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Article(id=1322909469650329967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322909380756243363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716998400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335796033, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335796033, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335796033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335796033, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322909380756243363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335774840, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335774840, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=31, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322909470090731888, articleId=1322909469650329967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on the Stability of Unilateral Exposed Filling Body in Subsequent Filling Stope of an Iron Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stability of exposed one-step filling body on both sides is the key to safe mining in the two-step mining of subsequent filling mine. By means of numerical simulation and field monitoring, the stress and displacement states of different positions under the condition of one-step filling body unilateral exposure in 5371 stope of an iron mine were studied. The results show that the vertical stress of the measuring point at the bottom of the exposed filling body changes the most, about 0.48 MPa. The horizontal displacement of the measuring point at the top and closer to the exposed surface is larger, and the maximum horizontal displacement is about 32 mm. The mining rate of the two-step pillar is logarithmically related to the maximum vertical stress and maximum horizontal displacement of the exposed filling body. Different excavation times have little effect on the vertical stress at the bottom of the filling body, which is about 1.92%, and have a great effect on the horizontal displacement of the top of the filling body, which is about 5.65%. The field monitoring results show that during the two-step mining, the vertical stress in the middle of the unilateral exposed filling body changes greatly, about 0.3 MPa, and the horizontal displacement of the top measuring point is the largest, about 30 mm, which is basically consistent with the numerical simulation results.The research results can provide safety guarantee for the two-step mining work of the iron mine.

, authors=Jin ZHANG1, Yu LIU2, Aibing JIN3, Shuaijun CHEN3, authorsList=Jin ZHANG, Yu LIU, Aibing JIN, Shuaijun CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322909474670911885, articleId=1322909469650329967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=某铁矿嗣后充填采场单侧揭露充填体稳定状态研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

嗣后充填矿山二步骤回采时，两侧一步骤揭露充填体的稳定性是安全回采的关键。通过数值模拟和现场监测手段对某铁矿5371采场一步骤充填体单侧揭露条件下不同位置的应力和位移状态进行了研究，结果表明：揭露充填体底部测点的垂直应力变化最大，约为0.48 MPa；顶部越靠近揭露面测点的水平位移越大，最大水平位移约32 mm；二步骤矿柱的回采速率与揭露充填体的最大垂直应力和最大水平位移值均呈对数关系，对充填体底部垂直应力的影响较小，约为1.92%，不同开挖次数对充填体顶部水平位移的影响较大，约为5.65%。现场监测结果显示，二步骤回采时，单侧揭露充填体中部应力变化较大，约为0.3 MPa，顶部测点水平位移最大，约为30 mm，与数值模拟结果基本一致。研究结果可为该铁矿二步骤回采工作提供安全保障。

, authors=张金1, 刘毓2, 金爱兵3, 陈帅军3, authorsList=张金, 刘毓, 金爱兵, 陈帅军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘毓, authorNote=

张金（1972—），男，山东淄川人，高级工程师，主要从事金属矿山开采技术研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘毓（1991—），女，山东烟台人，硕士研究生，工程师，主要从事资源开发利用技术及经济方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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张金（1972—），男，山东淄川人，高级工程师，主要从事金属矿山开采技术研究。E-mail:

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张金（1972—），男，山东淄川人，高级工程师，主要从事金属矿山开采技术研究。E-mail:

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Surrounding rock stabilization and deformation evolution of gob-side entry retaining in deep coliery with mega-height coal seam extracted[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2021, 17(3):897-908., articleTitle=Surrounding rock stabilization and deformation evolution of gob-side entry retaining in deep coliery with mega-height coal seam extracted, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322909482694615507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909469650329967, awardId=2022YFC2905102, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2905102), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322909474897404302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909469650329967, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322909474901598607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909469650329967, companyId=1322909474897404302, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Shandong Jinding Mining Co., Ltd., Zibo, Shandong 255419, China), 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Physical and mechanical parameters of ore, rock and filling body

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材料质量密度/(kg/m3)体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
围岩2 80026.0016.4018.2033.5
矿体3 80040.5023.1015.1031.5
充填体1 9200.190.090.5730.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322909482421985744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909469650329967, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿岩及充填体的物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料质量密度/(kg/m3)体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
围岩2 80026.0016.4018.2033.5
矿体3 80040.5023.1015.1031.5
充填体1 9200.190.090.5730.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322909482522649041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909469650329967, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mining schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采方案单个矿房开挖次数小矿段分组
15开挖矿房1、2、3、4为1组，共5组。
210开挖矿房1、2为1组，共10组。
320开挖矿房1为1组，共20组。
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回采方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采方案单个矿房开挖次数小矿段分组
15开挖矿房1、2、3、4为1组，共5组。
210开挖矿房1、2为1组，共10组。
320开挖矿房1为1组，共20组。
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某铁矿嗣后充填采场单侧揭露充填体稳定状态研究
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张金 1 , 刘毓 2 , 金爱兵 3 , 陈帅军 3
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(4): 31-38
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (4) : 31 -38
某铁矿嗣后充填采场单侧揭露充填体稳定状态研究
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张金1 , 刘毓2 , 金爱兵3, 陈帅军3
作者信息
  • 1.山东金鼎矿业有限责任公司，山东　淄博市　255419
  • 2.矿冶科技集团有限公司，北京　100160
  • 3.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院，北京　100083
通讯作者:
刘毓（1991—），女，山东烟台人，硕士研究生，工程师，主要从事资源开发利用技术及经济方面的研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

张金（1972—），男，山东淄川人，高级工程师，主要从事金属矿山开采技术研究。E-mail:

Study on the Stability of Unilateral Exposed Filling Body in Subsequent Filling Stope of an Iron Mine
Jin ZHANG1 , Yu LIU2 , Aibing JIN3, Shuaijun CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1.Shandong Jinding Mining Co., Ltd., Zibo, Shandong 255419, China
  • 2.Bgrimm Technology Group, Beijing 100160, China
  • 3.School of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25
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摘要
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嗣后充填矿山二步骤回采时，两侧一步骤揭露充填体的稳定性是安全回采的关键。通过数值模拟和现场监测手段对某铁矿5371采场一步骤充填体单侧揭露条件下不同位置的应力和位移状态进行了研究，结果表明：揭露充填体底部测点的垂直应力变化最大，约为0.48 MPa；顶部越靠近揭露面测点的水平位移越大，最大水平位移约32 mm；二步骤矿柱的回采速率与揭露充填体的最大垂直应力和最大水平位移值均呈对数关系，对充填体底部垂直应力的影响较小，约为1.92%，不同开挖次数对充填体顶部水平位移的影响较大，约为5.65%。现场监测结果显示，二步骤回采时，单侧揭露充填体中部应力变化较大，约为0.3 MPa，顶部测点水平位移最大，约为30 mm，与数值模拟结果基本一致。研究结果可为该铁矿二步骤回采工作提供安全保障。

嗣后充填  /  充填体单侧揭露  /  数值模拟  /  现场监测

The stability of exposed one-step filling body on both sides is the key to safe mining in the two-step mining of subsequent filling mine. By means of numerical simulation and field monitoring, the stress and displacement states of different positions under the condition of one-step filling body unilateral exposure in 5371 stope of an iron mine were studied. The results show that the vertical stress of the measuring point at the bottom of the exposed filling body changes the most, about 0.48 MPa. The horizontal displacement of the measuring point at the top and closer to the exposed surface is larger, and the maximum horizontal displacement is about 32 mm. The mining rate of the two-step pillar is logarithmically related to the maximum vertical stress and maximum horizontal displacement of the exposed filling body. Different excavation times have little effect on the vertical stress at the bottom of the filling body, which is about 1.92%, and have a great effect on the horizontal displacement of the top of the filling body, which is about 5.65%. The field monitoring results show that during the two-step mining, the vertical stress in the middle of the unilateral exposed filling body changes greatly, about 0.3 MPa, and the horizontal displacement of the top measuring point is the largest, about 30 mm, which is basically consistent with the numerical simulation results.The research results can provide safety guarantee for the two-step mining work of the iron mine.

Subsequent filling  /  Unilateral exposed filling body  /  Numerical simulation  /  Field monitoring
张金, 刘毓, 金爱兵, 陈帅军. 某铁矿嗣后充填采场单侧揭露充填体稳定状态研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (4) : 31 -38 .
Jin ZHANG, Yu LIU, Aibing JIN, Shuaijun CHEN. Study on the Stability of Unilateral Exposed Filling Body in Subsequent Filling Stope of an Iron Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (4) : 31 -38 .
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0　引言
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随着“两山”理论的提出以及“绿色矿山”的推广，矿产资源开采逐渐朝着绿色、环保方向发展[1]。相对于崩落法和空场法，充填采矿法在采矿安全、地表环境保护和废弃物综合利用等方面具有显著优势，目前已经成为矿山地下开采的主要方法[2]。为了提高生产效率和经济效益，最大限度地开采矿产资源，有条件的矿山都采用空场嗣后充填的方式回采矿石，并在一步骤回采、充填完成后对预留矿柱进行二步骤回采。二步骤回采过程中，两侧一步骤回采充填体处于揭露状态，其稳定性是影响二步骤回采乃至整个矿山生产安全的关键问题[3]。
近年来，学者们借助理论分析和数值模拟等手段对单侧揭露充填体的稳定性问题进行了大量的研究[4-5]。周乐等[6]针对充填体单侧揭露工况，推导出了底部剪应力的表达式，并对不同采场结构参数下的充填体稳定性进行了分析。胡世利等[7]以矿柱回采、充填体侧壁逐渐揭露为工程背景，采用数值模拟和理论分析等手段，计算出了充填体的极限自立高度，并对间柱回采顺序进行了优化。王瑞鹏等[8]建立了满足阶段空场嗣后充填法实际工况的充填体后侧受压三维力学模型，对单侧揭露后壁承压充填体的稳定性进行了分析。
在室内试验方面，部分学者通过相似模型试验，对充填体井下赋存状态和矿房开挖进行模拟，并取得了相应成果。李刚等[9]设计相似模型试验，对某矿山－450 m中段单盘区采充过程进行模拟，采用多种仪器对模拟采场的位移、应力进行了监测，并以此为基础对充填体稳定性进行了分析。JIN等[10]通过设计嗣后充填采场相似模型试验，结合数字图像相关(DIC)方法，对二步骤回采过程中一步骤回采充填体之间的采空区稳定性进行研究。葛永翔等[11]根据湖北三鑫金铜矿－370 m中段的实际开采工况，利用相似模型试验对特定间柱回采方案下充填体的稳定性进行了研究。
建立矿山地压监测系统，进行采场变形和应力动态观测，是研究和评价井下围岩和充填体稳定性的有效方法，也是最直接的方法[12]。张新国等[13]采用变形监测仪和压力传感器，分别对充填体应变和应力状态进行实时监测，并提出了充填体性能的评价方法。高建科等[14]采用水准仪、收敛仪等多种仪器对采场围岩和充填体进行应力和位移监测，并对充填体的变形规律进行了总结。余昕等[15]在围岩和充填体中布置了地压监测传感器，监测了开采过程中地压的变化规律，发现矿柱开采会导致相邻充填体内应力增大。
本文以某嗣后充填铁矿为工程背景，借助FLAC3D数值模拟手段，建立嗣后充填采场模型，设定不同应力和位移测点，分析在爆破时序和回采速率影响下，一步骤回采揭露充填体的稳定性。同时，对矿山5371采场单侧揭露充填体不同位置的应力和位移进行现场监测，实时评估二步骤回采矿房开挖时一步骤回采充填体的稳定性，验证数值模拟结果的准确性，以期为二步骤回采开挖工作提供安全保障。
1　揭露充填体数值模拟分析
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1.1　工程概况
某铁矿矿床埋深－310~－530 m，平均品位51%，为了尽可能回收资源，采用分段凿岩阶段矿房嗣后充填法两步骤回采。一步骤矿房和二步骤矿柱尺寸均为：长×宽×高=60 m×18 m×(50~60) m, 5371采场位于－430 m水平。在二步骤回采过程中，采空区的形成引起岩体变形，造成一步骤充填体内应力增加；同时，二步骤回采过程中，一步骤充填体处于单侧揭露状态，充填体会产生水平位移，而过大的水平位移严重影响充填体的稳定性[16]。因此，对一步骤充填体的稳定性进行数值模拟分析，是掌握采场地压活动规律的重要手段，也是确保二步骤回采安全进行的前提，可为矿山安全生产计划提供数据基础。
1.2　数值模型构建
根据矿山地质资料和矿房爆破顺序，构建了开挖、充填的简化采场模型，如图1所示。为揭露不同爆破时段充填体暴露面积的变化情况，分析不同回采速率下充填体的稳定性差异，将整个开挖矿房划分为20个小段矿房（图中开挖矿房1表示模拟时的首个开挖矿房，编号代表开挖顺序）。整体采场模型的长、宽、高分别为400 m、400 m和600 m。
1.3　矿岩及充填体物理力学参数
根据矿岩和充填体的室内力学试验，确定矿岩和充填体的物理力学参数，见表1。
1.4　监测点和回采速率
为监测不同回采时段下充填体不同位置应力和位移情况，在1#充填矿房（见图1）内布置36个位移测点和9个应力测点，测点布置如图2所示。
自揭露面起，分别在距离为2 m、6 m、10 m和14 m处布置4排测点，如图2所示。1-T-1表示第1排、矿房顶部(Top)的1号前端(矿房走向方向)测点，1-T-2和1-T-3分别表示2号中部和3号后端测点，另外，1-M-1和1-B-1分别表示第1排、矿房中部(Middle)的1号前端测点和第1排、矿房底部(Bottom)的1号前端测点。根据要求，位移测点按照与揭露面的距离布置4排(2 m、6 m、10 m和14 m)，共36个，应力测点仅在第一排布置，共9个。
以完成单个矿房开挖的次数代表不同回采速率，设计3种回采方案，见表2。
1.5　不同位置测点模拟结果分析
1.5.1　应力分析
在矿房开挖过程中，充填体不同位置应力情况有所不同，因此，以1-T-2、1-M-2、1-B-2和1-M-1、1-M-2、1-M-3两组测点为例，分别从矿房高度和矿房走向两个方向对其应力变化进行分析。
（1）高度方向。
限于篇幅，以1-T-2、1-M-2和1-B-2测点为例，分析充填体不同高度处的垂直应力变化情况，如图3所示。
由图3可知，临近空区回采会对揭露充填体垂直应力产生一定影响，在充填体揭露前，其内部垂直应力变化很小（绿色线框之前，颜色标识见电子版），揭露后，不同高度处应力变化有所差异。顶部测点(1-T-2)受充填体自重影响较小，临近空区回采后，其垂直应力先后出现两次降低过程，且变化幅度较小；中部测点(1-M-2)和底部测点(1-B-2)受自重影响较大，尤其是底部测点，临近空区回采后，侧向约束消失，其垂直应力整体呈增大趋势，最大达0.48 MPa。
由此可见，一步骤充填体揭露前，其垂直应力自顶部至底部逐渐减小，而一步骤充填体揭露后，其垂直应力自顶部至底部逐渐增大。其原因可以借助水平应力与垂直应力的关系来解释。如图4所示，临近空区开挖之前，底部测点（1-B-2）的水平应力最大，由于充填体此时为三向受力状态，在应力拱作用下[17]，该点的自重应力向水平方向转移，因此，其垂直应力最小，相反，顶部测点(1-T-2)所受的应力拱作用较小，其自重应力向水平方向转移的程度较小，因此其水平应力最小，垂直应力最大；而随着矿房的持续开挖，充填体内部的应力拱受到破坏，充填体受到自重应力的影响程度加深，尤其是底部测点所受影响最大。由图3和图4可知，在最终开挖状态，3个测点的水平应力减小至相近水平，因此，在自重应力的影响下，底部测点的垂直应力最大。
（2）矿房走向方向。
限于篇幅，以1-M-1、1-M-2和1-M-3测点为例，分析在充填体矿房走向方向，同一高度、不同位置的应力变化，如图5所示。
由图5可知，在同一高度水平下，矿房走向方向不同测点的应力变化趋势基本一致，均在临近空区开挖后，产生应力降低或抬升。在开挖顺序的影响下，充填体前端测点(1-M-1)首先产生应力变化，而后是中部测点(1-M-2)，最后为后端测点(1-M-3)，应力变化整体呈现增大趋势，但最终应力数值差距很小。因此，从矿房走向来看，揭露充填体的应力变化仅体现在时序方面。
综上所述，不同高度水平对揭露充填体应力变化的影响较大，其底部测点受到临近空区开挖的影响较为显著，应力数值最大。
1.5.2　位移分析
根据应力监测结果和实际采场情况，以1-T-2、1-M-2、1-B-2和1-T-2、2-T-2、3-T-2、4-T-2两组测点为例，分别从高度和距揭露面的深度两个方向对揭露充填体的水平位移变化情况进行分析。
（1）高度方向。
限于篇幅，以1-T-2、1-M-2和1-B-2测点为例，分析充填体不同高度处的水平位移变化情况，如图6所示。
由图6可知，测点临近空区开挖之前，其水平位移基本为0，但随着开挖工作的推进，充填体揭露面积逐渐增大，测点的水平位移开始增加。其中，底部测点(1-B-2)的水平位移数值最小，中部测点(1-M-2)次之，顶部测点(1-T-2)最大，最大水平位移约为32 mm。
（2）距揭露面的深度方向。
根据上述分析，揭露充填体顶部水平位移最大，选取与揭露面距离分别为2 m、6 m、10 m和14 m的4个顶部2号测点进行水平位移分析，如图7所示。
由图7可知，在临近空区开挖后，4个测点(1-T-2、2-T-2、3-T-2和4-T-2)的水平位移均呈逐渐增大的趋势，1-T-2测点的水平位移变化最为显著。分析4个测点与揭露面的关系可知，随着测点位置逐渐远离充填体揭露面，其水平位移数值逐渐减小，最靠近揭露面的测点，水平位移最大。
综上，测点高度和深度会对其水平位移产生影响，越靠近充填体顶部、越靠近揭露面，水平位移越大。
1.6　不同回采速率监测分析
根据前述研究，揭露充填体底部应力数值较大，变化较大，顶部位移数值最大。因此，分别对3种回采速率下，底部测点最大应力值和顶部测点最大位移值进行对比分析，探究二步骤矿柱回采速率对一步骤回采揭露充填体稳定性的影响程度，结果如图8所示。图8中垂直应力数据为1-B-1、1-B-2和1-B-3监测点最大垂直应力的平均值，水平位移数据为1-T-1、1-T-2和1-T-3监测点最大水平位移的平均值。
由图8可知，单个矿房的开挖次数不同时，即回采速率不同时，揭露充填体最终的最大应力值和水平位移值会有所不同。经过拟合分析，发现开挖次数与最大应力值和位移值存在对数关系，即应力Y1=0.011 5lnX+0.248 8，位移Y2=0.005 8lnX+0.398 7。当开挖次数在5~20之间时，开挖次数对充填体内垂直应力的影响较小，整体差距为1.92%；开挖次数对充填体顶部位移的影响较大，整体差距约为5.65%。开挖次数越多，回采速率越慢，揭露充填体的位移值越大，说明回采速率在一定程度上会影响揭露充填体的稳定性。
经过数值模拟分析，测点位置不同、二步骤矿柱回采速率不同均会对一步骤揭露充填体产生影响。当测点位置不同时，越靠近充填体底部，测点所受垂直应力变化越大、数值越大；越靠近揭露面和充填体顶部，测点的水平位移最大，接下来将对充填体进行实时动态监测，进一步验证此结论的准确性。
2　揭露充填体现场监测
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2.1　监测点布置
随二步骤回采矿柱的开挖，紧临开挖矿柱充填体的揭露面积逐渐增加，为判定其稳定性，选取5361采场开挖时单侧揭露的5371采场充填体为监测对象，分别在5371采场揭露充填体的顶部和中部布置应力和位移测点，具体布置情况如图9和图10所示。其中，J1和J2用来对比在矿房走向方向上的监测结果，J1（或J2）和J3用来对比矿房高度方向上的监测结果；同时，在距揭露面不同深度处布设位移测点，如图9中黑色实心点所示（颜色标识见电子版），其中，①号位移测点最靠近揭露面，距离为6 m，其他测点逐渐远离揭露面，彼此间距为4 m，即最远测点与揭露面相距14 m。
2.2　应力监测
2.2.1　应力监测设备
采用钻孔应力计对充填体应力进行监测，该应力计可以对工程开挖活动中岩石应力变化情况进行测量。其中，压力引起振弦频率的变化，通过测量振弦频率的变化量，可以得到应力的变化量。应力计巧妙运用楔块和压板之间的关系，镶嵌固定在钻孔中[18]，其结构如图11所示。
2.2.2　钻孔应力计安装
利用螺纹杆将钻孔应力计送入孔中指定位置，拉紧预先安装在楔块上的铁丝，使应力计与充填体充分接触，以便感受应力变化。
2.3　位移监测
2.3.1　位移监测设备
采用BGK-A3型多点位移计对充填体进行位移监测，该应力计主要由锚头、测杆、PVC保护管、过渡管及安装基座组成，可适用于直径75~110 mm的钻孔，本次采用测头埋入方式进行安装，安装所需最大孔深为24 m。
2.3.2　多点位移计安装
相对于应力计的安装，位移计安装过程较为复杂，包含测杆安装、测杆保护杆安装、基座安装及钻孔灌浆等步骤。
采用定时工作方式，即采集器平时处于关机睡眠状态，按照设定的时间间隔唤醒，并进行数据采集，所采数据保存在存储器中，数据采集完成后立即进入睡眠状态。数据采集人员定期下井获取数据。
2.4　现场监测结果分析
地下开挖工程是一个动态过程，矿石开采过程中围岩的应力和位移变化是地质灾害预警的重要因素[19]。根据数值模拟结果，分别对揭露充填体不同位置、距揭露面不同深度的监测结果进行分析。
2.4.1　应力监测结果
采用钻孔应力计测量充填体内应力的变化情况，根据J1、J2和J3这3个不同位置测点的应力变化量，分析揭露充填体不同位置的受力情况，监测结果如图12所示(图中应力数值为相对初始值的变化量)。
由图12可知，J1、J2和J3测点的应力变化差异主要体现在时序和数值上。J1和J2测点位于同一高度，因此，两者的应力变化规律基本一致，均为在临近空区开挖时，应力先是小幅度增加，而后逐渐减小。J3测点位于充填矿房中部，受爆破顺序影响，其应力的显著变化发生在J1和J2测点之间，并且由于充填体揭露后，侧壁约束消失，测点受到充填体自重影响[17]，其应力数值呈现增大趋势。从应力数值来看，J3测点的应力数值变化较大，约为0.3 MPa，其原因为相较于J1和J2测点，J3测点受到围岩摩擦力的约束较小，且经计算，此点未受扰动时的自重应力约为0.5 MPa，远小于充填体的抗压强度(约3 MPa)，说明临近空区开挖对揭露充填体的稳定性影响较小，安全性能够得到保证。
2.4.2　位移监测结果
与应力监测结果不同的是，位移监测包含了对距揭露面不同深度测点的监测。由于在矿房走向方向，同一高度、不同位置测点的应力变化规律基本一致，本节仅从矿房高度和距揭露面的深度两个方向对揭露充填体的位移情况进行分析。
（1）高度方向。
由于J1、J2测点所处高度一致，选取J2和J3测点中距揭露面的深度为6 m的两个测点，对揭露充填体不同高度处的位移变化情况进行分析，如图13所示。
由图13可知，由于J3测点所处位置相对于J2测点较为靠前，其临近空区开挖较早，因此J3测点水平位移较早呈现增大趋势。同时，由于J2测点高度水平大于J3测点，在开挖工作的影响下，其水平位移较大，说明单侧揭露充填体的上部区域为水平位移较大区域。
（2）距揭露面的深度方向。
以J3位移测点为例，分析距揭露面不同深度下，充填体的水平位移变化情况，如图14所示。
由图14可知，临近空区开挖之前，各测点的水平位移变化很小，开挖之后，充填体暴露面积逐渐增大，各测点的水平位移逐渐增加。随着测点位置逐渐远离揭露面，其水平位移的变化幅度逐渐减小，监测结束时，最大水平位移约为30 mm，远小于揭露充填体的宽度，说明临近空区开挖过程中，揭露充填体的稳定性较好。
经数值模拟和现场监测分析，揭露充填体应力和位移的差异主要体现在不同高度和距揭露面的不同深度上，但在监测过程中，揭露充填体的应力变化量和累计位移量均较小，稳定性较好。
3　结论
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根据某嗣后充填铁矿开采现状，通过数值模拟和现场监测方法，对二步骤回采过程中揭露充填体不同位置应力和位移情况进行分析，为回采安全提供了保障，得出如下结论。
（1）借助FLAC3D软件，考虑高度方向、矿房走向方向和距揭露面深度方向，分别布设应力和位移监测点，分析得出底部测点的应力变化较大，最大应力约为0.48 MPa，顶部且越靠近揭露面测点的水平位移越大，最大水平位移约为32 mm。
（2）二步骤回采速率对揭露充填体稳定性有一定影响，在一定范围内（开挖次数为5~20次时），不同开挖次数对充填体底部垂直应力和充填体顶部水平位移的影响分别为1.92%和5.65%。二步骤回采速率对充填体顶部水平位移的影响大于对充填体底部垂直应力的影响。
（3）对5371采场揭露充填体顶部和中部布置应力和位移测点，并进行现场监测。监测结果显示，随着二步骤回采的推进，揭露充填体不同位置的应力和位移差距主要体现在高度和距揭露面的深度上，中部测点应力变化较大，约为0.3 MPa，顶部测点水平位移最大，约为30 mm，充填体整体稳定性良好，与数值模拟所得结论基本吻合。
本文通过数值模拟和现场监测手段研究了二步骤揭露充填体内应力和位移的变化规律，发现当前充填体强度满足二步骤回采的安全性要求，一步骤充填体处于稳定状态。因此，后续的研究重点是确定更加经济合理的一步骤充填体强度，降低矿山生产成本。
基金
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  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2905102)
文献
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间：2024-05-30
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-30
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2905102)
作者信息
    1.山东金鼎矿业有限责任公司，山东　淄博市　255419
    2.矿冶科技集团有限公司，北京　100160
    3.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院，北京　100083

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刘毓（1991—），女，山东烟台人，硕士研究生，工程师，主要从事资源开发利用技术及经济方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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