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Article(id=1322909542308249650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322909380756243363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718640000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335813357, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335813357, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335813357, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335813357, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322909380756243363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335774840, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335774840, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=164, endPage=171, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322909542471827507, articleId=1322909542308249650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Hydrogeological Conditions and Mine Pit Water Inflow of the Main Ore Body in Kambove Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to accurately predict the mine water inflow after exposing the aquifer in the open-pit mine of the main ore body of Kambove mine, the mine field pumping test was carried out in combination with the existing hydrogeological data of the mine, and the mine pit water inflow in different mining years was calculated based on the pressure bearing transfer to no pressure formula in the large well method. Based on field hydrogeological data and pumping test results, the main ore body is divided into strong water-rich zone (Ⅰ), medium water-rich zone (Ⅱ) and an aquifer (Ⅲ). When the mine is pushed to a level of 1 300 min the third year of production, the underground water inflow is the smallest. When the mining level reached 1 270 m in the sixth year of production, the underground water inflow reached its maximum value.Combined with the rainfall in normal rainy season and rainstorm season, the total water inflow of the mine pit can reach 23 152 m3/d and 46 552 m3/d respectively. The research results can provide important data support for the development of subsequent waterproofing and drainage plans for the mine.

, authors=Chong LI1, 2, Kexue WANG3, Yufei GAO1, 2, 4, Bin ZHENG1, 2, Yu ZHOU3, authorsList=Chong LI, Kexue WANG, Yufei GAO, Bin ZHENG, Yu ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kexue WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322909545911156810, articleId=1322909542308249650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=刚波夫主矿体水文地质条件及矿坑涌水量研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为准确预测刚波夫主矿体露天矿揭露含水层后的矿坑涌水量，结合矿山已有水文地质资料开展矿山现场抽水试验，基于大井法中的承压转无压公式计算了矿山不同开采年份的矿坑涌水量。依据现场水文地质资料和抽水试验结果，将主矿体分为强富水区(Ⅰ)、中等富水区(Ⅱ)和隔水层(Ⅲ)；矿坑在生产第3年推采至1 300 m水平时，地下涌水量最小；在生产第6年推采至1 270 m水平时，地下涌水量达到最大值；结合正常雨季和暴雨季降雨量，计算矿坑总涌水量分别可以达到23 152 m3/d和46 552 m3/d。研究结果可为该矿山后续的防排水方案制定提供重要的数据支撑。

, authors=李冲1, 2, 王科学3, 高嵛飞1, 2, 4, 郑斌1, 2, 周喻3, authorsList=李冲, 王科学, 高嵛飞, 郑斌, 周喻, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王科学, authorNote=

李冲（1983—），男，黑龙江青冈人，正高级工程师，主要从事海外矿产资源开发与经营管理工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王科学（2000—），男，江苏徐州人，博士研究生，主要从事膏体充填方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2.刚波夫矿业股份有限公司，刚果民主共和国　卢本巴希　999059, bio={"content":"

李冲（1983—），男，黑龙江青冈人，正高级工程师，主要从事海外矿产资源开发与经营管理工作。E-mail:

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李冲（1983—），男，黑龙江青冈人，正高级工程师，主要从事海外矿产资源开发与经营管理工作。E-mail:

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2.Kambove Mining SAS, Lubumbashi 999059, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
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2.刚波夫矿业股份有限公司，刚果民主共和国　卢本巴希　999059
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remark=1.中国有色矿业集团有限公司，北京　100029)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322909546439639119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322909546448027728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, companyId=1322909546439639119, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Kambove Mining SAS, Lubumbashi 999059, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322909546456416337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, companyId=1322909546439639119, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.刚波夫矿业股份有限公司，刚果民主共和国　卢本巴希　999059)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322909546527719506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, xref=3., 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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, companyId=1322909546628382805, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.China Nonferrous Metals (Guilin) Geology and Mining Resources Co., Ltd., Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322909546854875223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, companyId=1322909546628382805, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.中国有色桂林矿产地质研究院有限公司，广西　桂林市　541004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322909554287181951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The duration curves of water level drawdown and water inflow in SK720-23-1 hydrological hole pumping test, figureFileSmall=5YYceOOcdGaMv5azdR3oWQ==, figureFileBig=gS6vEb8o3h8Xjar8smE6gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909554354290816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=CN, label=图1, caption=SK720-23-1水文孔抽水试验降深与涌水量历时曲线, figureFileSmall=5YYceOOcdGaMv5azdR3oWQ==, figureFileBig=gS6vEb8o3h8Xjar8smE6gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909554589171841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The duration curves of water level drawdown and water inflow SK250-23-1 hydrological hole pumping test, figureFileSmall=9iHZOrE5Wn8gxGIFGN0hmw==, figureFileBig=tsKCbT6NhqYpVuhN4wI1qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909554652086402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SK250-23-1水文孔抽水试验降深与涌水量历时曲线, figureFileSmall=9iHZOrE5Wn8gxGIFGN0hmw==, figureFileBig=tsKCbT6NhqYpVuhN4wI1qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909554719195267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Observated of annual rainfall in Kambove mining area, figureFileSmall=ygEnyLPnxwbu/C0y0CXRAQ==, figureFileBig=gRJsgWkF+btJlc6DBiDg8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909554794692740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=CN, label=图3, caption=刚波夫矿区多年降雨量观测值, figureFileSmall=ygEnyLPnxwbu/C0y0CXRAQ==, figureFileBig=gRJsgWkF+btJlc6DBiDg8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909554857607301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Observated results of monthly average rainfall in Kambove mining area, figureFileSmall=PBHVgxhtULgCr0MhiYSq9w==, figureFileBig=EAvhG2u4O1X/M+gp4957wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909554928910470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=CN, label=图4, caption=刚波夫矿区月平均降雨量观测值, figureFileSmall=PBHVgxhtULgCr0MhiYSq9w==, figureFileBig=EAvhG2u4O1X/M+gp4957wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909555008602247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Results of pumping test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔编号抽水次数含水层厚度H/m钻孔半径r/m水位降深S/m涌水量Q/(L/s)渗透系数K/(cm/s)影响半径R/m
SK720-23-1第1次40.550.157 526.010.2401.940×10－533.679
SK250-23-1第1次60.000.157 518.4541.1064.576×10－3366.867
SK250-23-1第2次60.000.157 512.4835.4885.624×10－3275.100
SK250-23-1第3次60.000.157 56.9221.1045.550×10－3151.530
), ArticleFig(id=1322909555084099720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

抽水试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔编号抽水次数含水层厚度H/m钻孔半径r/m水位降深S/m涌水量Q/(L/s)渗透系数K/(cm/s)影响半径R/m
SK720-23-1第1次40.550.157 526.010.2401.940×10－533.679
SK250-23-1第1次60.000.157 518.4541.1064.576×10－3366.867
SK250-23-1第2次60.000.157 512.4835.4885.624×10－3275.100
SK250-23-1第3次60.000.157 56.9221.1045.550×10－3151.530
), ArticleFig(id=1322909555167985801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation parameters for underground water inflow

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号开采阶段标高/m静止水位标高/m水位降深S/m含水层厚度H/m渗透系数K/(m/d)引用半径r0/m影响半径R/m引用影响半径R0/m
Ⅲ11 3401 356.1516.1537.450.017 613426.22160.22
Ⅲ21 3301 356.1526.1537.450.017 613442.46176.46
Ⅲ31 3181 356.1537.4537.450.017 613460.81194.81
Ⅰ11 3001 312.0012.0060.004.536 0164395.93559.93
Ⅰ21 2901 312.0022.0060.004.536 0164725.88889.88
Ⅰ31 2801 312.0032.0060.004.536 01641 056.001 220.00
Ⅰ41 2701 312.0042.0060.004.536 01641 386.001 550.00
Ⅰ51 2601 312.0052.0060.004.536 01641 716.001 880.00
Ⅰ61 2521 312.0060.0060.004.536 01641 980.002 144.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322909555247677578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

地下涌水量计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号开采阶段标高/m静止水位标高/m水位降深S/m含水层厚度H/m渗透系数K/(m/d)引用半径r0/m影响半径R/m引用影响半径R0/m
Ⅲ11 3401 356.1516.1537.450.017 613426.22160.22
Ⅲ21 3301 356.1526.1537.450.017 613442.46176.46
Ⅲ31 3181 356.1537.4537.450.017 613460.81194.81
Ⅰ11 3001 312.0012.0060.004.536 0164395.93559.93
Ⅰ21 2901 312.0022.0060.004.536 0164725.88889.88
Ⅰ31 2801 312.0032.0060.004.536 01641 056.001 220.00
Ⅰ41 2701 312.0042.0060.004.536 01641 386.001 550.00
Ⅰ51 2601 312.0052.0060.004.536 01641 716.001 880.00
Ⅰ61 2521 312.0060.0060.004.536 01641 980.002 144.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322909555344146571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Calculated resulets of underground water inflow

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开采水平/m涌水量/(m3/d)
1 340(Ⅲ)293.92
1 330(Ⅲ)256.39
1 318(Ⅲ)208.04
1 300(Ⅰ)15 057.93
1 290(Ⅰ)18 188.13
1 280(Ⅰ)20 020.78
1 270(Ⅰ)20 808.74
1 260(Ⅰ)19 862.15
1 252(Ⅰ)19 980.59
), ArticleFig(id=1322909555428032652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909542308249650, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

地下涌水量计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开采水平/m涌水量/(m3/d)
1 340(Ⅲ)293.92
1 330(Ⅲ)256.39
1 318(Ⅲ)208.04
1 300(Ⅰ)15 057.93
1 290(Ⅰ)18 188.13
1 280(Ⅰ)20 020.78
1 270(Ⅰ)20 808.74
1 260(Ⅰ)19 862.15
1 252(Ⅰ)19 980.59
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刚波夫主矿体水文地质条件及矿坑涌水量研究
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李冲 1, 2 , 王科学 3 , 高嵛飞 1, 2, 4 , 郑斌 1, 2 , 周喻 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(4): 164-171
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (4) : 164 -171
刚波夫主矿体水文地质条件及矿坑涌水量研究
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李冲（1983—），男，黑龙江青冈人，正高级工程师，主要从事海外矿产资源开发与经营管理工作。E-mail:

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李冲（1983—），男，黑龙江青冈人，正高级工程师，主要从事海外矿产资源开发与经营管理工作。E-mail:

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李冲1, 2 , 王科学3 , 高嵛飞1, 2, 4, 郑斌1, 2, 周喻3
作者信息
  • 1.中国有色矿业集团有限公司，北京　100029
  • 2.刚波夫矿业股份有限公司，刚果民主共和国　卢本巴希　999059
  • 3.北京科技大学 金属矿山高效开采与安全教育部重点实验室，北京　100083
  • 4.中国有色桂林矿产地质研究院有限公司，广西　桂林市　541004
通讯作者:
王科学（2000—），男，江苏徐州人，博士研究生，主要从事膏体充填方面的研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

李冲（1983—），男，黑龙江青冈人，正高级工程师，主要从事海外矿产资源开发与经营管理工作。E-mail:

Study on Hydrogeological Conditions and Mine Pit Water Inflow of the Main Ore Body in Kambove Mine
Chong LI1, 2 , Kexue WANG3 , Yufei GAO1, 2, 4, Bin ZHENG1, 2, Yu ZHOU3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Nonferrous Metal Mining (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100029, China
  • 2.Kambove Mining SAS, Lubumbashi 999059, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 4.China Nonferrous Metals (Guilin) Geology and Mining Resources Co., Ltd., Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25
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摘要
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为准确预测刚波夫主矿体露天矿揭露含水层后的矿坑涌水量，结合矿山已有水文地质资料开展矿山现场抽水试验，基于大井法中的承压转无压公式计算了矿山不同开采年份的矿坑涌水量。依据现场水文地质资料和抽水试验结果，将主矿体分为强富水区(Ⅰ)、中等富水区(Ⅱ)和隔水层(Ⅲ)；矿坑在生产第3年推采至1 300 m水平时，地下涌水量最小；在生产第6年推采至1 270 m水平时，地下涌水量达到最大值；结合正常雨季和暴雨季降雨量，计算矿坑总涌水量分别可以达到23 152 m3/d和46 552 m3/d。研究结果可为该矿山后续的防排水方案制定提供重要的数据支撑。

露天矿山  /  地下涌水量  /  水文地质  /  大井法

In order to accurately predict the mine water inflow after exposing the aquifer in the open-pit mine of the main ore body of Kambove mine, the mine field pumping test was carried out in combination with the existing hydrogeological data of the mine, and the mine pit water inflow in different mining years was calculated based on the pressure bearing transfer to no pressure formula in the large well method. Based on field hydrogeological data and pumping test results, the main ore body is divided into strong water-rich zone (Ⅰ), medium water-rich zone (Ⅱ) and an aquifer (Ⅲ). When the mine is pushed to a level of 1 300 min the third year of production, the underground water inflow is the smallest. When the mining level reached 1 270 m in the sixth year of production, the underground water inflow reached its maximum value.Combined with the rainfall in normal rainy season and rainstorm season, the total water inflow of the mine pit can reach 23 152 m3/d and 46 552 m3/d respectively. The research results can provide important data support for the development of subsequent waterproofing and drainage plans for the mine.

Open-pit mine  /  Underground water inflow  /  Hydrogeology  /  Large well method
李冲, 王科学, 高嵛飞, 郑斌, 周喻. 刚波夫主矿体水文地质条件及矿坑涌水量研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (4) : 164 -171 .
Chong LI, Kexue WANG, Yufei GAO, Bin ZHENG, Yu ZHOU. Study on Hydrogeological Conditions and Mine Pit Water Inflow of the Main Ore Body in Kambove Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (4) : 164 -171 .
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0　引言
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伴随着我国的发展模式由高速发展转向高质量发展，我国的矿产资源需求也在发生变化，预计到2025年，多数大宗矿产将陆续达到需求峰值[1]。当前我国所需的多数大宗矿产仍以露天开采为主，在露天矿山的开采过程中，水害成为制约矿山安全持续开采的重要影响因素。因此，准确预测矿山开采过程中的涌水量，并以此为依据制定相应的防排水规划和开采规划具有重要的现实意义。
当前预测矿坑涌水量的常用方法主要有大井法、水文地质比拟法、水均衡法、数值模拟法等[2-8]。方刚[9]采用理论计算、模拟试验等方法，对巴拉素井田煤层富水性分区及矿井涌水量进行了研究，针对2号煤层给出了富水性分区并计算了煤层水储量。罗一鸣等[10]以滇中引水工程大坡子隧道为研究对象，在确定研究区水文地质条件的基础上，利用解析法-数值方法对隧洞涌水量进行了计算，通过与实测值进行对比，发现该方法可显著提高涌水量预测的准确性和效率。杜亚军等[11]提出了一套基于复杂地质体精细刻画的隧洞涌水量动态预测方法，通过将三维地质模拟软件中构建的不规则地质体密封性边界面导入Feflow，实现了复杂地质体的精细剖分，解决了地质模型与数值模型耦合过程中的非自相交性和密封性问题，对涌水量的预测效果较好。侯恩科等[12]提出了一种自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解、贝叶斯优化与双向门控循环单元相结合的矿井涌水量预测模型，该模型通过分解数据、过滤数据噪声和迭代寻优等步骤，大幅提高了涌水量预测结果的准确性。
上述涌水量预测方法虽然在预测精度上较传统预测方法有所提高，但同样需要大量的矿山水文地质数据作为支撑。在一些缺乏充足数据的矿山中，上述改良方法难以投入实际运用。刚波夫主矿体露天矿地处刚果(金)，矿区缺乏详尽的水文地质资料和长期的水文观测数据，无法采用数值模拟一类的涌水量预测方法进行涌水量预测。大井法作为一种计算过程相对简单的涌水量预测方法，不需要丰富的水文地质资料作为支撑[13-14]，可以进行水文地质资料匮乏的露天矿山的涌水量预测。
1　矿山概况
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1.1　矿区简介
刚果(金)刚波夫主矿体露天矿位于上加丹加省坎博韦镇。矿区地貌属低山丘陵地貌，地貌局部起伏相对较大，海拔高度在1 330~1 465 m之间。矿区位于区域分水岭顶部，主矿体南侧地势最高，海拔为1 465 m，其南部2.8 km处的河谷地势最低，海拔约1 340 m，为矿区最低侵蚀基准面。
矿区所处地域属于热带高原气候，区域年平均气温为27 ℃。每年的4月至10月为旱季，11月至次年3月为雨季，矿区年平均降雨量为967.83 mm, 20年一遇的大暴雨的24 h降雨量为124 mm。
矿区发育的地层主要为孔德龙古群(Ku)、恩古巴群(Ng)以及罗恩群(R)。孔德龙古群为区域范围内的主地层，在矿区北侧大面积出露，区域内孔德龙古群出露的岩性主要为砂砾岩及浅紫红色条带状粉砂岩。恩古巴群由Muombe亚群(Ng1)和篷启亚亚群(Ng2)组成，Muombe亚群底部为冰积大砾石，与下伏地层呈不整合接触，上部岩性主要为白云岩、白云质页岩、粉砂岩。篷启亚亚群岩性为长石砂岩、碳质页岩和粉砂岩。罗恩群是本区域最主要的含矿层位，为一套碎屑岩-泥质岩-碳酸盐岩组合的沉积建造。
刚波夫地区存在一个规模不大的推覆体，这个推覆体命名为“Kambove推覆构造”。该区域经历了多次推覆运动，相互叠加，每个矿段都存在一期或多期次的推覆运动。矿区内的构造主要为两组接近平行的北西南东向构造，其中一组为刚波夫背斜，主要矿床有刚波夫主矿体和西矿体。
1.2　矿区含(隔)水层
根据矿区地层出露情况及钻孔揭露情况，可以将主矿床分为强富水区域（Ⅰ）、中等富水区域（Ⅱ）和一个隔水层区域（Ⅲ）。强富水区域（Ⅰ）的主要含水层组为RSC、RSF硅质白云岩溶隙裂隙水区和老窑水强富水区。中等富水区域（Ⅱ）主要含水层为Br(RSC)硅质白云岩、Br(RAT)硅质碎裂角砾岩与Br(RAT)构造角砾岩接触带裂隙水中等富水区。隔水层（Ⅲ）主要为RAT泥质粉砂岩、Br(RAT)构造角砾岩和Ku泥质粉砂岩贫水区。
（1）Ku孔德龙古群。
孔德龙古群广泛分布于矿床周边，主要岩性为灰黄色-红褐色泥质粉砂岩、红褐-浅灰色白云质粉砂岩，厚度大于100 m，岩层总体倾向东、北东向(50°~100°)，倾角为28°~48°。该层近地表风化裂隙发育，但深度多小于20 m。雨季可形成潜水，但随着旱季到来，蒸发量较大，该含水层多是无水状态，局部风化裂隙发育深度较大，可形成封闭的小型含水体。据卡莫亚矿区资料显示，该层单位涌水量为0.016 L/(s·m)，渗透系数为0.022 m/d，富水性极弱。地下水位标高为1 420~1 384 m，无统一地下水位，为局部含水体。深部岩石为较完整到完整，裂隙不发育，为隔水层。该层主要接受大气降水补给，不具备供水意义，无人工开采，排泄以蒸发为主。由于风化程度差异大，裂隙发育深度变化大，地下水径流差。地下水流动性差，地下水位变幅极小。
（2）RAT泥质粉砂岩与Br(RAT)构造角砾岩隔水层。
RAT泥质粉砂岩呈泥质细粒结构、块状构造，风化后多泥化、高岭土化，厚度为10~100 m，岩芯局部完整，裂隙规模及连通性差，不含水。Br(RAT)构造角砾岩为RAT泥质粉砂岩、白云质粉砂岩在推覆构造作用下形成的角砾，经风化后固结成岩，多为白云岩质胶结，泥质砾质结构，块状构造，岩石总体硬度较低，该层与下伏Ku地层不整合接触，局部裂隙发育，但开度及延展规模小，连通性极差，较难形成含水层。
RAT泥质粉砂岩和Br(RAT)构造角砾岩为罗恩群底部，矿体底部均有分布，在主矿体东西两侧及中部出露面积较大，在南北两侧呈东西向条带状出露。该层总体位于矿层底板，厚度较大，为隔水底板。
Br(RSC、RSF)硅质白云岩、Br(RAT)硅质碎裂角砾岩与Br(RAT)构造角砾岩接触带裂隙水属于中等富水区（Ⅱ）。含水层岩性主要为Br(RSC、RSF)硅质白云岩（角砾岩）、Br(RAT)硅质碎裂角砾岩。根据钻孔揭露，该含水层由层间错动导致RSC、RSF硅质白云岩角砾岩化，RAT硅质角砾岩碎裂，并在接触带上形成了构造裂隙和溶蚀孔隙。
矿体北侧含水层岩体上部出露地表。地下中部含水层平卧埋藏于Br(RAT)碎裂角砾岩中，地下水为承压水。
含水层四周均为RAT泥质粉砂岩和碎裂角砾岩隔水层，含水层相对独立，主要接受大气降水补给，含水层排泄方式以蒸发和侧向渗流为主。
（3）RSC、RSF硅质白云岩溶隙裂隙水和老窑水强富水区（Ⅰ）。
RSC、RSF硅质白云岩在推覆构造作用下，层间错动较为剧烈，岩体硅化裂隙发育宽度及延展规模大，连通性好，后期裂隙氧化溶蚀较为强烈，形成大量蜂窝状孔洞，富水空间大，钻进至该层位的钻孔全孔泥浆漏失，形成强导水层和强富水层。RSC、RSF硅质白云岩均为矿体。根据矿方调查结果，矿体内存在老窑，地下水位以下的老窑与矿体形成同一含水层。通过矿区以往钻孔水位标高及分布区域，确定该含水层为本区域的主要含水层。
RSC、RSF硅质白云岩虽在地表有出露，但含水层埋藏较深，顶板覆盖SD及CMN全风化黏土隔水层和强风化弱透水层，地下水类型为承压水。
含水层四周均为RAT隔水层，含水层相对独立，主要接受大气降水补给。水质分析结果表明，地下水质量较差，其原因是老窑水长期积存，径流不畅所致。目前矿坑尚未揭露含水层，因此含水层的排泄方式以蒸发和侧向径流为主。
1.3　水文地质边界条件概化
刚波夫露天矿主矿体采用露天开采方式，主矿体可以分为南北两条矿脉，北侧矿脉开采底界标高位于地下水位以上，未揭穿主要含水层，在揭露上部Br(RSC)时可能有少量涌水，容易疏干。南侧矿脉开采将完全揭穿RSC、RSF含水层，涌水量较大，为本次涌水量预测的目标层位。强富水区域(Ⅰ)的含水层底板及四周围岩为RAT隔水层，为隔水边界。含水层的主要补给源为降雨，通过上覆弱透水层入渗补给。
1.4　矿床充水因素
（1）直接充水水源。南侧矿体为RSC、RSF硅质白云岩，同时也是含水层，为采坑直接充水水源。雨季降雨汇集采坑，形成直接充水水源。
（2）间接充水水源。雨季大气降水通过采坑周边地表入渗和侧向渗流汇聚采坑，成为矿坑间接充水水源。
2　矿坑地下涌水量预测
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在露天矿山的开采过程中，需要对矿坑的涌水量进行准确预测。大井法作为一种较常使用的涌水量预测方法，具有对采掘类型适应能力强、快速、简便和经济等优点。该方法对采掘区域水文地质模型进行了“平均式”的理想化概化[15-16]。
根据主矿体勘查报告，RSC、RSF硅质白云岩虽在地表有出露，但含水层埋藏较深，顶板覆盖SD及CMN全风化粉黏土隔水层和强风化弱透水层，地下水类型为承压水，因此选择承压水完整井公式进行计算[17]：
式中：K为渗透系数，m/d；Q为抽水井涌水量，m3/d；R为影响半径，m；r为抽水井半径，m；M为含水层厚度，m；S为地下水位降深，m。
2.1　抽水试验
为获取矿坑涌水量计算的关键参数，共计钻设两口水文孔，分别是位于主矿体Ⅲ号矿坑的SK720-23-1水文孔以及位于主矿体I号矿坑的SK250-23-1水文孔。两个钻探孔的深度分别为115 m和114 m，稳定水位分别为80.15 m和27.8 m。
整理了两个水文孔的抽水试验数据，确定了每个水文孔承压含水层的厚度，以及相应的抽水试验时所测得的渗透系数。
根据矿山现场提供的资料，SK720-23-1水文孔涌水量较小，仅能完成一次抽水试验；SK250-23-1水文孔涌水量较大，进行了3次抽水试验。根据矿山以往地质资料，两口水文井钻设区域均属于承压水强富水性含水层。以此推断，刚波夫主矿体露天矿Ⅰ号坑和Ⅲ号坑之间存在隔水层，因此在进行地下涌水量校核时要对I号坑和Ⅲ号坑分别进行计算。
根据钻孔抽水试验数据，绘制的水位降深和涌水量历时曲线如图1和图2所示。
矿区含水层属承压水强富水性含水层，在强烈抽水时，抽水井附近呈紊流状态，而在离抽水井较远的区域，水流仍呈层流状态；受抽水影响的大裂隙中的水呈层流状态，小裂隙中的水呈紊流状态。
将两水文孔的相关抽水试验数据代入式(1)和式(2)，即可得到基于抽水试验的相关水文参数，见表1。由于SK720-23-1水文孔的渗透系数K值与SK250-23-1水文孔的K值相差过大，因此认为两孔所处含水层不属于同一含水层。
2.2　含水层涌水量计算
根据矿山现场水文钻探结果，钻设于主矿体Ⅲ号矿坑的水文孔静水位标高为1 356.15 m，其中含水层厚度约为37.5 m，则含水层底板标高为1 318.5 m。
钻设于主矿体Ⅰ号矿坑的水文孔静水位标高约为1 312 m，含水层厚度约为60 m，则其含水层底板标高约为1 252 m。在计算矿山地下涌水量的过程中，采取分开计算的原则，即在各自的含水层高度内，只计算对应矿坑的涌水量。
开采将首先揭露矿山南侧的浅部含水层，然后逐渐向下揭露，地下水存储状态由有压转为无压，因此采用大井法中的潜水井公式进行计算[18-19]：
式中：主矿体Ⅲ号矿坑取K=0.017 6 m/d，主矿体Ⅰ号矿坑取为K=4.536 m/d(SK250-23-1水文孔3次抽水试验渗透系数平均值)；S即为地下水水位标高与露天坑台阶标高的差值，其中主矿体Ⅲ号矿坑地下水位标高为1 356.15 m，主矿体Ⅰ号矿坑地下水位标高为1 312 m；H为潜水含水层厚度，m，主矿体Ⅲ号矿坑取37.45 m，主矿体Ⅰ号矿坑取为60 m；R0为引用影响半径，m，，其中主矿体Ⅰ号坑取264.499 m（SK250-23-1水文孔3次抽水试验平均值)，主矿体Ⅲ号矿坑取34.537 m；r0为引用半径，m，，F0取相应矿坑静水位标高处的露天坑封闭圈面积，其中，主矿体Ⅲ号矿坑取1 360 m台阶的封闭圈面积56 241 m2，其对应的r0=134 m，主矿体Ⅰ号矿坑取1 310 m台阶的封闭圈面积84 464 m2，其对应的r0=164 m。
目标矿山台阶高度为10 m，矿山每年开采最低水平下降高度也多为10 m，因此，按10 m一个水平计算露天矿的地下涌水量，主要台阶涌水量计算参数见表2。在进行计算时，Ⅲ号坑选取1 340 m水平作为第一台阶，Ⅰ号坑则选取1 300 m水平。
将上述参数代入公式(3)，即可计算出不同开采水平下的地下涌水量，计算结果见表3。
3　降雨水量计算
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参考刚波夫矿区近年来的降雨量数据，求得该矿区的雨季正常日均降雨量为6.77 mm/d。刚波夫主矿体露天矿属于大型露天矿山，应采用设计暴雨频率为5%，即20年一遇[20]。根据相关观测数据，该矿区20年一遇暴雨量为124 mm/d[21]；露天采坑最终开采境界范围内面积为619 000 m2。刚波夫主矿体露天矿区的多年降雨量观测值与月平均降雨量观测值如图3和图4所示。
3.1　设计频率暴雨径流量
刚波夫主矿体露天矿设计暴雨频率为5%，露天矿允许淹没时间为7 d。20年一遇的7 d暴雨量计算公式如下：
式中：HT为历时T的暴雨量，mm；H24P为一定频率下24 h暴雨量，124 mm；T为暴雨历时，d，设计取与允许淹没日数相同的历时，即7 d；m为地区暴雨参数，由地区m等值线图查得，m=0.565。
计算得20年一遇的7 d暴雨量为372 mm, 20年一遇的7 d暴雨径流量计算公式如下：
式中：QT为历时T的暴雨径流量，m3；F为各台阶降雨汇水面积，m2；φ为暴雨地表径流系数，露天坑所处地层岩性为白云岩、砂岩等，取φ=0.8。
露天采坑最终开采境界范围内面积为619 000 m2，整个采坑内7 d降雨径流量为QT=184 214.4 m3，则日径流量为26 316.3 m3。
3.2　采场正常降雨径流量
刚波夫露天矿主矿体所在地层岩性为白云岩等岩类，在地表径流系数取0.7的条件下，与暴雨工况计算类似，采场正常降雨径流量为2 916.1 m3。
4　矿坑总涌水量预测
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矿坑总涌水量为露天采场分水岭内大气降雨径流量之和与矿坑地下涌水量相加得到，露天矿四周设置有截水沟，因此矿坑内降雨量即为露天采场分水岭内大气降雨径流量之和。降雨量为定值，则矿山不同开采年份的矿坑涌水量只与对应年份的地下涌水量相关。本文共计算3种工况下的矿坑总涌水量，分别为旱季、正常雨季和暴雨雨季。在矿山生产第3年，矿坑涌水量最小，旱季、正常雨季、暴雨雨季的涌水量分别为15 058 m3/d、17 974 m3/d和41 117 m3/d。在矿山生产至第6年时，矿坑的涌水量最大，旱季、正常雨季、暴雨雨季的涌水量分别为20 808 m3/d、23 152 m3/d和46 295 m3/d。
此外，主矿体矿床以地层可以划分为RSC和RSF两个矿体，直接与地下水相接触。与此同时，西矿体与卡莫亚矿区的含水层存在密切联系，经过长期水位观测，确认其属于同一含水层。矿床充水方式包含RSC和RSF矿体的直接充水以及CMN矿体的间接充水。卡莫亚矿区的长期观测数据表明，由于对西矿体进行了疏干排水，其影响半径范围内的地下水位显著低于主矿体，即西矿体的疏干排水对主矿体地下水位的影响较小。根据矿山以往水工报告中所提及的水质检测结果，主矿体水质与西矿体水质区别较大，主矿体水质较差，西矿体水质较好。
综上，西矿体的排水对主矿体的地下水位影响较小，二者之间的水力联系不密切。因此，主矿体和西矿体之间的水量补给可以近似忽略，前文计算值即为刚波夫露天矿主矿体矿坑总涌水量预测值。
5　结论
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本文对刚波夫主矿体开采过程中的水文地质条件及矿坑涌水量进行了深入研究，主要得到了如下结论。
（1）刚波夫主矿体露天矿开采过程中，可将主矿床划分为强富水区域（Ⅰ）、中等富水区域（Ⅱ）和隔水层（Ⅲ）。强富水区域（Ⅰ）的含水层主要为RSC、RSF硅质白云岩溶隙裂隙水和老窑水区域；中等富水区域（Ⅱ）的含水层主要为Br(RSC)硅质白云岩、Br(RAT)硅质碎裂角砾岩与Br(RAT)构造角砾岩接触带裂隙水区域；隔水层（Ⅲ）主要为RAT泥质粉砂岩、Br(RAT)构造角砾岩和Ku泥质粉砂岩贫水区。
（2）开展了矿区水文地质补勘工作，在主矿体Ⅰ号坑和Ⅲ号坑各施工了一口水文井，通过开展相关抽水试验，得到了抽水涌水量、渗透系数、影响半径等关键水文参数。
（3）结合现场试验及相关水文地质资料，发现西矿体疏干排水对主矿体水位的影响较小，推测主矿体与西矿体之间的水力联系较弱。
（4）主矿体中主要含水层的富水性较强，但含水层缺少补给源，矿坑排水主要消耗静储量。根据理论计算，在第3年推采至1 300 m水平时，在旱季、正常雨季和暴雨雨季3种情况下的矿坑总涌水量均最小。在第6年推采至1 270 m水平时，旱季、正常雨季和暴雨雨季总涌水量均最大。由于老窑水的存在，矿山水文地质条件复杂，开采时易发生突水事故，需要及时展开主矿体水害防治技术研究。

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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间：2024-06-18
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-18
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    1.中国有色矿业集团有限公司，北京　100029
    2.刚波夫矿业股份有限公司，刚果民主共和国　卢本巴希　999059
    3.北京科技大学 金属矿山高效开采与安全教育部重点实验室，北京　100083
    4.中国有色桂林矿产地质研究院有限公司，广西　桂林市　541004

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王科学（2000—），男，江苏徐州人，博士研究生，主要从事膏体充填方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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