Article(id=1317885719725589357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, issueId=1317885672153797495, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12449/JCH260817, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768060800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1777219200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-27, onlineDate=1792138040715, onlineDateStr=2026-10-16, pubDate=1787587200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792138040715, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792138040715, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792138040715, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317885672153797495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, year='2026', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='1745', pageEnd='2000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787587200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792138029373, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792138608261, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317888100290900262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, issueId=1317885672153797495, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317888100290900263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, issueId=1317885672153797495, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1845, endPage=1856, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317885721587860335, articleId=1317885719725589357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, language=EN, title=Risk factors for rebleeding after endoscopic therapy for esophageal and gastric varices in liver cirrhosis patients and construction of a nomogram model, columnId=1317885721508168558, journalTitle=Journal of Clinical Hepatology, columnName=Liver Fibrosis and Liver Cirrhosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the risk factors for rebleeding after endoscopic therapy for esophageal and gastric varices in liver cirrhosis patients,to construct a clinical predictive model,and to provide a reference for predicting rebleeding in the early stage,reducing the incidence rate of rebleeding,and improving the clinical outcome of patients.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 194 liver cirrhosis patients with gastroesophageal variceal bleeding who received initial endoscopic therapy at Department of Gastroenterology,The Second People’s Hospital of Lanzhou,from January 1,2021 to May 31,2025. According to whether rebleeding occurred within 1 year after endoscopic therapy,the patients were divided into rebleeding group and non-rebleeding group. The independent-samples t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups,and the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The patients enrolled were randomly divided into a training set and a validation set at a ratio of 7∶3. In the training set,the Lasso regression analysis was used to obtain optimal predictive variables,and the factors that might affect prognosis were included in the univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses to identify independent predictive factors for rebleeding after endoscopic therapy for esophageal and gastric varices in liver cirrhosis patients,which were used to construct a nomogram model. In both the training set and the validation set,the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the calibration curve were used to assess the discriminatory ability and calibration of the model,and decision curve analysis and the clinical impact curve were used to assess the clinical practicability of the model.

Results

Among the 194 liver cirrhosis patients with esophageal and gastric varices,116 (59.79%) experienced rebleeding within 1 year after endoscopic therapy,with 76 patients in the training set and 40 patients in the validation set. In the training set,the Lasso regression analysis and the univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses showed that etiology of liver cirrhosis (odds ratio [OR]=3.540,95% confidence interval [CI]:1.520 — 7.150,P<0.001),Child-Pugh class (OR=3.560,95%CI:1.380 — 9.500,P=0.019),severity of esophageal and gastric varices (OR=8.190,95%CI:3.568 — 17.850,P=0.026),and main portal vein diameter (OR=2.954,95%CI:1.349 — 15.030,P=0.044) were independent predictive factors for rebleeding of esophageal and gastric varices in liver cirrhosis patients. A nomogram model was constructed based on the above independent predictive factors. The ROC curve analysis showed that this model had an area under the ROC curve of 0.845 (95%CI:0.778 — 0.912) in the training set and 0.801 (95%CI:0.798 — 0.868) in the validation set. The model had an index of concordance of 0.832 in the training set and 0.820 in the validation set,suggesting that the model had a good discriminatory ability. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed P values of 0.320 and 0.550 in the training set and validation set,respectively,the calibration curve indicated that the predicted probabilities of the nomogram model were in good concordance with the actual observed probabilities,suggesting that the model had good calibration. The decision curve analysis and the clinical impact curve showed that the model had good clinical utility.

Conclusion

The nomogram model based on etiology of liver cirrhosis,Child-Pugh class,severity of esophageal and gastric varices,and main portal vein diameter has a certain clinical value in predicting the risk of rebleeding from esophageal and gastric varices in liver cirrhosis.

, authors=Huijuan Shao1, Shini Han2, Aiping Zhang1, Yuling Zhang1, Ting Li1, Ya Han3, Jiucong Zhang4, Wenshan Dou1, Xiuxia Wang1, Hongwei Du1, authorsList=Huijuan Shao, Shini Han, Aiping Zhang, Yuling Zhang, Ting Li, Ya Han, Jiucong Zhang, Wenshan Dou, Xiuxia Wang, Hongwei Du, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongwei Du, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317885724108637055, articleId=1317885719725589357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, language=CN, title=肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张内镜下治疗后再出血的危险因素分析及列线图模型构建, columnId=1317885721675940720, journalTitle=临床肝胆病杂志, columnName=肝纤维化及肝硬化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张内镜治疗后再出血的危险因素并构建临床预测模型,为早期预测再出血、降低再出血发生率及改善患者临床转归提供参考。

方法

回顾性分析2021年1月1日—2025年5月31日在兰州市第二人民医院消化内科经内镜首次治疗的194例肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床资料,按照患者经内镜治疗后1年内是否发生消化道再出血分为再出血组和未出血组。计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。将入选患者按照7∶3比例随机分为训练集和验证集。在训练集中,通过Lasso回归分析筛选最优预测变量,然后将可能影响预后的因素纳入单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,筛选肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血的独立预测因素,并以筛选出的变量构建列线图模型。在训练集与验证集中,通过受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线)和校准曲线评估列线图模型的分辨力及校准度,决策曲线分析(DCA)和临床影响曲线(CIC)用以评估模型的临床实用性。

结果

194例肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张患者经内镜治疗后1年内,发生再出血者116例(59.79%),其中训练集和验证集再出血患者分别为76例和40例。在训练集中,经Lasso回归分析、单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析后,筛选出4个与肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血相关的独立预测因子,分别为肝硬化病因[比值比(OR)=3.540,95%置信区间(95%CI):1.520~7.150,P<0.001]、蔡尔德-皮尤分级(OR=3.560,95%CI:1.380~9.500,P=0.019)、食管胃静脉曲张程度(OR=8.190,95%CI:3.568~17.850,P=0.026)和门静脉主干直径(OR=2.954,95%CI:1.349~15.030,P=0.044)。以上述独立预测因子构建列线图模型,ROC曲线分析显示,该列线图模型在训练集和验证集的曲线下面积分别为0.845(95%CI:0.778~0.912)和0.801(95%CI:0.798~0.868);训练集和验证集的一致性指数分别为0.832和0.820,提示区分度较好。Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果显示P值分别为0.320和0.550,校准曲线显示,列线图模型预测概率与实际概率具有良好一致性,说明校准度较好;DCA和CIC分析结果表明,该模型具有良好的临床效用。

结论

基于肝硬化病因、蔡尔德-皮尤分级、食管胃静脉曲张程度和门静脉主干直径构建的列线图模型对肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血风险预测具有一定的临床价值。

, authors=邵慧娟1, 韩世妮2, 张爱萍1, 张玉玲1, 李挺1, 韩亚3, 张久聪4, 窦文杉1, 王秀霞1, 杜宏伟1, authorsList=邵慧娟, 韩世妮, 张爱萍, 张玉玲, 李挺, 韩亚, 张久聪, 窦文杉, 王秀霞, 杜宏伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杜宏伟, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

邵慧娟负责设计论文框架,起草论文;韩世妮、张爱萍负责统计学分析,绘制图表;张玉玲、李挺和韩亚负责数据收集;窦文杉、王秀霞负责论文修改;杜宏伟、张久聪负责拟定写作思路,指导撰写文章并最后定稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
杜宏伟, (ORCID:0000-0001-7032-6792)
Du Hongwei, (ORCID:0000-0001-7032-6792)
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DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2025.05.023., articleTitle=Endoscopic tissue glue injection and esophageal variceal ligation in treatment of patients with hepatitis B-induced liver cirrhosis and esophageal and gastric varices bleeding, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317885724343518080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317885724351906689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, companyId=1317885724343518080, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Gastroenterology,The Second People’s Hospital of Lanzhou,Lanzhou 730000,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317885724364489602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, companyId=1317885724343518080, language=CN, country=null, province=null, 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注:Child-Pugh分级,蔡尔德-皮尤分级。

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注:a,训练集;b,验证集。Child-Pugh分级,蔡尔德-皮尤分级;GOV,食管胃静脉曲张程度;MPV,门静脉主干直径。

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注:a,训练集;b,验证集。

, figureFileSmall=ABQ/7xQtdRQ8VigyNzI7Fw==, figureFileBig=KLlR0ynYLWL6IE7YGdxbdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317885732509828052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Clinical decision curve analysis, figureFileSmall=BAT4xCfxz5Tq1zkuhCx//w==, figureFileBig=+Rrm5ry7O155WckhglrcOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317885732572742613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, language=CN, label=图6, caption=临床决策曲线分析

注:a,训练集;b,验证集。

, figureFileSmall=BAT4xCfxz5Tq1zkuhCx//w==, figureFileBig=+Rrm5ry7O155WckhglrcOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317885732681794518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Clinical impact curve, figureFileSmall=zbTbCuhoJZWnuS403k0lSg==, figureFileBig=zse+8xDOU9K8/VJ0gzeVWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317885732765680599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, language=CN, label=图7, caption=临床影响曲线

注:a,训练集;b,验证集。

, figureFileSmall=zbTbCuhoJZWnuS403k0lSg==, figureFileBig=zse+8xDOU9K8/VJ0gzeVWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317885732836983768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Clinical data between the training set and internal validation set

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标训练集(n=136)验证集(n=58)统计值P值
年龄(岁)55.51±11.2152.86±12.22t=-1.4680.144
性别[例(%)]χ2=7.5630.006
女69(50.74)17(29.31)
男67(49.26)41(70.69)
体重指数(kg/m2)22.48±3.4822.33±4.28t=-0.2620.794
家族史[例(%)]χ2=0.0870.768
无115(84.56)50(86.21)
有21(15.44)8(13.79)
吸烟史[例(%)]χ2=0.0350.853
无84(61.76)35(60.34)
有52(38.24)23(39.66)
饮酒史[例(%)]χ2=0.0030.956
无92(67.65)39(67.24)
有44(32.35)19(32.76)
肝硬化病因[例(%)]χ2=0.7790.677
乙型肝炎92(67.65)41(70.69)
自身免疫性26(19.12)11(18.97)
酒精性18(13.24)6(10.34)
门静脉高压治疗史[例(%)]χ2=0.0770.781
无33(24.26)13(22.41)
有103(75.74)45(77.59)
高血压[例(%)]χ2=0.0160.899
无102(75.00)44(75.86)
有34(25.00)14(24.14)
糖尿病[例(%)]χ2=0.2650.607
无129(94.85)56(96.55)
有7(5.15)2(3.45)
Child-Pugh分级[例(%)]χ2=0.2310.631
A级111(81.62)49(84.48)
B级25(18.38)9(15.52)
肝性脑病[例(%)]χ2=0.2330.630
无129(94.85)54(93.10)
有7(5.15)4(6.90)
腹水[例(%)]χ2=1.4130.235
无52(38.24)17(29.31)
有84(61.76)41(70.69)
门静脉高压性胃病[例(%)]χ2=3.6000.058
无52(38.24)14(24.14)
有84(61.76)44(75.86)
门静脉血栓[例(%)]χ2=0.3920.531
无113(83.09)46(79.31)
有23(16.91)12(20.69)
腹膜炎[例(%)]χ2=0.2300.631
无131(96.32)55(94.83)
有5(3.68)3(5.17)
电解质紊乱[例(%)]χ2=8.8220.003
无42(30.88)31(53.45)
有94(69.12)27(46.55)
门静脉主干直径(mm)16.23±4.2416.05±4.78t=-0.2590.796
脾静脉直径(mm)11.13±3.0110.86±2.27t=-0.6310.541
门静脉血流速度(cm/s)11.71±2.7510.95±2.25t=-1.8700.063
食管胃静脉曲张程度[例(%)]χ2=0.4920.782
轻度81(59.56)33(56.90)
中度43(31.62)21(36.21)
重度12(8.82)4(6.90)
红色征[例(%)]χ2=1.1350.287
无28(20.59)16(27.59)
有108(79.41)42(72.41)
组织胶用量(mL)1.00(0.50~1.50)1.00(0.50~2.00)Z=-1.3900.164
治疗方式[例(%)]χ2=0.6720.412
EIS53(38.97)19(32.76)
EIS+EVL83(61.03)39(67.24)
白细胞(×109/L)3.00(2.47~4.78)3.45(2.43~5.02)Z=-0.5030.615
中性粒细胞(×109/L)2.05(1.43~3.90)2.10(1.52~3.17)Z=-0.5600.575
中性粒细胞百分比(%)0.69±0.120.67±0.10t=-0.8890.375
淋巴细胞(×109/L)0.70(0.41~0.90)0.70(0.50~1.00)Z=-0.7080.479
单核细胞(×109/L)0.26(0.17~0.38)0.29(0.17~0.44)Z=-1.1960.232
红细胞(×1012/L)3.60±0.883.62±1.04t=0.1820.856
血小板(×1012/L)57.00(42.25~91.00)56.50(43.00~81.25)Z=-0.3590.720
血红蛋白(g/L)97.57±28.6499.79±34.08t=0.4680.640
总胆红素(μmol/L)27.90(20.43~41.53)31.55(20.80~47.25)Z=-0.5530.580
胆碱酯酶(U/L)4 074.50(2 974.00~4 577.00)3 897.50(3 016.25~4 879.50)Z=-0.3700.711
AST(U/L)31.00(22.00~43.00)32.00(23.00~48.25)Z=-0.9530.341
ALT(U/L)23.00(18.00~33.00)25.00(19.00~36.25)Z=-1.0640.287
AST/ALT1.31(1.00~1.66)1.25(1.00~1.55)Z=-0.4930.662
ALP(U/L)97.00(72.25~140.75)93.00(72.00~130.75)Z=-0.4200.674
GGT(U/L)27.00(16.00~50.75)34.50(17.00~56.00)Z=-1.1450.252
白蛋白(g/L)36.84±6.1235.80±6.02t=-1.0890.277
球蛋白(g/L)28.09±7.2428.19±5.66t=0.0990.921
前白蛋白(g/L)116.56±41.71114.38±45.23t=-0.3260.745
血清肌酐(μmol/L)62.15(53.78~69.78)59.30(53.70~67.95)Z=-0.8090.419
尿酸(μmol/L)268.49±115.47270.22±106.72t=0.0980.922
总胆固醇(mmol/L)2.92(2.36~3.56)2.89(2.46~3.72)Z=-0.4920.623
甘油三酯(mmol/L)0.84(0.61~1.19)0.98(0.64~1.37)Z=-1.4070.160
凝血酶原时间(s)15.00(13.73~16.80)15.35(14.20~17.13)Z=-1.3560.175
国际标准化比值1.26(1.16~1.38)1.29(1.17~1.41)Z=-0.9140.361
活化部分凝血活酶时间(s)29.45(27.10~34.18)29.70(26.43~33.58)Z=-0.4390.661
凝血酶时间(s)18.15(17.03~19.45)18.55(17.18~19.45)Z=-0.3480.728
凝血酶原活动度(%)62.15(53.78~69.78)59.30(53.70~67.95)Z=-0.8090.419
D-二聚体(mg/L)0.80(0.33~1.92)0.55(0.28~2.06)Z=-0.6150.539
纤维蛋白原(g/L)1.72(1.20~2.34)1.87(1.43~2.37)Z=-1.0070.314
), ArticleFig(id=1317885732920869849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

训练集与验证集临床资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标训练集(n=136)验证集(n=58)统计值P值
年龄(岁)55.51±11.2152.86±12.22t=-1.4680.144
性别[例(%)]χ2=7.5630.006
女69(50.74)17(29.31)
男67(49.26)41(70.69)
体重指数(kg/m2)22.48±3.4822.33±4.28t=-0.2620.794
家族史[例(%)]χ2=0.0870.768
无115(84.56)50(86.21)
有21(15.44)8(13.79)
吸烟史[例(%)]χ2=0.0350.853
无84(61.76)35(60.34)
有52(38.24)23(39.66)
饮酒史[例(%)]χ2=0.0030.956
无92(67.65)39(67.24)
有44(32.35)19(32.76)
肝硬化病因[例(%)]χ2=0.7790.677
乙型肝炎92(67.65)41(70.69)
自身免疫性26(19.12)11(18.97)
酒精性18(13.24)6(10.34)
门静脉高压治疗史[例(%)]χ2=0.0770.781
无33(24.26)13(22.41)
有103(75.74)45(77.59)
高血压[例(%)]χ2=0.0160.899
无102(75.00)44(75.86)
有34(25.00)14(24.14)
糖尿病[例(%)]χ2=0.2650.607
无129(94.85)56(96.55)
有7(5.15)2(3.45)
Child-Pugh分级[例(%)]χ2=0.2310.631
A级111(81.62)49(84.48)
B级25(18.38)9(15.52)
肝性脑病[例(%)]χ2=0.2330.630
无129(94.85)54(93.10)
有7(5.15)4(6.90)
腹水[例(%)]χ2=1.4130.235
无52(38.24)17(29.31)
有84(61.76)41(70.69)
门静脉高压性胃病[例(%)]χ2=3.6000.058
无52(38.24)14(24.14)
有84(61.76)44(75.86)
门静脉血栓[例(%)]χ2=0.3920.531
无113(83.09)46(79.31)
有23(16.91)12(20.69)
腹膜炎[例(%)]χ2=0.2300.631
无131(96.32)55(94.83)
有5(3.68)3(5.17)
电解质紊乱[例(%)]χ2=8.8220.003
无42(30.88)31(53.45)
有94(69.12)27(46.55)
门静脉主干直径(mm)16.23±4.2416.05±4.78t=-0.2590.796
脾静脉直径(mm)11.13±3.0110.86±2.27t=-0.6310.541
门静脉血流速度(cm/s)11.71±2.7510.95±2.25t=-1.8700.063
食管胃静脉曲张程度[例(%)]χ2=0.4920.782
轻度81(59.56)33(56.90)
中度43(31.62)21(36.21)
重度12(8.82)4(6.90)
红色征[例(%)]χ2=1.1350.287
无28(20.59)16(27.59)
有108(79.41)42(72.41)
组织胶用量(mL)1.00(0.50~1.50)1.00(0.50~2.00)Z=-1.3900.164
治疗方式[例(%)]χ2=0.6720.412
EIS53(38.97)19(32.76)
EIS+EVL83(61.03)39(67.24)
白细胞(×109/L)3.00(2.47~4.78)3.45(2.43~5.02)Z=-0.5030.615
中性粒细胞(×109/L)2.05(1.43~3.90)2.10(1.52~3.17)Z=-0.5600.575
中性粒细胞百分比(%)0.69±0.120.67±0.10t=-0.8890.375
淋巴细胞(×109/L)0.70(0.41~0.90)0.70(0.50~1.00)Z=-0.7080.479
单核细胞(×109/L)0.26(0.17~0.38)0.29(0.17~0.44)Z=-1.1960.232
红细胞(×1012/L)3.60±0.883.62±1.04t=0.1820.856
血小板(×1012/L)57.00(42.25~91.00)56.50(43.00~81.25)Z=-0.3590.720
血红蛋白(g/L)97.57±28.6499.79±34.08t=0.4680.640
总胆红素(μmol/L)27.90(20.43~41.53)31.55(20.80~47.25)Z=-0.5530.580
胆碱酯酶(U/L)4 074.50(2 974.00~4 577.00)3 897.50(3 016.25~4 879.50)Z=-0.3700.711
AST(U/L)31.00(22.00~43.00)32.00(23.00~48.25)Z=-0.9530.341
ALT(U/L)23.00(18.00~33.00)25.00(19.00~36.25)Z=-1.0640.287
AST/ALT1.31(1.00~1.66)1.25(1.00~1.55)Z=-0.4930.662
ALP(U/L)97.00(72.25~140.75)93.00(72.00~130.75)Z=-0.4200.674
GGT(U/L)27.00(16.00~50.75)34.50(17.00~56.00)Z=-1.1450.252
白蛋白(g/L)36.84±6.1235.80±6.02t=-1.0890.277
球蛋白(g/L)28.09±7.2428.19±5.66t=0.0990.921
前白蛋白(g/L)116.56±41.71114.38±45.23t=-0.3260.745
血清肌酐(μmol/L)62.15(53.78~69.78)59.30(53.70~67.95)Z=-0.8090.419
尿酸(μmol/L)268.49±115.47270.22±106.72t=0.0980.922
总胆固醇(mmol/L)2.92(2.36~3.56)2.89(2.46~3.72)Z=-0.4920.623
甘油三酯(mmol/L)0.84(0.61~1.19)0.98(0.64~1.37)Z=-1.4070.160
凝血酶原时间(s)15.00(13.73~16.80)15.35(14.20~17.13)Z=-1.3560.175
国际标准化比值1.26(1.16~1.38)1.29(1.17~1.41)Z=-0.9140.361
活化部分凝血活酶时间(s)29.45(27.10~34.18)29.70(26.43~33.58)Z=-0.4390.661
凝血酶时间(s)18.15(17.03~19.45)18.55(17.18~19.45)Z=-0.3480.728
凝血酶原活动度(%)62.15(53.78~69.78)59.30(53.70~67.95)Z=-0.8090.419
D-二聚体(mg/L)0.80(0.33~1.92)0.55(0.28~2.06)Z=-0.6150.539
纤维蛋白原(g/L)1.72(1.20~2.34)1.87(1.43~2.37)Z=-1.0070.314
), ArticleFig(id=1317885733004755930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Clinical data between the rebleeding and no bleeding set

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标再出血组(n=116)未出血组(n=78)统计值P值
年龄(岁)54.34±11.2055.36±12.10t=0.6040.547
性别[例(%)]χ2=1.6990.192
女47(40.52)39(50.00)
男69(59.48)39(50.00)
体重指数(kg/m2)22.46±4.0422.40±3.21t=-0.1190.905
家族史[例(%)]χ2=1.1930.275
无96(82.76)69(88.46)
有20(17.24)9(11.54)
吸烟史[例(%)]χ2=0.0650.799
无72(62.07)47(60.26)
有44(37.93)31(39.74)
饮酒史[例(%)]χ2=1.8330.176
无74(63.79)57(73.08)
有42(36.21)21(26.92)
肝硬化病因[例(%)]χ2=11.3440.003
乙型肝炎90(77.59)43(55.13)
自身免疫性17(14.66)20(25.64)
酒精性9(7.76)15(19.23)
门静脉高压治疗史[例(%)]χ2=0.2650.607
无29(25.00)17(21.79)
有87(75.00)61(78.21)
高血压[例(%)]χ2=6.1350.013
无80(68.97)66(84.62)
有36(31.03)12(15.38)
糖尿病[例(%)]χ2=0.0710.791
无111(95.69)74(94.87)
有5(4.31)4(5.13)
Child-Pugh分级[例(%)]χ2=6.6000.010
A级89(76.72)71(91.03)
B级27(23.28)7(8.97)
肝性脑病[例(%)]χ2=2.3530.125
无107(92.24)76(97.44)
有9(7.76)2(2.56)
腹水[例(%)]χ2=2.5860.108
无36(31.03)33(42.31)
有80(68.97)45(57.69)
门静脉高压性胃病[例(%)]χ2=2.8520.091
无34(29.31)32(41.03)
有82(70.69)46(58.97)
门静脉血栓[例(%)]χ2=5.3470.021
无89(76.72)70(89.74)
有27(23.28)8(10.26)
腹膜炎[例(%)]χ2=0.8030.370
无110(94.83)76(97.44)
有6(5.17)2(2.56)
电解质紊乱[例(%)]χ2=1.9750.160
无39(33.62)34(43.59)
有77(66.38)44(56.41)
门静脉主干直径(mm)14.45±3.9616.40±4.97t=3.0380.003
脾静脉直径(mm)10.38±2.5811.38±3.37t=2.3520.020
门静脉血流速度(cm/s)10.89±2.3211.78±2.67t=2.4750.014
食管胃静脉曲张程度[例(%)]χ2=13.5800.001
轻度56(48.28)58(74.36)
中度46(39.66)18(23.08)
重度14(12.07)2(2.56)
红色征[例(%)]χ2=1.0030.606
无25(21.55)19(24.36)
有91(78.45)59(75.64)
组织胶用量(mL)1.50(0.50~1.70)1.20(0.50~2.00)Z=-3.2460.001
治疗方式[例(%)]χ2=2.3440.126
EIS38(32.76)34(43.59)
EIS+EVL78(67.24)44(56.41)
白细胞(×109/L)3.00(2.45~4.76)3.45(2.42~5.01)Z=-0.0380.970
中性粒细胞(×109/L)2.06(1.41~3.89)2.11(1.53~3.18)Z=-0.1940.846
中性粒细胞百分比(%)0.69±0.120.67±0.11t=-1.0850.279
淋巴细胞(×109/L)0.70(0.49~1.10)0.65(0.44~0.90)Z=-0.2530.801
单核细胞(×109/L)0.26(0.17~0.44)0.29(0.17~0.38)Z=-0.5480.584
红细胞(×1012/L)3.54±0.973.70±0.86t=1.1440.254
血小板(×1012/L)55.50(41.25~86.25)58.00(48.75~83.75)Z=-1.1290.259
血红蛋白(g/L)92.12±28.59102.96±30.40t=2.5250.012
总胆红素(μmol/L)28.60(20.05~41.68)27.90(21.00~44.18)Z=-0.4540.650
胆碱酯酶(U/L)3 667.50(2 944.75~4 873.50)4 074.50(3 122.00~4 316.00)Z=-0.1120.911
AST(U/L)31.00(22.00~44.00)33.00(23.75~45.75)Z=-0.5740.566
ALT(U/L)23.00(19.00~51.30)24.50(18.00~50.30)Z=-0.3330.739
AST/ALT1.25(1.00~1.55)1.39(1.00~1.77)Z=-1.7570.079
ALP(U/L)91.50(70.25~129.50)102.50(82.75~143.00)Z=-2.2850.022
GGT(U/L)27.00(17.00~48.00)34.50(17.00~73.25)Z=-2.2560.024
白蛋白(g/L)36.13±6.8637.13±4.71t=1.1190.265
球蛋白(g/L)27.34±6.1529.28±7.55t=1.9600.051
前白蛋白(g/L)112.19±40.40121.44±45.59t=1.4850.139
血清肌酐(μmol/L)60.00(52.00~71.00)57.50(49.00~72.25)Z=-2.9500.003
尿酸(μmol/L)263.04±119.32277.88±102.06t=0.8990.370
总胆固醇(mmol/L)2.89(2.32~3.73)3.02(2.61~3.50)Z=-2.2670.023
甘油三酯(mmol/L)0.94(0.65~1.50)0.70(0.54~1.09)Z=-3.2300.001
凝血酶原时间(s)15.25(13.93~17.00)15.05(13.68~16.73)Z=-0.9000.368
国际标准化比值1.27(1.17~1.40)1.26(1.16~1.35)Z=-0.9140.360
活化部分凝血活酶时间(s)31.26±5.7829.35±4.87t=-2.3990.017
凝血酶时间(s)18.45(17.25~21.19)17.80(16.80~19.33)Z=-1.5070.132
凝血酶原活动度(%)59.80(52.00~68.05)63.20(56.53~69.05)Z=-1.4800.139
D-二聚体(mg/L)0.50(0.28~1.40)1.18(0.42~6.69)Z=-4.168<0.001
纤维蛋白原(g/L)1.64(1.16~1.98)2.02(1.53~2.65)Z=-3.3180.001
), ArticleFig(id=1317885733080253403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血与未出血患者临床资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标再出血组(n=116)未出血组(n=78)统计值P值
年龄(岁)54.34±11.2055.36±12.10t=0.6040.547
性别[例(%)]χ2=1.6990.192
女47(40.52)39(50.00)
男69(59.48)39(50.00)
体重指数(kg/m2)22.46±4.0422.40±3.21t=-0.1190.905
家族史[例(%)]χ2=1.1930.275
无96(82.76)69(88.46)
有20(17.24)9(11.54)
吸烟史[例(%)]χ2=0.0650.799
无72(62.07)47(60.26)
有44(37.93)31(39.74)
饮酒史[例(%)]χ2=1.8330.176
无74(63.79)57(73.08)
有42(36.21)21(26.92)
肝硬化病因[例(%)]χ2=11.3440.003
乙型肝炎90(77.59)43(55.13)
自身免疫性17(14.66)20(25.64)
酒精性9(7.76)15(19.23)
门静脉高压治疗史[例(%)]χ2=0.2650.607
无29(25.00)17(21.79)
有87(75.00)61(78.21)
高血压[例(%)]χ2=6.1350.013
无80(68.97)66(84.62)
有36(31.03)12(15.38)
糖尿病[例(%)]χ2=0.0710.791
无111(95.69)74(94.87)
有5(4.31)4(5.13)
Child-Pugh分级[例(%)]χ2=6.6000.010
A级89(76.72)71(91.03)
B级27(23.28)7(8.97)
肝性脑病[例(%)]χ2=2.3530.125
无107(92.24)76(97.44)
有9(7.76)2(2.56)
腹水[例(%)]χ2=2.5860.108
无36(31.03)33(42.31)
有80(68.97)45(57.69)
门静脉高压性胃病[例(%)]χ2=2.8520.091
无34(29.31)32(41.03)
有82(70.69)46(58.97)
门静脉血栓[例(%)]χ2=5.3470.021
无89(76.72)70(89.74)
有27(23.28)8(10.26)
腹膜炎[例(%)]χ2=0.8030.370
无110(94.83)76(97.44)
有6(5.17)2(2.56)
电解质紊乱[例(%)]χ2=1.9750.160
无39(33.62)34(43.59)
有77(66.38)44(56.41)
门静脉主干直径(mm)14.45±3.9616.40±4.97t=3.0380.003
脾静脉直径(mm)10.38±2.5811.38±3.37t=2.3520.020
门静脉血流速度(cm/s)10.89±2.3211.78±2.67t=2.4750.014
食管胃静脉曲张程度[例(%)]χ2=13.5800.001
轻度56(48.28)58(74.36)
中度46(39.66)18(23.08)
重度14(12.07)2(2.56)
红色征[例(%)]χ2=1.0030.606
无25(21.55)19(24.36)
有91(78.45)59(75.64)
组织胶用量(mL)1.50(0.50~1.70)1.20(0.50~2.00)Z=-3.2460.001
治疗方式[例(%)]χ2=2.3440.126
EIS38(32.76)34(43.59)
EIS+EVL78(67.24)44(56.41)
白细胞(×109/L)3.00(2.45~4.76)3.45(2.42~5.01)Z=-0.0380.970
中性粒细胞(×109/L)2.06(1.41~3.89)2.11(1.53~3.18)Z=-0.1940.846
中性粒细胞百分比(%)0.69±0.120.67±0.11t=-1.0850.279
淋巴细胞(×109/L)0.70(0.49~1.10)0.65(0.44~0.90)Z=-0.2530.801
单核细胞(×109/L)0.26(0.17~0.44)0.29(0.17~0.38)Z=-0.5480.584
红细胞(×1012/L)3.54±0.973.70±0.86t=1.1440.254
血小板(×1012/L)55.50(41.25~86.25)58.00(48.75~83.75)Z=-1.1290.259
血红蛋白(g/L)92.12±28.59102.96±30.40t=2.5250.012
总胆红素(μmol/L)28.60(20.05~41.68)27.90(21.00~44.18)Z=-0.4540.650
胆碱酯酶(U/L)3 667.50(2 944.75~4 873.50)4 074.50(3 122.00~4 316.00)Z=-0.1120.911
AST(U/L)31.00(22.00~44.00)33.00(23.75~45.75)Z=-0.5740.566
ALT(U/L)23.00(19.00~51.30)24.50(18.00~50.30)Z=-0.3330.739
AST/ALT1.25(1.00~1.55)1.39(1.00~1.77)Z=-1.7570.079
ALP(U/L)91.50(70.25~129.50)102.50(82.75~143.00)Z=-2.2850.022
GGT(U/L)27.00(17.00~48.00)34.50(17.00~73.25)Z=-2.2560.024
白蛋白(g/L)36.13±6.8637.13±4.71t=1.1190.265
球蛋白(g/L)27.34±6.1529.28±7.55t=1.9600.051
前白蛋白(g/L)112.19±40.40121.44±45.59t=1.4850.139
血清肌酐(μmol/L)60.00(52.00~71.00)57.50(49.00~72.25)Z=-2.9500.003
尿酸(μmol/L)263.04±119.32277.88±102.06t=0.8990.370
总胆固醇(mmol/L)2.89(2.32~3.73)3.02(2.61~3.50)Z=-2.2670.023
甘油三酯(mmol/L)0.94(0.65~1.50)0.70(0.54~1.09)Z=-3.2300.001
凝血酶原时间(s)15.25(13.93~17.00)15.05(13.68~16.73)Z=-0.9000.368
国际标准化比值1.27(1.17~1.40)1.26(1.16~1.35)Z=-0.9140.360
活化部分凝血活酶时间(s)31.26±5.7829.35±4.87t=-2.3990.017
凝血酶时间(s)18.45(17.25~21.19)17.80(16.80~19.33)Z=-1.5070.132
凝血酶原活动度(%)59.80(52.00~68.05)63.20(56.53~69.05)Z=-1.4800.139
D-二聚体(mg/L)0.50(0.28~1.40)1.18(0.42~6.69)Z=-4.168<0.001
纤维蛋白原(g/L)1.64(1.16~1.98)2.02(1.53~2.65)Z=-3.3180.001
), ArticleFig(id=1317885733189305308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of independent risk factors for rebleeding from esophageal and gastric varices in cirrhosis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单因素多因素
OR95%CIP值OR95%CIP值
吸烟(否=0,是=1)1.0331.033~1.3820.003
肝硬化病因(自身免疫性/酒精性=0,乙型肝炎=1)5.0251.213~30.8190.0263.5401.520~7.150<0.001
Child-Pugh分级(A级=0,B级=1)2.5301.497~12.8630.0263.5601.380~9.5000.019
血清肌酐(μmol/L)1.0731.013~1.1370.016
血小板(×1012/L)0.9850.973~0.9970.017
总胆固醇(mmol/L)1.8581.740~1.9940.041
甘油三酯(mmol/L)5.4181.167~25.1570.031
GGT(U/L)0.9780.965~0.9920.002
食管胃静脉曲张程度(轻度/中度=0,重度=1)7.8122.563~19.2310.0258.1903.568~17.8500.026
门静脉主干直径(mm)1.6851.521~1.9020.0072.9541.349~15.0300.044
组织胶用量(mL)0.9070.814~1.0120.097
), ArticleFig(id=1317885733268997085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张患者发生再出血单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单因素多因素
OR95%CIP值OR95%CIP值
吸烟(否=0,是=1)1.0331.033~1.3820.003
肝硬化病因(自身免疫性/酒精性=0,乙型肝炎=1)5.0251.213~30.8190.0263.5401.520~7.150<0.001
Child-Pugh分级(A级=0,B级=1)2.5301.497~12.8630.0263.5601.380~9.5000.019
血清肌酐(μmol/L)1.0731.013~1.1370.016
血小板(×1012/L)0.9850.973~0.9970.017
总胆固醇(mmol/L)1.8581.740~1.9940.041
甘油三酯(mmol/L)5.4181.167~25.1570.031
GGT(U/L)0.9780.965~0.9920.002
食管胃静脉曲张程度(轻度/中度=0,重度=1)7.8122.563~19.2310.0258.1903.568~17.8500.026
门静脉主干直径(mm)1.6851.521~1.9020.0072.9541.349~15.0300.044
组织胶用量(mL)0.9070.814~1.0120.097
), ArticleFig(id=1317885734950912990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

ROC curve analysis of variables and combined prediction model for evaluating rebleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis and esophagogastric varices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素训练集验证集
AUC(95%CI)敏感度(%)特异度(%)P值AUC(95%CI)敏感度(%)特异度(%)P值
肝硬化病因0.718(0.629~0.807)95.3028.300.0200.558(0.531~0.732)42.5076.500.031
Child-Pugh分级0.574(0.478~0.670)78.5065.300.0160.575(0.456~0.830)57.1075.000.020
门静脉主干直径0.732(0.642~0.822)28.8046.500.0390.530(0.413~0.630)40.0064.500.023
食管胃静脉曲张程度0.621(0.525~0.717)86.0082.800.0160.561(0.560~0.871)60.0064.700.020
联合预测0.845(0.778~0.912)90.6079.100.0020.801(0.798~0.868)94.6083.900.004
), ArticleFig(id=1317885735059964895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781422847033486, articleId=1317885719725589357, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各变量及联合预测模型评估肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张患者发生再出血的ROC曲线分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素训练集验证集
AUC(95%CI)敏感度(%)特异度(%)P值AUC(95%CI)敏感度(%)特异度(%)P值
肝硬化病因0.718(0.629~0.807)95.3028.300.0200.558(0.531~0.732)42.5076.500.031
Child-Pugh分级0.574(0.478~0.670)78.5065.300.0160.575(0.456~0.830)57.1075.000.020
门静脉主干直径0.732(0.642~0.822)28.8046.500.0390.530(0.413~0.630)40.0064.500.023
食管胃静脉曲张程度0.621(0.525~0.717)86.0082.800.0160.561(0.560~0.871)60.0064.700.020
联合预测0.845(0.778~0.912)90.6079.100.0020.801(0.798~0.868)94.6083.900.004
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肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张内镜下治疗后再出血的危险因素分析及列线图模型构建
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邵慧娟 1 , 韩世妮 2 , 张爱萍 1 , 张玉玲 1 , 李挺 1 , 韩亚 3 , 张久聪 4 , 窦文杉 1 , 王秀霞 1 , 杜宏伟 1
临床肝胆病杂志 | 肝纤维化及肝硬化 2026,42(8): 1845-1856
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临床肝胆病杂志 |肝纤维化及肝硬化 2026 , 42 (8) : 1845 -1856
肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张内镜下治疗后再出血的危险因素分析及列线图模型构建
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邵慧娟1, 韩世妮2, 张爱萍1, 张玉玲1, 李挺1, 韩亚3, 张久聪4, 窦文杉1, 王秀霞1, 杜宏伟1
作者信息
  • 1兰州市第二人民医院消化内科,兰州 730000
  • 2兰州市第二人民医院中医日间病房,兰州 730000
  • 3兰州市第二人民医院病理科,兰州 730000
  • 4中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九四〇医院消化内科,兰州 730050
通讯作者:
杜宏伟, (ORCID:0000-0001-7032-6792)
Du Hongwei, (ORCID:0000-0001-7032-6792)
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

邵慧娟负责设计论文框架,起草论文;韩世妮、张爱萍负责统计学分析,绘制图表;张玉玲、李挺和韩亚负责数据收集;窦文杉、王秀霞负责论文修改;杜宏伟、张久聪负责拟定写作思路,指导撰写文章并最后定稿。

Risk factors for rebleeding after endoscopic therapy for esophageal and gastric varices in liver cirrhosis patients and construction of a nomogram model
Huijuan Shao1, Shini Han2, Aiping Zhang1, Yuling Zhang1, Ting Li1, Ya Han3, Jiucong Zhang4, Wenshan Dou1, Xiuxia Wang1, Hongwei Du1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Gastroenterology,The Second People’s Hospital of Lanzhou,Lanzhou 730000,China
  • 2Day Ward,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine,The Second People’s Hospital of Lanzhou,Lanzhou 730000,China
  • 3Department of Pathology,The Second People’s Hospital of Lanzhou,Lanzhou 730000,China
  • 4Department of Gastroenterology,The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA,Lanzhou 730050,China
出版时间: 2026-08-25 doi: 10.12449/JCH260817
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目的

分析肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张内镜治疗后再出血的危险因素并构建临床预测模型,为早期预测再出血、降低再出血发生率及改善患者临床转归提供参考。

方法

回顾性分析2021年1月1日—2025年5月31日在兰州市第二人民医院消化内科经内镜首次治疗的194例肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床资料,按照患者经内镜治疗后1年内是否发生消化道再出血分为再出血组和未出血组。计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。将入选患者按照7∶3比例随机分为训练集和验证集。在训练集中,通过Lasso回归分析筛选最优预测变量,然后将可能影响预后的因素纳入单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,筛选肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血的独立预测因素,并以筛选出的变量构建列线图模型。在训练集与验证集中,通过受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线)和校准曲线评估列线图模型的分辨力及校准度,决策曲线分析(DCA)和临床影响曲线(CIC)用以评估模型的临床实用性。

结果

194例肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张患者经内镜治疗后1年内,发生再出血者116例(59.79%),其中训练集和验证集再出血患者分别为76例和40例。在训练集中,经Lasso回归分析、单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析后,筛选出4个与肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血相关的独立预测因子,分别为肝硬化病因[比值比(OR)=3.540,95%置信区间(95%CI):1.520~7.150,P<0.001]、蔡尔德-皮尤分级(OR=3.560,95%CI:1.380~9.500,P=0.019)、食管胃静脉曲张程度(OR=8.190,95%CI:3.568~17.850,P=0.026)和门静脉主干直径(OR=2.954,95%CI:1.349~15.030,P=0.044)。以上述独立预测因子构建列线图模型,ROC曲线分析显示,该列线图模型在训练集和验证集的曲线下面积分别为0.845(95%CI:0.778~0.912)和0.801(95%CI:0.798~0.868);训练集和验证集的一致性指数分别为0.832和0.820,提示区分度较好。Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果显示P值分别为0.320和0.550,校准曲线显示,列线图模型预测概率与实际概率具有良好一致性,说明校准度较好;DCA和CIC分析结果表明,该模型具有良好的临床效用。

结论

基于肝硬化病因、蔡尔德-皮尤分级、食管胃静脉曲张程度和门静脉主干直径构建的列线图模型对肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血风险预测具有一定的临床价值。

肝硬化  /  食管和胃静脉曲张  /  内窥镜检查  /  出血  /  危险因素  /  列线图
Objective

To investigate the risk factors for rebleeding after endoscopic therapy for esophageal and gastric varices in liver cirrhosis patients,to construct a clinical predictive model,and to provide a reference for predicting rebleeding in the early stage,reducing the incidence rate of rebleeding,and improving the clinical outcome of patients.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 194 liver cirrhosis patients with gastroesophageal variceal bleeding who received initial endoscopic therapy at Department of Gastroenterology,The Second People’s Hospital of Lanzhou,from January 1,2021 to May 31,2025. According to whether rebleeding occurred within 1 year after endoscopic therapy,the patients were divided into rebleeding group and non-rebleeding group. The independent-samples t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups,and the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The patients enrolled were randomly divided into a training set and a validation set at a ratio of 7∶3. In the training set,the Lasso regression analysis was used to obtain optimal predictive variables,and the factors that might affect prognosis were included in the univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses to identify independent predictive factors for rebleeding after endoscopic therapy for esophageal and gastric varices in liver cirrhosis patients,which were used to construct a nomogram model. In both the training set and the validation set,the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the calibration curve were used to assess the discriminatory ability and calibration of the model,and decision curve analysis and the clinical impact curve were used to assess the clinical practicability of the model.

Results

Among the 194 liver cirrhosis patients with esophageal and gastric varices,116 (59.79%) experienced rebleeding within 1 year after endoscopic therapy,with 76 patients in the training set and 40 patients in the validation set. In the training set,the Lasso regression analysis and the univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses showed that etiology of liver cirrhosis (odds ratio [OR]=3.540,95% confidence interval [CI]:1.520 — 7.150,P<0.001),Child-Pugh class (OR=3.560,95%CI:1.380 — 9.500,P=0.019),severity of esophageal and gastric varices (OR=8.190,95%CI:3.568 — 17.850,P=0.026),and main portal vein diameter (OR=2.954,95%CI:1.349 — 15.030,P=0.044) were independent predictive factors for rebleeding of esophageal and gastric varices in liver cirrhosis patients. A nomogram model was constructed based on the above independent predictive factors. The ROC curve analysis showed that this model had an area under the ROC curve of 0.845 (95%CI:0.778 — 0.912) in the training set and 0.801 (95%CI:0.798 — 0.868) in the validation set. The model had an index of concordance of 0.832 in the training set and 0.820 in the validation set,suggesting that the model had a good discriminatory ability. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed P values of 0.320 and 0.550 in the training set and validation set,respectively,the calibration curve indicated that the predicted probabilities of the nomogram model were in good concordance with the actual observed probabilities,suggesting that the model had good calibration. The decision curve analysis and the clinical impact curve showed that the model had good clinical utility.

Conclusion

The nomogram model based on etiology of liver cirrhosis,Child-Pugh class,severity of esophageal and gastric varices,and main portal vein diameter has a certain clinical value in predicting the risk of rebleeding from esophageal and gastric varices in liver cirrhosis.

Liver Cirrhosis  /  Esophageal and Gastric Varices  /  Endoscopy  /  Hemorrhage  /  Risk Factors  /  Nomograms
邵慧娟, 韩世妮, 张爱萍, 张玉玲, 李挺, 韩亚, 张久聪, 窦文杉, 王秀霞, 杜宏伟. 肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张内镜下治疗后再出血的危险因素分析及列线图模型构建. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2026 , 42 (8) : 1845 -1856 . DOI: 10.12449/JCH260817
Huijuan Shao, Shini Han, Aiping Zhang, Yuling Zhang, Ting Li, Ya Han, Jiucong Zhang, Wenshan Dou, Xiuxia Wang, Hongwei Du. Risk factors for rebleeding after endoscopic therapy for esophageal and gastric varices in liver cirrhosis patients and construction of a nomogram model[J]. Journal of Clinical Hepatology, 2026 , 42 (8) : 1845 -1856 . DOI: 10.12449/JCH260817
食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血(esophagogastric variceal bleeding,EVB)起病急骤,属于肝硬化最为常见的并发症之一,再出血是EVB治疗后患者可能发生的严重临床不良事件。在未接受二级预防的患者中,再出血的发生率可高达60%,并伴有更高的死亡风险[1-2]。内镜检查是目前评估出血风险及诊断食管胃静脉曲张最准确的方法。尽管内镜下曲张静脉套扎术(endoscopic variceal ligation,EVL)与内镜下硬化剂注射治疗(endoscopic injection sclerotherapy,EIS)已作为指南推荐的标准治疗方法用于防治再出血[3],但文献报道经内镜治疗后患者的再出血发生率仍接近41.30%[4],相关病死率高达25%[5]。不同患者的再出血风险存在差异,因此,有必要根据患者的预期风险制定个性化的治疗和随访。
本研究旨在构建基于患者临床特征和常用血清学指标的列线图模型,以预测肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血的风险。通过早期识别再出血的高风险患者,为干预及指导临床决策提供依据。
选取2021年1月1日—2025年5月31日于兰州市第二人民医院消化内科诊断为肝硬化EVB的患者。收集患者的人口统计学资料、临床数据和实验室检查结果。纳入标准:(1)年龄18~75周岁;(2)各种病因所致肝硬化;(3)经内镜明确诊断为EVB,并于兰州市第二人民医院首次接受内镜下治疗,随访时间为1年;(4)病史相关资料完整;(5)签署知情同意书。排除标准:(1)胃癌、胃溃疡、十二指肠溃疡、肝癌、胆囊癌、胆管癌、胰腺癌、药物等非食管胃静脉曲张破裂因素导致的消化道出血;(2)肝性脑病、昏迷状态等无法接受或配合内镜治疗者;(3)合并其他脏器的恶性肿瘤;(4)合并心、肺、肾等重要脏器严重疾病者;(5)妊娠或哺乳期妇女;(6)行外科手术止血治疗;(7)行门体分流术、断流术治疗,如经颈静脉肝内门体分流术;(8)随访过程中失访者。
EVL:适用于LDRf分型D1.0~D2.0食管静脉曲张和胃食管静脉曲张1型EVB患者。EIS:不适合EVL的食管静脉曲张者,可采用EIS,与EVL控制出血效果相似,采用曲张静脉内注射为主;每次注射1~4点;初次注射每点约10 mL,总量一般不超过40 mL/次,根据静脉曲张的严重程度,减少或增加剂量。胃镜下组织黏合剂注射:适合孤立性胃静脉曲张和胃食管静脉曲张2型出血[6]。内镜下治疗由2名统一培训的高年资内镜医师完成。
主要临床结局定义为首次出血后12个月内再出血事件。再出血定义:出血控制后再次发生有临床意义的活动性出血事件,如呕血、黑便或便血;收缩压降低>20 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)或心率增加>20次/min;在未输血的情况下,血红蛋白下降>30 g/L[7]。
患者的基线数据以回顾性方式收集,由2名研究调查员收集所有患者的人口统计学变量、临床数据及实验室检查结果,不一致的数据均经再次核查予以确认。所有患者首次经内镜治疗后,通过电话、门诊或住院方式进行随访,研究终点为发生食管胃静脉曲张导致的消化道再出血、随访满1年或研究终止。根据内镜治疗后1年内是否发生消化道再出血,将患者分为未出血组与出血组。
变量选取:(1)人口统计学变量,包括年龄、性别、体重指数、吸烟史、饮酒史、肝硬化病因、既往史(高血压、糖尿病)、是否伴有肝性脑病、是否伴有腹水、是否伴有门静脉高压性胃病、是否伴有门静脉血栓;红色征;食管胃静脉曲张程度。(2)实验室检查,包括白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、红细胞、血红蛋白、血小板、总胆红素、胆碱酯酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶/丙氨酸氨基转移酶比值、碱性磷酸酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、白蛋白、球蛋白、前白蛋白、肌酐、尿酸、凝血酶原时间、国际标准化比值、凝血酶原活动度、活化部分凝血活酶时间、凝血酶时间、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血氨、门静脉主干内径等。
应用R 4.3.1软件进行统计学分析。正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用成组t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以M(P25~P75)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。将入选患者按7∶3比例随机分为训练集和验证集。在训练集中,通过Lasso回归分析筛选最优预测变量,然后将可能影响预后的因素纳入单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,筛选肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血的独立预测因素,并以筛选出的变量构建列线图模型。在训练集与验证集中,通过受试者操作特征曲线(receiver operator characteristic curve,ROC曲线)和校准曲线评估列线图模型的区分度及校准度,决策曲线分析(decision curve analysis,DCA)和临床影响曲线(clinical impact curve,CIC)用以评估模型的临床实用性。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
共纳入194例患者,其中训练集136例,验证集58例。训练集中76例(55.88%)患者内镜治疗后1年内发生消化道再出血,验证集中40例(68.97%)患者发生再出血。训练集与验证集患者临床资料比较,除性别、电解质紊乱(P值均<0.05)外,一般资料、基础疾病及实验室指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表1)。再出血与未出血患者的临床资料比较详见表2。
在训练集中,通过Lasso回归分析筛选出11个相关变量(图1、2),在此基础上采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示,蔡尔德-皮尤分级(Child-Pugh分级)、肝硬化病因、食管胃静脉曲张程度和门静脉主干直径是肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血的独立危险因素(P值均<0.05)(表3)。以上述独立危险因素构建肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血的预测模型,并将模型可视化为列线图(图3)。
ROC曲线结果显示,在训练集和验证集中,列线图预测模型的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)分别为0.845(95%置信区间:0.778~0.912)和0.801(95%置信区间:0.798~0.868)(表4,图4),一致性指数(C-index)分别为0.832和0.820。校准曲线结果显示,列线图模型预测概率与实际概率具有良好的一致性(图5),Hosmer-Lemeshow检验显示P值分别为0.320和0.550,说明校准度较好。DCA结果显示,列线图预测模型具有较高的净获益(图6)。CIC结果显示,当阈值概率>0.6时,列线图模型预测的肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血例数与实际肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血例数高度匹配(图7)。
目前,我国治疗EVB的首选方式是内镜治疗[8-9],该方法具有较高的疗效和安全性。然而,肝硬化EVB患者成功止血后发生再出血和死亡的风险很高,首次食管胃静脉曲张出血停止后1~2年内再次出血的风险为60%~70%,发生死亡的风险高达20%[7]。
Baveno Ⅶ指南推荐将EVL与非选择性β受体阻滞剂联合应用作为预防静脉曲张再出血的一线疗法[3]。然而,一项荟萃分析显示,标准二级预防措施后的再出血率仍高达22%~33%[10]。本研究基于194例肝硬化EVB患者经内镜治疗后1年随访数据,构建风险预测模型,旨在帮助临床医生识别接受内镜治疗后肝硬化合并消化道再出血的高风险人群,以指导临床决策。
本研究结果显示,Child-Pugh分级、肝硬化病因、食管胃静脉曲张程度和门静脉主干直径是肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂再出血的危险因素;在训练集和验证集中,上述4个临床参数构建的列线图模型的AUC分别为0.845和0.801,表明该模型具有良好的预测性能。列线图模型在训练集和验证集的C-index均>0.8,Hosmer-Lemeshow检验P值均>0.05,提示该模型具有良好的拟和度;DCA和CIC结果均表明该模型具有良好的临床效能,为早期识别肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血患者提供了一定的临床依据。
食管胃静脉曲张是肝硬化患者最常见的并发症之一,也是导致患者死亡的重要原因。该病症的形成主要源于门静脉高压,而胸腔负压作用可进一步增加静脉回流血量,加重静脉曲张程度。研究发现,EVB患者中食管胃静脉曲张的严重程度与再出血风险之间存在显著的正相关关系,这一现象可能与门静脉压力的增加密切相关[11]。本研究发现,食管胃静脉曲张严重程度在未出血组与再出血组中也显示出显著差异(P=0.001),未出血组中重度食管胃静脉曲张占比为2.56%,而在再出血组中重度食管胃静脉曲张占比为12.07%,提示食管胃静脉曲张的严重程度与再出血风险存在紧密联系。重度曲张者更易导致血管壁薄弱、血流淤滞及局部微血栓形成,加剧破裂风险。因此,对重度食管胃静脉曲张患者需密切随访,并在必要时予以积极干预,如联合应用降门静脉压药物与内镜治疗,以降低再出血风险。
对于EVB患者,门静脉高压是食管胃静脉曲张形成和破裂出血的主要原因,压力越高,出血风险越大。研究表明,门静脉内径可间接反映门静脉压力,两者间具有显著相关性[12]。门静脉直径增宽的患者,其门静脉压力越高,静脉曲张越严重,发生出血及再出血的可能性也越高。门静脉高压是肝硬化的主要病理生理变化,发病机制较复杂,涉及肝内血管阻力增加、门静脉血流量增多、门静脉侧支循环开放等[13]。内镜下治疗操作不当或治疗不彻底可能导致止血效果不佳,从而增加再出血风险。本研究的内镜治疗由2名统一培训的高年资内镜医师完成,部分患者在内镜治疗后仍发生再出血,除与患者自身肝功能储备、门静脉压力、曲张静脉程度等因素有关外,操作者的经验及手术时机的选择同样对控制急性出血和预防再出血至关重要。由接受过规范培训且年操作量较大的医师实施治疗,可显著降低再出血率。此外,患者术后用药依从性不佳(如未按规定使用质子泵抑制剂等抑酸药物),或治疗后早期进食过硬、过热及刺激性食物,均可能诱发再出血。
目前,我国肝硬化的主要病因为病毒性肝炎。在本研究中,68.56%的肝硬化患者主要病因为乙型肝炎,其余为酒精性和自身免疫性肝病。不同病因对肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张再出血的影响可能是通过各自的病理生理机制,影响肝病的进展、肝外表现及对治疗的反应。有效的抗病毒治疗可以抑制病毒复制、减轻肝脏炎症、延缓甚至逆转肝纤维化,从而从病因上降低门静脉压力,减少再出血风险。自身免疫性肝病其自然病程和治疗反应不同,也可能影响血管曲张的进展速度[14-16]。上述发现提示,病因治疗在二级预防中具有核心地位。对于可控制的病因(如病毒、酒精),将再出血预防与病因治疗紧密结合,是改善患者长期预后的根本。
Child-Pugh分级是评估肝脏储备功能和全身状况的经典指标,分级越高提示肝功能损害越严重,肝内阻力增加及内脏高动力循环更显著,导致门静脉压力持续升高,这是再出血的根本血流动力学基础。Child-Pugh C级曲张静脉相较于Child-Pugh A、B级也更为严重,再出血风险更高,肝脏合成能力下降,凝血因子和抗纤溶物质合成减少,导致止血功能严重受损,出血不易停止且容易复发。腹水、感染(如自发性腹膜炎)等并发症常见于高分级患者,上述情况可进一步增加门静脉压力或诱发出血[17-18]。
本研究亦存在局限性。首先,这是一项单中心回顾性研究,可能存在选择偏倚,研究人群来自单一机构,可能无法充分代表所有患者的临床情况。其次,样本量相对较小,研究结果需要通过更大规模的多中心研究进一步验证,以提高其普遍性和可靠性。再次,未对纳入的实验室指标进行动态分析,不能准确反映病情变化。最后,由于所在医院医疗设备资源有限,未纳入门静脉压力、肝硬度、脾硬度等数据。未来若能纳入上述数据,可能会进一步提高模型的预测价值。
综上所述,本研究基于肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张患者易获取的临床资料(Child-Pugh分级、肝硬化病因、食管胃静脉曲张程度、门静脉主干直径),构建了一个预测模型。该模型在训练集与验证集中均表现出良好的区分度、校准度及预测效能,能够有效评估肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张患者的再出血风险,有助于医师早期干预并改善患者预后。未来需进行多中心、大样本的研究对该预测模型进行验证。

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doi: 10.12449/JCH260817
  • 接收时间:2026-01-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-16
  • 出版时间:2026-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-11
  • 录用日期:2026-04-27
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    1兰州市第二人民医院消化内科,兰州 730000
    2兰州市第二人民医院中医日间病房,兰州 730000
    3兰州市第二人民医院病理科,兰州 730000
    4中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九四〇医院消化内科,兰州 730050

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杜宏伟, (ORCID:0000-0001-7032-6792)
Du Hongwei, (ORCID:0000-0001-7032-6792)
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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