Article(id=1322909505952031349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322909380756243363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335804688, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335804688, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335804688, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335804688, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322909380756243363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335774840, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335774840, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=156, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322909506128192118, articleId=1322909505952031349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on the Evolution Law of Coda Wave Signals in Different Fracturing Stages of Supercritical CO2 Fracturing Sandstone, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to achieve precise control of the process of rock breaking, the characteristics and evolution laws of coda wave signals indifferent rock fracturing stages were studied. The coda wave signal test of supercritical CO2 fracturing sandstone under triaxial confining pressure was carried out, and the evolution characteristics and signal parameter changing law of coda wave signals during CO2 fracturing process were analyzed. The sensitive nuclei function of coda wave extension based on probability density was established, and the characteristics and evolution law of coda wave signal in different fracturing stages were revealed. The results indicate that supercritical CO2 fracturing rock can be divided into four stages: early stage, middle stage, late stage and post-failure stage. The relative change rate of coda wave velocity shows a downward trend as a whole, reflecting the rapid accumulation process of rock damage. The diffusion sensitive nuclei reveals that the rock damage gradually accumulates during the fracturing process, resulting in enhanced wave scattering inside the rock, increased energy loss and rapid development of coda waves.

, authors=Guo LI, authorsList=Guo LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322909513707299474, articleId=1322909505952031349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=超临界CO2致裂砂岩不同致裂阶段尾波信号演化规律研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现破岩过程的精准控制,研究不同岩石致裂阶段尾波信号的特征和演变规律,开展了三轴围压下超临界CO2致裂砂岩的尾波信号试验,分析了砂岩在CO2致裂过程中的尾波信号演化特征及信号参数变化规律,建立了基于概率密度的尾波扩展敏感核函数,揭示了不同致裂阶段尾波信号的特征和演变规律。结果表明:超临界CO2致裂岩石可分为致裂前期、中期、后期和破坏后4个阶段;尾波波速相对变化率整体呈曲线下降趋势,体现岩样损伤的快速积累过程;扩散敏感核模型揭示了致裂过程中岩石损伤逐步累积,导致岩石内部波散射现象增强、能量损失加剧和尾波快速发育。

, authors=李果, authorsList=李果, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李果(1986—),男,河南遂平人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿采掘工程及地质工程科研管理工作。E-mail:

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李果(1986—),男,河南遂平人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿采掘工程及地质工程科研管理工作。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

李果(1986—),男,河南遂平人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿采掘工程及地质工程科研管理工作。E-mail:

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Experimental study on dynamic failure characteristics and fracture morphology of true triaxial coal rock mass under high pressure air impact[D]. 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Mechanical behavior and acoustic emissiontime-frequency-space characteristics of shale fractured by high-pressure fluid[D]. 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Study on the mechanism of supercritical CO2 gas explosion cracking and its application in Daxing mine[D]. Fuxin: Liaoning Technical University, 2023., articleTitle=Study on the mechanism of supercritical CO2 gas explosion cracking and its application in Daxing mine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322909531302404821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909505952031349, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=691, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=27, authorNames=ALY Moustafa, HANAMERTANI Alvinda Sri, SARAJI Soheil, journalName=Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALY Moustafa, HANAMERTANI Alvinda Sri, SARAJI Soheil. Investigating the interplay of fracture inclination and rock properties on supercritical CO2-foam flow in porous media[J]. 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Monitoring the corrosion of reinforced concrete using the ultrasonic coda wave method[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2024, 43(2):264-270., articleTitle=Monitoring the corrosion of reinforced concrete using the ultrasonic coda wave method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322909532560696034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909505952031349, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=184, issue=null, pageStart=260, pageEnd=270, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=40, authorNames=HU Yanwei, CHEN Lei, CAO Zhanggao, journalName=Process Safety and Environmental Protection, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU Yanwei, CHEN Lei, CAO Zhanggao, et al. Experimental study on supercritical CO2 jet characteristics and coal breakage utilization in carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) process[J]. 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label=Fig.6, caption=Diffusion sensitive nuclei in the early stage of fracturing, figureFileSmall=piCTe95LFYwCXx57JObYGw==, figureFileBig=0C9Iwp2abVKknYw+tI4BWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909523077374642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909505952031349, language=CN, label=图6, caption=致裂前期阶段扩散敏感核, figureFileSmall=piCTe95LFYwCXx57JObYGw==, figureFileBig=0C9Iwp2abVKknYw+tI4BWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909523140289203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909505952031349, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Schemes and results of rock fraturing test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组X轴压力/MPaY轴压力/MPaZ轴压力/MPaCO2温度/℃破坏压力/MPa
A1111.5506.2
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超临界CO2致裂砂岩不同致裂阶段尾波信号演化规律研究
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李果
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(4): 156-163
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (4) : 156 -163
超临界CO2致裂砂岩不同致裂阶段尾波信号演化规律研究
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李果(1986—),男,河南遂平人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿采掘工程及地质工程科研管理工作。E-mail:

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李果(1986—),男,河南遂平人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿采掘工程及地质工程科研管理工作。E-mail:

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李果
作者信息
  • 国能神东煤炭集团有限责任公司,陕西 神木市 719315
作者简介:

李果(1986—),男,河南遂平人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿采掘工程及地质工程科研管理工作。E-mail:

Study on the Evolution Law of Coda Wave Signals in Different Fracturing Stages of Supercritical CO2 Fracturing Sandstone
Guo LI
Affiliations
  • China Energy Shendong Coal Group Co., Ltd., Shenmu, Shaanxi 719315, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25
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为实现破岩过程的精准控制,研究不同岩石致裂阶段尾波信号的特征和演变规律,开展了三轴围压下超临界CO2致裂砂岩的尾波信号试验,分析了砂岩在CO2致裂过程中的尾波信号演化特征及信号参数变化规律,建立了基于概率密度的尾波扩展敏感核函数,揭示了不同致裂阶段尾波信号的特征和演变规律。结果表明:超临界CO2致裂岩石可分为致裂前期、中期、后期和破坏后4个阶段;尾波波速相对变化率整体呈曲线下降趋势,体现岩样损伤的快速积累过程;扩散敏感核模型揭示了致裂过程中岩石损伤逐步累积,导致岩石内部波散射现象增强、能量损失加剧和尾波快速发育。

超临界CO2  /  岩石致裂  /  红砂岩  /  尾波干涉  /  时频分析

In order to achieve precise control of the process of rock breaking, the characteristics and evolution laws of coda wave signals indifferent rock fracturing stages were studied. The coda wave signal test of supercritical CO2 fracturing sandstone under triaxial confining pressure was carried out, and the evolution characteristics and signal parameter changing law of coda wave signals during CO2 fracturing process were analyzed. The sensitive nuclei function of coda wave extension based on probability density was established, and the characteristics and evolution law of coda wave signal in different fracturing stages were revealed. The results indicate that supercritical CO2 fracturing rock can be divided into four stages: early stage, middle stage, late stage and post-failure stage. The relative change rate of coda wave velocity shows a downward trend as a whole, reflecting the rapid accumulation process of rock damage. The diffusion sensitive nuclei reveals that the rock damage gradually accumulates during the fracturing process, resulting in enhanced wave scattering inside the rock, increased energy loss and rapid development of coda waves.

Supercritical CO2  /  Rock fracturing  /  Red sandstone  /  Coda wave interference  /  Time-frequency analysis
李果. 超临界CO2致裂砂岩不同致裂阶段尾波信号演化规律研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (4) : 156 -163 .
Guo LI. Study on the Evolution Law of Coda Wave Signals in Different Fracturing Stages of Supercritical CO2 Fracturing Sandstone[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (4) : 156 -163 .
传统破岩技术在环境污染和工作安全性方面都具有明显的缺点。以超临界CO2致裂为代表的绿色开采技术的研发和应用不仅能够提高矿产开采的效率和安全性,还能降低成本和能源消耗。因此,研究超临界CO2致裂砂岩过程中不同致裂阶段的尾波信号演化规律,对矿产资源开采中破岩方法的高效化与环保化具有重要意义[1-3]。
超临界CO2致裂主要包括相变致裂技术与无水压裂技术,已有学者开展了致裂机理的理论研究,研制了对应的致裂试验系统,并进行了其在不同外部环境、压裂介质与压裂液性质下致裂效果的相关研究。在相变致裂技术方面,王琛琛[4]开展了超临界二氧化碳射流冲击破煤特征研究,试验表明,超临界二氧化碳射流冲击壁面压力呈多峰分布,不同的射流参数导致射流冲击载荷作用于煤体的能量密度不同。刘露[5]开展了超临界CO2相变致裂冲击各阶段的状态参数理论计算,获得了超临界CO2相变致裂过程的膛压参数,研究结果表明,冲击应力波在岩石中的传播呈指数关系衰减。郑永等[6]开展了超临界CO2致裂机制研究,研究表明,低黏度的CO2更易进入岩石的微小裂缝中,并在岩石内部形成不同的流体压力系统,沿胶结物等强度较低的边界起裂,裂缝复杂且断面粗糙,含支撑剂的流体在迂曲裂缝中运移路径更加曲折多变。胡少斌等[7]开展了超临界CO2热冲击致裂高强度混凝土块体试验,建立了高温高压CO2热冲击破岩的多场耦合模型,研究了CO2温度场、压力场以及损伤演化规律,揭示了高温高压CO2反应流动相变致裂机理。权西平[8]开展了二氧化碳相变致裂原理、应力波传播和裂纹扩展机理理论分析,基于致裂后的宏观数据分析了孔裂隙变化规律及煤体孔裂隙结构在液态二氧化碳致裂作用下的演化规律。王小飞等[9]开展了真三轴CO2热冲击致裂试验和破岩现场振动监测试验,研究表明,随着震源距的增加,破岩诱发振动波形频谱主要成分的分布也逐渐变宽,其中高能气体的气楔作用在岩体损伤中占主导作用。
除了相变致裂技术外,无水压裂技术也是一种超临界CO2致裂的重要技术。在无水压裂技术研究方面,朱建波等[10]开展了高温条件下不同加热速率及恒温热处理后花岗岩的超声波检测试验,并结合SEM细观扫描结果,研究了不同升温路径对花岗岩超声波传播特性的影响规律,得到可用于评价高温岩体工程中花岗岩破裂行为和损伤程度的声波指标参数。马彬[11]开展了基于尾波干涉技术和扩散波理论的反演方法,研究表明,散射体截面长度变化率会导致相对波速变化的线性下降,散射体截面长度变化率的平方与去相关系数线性相关。谭辉[12]通过试验研究了冲击气压、钻孔不耦合系数、冲击方向及应力差等关键因素对高压空气冲击作用下煤岩动态破坏特征与破裂形态的影响规律,研究表明,随着应力差系数的增大,峰值压力、压力衰减持续时间均增大,而裂缝数量、声发射信号频段则会变小。王刚等[13]针对真三轴状态下煤体超声波传播特性规律进行了研究,研究了不同注水条件对煤体声波波速、幅度和衰减系数等特征参数的影响,为煤矿注水湿润效果的动态监测提供了理论依据。
目前在矿业工程领域超临界CO2致裂与尾波干涉技术仍处于理论研究与室内试验阶段,尚未有将超临界CO2致裂与尾波干涉技术相结合应用于矿山开采破岩的实例[14-18]。鉴于此,本文以超临界CO2致裂砂岩尾波信号为研究对象,开展了超临界CO2致裂岩石的尾波干涉试验,分析了不同致裂阶段尾波波速及相关性的变化规律,建立了基于概率密度的尾波扩展敏感核函数,揭示了不同致裂阶段岩石的尾波信号特征。研究结果对超临界CO2岩石致裂的工程应用具有重要意义。
超声无损检测原理如图1所示。超声波经过岩石等多重散射介质后形成复杂波形。初始波形由纵波和横波组成,随后与介质表面相互作用形成表面波。随时间推移,纵波和横波的振幅逐渐减小,形成包含纵波、横波和表面波混合的衰减波列,即尾波。尾波包含的介质信息比直达波更丰富。因此,尾波在岩石等非均质介质的无损检测和微小损伤监测预警中具有巨大的研究价值和应用前景。
波场n(t)可通过所有传播路径子波的叠加来表示,当某一路径p的波速发生微小改变时,其传播时间会产生走时扰动[19],扰动后形成的波场可表示为:
式中:ñ(t)表示扰动后形成的波场;t为波传播时间;τp为走时扰动;Sp为传播路径子波。
如果扰动前后波场的激发模式基本不变,那么与扰动前的波场相比,子波Sp的波形并未发生改变,只是对于不同的传播路径p,对应的传播时间扰动不同。
走时扰动方差与扰动前后波形的相关系数的关系式如下:
式中:为走时扰动方差;R(ts)为扰动前后波形的相关系数;ts为走时偏移;ω为角频率。
波形伸缩法是通过对所获取的波形进行拉伸压缩等变化处理,使得扰动前后波形尽可能的相似重合[20-21]。伸缩方法是通过在速度扰动区间内利用很小的增量历经拉伸参数ε,并计算每一个拉伸参数ε所对应的互相关系数R(ε),当R(ε)取最大值时,此时的拉伸参数ε即为该信号的相对波速变化[22-23]。互相关系数R(ε)计算公式为:
波形伸缩法通过分析整个波形信号,寻找最高互相关系数下的拉伸系数,结果更具代表性。因此在试验中选择波形伸缩法处理超声尾波数据,以减少主观参数设定的影响,提高计算精度和结论的可靠性[24-25]。
超声尾波测试系统采用CTS-8077PR超声波脉冲发生仪及YE3821型IEPE信号调理器。选择主频为50 kHz的声波换能器作为激发探头,选择传统声发射信号传感器作为接收探头。用于波形信号显示、采集和存储的设备为普源RIGOL-DS4024型数字示波器,具有200 MHz的带宽,最高实时采样率达4 Gsa/s,最大存储深度为140 Mpts。
由尾波干涉数据采集系统采集和记录各项试验参数,包括主动源超声波激发电压、激发频率、增益倍数、示波器采样长度、采样频率等。选择超声波激发电压300 V,在300 V激发电压下,原始波形信噪比高,尾波部分发育明显,有利于后续数据分析处理。选择超声波激发频率为200 Hz, 200 Hz激发频率的信号在时间轴上尾波部分发育完整,幅值较大,符合尾波数据分析的基本要求。采样频率大于信号中最高频率的2倍时,采集到的信号才能完整保留信息。经调试后选取采样频率为1 MHz,单次采集数据的时间为1.4 ms。
试验选用均质完整的致密红砂岩,将岩石样品加工成棱长为100 mm的立方体,端面平行度控制在0.05 mm以内,共制备9块样品。每块岩样中心钻有直径16 mm、深60 mm的压裂钻孔,钻孔中插入外径为16 mm的压裂钢管,底部留有20 mm长的空腔段用作致裂起始位置,如图2所示。钻孔与钢管之间用高强度植筋胶固结,24 h后达到最高强度,以确保密封性和稳定性。
为分析三轴应力状态下超临界CO2致裂岩石不同损伤阶段的尾波信号,开展了不同三轴应力下的岩石致裂试验。在试验中,设置致裂压力梯度为1 MPa,即每增加1 MPa的致裂压力后,进行尾波信号的数据采集及保存,温度均设置为可使CO2达到超临界态的50℃。共进行了A、B、C三组试验。为减少误差,每组方案重复3次试验。
在试验准备阶段,首先使用增压泵和加热保温系统对CO2气体进行加压和加热,以确保CO2达到超临界条件,同时进行保温处理,保证CO2处于超临界状态。
进入致裂阶段后,连接CO2管路与压裂钢管,并用压力监测装置实时监测压裂过程中的压力变化。对真三轴系统进行加压,同时进行三向压力加载,确保岩样处于静水压状态。在确认装置气密性良好后,打开控制阀门开始超临界CO2致裂试验,并实时记录压力-时间曲线。当压力达到预设值并稳定后,停止加压,随后释放孔内CO2气体和三轴压力,取出岩样。每增大1 MPa的致裂压力,进行一次尾波测量,重复尾波信号的采集和记录,直至岩样完全致裂。各岩样致裂破坏压力试验结果见表1。
A、B、C三组岩样致裂过程尾波波速变化率如图3所示。由图3(a)可知,在围压为1 MPa、轴压为1.5 MPa的三向应力状态下,红砂岩岩样随着CO2致裂压力增加,尾波相对波速的变化显示出明显的特征。在初期阶段(0~2 MPa),随着CO2注入压力的上升,尾波波速略有增加,这是由于岩体内部的微裂纹和孔隙未完全开放,受到围压影响较大。随着压力进一步增加,CO2对岩石内部孔隙和裂隙的冲击作用增强,尾波波速逐渐下降,导致岩石损伤程度增加和孔隙率的增大。到达致裂后期阶段,尾波波速的下降幅度显著增大,表明岩样的损伤进一步扩展,裂隙空间进一步形成,这是岩石宏观破坏的累积阶段。
从图3(b)可以观察到,在围压为3 MPa、轴压为4.5 MPa的较高三向压力状态下,随着CO2致裂压力的增大,尾波波速的变化表现出阶段性的特征。在初期阶段,波速相对变化率略有下降,部分波速出现先上升后下降的趋势,这是因为岩样主要受到三向围压的影响,CO2注入压力较低。在致裂中期阶段,压力升至3 MPa后,尾波波速的相对变化率开始逐渐减小,岩样承受较高的围压,减弱了CO2的扩散膨胀作用,导致波速变化较为缓慢。在致裂后期阶段,当CO2注入压力升至7 MPa时,尾波波速显著下降,超过岩样结构的极限,岩样内部裂纹快速发育并贯通,损伤区域扩大,导致波速急剧下降。
从图3(c)可以看出,在围压为5 MPa、轴压为7.5 MPa的较高三向压力状态下,早期低CO2注入压力对岩样影响不大,尾波波速变化主要受到三向围压的影响。在致裂中期阶段,CO2对软弱区域的影响有限,高围压提高了孔隙的密闭性,难以形成新的裂缝。当CO2注入压力达到6 MPa时,波速略有上升,可能是由于压力超过了围压的影响,导致裂隙扩展并被轴向压力填补。在致裂后期阶段,CO2注入压力上升至超临界状态,尾波波速的下降幅度急剧增大,表明在超临界CO2的冲击和相变膨胀共同作用下,岩体内部产生了新的裂纹并逐步扩展贯通,导致岩样发生整体破坏。
岩体内部的局部损伤会引起波形的畸变与失真,相对波速变化通常用于反映波形整体速度的变化,去相关系数Dc可以反映波形的局部损失变化情况,其计算公式如下:
3组岩样致裂过程中的去相关系数变化如图4所示。从图4(a)可以看出,在三向轴压为1 MPa、1 MPa和1.5 MPa的条件下,随着致裂压力增加,去相关系数表现出不同的变化趋势。在初始阶段,波形变化不明显,主要受到三轴围压的影响。随着CO2注入压力的增大,在中期阶段部分软弱结构受到影响,损伤逐渐扩展。在致裂后期,去相关系数的变化趋于稳定,在7 MPa的压力下才有显著的变化。
从图4(b)可以看出,在围压为3 MPa、轴压为4.5 MPa的高压条件下,在红砂岩的致裂前期阶段,由于高围压和CO2初始冲击作用,去相关系数明显提升,显示岩体内部结构受到影响,尾波波形略微变化。在致裂中期阶段,去相关系数变化幅度较小,岩体保持相对完整的结构。在致裂后期阶段,高致裂压力加剧了对岩石内部的影响,导致软弱结构面和孔隙裂隙被冲破,形成次生裂纹,孔隙率增加,超声波传播路径发生变化,进而导致尾波波形变化率和去相关系数增大。当致裂压力达到7 MPa后,3个岩样的去相关系数显著提升,这表明CO2已进入超临界态,相变作用迅速破坏了未冲破的孔隙和裂隙,导致去相关系数迅速增加。从图3(c)可以看出,C组岩样在致裂过程中去相关系数的变化表现与B组岩样相似的变化规律。
在较高围压作用下,红砂岩致裂前期阶段的围压显著影响了孔隙、裂隙的闭合程度,导致超声尾波的散射路径略微改变,从而使去相关系数增大。在致裂中期阶段,致裂压力使CO2开始填充到岩石的孔隙、裂隙中。随着压力的增加,孔隙率逐渐增大,岩样进入动态平衡状态,去相关系数波动。在致裂后期阶段,高注入压力和超临界CO2相变膨胀作用进一步加剧了岩样的损伤,导致岩样内部结构发生大的改变,去相关系数持续增大,最终形成了宏观裂缝,岩样发生破坏。
尾波在实际介质中的传播十分复杂,经过多次散射和随机路径,无法预测具体传播路径,尾波干涉得到的参数可表征整体变化,但是难以确定扰动位置。因此提出用扩散敏感核理论描述波传播路径的分布。理论设定激发位置,经过某点后总传播时间内被接收的概率即为尾波随时间在不同位置的实际空间密度。具体表达式如下:
式中:n1为激发点;n2为接收点;x0为波经过某一点的位置;t为波从激发点n1传播到接收点n2的时间,s;τ为波传播时间扰动,s。
在均匀的二维平面散射介质中,波场强度P的解析解为:
式中:r表示激发点n1与接收点n2之间的距离;D为扩散系数;σ为耗散系数。
拟合求解扩散系数如图5所示。在研究高围压状态下超临界CO2致裂岩石后期阶段的波形扩散敏感分布时,以C2岩样在致裂后期结束时10 MPa压力下的尾波波形参数为基础,进行了不同传播时间下的扩散程度计算和分析。在传播时间为10 ms时,扩散敏感核呈现近似半圆柱体形状,传播路径的概率集中在发射端与接收端的连线处,最大值位于几何平面的中心位置。波场主要集中在直达波和初次散射波的传播路径周围,表明声波此时尚未充分传播到较远区域。随着传播时间增至20 ms,扩散敏感核的传播概率开始显著增长,最大值从平面中心位置向发射端与接收端两端偏移。中心条带区域附近的传播概率逐渐上升,边缘区域仍保持较低的传播概率。这表明随着时间的推移,散射波通过中心条带附近的散射后逐渐到达接收点,传播路径和范围逐渐扩展。当传播时间达到50 ms时,扩散敏感核呈现马鞍形状,传播概率的增长速率进一步加快,最大值向接收端与发射端靠拢,敏感核分布区域向边缘延伸。此时散射波的发育范围和程度增大,但边缘区域仍未完全覆盖。随着传播时间增至100 ms,超声尾波在岩体内经历了较为充分的多重散射传播,扩散敏感核呈现出较为规则的马鞍形分布。传播时间达到200 ms时,扩散敏感核的峰值出现在发射源与接收端处,敏感核逐渐减弱,声波几乎覆盖整个介质平面,形成的波形富含丰富的介质信息,主要由多次散射产生的尾波组成。这些结果显示了在不同传播时间下超临界CO2致裂岩石后期阶段尾波波形扩散敏感核的变化特征,反映了声波在岩石内部传播路径和能量分布的演变过程。
致裂前期阶段的扩散敏感核如图6所示。选择了不同致裂阶段接收的尾波波形来进行扩散敏感核参数的设置,基于上述的研究结论,将传播时间设定为1 s,因为在200 ms时尾波已经形成了多次散射的信号。在致裂前期阶段,通过对岩样波形包络线的拟合,得到扩散系数和耗散系数,用于构建敏感核。敏感核展示出马鞍状的分布特征,最大值位于激发点与接收点处,沿着连线曲线下降,中心点附近有极小值,其他区域的传播概率逐渐降低。随着致裂压力的逐渐增加,岩样受到的CO2冲击作用增强,损伤进一步加剧,散射体发生变化。扩散敏感核的结果显示,最大值相较于初始阶段提升约9.86%,边缘区域的传播概率变化不大。分析显示,损伤的加剧增强了散射效应,使得中心位置的传播概率进一步提高,而边缘区域的传播概率基本保持稳定。当致裂压力逐渐超过岩石的极限强度时,与前期阶段相比,散射核的分布显著变化,边缘区域的传播概率逐渐降低并趋近于零,整体马鞍形区域的传播概率显著提升,中心区域与边缘区域的传播概率差异明显扩大。分析显示,中心区域的损伤进一步加剧,散射效应增强,导致传播概率增加,而散射衰减使得尾波到达边缘区域的概率显著降低。
通过开展三轴围压状态下超临界CO2致裂红砂岩过程的尾波干涉试验,从尾波信号的时频域特征、相关特征参数及扩散敏感核模型等多个角度进行了致裂过程不同阶段尾波信号的特征及演变规律研究,得出如下结论。
(1)超临界CO2致裂岩石的破裂压力随围压的增大而升高。CO2恒流致裂岩样的时间-压力曲线呈现非线性增长,可分为致裂前期、中期、后期与破坏后4个阶段。
(2)致裂过程中的尾波波速相对变化率呈曲线下降趋势,体现了岩样损伤迅速扩大的过程。尾波去相关系数波动上升,体现了岩样局部损伤的快速累积。
(3)尾波扩散敏感核模型的最大概率位于信号发射点与接收点处,发射点与接收点的传播概率持续增加,而边缘位置传播概率逐渐减小,反映了致裂过程中岩石损伤的逐步累积,导致内部散射现象增强,能量损失加剧,尾波快速发育。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2900400)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52104077)
  • 重庆大学煤矿灾害动力学与控制国家重点实验室访问学者资助项目(2011DA105287-FW201903)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-24
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“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2900400)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52104077)
重庆大学煤矿灾害动力学与控制国家重点实验室访问学者资助项目(2011DA105287-FW201903)
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    国能神东煤炭集团有限责任公司,陕西 神木市 719315
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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