Article(id=1317885825153618686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, issueId=1317885672153797495, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12449/JCH260838, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766678400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1772640000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineDate=1792138065850, onlineDateStr=2026-10-16, pubDate=1787587200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792138065850, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792138065850, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792138065850, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317885672153797495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, year='2026', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='1745', pageEnd='2000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787587200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792138029373, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792138608261, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317888100290900262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, issueId=1317885672153797495, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317888100290900263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, issueId=1317885672153797495, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1996, endPage=2000, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317885825451414271, articleId=1317885825153618686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, language=EN, title=Liver-targeted therapies for improving mild cognitive impairment:Mechanism of action and treatment strategies, columnId=1317885737828205560, journalTitle=Journal of Clinical Hepatology, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a critical precursor stage of Alzheimer’s disease,and the development of MCI is closely associated with liver function. As a core metabolic organ,the liver regulates cognitive function through the liver-brain axis. Epidemiological studies have shown the association between liver function parameters and MCI. The liver affects cognitive function by clearing peripheral β-amyloid (mainly via the PPARα-LRP-1 pathway),secreting hepatic factors such as FGF21 and sEH to modulate neuronal energy metabolism,and mediating oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory responses. Anti-inflammatory/antioxidant measures,dietary pattern adjustments,and aerobic exercise are currently effective strategies for regulating liver function and mitigating mild cognitive impairment. This article systematically reviews the role and mechanism of the liver-brain axis in MCI,in order to provide new perspectives for developing liver-targeted therapies for cognitive impairment.

, authors=Jinyu Li1, 2, Heng Jiang3, Duiping Feng2, Jisheng Nie3, authorsList=Jinyu Li, Heng Jiang, Duiping Feng, Jisheng Nie, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jisheng Nie, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317885827254964994, articleId=1317885825153618686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, language=CN, title=靶向肝脏改善轻度认知障碍的作用机制与治疗策略, columnId=1317885739623367674, journalTitle=临床肝胆病杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

轻度认知障碍(MCI)是阿尔茨海默病的重要前驱阶段,其发生与肝脏功能密切相关。肝脏作为代谢器官,通过肝-脑轴调控认知功能。流行病学提示肝功能指标与MCI存在关联。肝脏通过过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α-低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白质1通路清除外周β-淀粉样蛋白;分泌成纤维细胞生长因子21、可溶性环氧化物水解酶等肝因子调节神经元能量代谢;介导氧化应激与系统性炎症反应等途径影响认知功能。抗炎/抗氧化、饮食模式调整、有氧运动是调节肝脏降低MCI发生的有效措施。本综述系统阐述肝-脑轴在MCI中的作用和机制,为开发基于肝脏靶点的认知障碍治疗提供新视角。

, authors=李金玉1, 2, 姜恒3, 冯对平2, 聂继盛3, authorsList=李金玉, 姜恒, 冯对平, 聂继盛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=聂继盛, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

李金玉负责设计论文框架,起草论文;姜恒参与论文修改,绘制图表;冯对平参与查阅相关文献,修改论文;聂继盛负责拟定写作思路,指导撰写文章并最后定稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
聂继盛, (ORCID:0000-0003-4351-2017)
Nie Jisheng, (ORCID:0000-0003-4351-2017)
, copyrightStatement=:本刊所有图片、文字及版式设计的版权归《临床肝胆病杂志》所有。本刊发表的原创性文章,如无特殊声明,《临床肝胆病杂志》保留任何形式的编辑、修改、出版、使用或授权使用权利。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pXtBvdANNx/2U6iiG1OHkA==, magXml=rH7wJKx6CbBdw/ywtV5ovQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+fcUxsNU8ohdZMcxwJIn3Q==, pdfFileSize=963124, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=t2twK007+OyqG2qYmvRJLg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=elSNZrTKjuipdF/1qtNc+Q==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1317885829415031565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885825153618686, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1317885829511500560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885825153618686, authorId=1317885829415031565, language=EN, stringName=Jinyu Li, firstName=Jinyu, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Forensic Medicine,Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030001,China
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注:Aβ,β-淀粉样蛋白;PPARα,过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α;FGF21,成纤维细胞生长因子21;sEH,可溶性环氧化物水解酶;SELENOP,硒蛋白P;MANF,中脑星形胶质细胞源性神经营养因子;LRP-1,低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白质1;IL-6,白细胞介素6;TNF-α,肿瘤坏死因子α;CRP,C反应蛋白;ROS,活性氧;LPS,脂多糖。

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靶向肝脏改善轻度认知障碍的作用机制与治疗策略
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李金玉 1, 2 , 姜恒 3 , 冯对平 2 , 聂继盛 3
临床肝胆病杂志 | 综述 2026,42(8): 1996-2000
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临床肝胆病杂志 |综述 2026 , 42 (8) : 1996 -2000
靶向肝脏改善轻度认知障碍的作用机制与治疗策略
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李金玉1, 2, 姜恒3, 冯对平2, 聂继盛3
作者信息
  • 1山西医科大学法医学院,太原 030001
  • 2山西医科大学第一医院肿瘤与血管介入科,太原 030001
  • 3山西医科大学公共卫生学院,煤炭环境致病与防治教育部重点实验室,太原 030001
通讯作者:
聂继盛, (ORCID:0000-0003-4351-2017)
Nie Jisheng, (ORCID:0000-0003-4351-2017)
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

李金玉负责设计论文框架,起草论文;姜恒参与论文修改,绘制图表;冯对平参与查阅相关文献,修改论文;聂继盛负责拟定写作思路,指导撰写文章并最后定稿。

Liver-targeted therapies for improving mild cognitive impairment:Mechanism of action and treatment strategies
Jinyu Li1, 2, Heng Jiang3, Duiping Feng2, Jisheng Nie3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Forensic Medicine,Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030001,China
  • 2Department of Oncology and Vascular Intervention,The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030001,China
  • 3School of Public Health,MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention,Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030001,China
出版时间: 2026-08-25 doi: 10.12449/JCH260838
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轻度认知障碍(MCI)是阿尔茨海默病的重要前驱阶段,其发生与肝脏功能密切相关。肝脏作为代谢器官,通过肝-脑轴调控认知功能。流行病学提示肝功能指标与MCI存在关联。肝脏通过过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α-低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白质1通路清除外周β-淀粉样蛋白;分泌成纤维细胞生长因子21、可溶性环氧化物水解酶等肝因子调节神经元能量代谢;介导氧化应激与系统性炎症反应等途径影响认知功能。抗炎/抗氧化、饮食模式调整、有氧运动是调节肝脏降低MCI发生的有效措施。本综述系统阐述肝-脑轴在MCI中的作用和机制,为开发基于肝脏靶点的认知障碍治疗提供新视角。

认知功能障碍  /  肝-脑轴  /  治疗学

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a critical precursor stage of Alzheimer’s disease,and the development of MCI is closely associated with liver function. As a core metabolic organ,the liver regulates cognitive function through the liver-brain axis. Epidemiological studies have shown the association between liver function parameters and MCI. The liver affects cognitive function by clearing peripheral β-amyloid (mainly via the PPARα-LRP-1 pathway),secreting hepatic factors such as FGF21 and sEH to modulate neuronal energy metabolism,and mediating oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory responses. Anti-inflammatory/antioxidant measures,dietary pattern adjustments,and aerobic exercise are currently effective strategies for regulating liver function and mitigating mild cognitive impairment. This article systematically reviews the role and mechanism of the liver-brain axis in MCI,in order to provide new perspectives for developing liver-targeted therapies for cognitive impairment.

Cognitive Dysfunction  /  Liver-Brain Axis  /  Therapeutics
李金玉, 姜恒, 冯对平, 聂继盛. 靶向肝脏改善轻度认知障碍的作用机制与治疗策略. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2026 , 42 (8) : 1996 -2000 . DOI: 10.12449/JCH260838
Jinyu Li, Heng Jiang, Duiping Feng, Jisheng Nie. Liver-targeted therapies for improving mild cognitive impairment:Mechanism of action and treatment strategies[J]. Journal of Clinical Hepatology, 2026 , 42 (8) : 1996 -2000 . DOI: 10.12449/JCH260838
代谢异常被认为是轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)发生发展的重要风险因素和关键驱动环节[1]。肝脏作为核心代谢器官,通过多种途径与大脑进行交流,这也是近年来备受关注的研究热点,即“肝-脑轴”[2]。关于肝脏在认知损害中的作用机制,尚缺乏系统的综述。本文旨在总结肝功能障碍与MCI的关联、机制及治疗进展,以期为揭示肝脏在MCI中的作用提供新见解。
MCI是记忆力衰退的初始阶段,早期的识别和干预成为降低痴呆发生的关键[3]。一项针对年龄≥60岁居民的社区调查发现,MCI的患病率高达26.48%[4],15年随访数据显示,其痴呆转化率高达80%,而早期干预可使15%的MCI逆转为正常状态[5]。因此,针对MCI人群开展有效的干预措施,对于预防并减少痴呆的发生至关重要。由于血脑屏障具备高度选择透过性,极大地限制了对大脑进行直接干预的有效手段。现有的干预方法大多聚焦于调节外周代谢,如运动和合理饮食等方式来间接影响大脑状态。肝脏在这些外周代谢调节过程中扮演着重要角色,提示干预肝脏可能是逆转MCI、改善认知功能的一条极具潜力且值得深入探索的新途径。
“肝-脑轴”最早源于中医的整体观,旨在揭示疾病的发生源于器官之间功能失调。中医理论中的“肝郁”“肝主疏泄”和“肝藏血”等概念[6],是肝脏对大脑影响的有力佐证。现代医学中,肝性脑病是体现肝脏对大脑影响的典型疾病。肝脏病变阻碍尿素循环,导致氨无法转化为尿素排出体外,进而引发血氨升高,通过血脑屏障,导致星形胶质细胞水肿,出现神经症状[7]。此外,肝脏病变与多种认知相关疾病的发生密切相关,包括阿尔茨海默病、脑梗死以及抑郁症等。研究发现,肝纤维化程度与τ蛋白病理和β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein,Aβ)水平呈正相关[8]。Sharma等[9]研究表明,对肝脏的直接损伤会伴随脑损伤,肝脏暴露射频-电磁辐射过程中,以频率依赖的方式同时降低乙酰胆碱酯酶活性。以上证据共同印证了“肝-脑轴”的存在。相较于大脑,肝脏具有较强的代偿和再生能力,早期监测、预防和治疗,可能成为预防脑损害的新方法。
外周血中肝酶、胆汁酸、氨等是反映肝功能的标志物,大量流行病学研究已证实肝功能标志物与MCI的关联性。研究报道,天冬氨酸氨基转移酶/丙氨酸氨基转移酶比值升高与记忆及执行功能减退呈正相关,丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平降低与脑脊液中Aβ1-42及磷酸化τ蛋白升高有关[10]。碱性磷酸酶和γ-谷氨酰转移酶与认知功能呈剂量依赖性负相关[11]。肝酶水平的升高常伴随氧化应激状态增强,这表明肝脏可能通过氧化损伤途径对认知功能产生间接影响。此外,次级胆汁酸水平升高与认知下降及阿尔茨海默病影像学改变相关[12];Chen等[13]发现肝脏氨代谢紊乱在阿尔茨海默病发病中具有潜在作用。以上人群证据反映了肝损伤与认知障碍的关系,为肝对脑的影响提供了人群数据支持。但这些标志物大多不具有神经毒性,而是从不同方面反映了肝脏病理过程(如氧化应激、代谢紊乱和清除障碍),提示肝脏可能通过以上机制参与认知损害。
肝损伤会直接影响肝脏的代谢、解毒(清除)和合成功能,这3个过程均与认知障碍的发生密切相关。肝脏代谢障碍引起氧化应激和炎症反应,可加剧神经炎症引起认知障碍;肝脏解毒(清除)能力直接影响肝脏对于外周Aβ的清除,而外周Aβ的蓄积是认知障碍的主要表现;肝脏还可合成大量具有神经活性的分子,调节神经元能量代谢和功能。肝损伤主要通过氧化应激、Aβ清除能力降低及肝脏合成的神经活性分子失调这3条通路加剧认知障碍(图1)。
肝脏作为解毒器官,对于认知障碍致病分子Aβ的清除具有一定的作用。研究报道,约60%的Aβ由肝脏清除[14],提示认知障碍的发生可能与肝脏清除能力下降有关。代谢性肝病,如非酒精性脂肪性肝病,通过下调过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α/低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白质1(low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1,LRP-1)的表达,特异性抑制肝细胞对Aβ的摄取,导致其在血浆中积累,进而引发认知损伤[15]。肝硬化时,肝脏整体清除功能衰竭,患者血浆Aβ水平显著升高[16]。上述两种病理状态的机制存在差异,代谢性肝病主要涉及LRP-1等特异性分子通路失调,而终末期肝病则与肝脏结构破坏所致的整体代谢功能丧失相关。
肝脏是重要的合成器官。近年来,肝细胞分泌的类激素蛋白(亦被称为肝因子)已成为研究热点,此类因子通过血液循环在肝外组织发挥调节作用,其中部分肝因子能够穿过血脑屏障直接影响神经系统。目前已知多种肝因子参与认知调节,包括成纤维细胞生长因子21(fibroblast growth factor 21,FGF21)、可溶性环氧化物水解酶(soluble epoxide hydrolase,sEH)和硒蛋白P(selenoprotein P,SELENOP)等。研究表明,补充番茄红素可以提升老年期小鼠肝脏FGF21水平,该肝源性FGF21入脑后通过改善脑能量代谢稳态,进而实现认知功能改善[17]。此外,其他肝因子也参与认知调节。例如,sEH的活性随年龄增长而降低,其调控的血浆14,15-环氧二十碳三烯酸可入脑与Aβ结合,抑制Aβ病理性聚集[18];SELENOP缺乏则会加剧阿尔茨海默病脑中的氧化应激[19]。值得注意的是,在代谢性肝病中,FGF21分泌增加以改善全身胰岛素敏感性和葡萄糖代谢[14];而在终末期肝病(如酒精性肝硬化)中,FGF21水平可能因持续酒精暴露和炎症刺激而升高[20],进而影响肝-脑轴的功能。
肝功能障碍可通过氧化应激与系统性炎症加剧认知障碍,但其机制在代谢性肝病与终末期肝病中存在差异。在代谢性肝病(如代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病)中,认知障碍由多因素共同驱动,其中慢性系统性炎症为核心机制[2]。该过程表现为脂肪组织与肝脏释放促炎细胞因子(如白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α),同时胰岛素抵抗、血脂异常等代谢紊乱与血管病变协同促进神经退行性变,此类认知损害在肝硬化前期就已经显现。相比之下,在终末期肝病(如肝硬化)中,肝性脑病作为认知障碍的代表,是肝功能不全或门体分流所导致的脑功能障碍[21]。因此,终末期肝病的认知损害更直接地与肝脏解毒功能衰竭以及毒性物质(如氨)的积聚相关。两者均涉及炎症,但代谢性肝病更强调由代谢异常驱动的慢性系统性炎症及其与血管、老化等因素的协同作用;终末期肝病则侧重于肝衰竭所致毒性物质累积与炎症的协同放大效应。
肝脏对于认知的影响通过肝-脑轴实现,提示针对肝脏的调节策略在认知障碍治疗中表现出新的潜力。由于血脑屏障的存在,对大脑直接干预受限;相比之下,肝脏对治疗的响应更为直接,且考虑到肝损伤常具有可逆性,将肝脏作为干预认知障碍的靶点,制订针对肝病的早期监测与预防策略,可能是未来减缓认知能力下降的一个潜在可行方向。
肝功能障碍引起的系统性炎症反应是加剧认知障碍的一大原因。针对肝脏的抗炎和抗氧化方案可能减轻认知损害。研究显示,中药天麻的活性成分巴利森苷A干预肝硬化小鼠,可提升肝脏对氨的处理能力,缓解氨代谢引起的氧化损伤,最终改善神经功能[22]。除了动物实验证据,多项临床随机对照试验也证实了肝脏抗炎/抗氧化在认知障碍患者中的治疗效果。例如,轻微肝性脑病(minimal hepatic encephalopathy,MHE)患者使用八宝丹联合乳果糖可降低炎症因子白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6和肿瘤坏死因子α水平,恢复肝脏炎症引起的认知障碍[23]。上述研究进一步佐证了通过改善肝功能修复认知障碍的临床可行性。
饮食作为可调控的外部因素,被认为是干预肝脏改善认知的可行切入点[24]。富含硒的食物(如番茄)可以增加FGF21和SELENOP表达,从而改善大脑硒供应,减轻氧化应激。动物研究表明,膳食补充番茄红素会提高FGF21水平,调控肝脏糖脂代谢,减轻高能量膳食诱导的机体炎症反应,最终改善脑部突触可塑性及认知功能[25]。在临床研究方面,肝性脑病的饮食干预为“从肝治脑”提供了最直接的证据。高优质蛋白、低热量是缓解肝性脑病症状的饮食要求。一项针对MHE患者的双盲随机对照试验表明,为期6个月的强化营养治疗能够显著提高患者的MHE逆转率(73.2% vs 21.4%)[26]。
有氧运动是连接肝、脑的主要运动干预方式。动物研究表明,跑步可上调脂联素受体,增强机体对FGF21的敏感性[24],改善胰岛素敏感性和降低肝脂肪积聚,促进整体健康并减轻认知功能障碍的风险。临床研究发现,通过调节休息-活动节律,增加体力活动或运动可作为改善肝病相关认知障碍的潜在干预措施[27]。中医运动在改善肝脏致认知障碍方面也有一些证据。例如五禽戏能有效改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝脏代谢指标,显著降低患者的血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平[28],这种对肝脏脂质代谢的积极调节,可能为后续的神经保护作用奠定基础[29]。
MCI作为一种重要的神经退行性前驱状态,其发生发展与肝脏功能密切相关。肝功能异常与MCI风险显著相关,肝脏通过清除Aβ、分泌肝因子(如FGF21、sEH)以及调控氧化应激和系统性炎症等途径影响认知功能。靶向肝脏的干预策略(如抗炎/抗氧化、运动及饮食调整)展现出改善认知障碍的潜力。未来研究需进一步明确肝-脑互作的具体分子机制,并探索基于肝脏的精准治疗手段,为MCI及阿尔茨海默病的早期干预提供新思路。

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2026年第42卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2025-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-16
  • 出版时间:2026-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-26
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    1山西医科大学法医学院,太原 030001
    2山西医科大学第一医院肿瘤与血管介入科,太原 030001
    3山西医科大学公共卫生学院,煤炭环境致病与防治教育部重点实验室,太原 030001

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聂继盛, (ORCID:0000-0003-4351-2017)
Nie Jisheng, (ORCID:0000-0003-4351-2017)
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