状动脉吻合口数量、术中出血量、手术时间等;(3)围术期情况,包括呼吸机支持时间、ICU时间、胸腔引流量、并发症情况等;(4)随访情况,包括死亡、心绞痛症状、主要不良心脑血管事件等。上述研究方案通过陆军特色医学中心伦理委员会审查(#2024 第61号)。
冠心病诊断明确,存在冠状动脉单支或多支病变,符合冠状动脉旁路移植术手术指征的患者均为机器人辅助MIDCAB的潜在候选病例。MIDCAB的排除标准包括:①同期接受其他心脏手术(如瓣膜手术、房颤射频消融术等)或非心脏手术(如肺叶切除、颈动脉内膜剥脱术等);②既往左肺手术史、左胸放疗病史、严重胸廓畸形及合并严重COPD(未吸氧动脉血气PaO2<60 mmHg);③急诊手术患者或血流动力学不稳定患者;④心功能低下(LVEF≤30%)。术前胸部CT,明确有无脊柱畸形、胸廓畸形(严重漏斗胸)、肋骨畸形;肺部情况(肺大泡、肺炎、间质病变等);胸膜钙化或粘连;并初步判断是否横位心、操作空间、脂肪厚度。
患者入手术间后,监测心电图和经皮血氧饱和度,左侧桡动脉置管动态监测动脉血压。全身麻醉后采取双腔气管插管。手术过程中根据需要实施单肺通气。胸壁(左后背和右前胸)贴自动除颤电极片。常规经食道心脏超声动态检查心脏收缩和负荷情况。手术体位采用患者上半身左侧几乎与手术台平齐;右侧15~30度卧位(左侧背部垫高,肩部略下沉,充分伸展左侧肋间),左上肢悬吊于身体左侧(低于手术床的平面,方便左侧各个切口的操作)。
右侧单肺通气,定位后于左侧胸壁打孔。定位方法如下:内窥镜孔通常位于腋前线第4或第5肋间(乳内动脉下1/3段并心尖以上),直径1 cm;左器械手臂孔和右器械手臂孔在左锁骨中线水平分别位于内窥镜孔上下两肋间隙处,左、右器械臂要与内窥镜手臂保持一定距离,以尽量减少碰撞。内窥镜进入胸腔后,给予CO2持续正压(8~10 mmHg),以利于视野的暴露。通过机械手臂进入镊子和电刀,操纵机器人的医师在控制台上通过手柄控制机械手臂游离左侧乳内动脉(LIMA),从乳内动脉外侧开始,向内侧进行,向上游离至左锁骨下动脉,向下游离至腹壁上动脉与肌膈动脉分叉处,采用电凝切断的方式骨骼化获取乳内动脉(图1)。全身肝素化后(2 mg/kg),LIMA远心端双钛夹夹闭,切断后初步检查近心端血流情况后临时予以夹闭,并临时固定在心包上。切开心包,并镜下心表探查冠状动脉情况。彻底检查乳内动脉血管床、胸壁打孔处无出血后撤离Da Vinci机器人系统。
于左第4或5肋间前外侧行4~6 cm的切口进入胸部(女性行乳房下缘切口),悬吊心包,充分显露前降支(LAD),用微创的直杆稳定器固定吻合部位,检查乳内动脉血流量完好后修剪其末端,心脏稳定后使用7-0 Prolene缝线在直视下对心脏进行LIMA-LAD的端侧吻合(图2)。吻合完成后,血流量仪测定桥血管流量,用鱼精蛋白中和肝素(0.5∶1),放置左侧胸腔闭式引流管,彻底止血后逐层缝合胸壁。达芬奇机器人手术系统及术者操作位置见图3。
术后均予以持续心电监护、呼吸机辅助呼吸循环、抗凝、扩张冠状动脉、抗感染、强心、利尿等治疗。待患者麻醉清醒、肌力彻底恢复、各项生命体征平稳、四肢温暖的情况下,酌情拔除气管插管,根据引流情况决定拔除引流管时间。尽早下床活动,促进早期康复并预防深静脉血栓形成。
所有患者采取门诊复查和电话随访相结合的方式进行随访,术后第1、3、6、12个月进行门诊复查,之后采取电话随访。主要记录指标包括生存状态、心绞痛症状、MACCE及再次血运重建等情况。随访时间截止至2024年8月。
所有数据采用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行处理。符合正态分布的计量资料用x¯±s描述,不服从正态分布的计量资料用中位数(上下四分位数)[M(P25,P75)]描述,计数资料以例(%)描述。
本研究共纳入23例患者,其中男性21例,女性2例,年龄为(58.17±7.49)岁,BMI为(23.99±3.25)kg/m2,LVEF为64%(56%,67%),心功能(NYHA)Ⅱ级17例、Ⅲ级4例、Ⅳ级2例,所有患者均有心绞痛症状,其中1例有心肌梗死病史,1例有扩张型心肌病,2例有慢性阻塞性肺疾病,10例有PCI史,其中5例未成功,2例出现支架内再狭窄,3例右冠状动脉支架植入。所有患者术前均行冠状动脉造影确诊为冠状动脉单支或多支病变,其中4例为LAD心肌桥,2例为LAD狭窄伴心肌桥。所有患者均使用Da Vinci机器人手术系统完成左侧乳内动脉获取、左侧微创小切口心脏不停跳下冠状动脉旁路移植术。患者基本临床资料见表1。
23例患者均顺利完成LIMA-LAD的吻合,无乳内动脉损伤及术式的转变。18例患者端口位置位于腋前线第3、5、7肋间隙,3例患者位于腋前线第2、4、6肋间隙,1例患者位于腋前线第3、4、5肋间隙,1例患者位于腋前线第2、5、6肋间隙。患者左胸切口长度为8(8,8)cm,手术时间为380(300,465)min,术中出血量为300(100,400)mL,ICU时间为3(2,3)d,胸腔引流量为780(525,1 040)mL,术后出院时间为(11.17±2.38)d,术中测试桥血管通畅性均满意。20例患者术后1 d拔除气管插管,3例患者术后当日拔除气管插管,9例患者术后出现左肺感染及胸腔积液,予以抗感染等对症处理后均好转;5例患者因术后血红蛋白偏低输注同型红细胞悬液提高携氧能力;3例患者出现术后一过性新发心房颤动,经对症处理后均好转,其余患者无术后严重不良并发症。所有患者术后恢复良好,未发生住院期间及30 d内死亡率,其中1例患者在30 d内因心包积液再次入院,予以心包穿刺引流等对症处理后好转出院。患者围术期指标见表2。
术后随访2~86个月,门诊随访期间未出现死亡、MACCE及再次血运重建情况,21例患者心绞痛症状(CCS分级)Ⅰ级,2例CCS Ⅱ级。4例患者行冠状动脉CTA检查,1例患者外院行冠脉造影,其中3例患者术后CTA复查时间最长达5年,结果显示桥血管均通畅,未见狭窄;其余患者行心脏超声检查。电话随访时间最长达86个月,其中2例患者失访,随访期间未出现死亡、MACCE及再次血运重建等情况,19例患者心绞痛症状(CCS分级)Ⅰ级、2例患者Ⅱ级。患者术后近远期随访情况见表3。
微创手术的目的在于避免较大的创伤,减少术后并发症,促进患者的术后恢复。目前微创CABG主要包括微创小切口直视下冠状动脉旁路移植术(MIDCAB)、机器人辅助下MIDCAB(RA-MIDCAB)、微创多支冠状动脉旁路移植术(MICS-CABG)、全腔镜机器人冠状动脉旁路移植术(TECABG)以及冠脉杂交血运重建术(HCR)。MIDCAB是通过左胸小切口在直视下进行LIMA的获取以及血管的吻合。在一些医疗中心,MIDCAB是对LAD单发病变进行血运重建的首选方式,由于MIDCAB有限的操作空间和视野,使得在获取LIMA时通常长度有限,但是达芬奇机器人可以为术者提供高清的三维视野、灵活的机械手臂、消除人手震颤,有助于乳内动脉的获取以及目标血管和正确肋间隙的定位,对目标血管的吻合带来了很大的帮助[2]。与MIDCAB相比,机器人下乳内动脉的采集可以使移植物的长度更长,并且在有必要时可进行双侧乳内动脉的获取[3]。
1998年,LOULMET等[4]首次报道了采用达芬奇机器人手术系统完成冠状动脉旁路移植术,4例患者接受了LIMA-LAD的吻合,术后6个月随访均未发现相应并发症。2018年,GIAMBRUNO等[5]报告了一项长达18年的单中心研究,605例患者接受RA-MIDCAB,死亡率为0.3%,LIMA-LAD吻合口通畅率为97.4%。一项Meta[6]分析比较了传统CABG、RA-MIDCAB和TECAB的临床疗效,结果表明与传统CABG相比,机器人CABG不会增加住院期间MACCE、移植物狭窄(或闭塞)以及再次血运重建的发生,并且可以降低术后1年MACCE的发生。在我国,解放军总医院高长青院士团队率先开展机器人CABG,并曾对140例接受机器人辅助CABG的患者进行了随访,在(41.1±12.9)个月的随访中,无死亡、卒中或心肌梗死发生,术后3年的随访(最长91个月)结果显示乳内动脉的移植物通畅率为96.4%[7]。
本研究中所有患者均在机器人辅助下获取左侧乳内动脉并进行左胸小切口MIDCAB,手术均顺利完成,未出现乳内动脉的损伤、术式的转变等情况,围术期及随访期间无死亡、心肌梗死及脑血管意外发生。为了确保手术的安全和有效性,患者的选择和充分的术前检查是关键因素之一,任何符合冠状动脉旁路移植术手术指征的患者均为机器人辅助MIDCAB的潜在候选病例,但是此手术方式需要排除同期或既往肺部手术史、左胸放疗史、严重胸廓、肋骨畸形及合并严重COPD、胸膜粘连、血流动力学不稳定、同期接受其他心脏手术以及急诊手术的患者。术前评估包括肺功能检查和胸部CT,因手术过程中使用单肺通气,肺功能检查适用于患有已知肺部疾病(如COPD)的患者,胸部CT可以为手术计划和评估潜在的解剖禁忌证提供重要的解剖学依据[8]。本研究病例中有2例患者合并COPD但未处于急性发作期,术后均在当日拔除气管插管且恢复良好。肥胖的患者不仅存在术后伤口感染和愈合不良的风险,同时还被认为是术后不良结局的独立危险因素,曾被认为是微创冠脉搭桥的相对禁忌证[9-10]。尽管肥胖患者增加了手术难度,但并不是微创冠脉搭桥的独立危险因素[10],本研究中10例患者为超重、1例患者为肥胖,与其他患者相比并未出现手术时间、ICU时间及术后恢复的显著差异性。本研究23例患者中有4例患者为LAD近中段心肌桥,2例为LAD狭窄伴心肌桥,心肌桥的患者可以是无症状的,但也可以表现为不同的并发症,包括心绞痛、急性冠状动脉综合征、冠状动脉痉挛等。对于心肌桥的治疗目前主要有药物治疗、冠脉支架植入及外科肌切开/CABG,药物治疗无效且受累冠状动脉>50%收缩压迫可选择外科干预[11-12],本研究报道的病例中所有患者均存在心绞痛症状,且冠脉造影提示LAD>90%收缩压迫,心肌桥的最佳外科干预方式并未明确,有研究报道对于LAD心肌桥合并狭窄的患者,采用CABG联合肌切开术可能是最好的选择,可以为远端吻合提供足够的吻合部位,同时为冠状动脉远端区域提供更好的冠状动脉灌注[13-14]。本中心对1例患者实施了CABG联合肌切开,从术后恢复及随访情况来看支持LAD心肌桥伴狭窄的患者采取CABG联合肌切开术的方式,但最佳的外科干预方式仍需要大样本的对照试验以及长期随访来进一步证实。
外科医师的手术操作技术及经验是机器人手术成功的关键因素。本研究对所有患者均采取的是左侧乳内动脉至前降支的直接吻合,且手术均由同一手术团队完成,尽管术者及其团队前期已经有了大量的机器人及微创心脏手术的经验,但是机器人下乳内动脉获取需要术者熟练地掌握乳内动脉的游离,乳内动脉的成功获取是手术的关键步骤,对于初学者而言,可能存在乳内动脉解剖定位不准确、游离困难等影响因素,尤其在脂肪组织较厚的患者当中;因此,术前通过胸部增强CT准确评估乳内动脉的解剖位置、直径、走形以及胸部空间的大小有助于术者掌握乳内动脉的获取技术,减少乳内动脉的损伤或弃用。本研究报道中23例患者手术时间为380(300,465)min,术中出血量为300(100,400)mL,ICU时间为3(2,3)d,手术时间的长短、术中出血量等均可能成为影响术后恢复的因素。以往有研究报道机器人CABG的学习曲线在50~100例[15],本中心术者及其团队还需经历明显的学习曲线,本研究中23例患者均处于学习曲线内,胸腔引流量较多、术后出院时间还较长,与文献报道的中位住院时间5 d还存在一些差距[16]。本研究所有患者均未出现严重的术后并发症,3例患者出现术后一过性新发心房颤动予以对症处理后好转。术者在经历了陡峭的学习曲线后,可进一步缩短手术时间、术后出院时间,提高术后恢复的效果。想要成功地进行机器人辅助MIDCAB,术者的操作经验以及成熟且专业的团队是必要的。
在门诊复查随访和电话随访的过程中,无死亡、MACCE及再次血运重建的发生,所有患者心绞痛症状均缓解。但是该随访还存在一些局限性,冠脉造影被认为是桥血管通畅性检测的金标准,本研究23例患者中仅有1例患者进行了此项检查,尽管冠状动脉CTA与其具有相似的评估效果[17-18],但也仅仅只有4例患者进行了此项检查。由于患者数量较少以及缺乏长期的桥血管通畅性的评估,因此对于桥血管的远期通畅性未能得出准确的结论,但是基于患者良好的术后随访表现,该技术具有其推广的价值。未来将继续对术后患者进行持续且长期的随访,进一步评价桥血管的长期通畅性。
综上,本研究可以证实机器人辅助左胸小切口微创冠状动脉旁路移植术安全、有效。但本研究仍存在局限性:首先,本研究是一个有选择偏差的回顾性研究;其次,患者数量太少,无法进行任何统计分析,因此本研究采用的是描述性分析;再次,本研究缺乏与传统搭桥手术的疗效对比分析以及长期的术后随访;最后,该研究仅为单中心研究,所有手术均由同一手术团队完成,该术式对于所有的初学者或对机器人手术有丰富经验的术者都存在着明显的学习曲线,需要一个循序渐进的过程。因此对于机器人辅助下微创冠状动脉旁路移植术的远期疗效,仍需要多中心的随机对照试验来进一步进行证实。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202403028
  • 接收时间:2024-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-08
  • 修回日期:2024-11-14
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    1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)心脏血管外科,重庆

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胡义杰,E-mail:
HU Yijie,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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