Article(id=1322909554115224444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322909380756243363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718121600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335816172, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335816172, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335816172, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335816172, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322909380756243363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335774840, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335774840, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=266, endPage=277, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322909554291385213, articleId=1322909554115224444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Effect of Ca2+/Mg2+Concentration on the Rheological Properties of Quartz-Calcite Slurry, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the effect of particle-particle interaction on slurry rheology under different electrolyte solutions, quartz and calcite were used as research objects. The effects of Ca2+/Mg2+ concentration on the apparent viscosity and yield stress of single quartz/calcite slurry and mixed slurry were studied by rotational rheometer. Combined with Zeta potential, DLVO theory calculation and suspension turbidity test, the surface electrical properties, particle interaction and coagulation behavior of mineral particles under different Ca2+/Mg2+ concentrations were revealed, and the theoretical relationship between particle microscopic action and slurry rheology was established. The results show that the increase of Ca2+/Mg2+ concentration can reduce the thickness of the electric double layer on the particle surface, enhance the attraction between the particles, promote the in-phase condensation of the particles, and result in the increase of the apparent viscosity and yield stress of the single quartz and calcite slurry, and reduce the turbidity of suspension. The increase of Ca2+/Mg2+ concentration can weaken the attraction between quartz and calcite, weaken the heterogeneous condensation between them, lead to the decrease of apparent viscosity and yield stress of mixed slurry, and increase the turbidity of suspension. The yield stress of quartz + calcite mixed slurry has a logarithmic relationship with the Debye length of the solution, and has a positive correlation with the square of the surface potential difference between the two different particles.

, authors=Yijiang LI1, Wencheng XIA2, Xiaoxia YANG1, Yuqiang MAO3, Yaoli PENG2, authorsList=Yijiang LI, Wencheng XIA, Xiaoxia YANG, Yuqiang MAO, Yaoli PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322909560385708976, articleId=1322909554115224444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=Ca2+/Mg2+浓度对石英-方解石矿浆流变性质的影响, columnId=1226462297560892399, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=选矿与资源综合利用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探究不同电解质溶液下颗粒间相互作用对矿浆流变性的影响,以石英和方解石为研究对象,采用旋转流变仪研究了Ca2+/Mg2+浓度对单一石英/方解石矿浆和混合矿浆的表观黏度和屈服应力的影响,结合Zeta电位、DLVO理论计算和悬浮液浊度测试,揭示了不同Ca2+/Mg2+浓度下矿物颗粒的表面电性、颗粒间相互作用和凝聚行为,建立了颗粒微观作用与矿浆流变性的理论关系。结果表明:Ca2+/Mg2+浓度的增加可以降低颗粒表面双电层厚度,增强颗粒间的吸引作用,促使颗粒发生同相凝聚,导致单一石英、方解石矿浆的表观黏度和屈服应力升高,悬浮液浊度降低;Ca2+/Mg2+浓度的增加会减弱石英与方解石间的吸引作用,削弱二者间的异相凝聚,导致混合矿浆的表观黏度和屈服应力降低,悬浮液浊度升高;石英+方解石混合矿浆的屈服应力与溶液的德拜长度呈对数关系,与两种不同颗粒表面电位差值的平方呈正相关关系。

, authors=李懿江1, 夏文成2, 杨小霞1, 毛玉强3, 彭耀丽2, authorsList=李懿江, 夏文成, 杨小霞, 毛玉强, 彭耀丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李懿江(1994—),男,山西晋中人,博士,讲师,主要从事颗粒絮凝、胶体和界面化学等方面的研究。E-mail:

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李懿江(1994—),男,山西晋中人,博士,讲师,主要从事颗粒絮凝、胶体和界面化学等方面的研究。E-mail:

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李懿江(1994—),男,山西晋中人,博士,讲师,主要从事颗粒絮凝、胶体和界面化学等方面的研究。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909568929506302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909554115224444, language=CN, label=图17, caption=石英与方解石表面电位差值的平方与混合矿浆屈服应力的关系, figureFileSmall=ArfTHK/LDBNtgSTSbO4JMg==, figureFileBig=md1l0Rxyz7AiOx9rx5FsIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909568984032255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909554115224444, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

XRF results of quartz and calcite

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矿物种类SiO2CaOMgOAl2O3Fe2O3K2O其他
石英99.380.020.080.370.080.030.04
方解石0.0699.350.460.030.04—0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1322909569059529728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909554115224444, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

石英和方解石的XRF结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物种类SiO2CaOMgOAl2O3Fe2O3K2O其他
石英99.380.020.080.370.080.030.04
方解石0.0699.350.460.030.04—0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1322909569130831872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909554115224444, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Hamaker constants of quartz, calcite and water in vacuum

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石英方解石水
8.86×10-2012.4×10-203.7×10-20
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石英、方解石和水在真空中的哈马克常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
石英方解石水
8.86×10-2012.4×10-203.7×10-20
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Effective Hamaker constants of quartz and calcite in water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体系哈马克常数/(×10-20)
石英-水-石英1.11
方解石-水-方解石2.55
石英-水-方解石1.68
), ArticleFig(id=1322909571081183235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909554115224444, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

石英、方解石在水中的有效哈马克常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体系哈马克常数/(×10-20)
石英-水-石英1.11
方解石-水-方解石2.55
石英-水-方解石1.68
), ArticleFig(id=1322909571173457924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909554115224444, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Debye length of water at different ion concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
离子浓度/(mmol/L)德拜长度/nm
14.8
52.1
101.5
201.1
300.9
), ArticleFig(id=1322909571500613637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909554115224444, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同离子浓度下水的德拜长度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
离子浓度/(mmol/L)德拜长度/nm
14.8
52.1
101.5
201.1
300.9
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Ca2+/Mg2+浓度对石英-方解石矿浆流变性质的影响
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李懿江 1 , 夏文成 2 , 杨小霞 1 , 毛玉强 3 , 彭耀丽 2
矿业研究与开发 | 选矿与资源综合利用 2025,45(4): 266-277
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矿业研究与开发 |选矿与资源综合利用 2025 , 45 (4) : 266 -277
Ca2+/Mg2+浓度对石英-方解石矿浆流变性质的影响
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李懿江(1994—),男,山西晋中人,博士,讲师,主要从事颗粒絮凝、胶体和界面化学等方面的研究。E-mail:

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李懿江(1994—),男,山西晋中人,博士,讲师,主要从事颗粒絮凝、胶体和界面化学等方面的研究。E-mail:

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李懿江1 , 夏文成2, 杨小霞1, 毛玉强3, 彭耀丽2
作者信息
  • 1.太原科技大学 机械工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 2.中国矿业大学 化工学院,江苏 徐州市 221116
  • 3.昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093
作者简介:

李懿江(1994—),男,山西晋中人,博士,讲师,主要从事颗粒絮凝、胶体和界面化学等方面的研究。E-mail:

Effect of Ca2+/Mg2+Concentration on the Rheological Properties of Quartz-Calcite Slurry
Yijiang LI1 , Wencheng XIA2, Xiaoxia YANG1, Yuqiang MAO3, Yaoli PENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
  • 2.School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
  • 3.Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25
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为了探究不同电解质溶液下颗粒间相互作用对矿浆流变性的影响,以石英和方解石为研究对象,采用旋转流变仪研究了Ca2+/Mg2+浓度对单一石英/方解石矿浆和混合矿浆的表观黏度和屈服应力的影响,结合Zeta电位、DLVO理论计算和悬浮液浊度测试,揭示了不同Ca2+/Mg2+浓度下矿物颗粒的表面电性、颗粒间相互作用和凝聚行为,建立了颗粒微观作用与矿浆流变性的理论关系。结果表明:Ca2+/Mg2+浓度的增加可以降低颗粒表面双电层厚度,增强颗粒间的吸引作用,促使颗粒发生同相凝聚,导致单一石英、方解石矿浆的表观黏度和屈服应力升高,悬浮液浊度降低;Ca2+/Mg2+浓度的增加会减弱石英与方解石间的吸引作用,削弱二者间的异相凝聚,导致混合矿浆的表观黏度和屈服应力降低,悬浮液浊度升高;石英+方解石混合矿浆的屈服应力与溶液的德拜长度呈对数关系,与两种不同颗粒表面电位差值的平方呈正相关关系。

矿浆流变性  /  表观黏度  /  屈服应力  /  DLVO理论  /  金属离子

In order to explore the effect of particle-particle interaction on slurry rheology under different electrolyte solutions, quartz and calcite were used as research objects. The effects of Ca2+/Mg2+ concentration on the apparent viscosity and yield stress of single quartz/calcite slurry and mixed slurry were studied by rotational rheometer. Combined with Zeta potential, DLVO theory calculation and suspension turbidity test, the surface electrical properties, particle interaction and coagulation behavior of mineral particles under different Ca2+/Mg2+ concentrations were revealed, and the theoretical relationship between particle microscopic action and slurry rheology was established. The results show that the increase of Ca2+/Mg2+ concentration can reduce the thickness of the electric double layer on the particle surface, enhance the attraction between the particles, promote the in-phase condensation of the particles, and result in the increase of the apparent viscosity and yield stress of the single quartz and calcite slurry, and reduce the turbidity of suspension. The increase of Ca2+/Mg2+ concentration can weaken the attraction between quartz and calcite, weaken the heterogeneous condensation between them, lead to the decrease of apparent viscosity and yield stress of mixed slurry, and increase the turbidity of suspension. The yield stress of quartz + calcite mixed slurry has a logarithmic relationship with the Debye length of the solution, and has a positive correlation with the square of the surface potential difference between the two different particles.

Slurry rheology  /  Apparent viscosity  /  Yield stress  /  DLVO theory  /  Metal ion
李懿江, 夏文成, 杨小霞, 毛玉强, 彭耀丽. Ca2+/Mg2+浓度对石英-方解石矿浆流变性质的影响. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (4) : 266 -277 .
Yijiang LI, Wencheng XIA, Xiaoxia YANG, Yuqiang MAO, Yaoli PENG. Effect of Ca2+/Mg2+Concentration on the Rheological Properties of Quartz-Calcite Slurry[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (4) : 266 -277 .
流变性作为流体内部微观作用力和结构的宏观表现,是研究流体在外加应力下如何形变和流动的科学[1]。矿物加工过程中,矿浆流变性反映了矿浆中有用矿物、脉石矿物颗粒间的相互作用能大小,以及颗粒的分散或聚集状态[2]。矿浆流变性对气泡与颗粒的碰撞-黏附-脱附、脉石矿物与有用矿物颗粒间作用、药剂与矿物颗粒作用等浮选过程具有显著的影响,并体现在有用矿物浮选回收率和精矿品位等指标上[3-4]。李懿江等[5]通过测试石英悬浮液表观黏度,计算矿浆中煤粒与气泡间液膜排液速率,发现随着浮选矿浆中微细石英颗粒含量的增加,矿浆表观黏度逐渐升高,煤与气泡间液膜排液速率显著下降,煤与气泡的黏附效率降低。孙健[6]发现无定形二氧化硅含量大于6%时,矿浆表观黏度大幅提高,泡沫不易生成,辉钼矿浮选指标恶化。CRUZ等[7-8]发现在含铜、金矿物浮选中,pH调整剂和含钙矿物溶解释放的Ca2+对高岭石、膨润土等黏土矿物颗粒间的相互作用和矿浆流变性影响显著,矿浆表观黏度和屈服应力的升高是因为矿浆中形成稳定的三维网络结构,阻碍了气泡在矿浆中的分散和浮选药剂的选择性吸附,恶化了有用矿物的浮选。因此,研究水中金属离子对颗粒间相互作用和矿浆流变性的影响是完善矿物浮选理论的重要课题。
我国的选矿厂和选煤厂基本实现了水的闭路循环[9]。水循环次数的增加和原矿中无机盐类矿物的溶解导致矿浆中的Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+等离子质量分数相对自来水更高,矿浆中颗粒间作用和流变性受到影响。高伟[10]发现石英会吸附助磨剂中的金属离子,适量的助磨剂可以降低矿浆黏度,改善磨矿效果。杨志兆等[11]发现Mn2+、Ca2+对锂辉石矿浆流变性的影响强于Fe3+,在Mn2+的活化作用下,油酸钠处理后的锂辉石颗粒间作用以疏水吸引力为主,颗粒疏水团聚导致矿浆中网络空间结构增强,致使矿浆的表观黏度和屈服应力增加。矿浆中有用矿物颗粒表观尺寸的增加有利于提高矿物与气泡的碰撞概率,进而实现强化浮选回收的效果。GU等[12]发现盐水中高浓度的Na+和K+可以降低膨润土矿浆屈服应力,有助于黄铜矿与膨润土分离,且K+对膨润土矿浆屈服应力的降低效果优于Na+。WANG等[13]发现Mg2+和Ca2+对膨润土矿浆黏度的降低效果优于Na+和K+。不同金属离子对矿浆流变性的影响主要是通过改变矿物颗粒间相互作用控制颗粒聚集形态来实现,但目前颗粒间相互作用与矿浆流变性的关系尚不清晰[14-15]。
为了探究不同电解质浓度下颗粒间相互作用与矿浆流变性的关系,本研究以常见脉石矿物中的石英和方解石为研究对象,研究不同浓度Mg2+和Ca2+对单一矿物体系和混合矿物体系流变性的影响,结合DLVO理论分析不同离子浓度下石英和方解石颗粒同相凝聚和异相凝聚规律,建立了颗粒微观作用和矿浆宏观性质的理论关系。研究结果可为磨矿、浮选和沉降过程中矿浆流变性的精准调控提供理论借鉴。
试验所用石英和方解石均为粉末样品。为了分析两种矿物的矿物学信息和矿物纯度,采用X射线衍射光谱分析仪(XRD)定性分析其矿物组成,分析结果如图1所示。
由图1可知,石英和方解石样品的XRD光谱杂质峰很少,说明矿物纯度很高。为了更加准确地分析矿物的组成,采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)分析了矿物样品的元素组成,结果见表1。
由表1可知,石英样品中SiO2含量高达99.38%,方解石矿物的主要成分为CaCO3,样品中CaO的含量高达99.35%。图2为石英和方解石的粒度分布曲线。由图2可知,石英样品的平均粒度为3.0 μm, d90为6.4 μm, d50为2.4 μm。方解石样品的平均粒度为2.2 μm, d90为8.7 μm, d50为3.0 μm。
采用Nanobrook Omni型Zeta电位仪测量石英和方解石颗粒在不同浓度电解质溶液中的Zeta电位。将纯矿物样品磨细至-2 μm,称取30 mg,放入配置好的溶液中,搅拌3 min,静置1 min,取上清液加入样品槽中,测定样品的Zeta电位。每个试验条件测量5次后取平均值作为试验结果。
浊度是评价矿物颗粒间凝聚行为的一种技术手段[16]。采用浊度考察了不同Ca2+/Mg2+浓度下石英与方解石颗粒间的凝聚行为。试验流程为:称取矿物粉末样品加入到背景溶液中,控制固体颗粒质量浓度为0.5%,搅拌5 min使矿浆充分分散;将处理好的矿浆快速倒入250 mL的量筒中,来回倒置10次;将量筒置于水平实验台上,沉降5 min后,于液面以下2 cm处,取15 mL上层悬浮液;采用上海雷磁浊度计(WZS-186)进行浊度测量,记录数值,每个样品测量3次后取平均值。
为了判断Ca2+/Mg2+浓度对矿浆流变性的影响,采用美国TA公司的DHR-Ⅱ旋转流变仪配套的直径为28.01 mm,长度为42.02 mm的DIN标准转子,对不同Ca2+/Mg2+浓度下的矿浆进行流变学测试。试验流程为:在浓度分别为1 mmol/L、5 mmol/L、10 mmol/L、20 mmol/L、30 mmol/L的CaCl2、MgCl2溶液中加入质量分数为30%的矿物颗粒,采用NaOH和HCl控制体系pH为7.0±0.5;利用磁力搅拌器搅拌3 min,取20 mL矿浆加入测试杯中,开始流变性试验;系统测试Gap值设定为5 917 μm,测试温度控制为25 ℃,剪切率范围设置为1~400 s-1。考察剪切力、黏度和剪切率之间的关系,当剪切力超过屈服应力后,矿浆将会流动,即屈服应力是矿浆从固体向流体转变的临界应力[17-18]。根据文献[19]和文献[20]可知,矿浆悬浮液多为非牛顿流体,结合流变性测试数据的轮廓特征,本研究采用Herschel-Bulkley模型拟合计算矿浆的屈服应力,模型理论公式如下:
式中:σ为剪切力,Pa;γ为剪切率,s-1;σy为屈服应力,Pa;kHB为流动系数,Pa·s;n为塑性指数。每组试验进行两次,取其平均值,保证试验的可重复性。
DLVO理论认为胶粒间主要存在范德华作用Evdw和静电排斥作用Eedl,在水环境中,胶粒之间的相互作用为范德华作用和静电排斥作用之和。范德华作用Evdw可表示为[21]:
式中:H为颗粒间相互作用的距离;R1和R2为颗粒半径;A132为物质1和物质2在介质3中相互作用的哈马克常数,可由下式计算:
式中,A11、A22、A33分别为物质1, 2,3在真空中的哈马克常数。表2为石英、方解石和水在真空中的哈马克常数[22-24]。表3为体系中不同颗粒在水中的哈马克常数。
静电排斥作用是由颗粒周围的双电层在颗粒接近时相互作用产生的,其作用能与颗粒间距指数存在函数关系。静电排斥作用Eedl可表示为[25]:
其中,
式中:φ1和φ2分别为颗粒1和颗粒2的表面电位,通常用Zeta电位代替,V;εa为分散介质绝对介电常数,F/m,εa=ε0εr;ε0为真空中的绝对介电常数,取8.854×10-12F/m;εr为分散介质相对介电常数;κ为德拜长度,其倒数为双电层厚度,m-1。
式中:k为波尔兹曼常数,取1.381×10-23J/K;T为绝对温度,K;e为电子电荷量,取1.60×10-19C;ρ∞为第i个离子的数量密度,ions/m3;Zi为离子的价态。T为298K且所用电解质为1∶2型时,公式可简化为[21]:
式中,C为离子体积摩尔浓度,mol/L。
Mg2+浓度对矿浆的剪切率-剪切力的影响如图3所示。
由图3可知,随着剪切率的升高,石英和方解石矿浆的剪切力逐渐升高。在相同剪切率下,随着Mg2+浓度的升高,矿浆剪切力逐渐升高,但是增长幅度随着离子浓度的升高逐渐变小。WANG等[26]发现不同絮凝剂作用下的高岭石矿浆所受剪切力也随着剪切率的增加而升高,该趋势符合Herschel-Bulkley模型特征。REYES等[27]通过研究海水对磁铁矿尾矿流变性的影响,发现尾矿浆的剪切力随着剪切率的升高逐渐升高,相同剪切率下矿浆的剪切力随着海水浓度的升高而升高,且颗粒表面电位与矿浆屈服应力存在强相关性。
Mg2+浓度对矿浆的剪切率-表观黏度关系的影响如图4所示。从图4可以看出,随着剪切率的升高,石英和方解石矿浆的黏度总体呈逐渐降低的趋势,说明矿浆属于非牛顿流体,存在“剪切变稀”现象。当剪切率低于100 s-1时,不同Mg2+浓度下的石英矿浆表观黏度差异明显;当剪切率低于10 s-1时,不同Mg2+浓度下的方解石矿浆表观黏度差异明显。这是因为在低剪切作用下,体系中的颗粒相互作用,阻碍矿浆流动,导致矿浆表观黏度较大,高剪切作用下,体系中稳定的聚集体系受到流层之间的剪切作用,颗粒间的作用被流场弱化,颗粒之间易发生旋转或滚动,矿浆易流动,导致矿浆表观黏度变小。
在相同剪切率下,随着Mg2+浓度的升高,石英和方解石矿浆表观黏度呈现升高的趋势。这是因为Mg2+压缩了石英和方解石颗粒表面双电层,颗粒之间的范德华吸引作用占据优势,导致颗粒聚集,体系黏度升高。WANG等[13]发现Mg2+比Na+和K+更能降低膨润土矿浆黏度,这是因为二价阳离子不仅对黏土颗粒表面双电层具有更强的压缩效果,还可以将硅酸盐颗粒桥接在一起,使黏土的层状结构以面-面结构聚集,进而减小聚集体对矿浆流动的阻力,降低表观黏度。不同于各向异性的黏土颗粒,不同电解质浓度下石英、方解石等颗粒间作用机制相似,导致电解质浓度对黏土矿浆流变性的影响规律接近。
为了研究Mg2+浓度对石英和方解石混合矿浆流变性的影响,测试了混合矿浆剪切力和表观黏度随剪切率的变化规律,结果如图5所示。
由图5可知,随着剪切率的升高,混合矿浆剪切力逐渐升高,表观黏度逐渐降低,表现出“剪切变稀”的现象。在相同剪切率下,随着Mg2+浓度的升高,混合矿浆剪切力和表观黏度逐渐降低。这可能是因为Mg2+浓度的升高导致石英和方解石颗粒之间的吸引作用能降低,异相凝聚行为逐渐弱化。尚衍波等[28]发现在十二胺作用下,石英矿浆表观黏度随着pH的增加而降低,而方解石矿浆表观黏度随着pH的增加而升高,这是因为方解石颗粒聚团强度随着矿浆pH的增加而增大,形成含有颗粒聚团的网络结构。由于本试验中矿浆pH固定在7.0±0.5范围内,根据镁的溶液化学组分分布规律,此pH范围内,体系中的镁依然主要以Mg2+的形式存在,没有考虑镁的氢氧化物在颗粒表面的胶体吸附和桥接作用。此外,选取常规剪切速率的平均值100 s-1作为特征点比较表观黏度[16],采用Herschel-Bulkley模型拟合计算了矿浆的屈服应力,结果如图6所示。
随着Mg2+浓度的升高,石英和方解石矿浆的表观黏度和屈服应力变化较小,而混合矿浆的表观黏度和屈服应力显著高于单一矿物矿浆,这是因为石英和方解石之间发生了异相凝聚,矿浆形成了聚团甚至网络结构。随着Mg2+浓度从1 mmol/L升高至30 mmol/L,混合矿浆的表观黏度从13 mPa·s降低至8.9 mPa·s,混合矿浆的屈服应力从0.49 Pa降低至0.35 Pa,说明Mg2+浓度的增加削弱了石英和方解石颗粒的异相凝聚。CHEN等[29]发现在pH为5~10时,萤石颗粒可以部分聚集成团,而石英难以聚集成团,石英与萤石混合矿浆的屈服应力远高于单一矿物矿浆,两种矿物表现出强烈的异相凝聚作用,这种有用矿物与脉石矿物之间异相凝聚会在矿浆中形成网络结构,干扰气泡有效矿化,导致浮选指标恶化。萤石和方解石均为含钙矿物,表面电性相似,这就造成了二者与石英颗粒之间的作用规律和矿浆流变性相似。
Ca2+浓度对单一石英和方解石矿浆剪切率-剪切力关系的影响如图7所示。随着剪切率的升高,石英和方解石矿浆剪切力逐渐升高。在相同剪切率下,随着Ca2+浓度的升高,矿浆剪切力逐渐升高,但是增长幅度随着离子浓度的升高逐渐变小。
Ca2+浓度对矿浆的剪切率-表观黏度关系的影响如图8所示。由图8可知,随着剪切率的升高,石英和方解石矿浆黏度逐渐降低,矿浆存在“剪切变稀”现象。在相同剪切率下,随着Ca2+浓度的升高,矿浆黏度逐渐升高。当剪切率低于100 s-1时,不同Ca2+浓度下石英矿浆表观黏度差异明显。低剪切率时的表观黏度的差异更能反映体系中颗粒间相互作用的差异。
Ca2+浓度对石英和方解石混合矿浆流变特性的影响如图9所示。
由图9可知,随着剪切率的升高,混合矿浆剪切力逐渐升高,表观黏度逐渐降低。在相同剪切率下,随着Ca2+浓度的升高,混合矿浆剪切力和表观黏度逐渐降低。这是因为Ca2+浓度的升高导致石英和方解石颗粒之间的吸引作用能降低,异相凝聚行为逐渐弱化。不同于石英和方解石颗粒的同相凝聚,二者间的异相凝聚随电解质浓度的升高而逐渐减弱,其规律类似于各向异性的黏土矿物聚集行为随电解质浓度变化而变化的规律。余晓光等[30]发现Ca2+可以降低蛇纹石矿浆黏度和屈服应力。ZHOU等[31]发现Ca2+可以降低高岭石矿浆黏度和屈服应力,说明Ca2+浓度的增加可以促进异相凝聚。
Ca2+浓度对矿浆表观黏度和屈服应力的影响如图10所示。
从图10可以看出,随着Ca2+浓度的升高,石英和方解石矿浆的表观黏度变化较小,混合矿浆的表观黏度显著高于单一矿物矿浆,这是因为石英和方解石之间发生了异相凝聚,矿浆形成了聚团甚至网络结构。随着Ca2+浓度从1 mmol/L升高至30 mmol/L,混合矿浆的表观黏度从12.3 mPa·s降低至9 mPa·s,混合矿浆的屈服应力从0.5 Pa降低至0.36 Pa,说明石英和方解石的异相凝聚受到抑制。胡家诚等[32]发现随着碳酸根和硫酸根浓度的升高,蛇纹石矿浆表观黏度和屈服应力显著降低。这是因为碳酸根和硫酸根降低了颗粒表面电位,导致颗粒间静电斥力增强,蛇纹石颗粒逐渐分散。
Mg2+/Ca2+对石英矿浆和混合矿浆流变性质的影响基本一致。但是相比Mg2+,Ca2+对方解石矿浆屈服应力的影响更加显著,Ca2+浓度的升高导致方解石矿浆屈服应力显著升高。这可能是因为在高浓度Ca2+溶液中,方解石的表面溶解反应受到抑制,体系中游离的Ca2+完全可以与方解石表面的Ca2+发生置换,在两个方解石表面实现桥接,造成体系中方解石颗粒的表观尺寸增大,矿浆屈服应力升高。
水中电解质浓度会影响水的德拜长度,而德拜长度的变化会造成颗粒表面双电层厚度的变化,因此,本研究计算了不同离子浓度下水的德拜长度,结果见表4。由表4可知,随着Mg2+/Ca2+浓度从1 mmol/L升高至30 mmol/L,德拜长度从4.8 nm降低至0.9 nm,这可能与矿浆表观黏度变化幅度随电解质浓度的升高而减小存在联系。
不同Mg2+/Ca2+浓度下石英和方解石的表面电位如图11所示。从图11可以看出,随着Mg2+浓度从1 mmol/L升高至30 mmol/L,石英表面电位从-34.07 mV升高至-15.42 mV,方解石表面电位先从23.88 mV升高至26.43 mV,再降低至24.84 mV。随着Ca2+浓度从1 mmol/L升高至30 mmol/L,石英表面电位从-34.94 mV升高至-9.98 mV,方解石表面电位从35.48 mV降低至25.60 mV。石英颗粒表面电位随着Mg2+/Ca2+浓度的增加而升高是因为Mg2+/Ca2+对石英颗粒表面的双电层压缩作用随着离子浓度的升高而增强,离子浓度越高,石英颗粒表面电位越接近0。方解石颗粒表面电位降低的原因也是因为水中离子对方解石表面双电层的压缩作用,离子浓度越高,方解石表面的正电性越弱。
图12为不同Mg2+/Ca2+浓度下石英颗粒间相互作用能。由图12可知,随着Mg2+/Ca2+浓度的升高,石英颗粒之间的排斥作用逐渐减弱,能垒逐渐减小,当Mg2+/Ca2+浓度大于20 mmol/L后,石英颗粒间的能垒消失,石英颗粒间将会相互吸引,发生聚集。这与石英矿浆表观黏度和屈服应力随着Mg2+/Ca2+浓度升高而逐渐升高的规律相同。
图13为不同Mg2+/Ca2+浓度下方解石颗粒间相互作用能。由图13可知,随着Mg2+/Ca2+浓度的升高,方解石颗粒之间的排斥作用逐渐减弱,吸引作用能逐渐增强。当Mg2+浓度大于1 mmol/L、Ca2+浓度大于5 mmol/L后,方解石颗粒间的能垒虽然没有消失,但已经转变为吸引力,不会使颗粒排斥。DLVO理论计算结果显示,高浓度的Mg2+/Ca2+会导致方解石颗粒间的相互作用力由排斥力转变为吸引力,势必导致颗粒的聚集和矿浆中网络结构增多。这与方解石矿浆表观黏度和屈服应力随着Mg2+/Ca2+浓度升高而升高的规律相互佐证。
不同Mg2+/Ca2+浓度下石英与方解石颗粒间相互作用能如图14所示。由图14可知,随着Mg2+/Ca2+浓度的升高,石英和方解石颗粒之间的吸引作用逐渐减弱,且石英和方解石颗粒间没有能垒存在。能垒的消失表明石英和方解石颗粒之间始终存在异相凝聚行为,这也与混合矿浆在不同溶液中的表观黏度和屈服应力均大于单一矿浆。相比Mg2+,Ca2+溶液中石英和方解石颗粒间吸引作用的有效距离更长,吸引力更大,表明Ca2+溶液中石英和方解石更容易发生聚集。
为了进一步验证矿浆流变性和DLVO理论计算结果,测试了单一矿物和混合矿物悬浮液浊度,用以评价颗粒的同相凝聚和异相凝聚行为,结果如图15所示。随着Mg2+浓度的升高,单一石英和方解石矿浆上层悬浮液浊度逐渐降低,说明石英和方解石颗粒的同相凝聚行为逐渐强化,颗粒间的吸引作用增强,这与DLVO理论计算结果相符。石英和方解石混合矿浆上层悬浮液浊度随着Mg2+/Ca2+浓度的升高逐渐增大,但依然远小于单一矿物体系,说明Mg2+/Ca2+浓度的增加会削弱石英和方解石颗粒之间的异相凝聚行为。尽管如此,二者混合后的团聚程度仍强于单一矿物,导致混合矿浆体系中颗粒聚集形成更大尺寸的颗粒聚集体,进而使矿浆表观黏度和屈服应力的增加,上层悬浮液浊度降低。
刘忠义[24]发现Mg2+浓度的提高有利于方解石悬浮液浊度降低。袁兴[33]也认为Ca2+和Mg2+对石英、白云石等颗粒的分散行为会产生抑制作用,导致矿物悬浮液浊度降低。相比Mg2+,在Ca2+溶液中,石英和方解石混合悬浮液浊度值更低,说明二者的聚集更强。这也验证了DLVO理论计算的结果。
为了评价电解质浓度对石英-方解石异相凝聚机制和矿浆流变性的影响,对不同Ca2+和Mg2+浓度下溶液的德拜长度和矿浆屈服应力进行非线性拟合,结果如图16所示。由图16可知,德拜长度与矿浆屈服应力呈现对数关系,随着德拜长度的增大,矿浆屈服应力逐渐升高,增长速率逐渐变小。
TEH等[14]通过研究不同pH溶液中高岭石表面电位和矿浆流变性的关系,发现高岭石矿浆屈服应力与表面电位的平方呈负相关关系。但是高岭石这类具有各向异性的黏土矿浆流变性往往受团聚结构的影响,不同高岭石颗粒的表面电位不同,因此,电位的平方的变化并不能直接反映颗粒间作用和矿浆流变性的变化规律。
根据DLVO理论,颗粒之间的电位差越大,颗粒间的静电排斥作用越小。为了分析不同颗粒异相凝聚程度与矿浆流变性的关系,对不同Ca2+和Mg2+浓度下,石英和方解石颗粒的表面电位差进行平方处理,对两种矿物颗粒表面电位差的平方与矿浆屈服应力进行线性拟合,结果如图17所示。由图17可知,混合矿浆的屈服应力与两种矿物颗粒表面电位差的平方呈正相关关系。因此,通过不同颗粒电位差的平方可以预测混合矿浆流变性的变化规律,进而判断不同颗粒之间的异相凝聚行为。
(1)石英、方解石矿浆均属于非牛顿流体,存在“剪切变稀”现象。随着Mg2+/Ca2+浓度的升高,单一石英、方解石矿浆表观黏度和屈服应力增高,水的德拜长度减小,颗粒表面双电层厚度压缩,相同颗粒之间的静电排斥力减弱,促使颗粒发生同相凝聚,提高了矿浆屈服应力。
(2)石英+方解石混合矿浆的表观黏度和屈服应力远大于单一的石英、方解石矿浆。Mg2+/Ca2+浓度的升高降低了石英与方解石颗粒之间的电位差,减弱了两种颗粒之间的吸引作用,抑制了颗粒的异相凝聚,导致石英和方解石混合矿浆表观黏度和屈服应力降低。
(3)存在异相凝聚行为的石英+方解石混合矿浆的屈服应力与水的德拜长度呈对数关系,与石英、方解石颗粒表面电位差的平方呈正相关关系。通过分析电解质浓度、颗粒表面电位与矿浆流变性的关系,可以预测矿浆宏观性质,为矿物加工过程中矿浆性质的调控提供理论支撑。
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
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太原科技大学科研启动基金资助项目(20242015)
来晋工作优秀博士奖励资金(20242089)
山西省高等学校科技创新资助项目(2024L243)
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    1.太原科技大学 机械工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    2.中国矿业大学 化工学院,江苏 徐州市 221116
    3.昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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