Article(id=1322909457650430493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322909380756243363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716480000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335793173, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335793173, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335793173, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335793173, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322909380756243363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335774840, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335774840, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=144, endPage=155, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322909459433009694, articleId=1322909457650430493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Effect of Freeze-Thaw Action on Acoustic Emission Characteristic Parameters of Banded Magnetite Quartzite, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the effect of freeze-thaw action on the strength and acoustic emission characteristic parameters of banded magnetite quartzite, the mechanical and acoustic emission tests were carried out on the banded magnetite quartzite with the freeze-thaw interval of[-20, 20]℃ and the longest freeze-thaw cycle of 280 times. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of the rock sample decreases from 200.93 MPa during drying to 106.64 MPa after 280 freeze-thaw cycles, with a decrease of 46.94%. Before and after 70 freeze-thaw cycles, the acoustic emission impact rate, cumulative impact number, energy rate and cumulative energy are significantly different in the compaction stage, elastic deformation stage and microcrack evolution stage. The damage of rock samples caused by high (period≥70 times) and low (period≤40 times) freeze-thaw cycles is obviously different. The cracks of rock samples in high freeze-thaw cycles are prone to friction, slip and extension under load, which leads to the stress redistribution of rock samples and the high degree of energy dissipation. Compared with the rock samples with low freeze-thaw cycle, the cumulative impact number, ringing count and energy of acoustic emission of rock samples with high freeze-thaw cycle in the accelerated expansion stage of micro-cracks decrease by 35.61%, 41.44% and 17.25%, respectively. The intensity of fracture of rock samples with high freeze-thaw cycles is significantly weaker than that of rock samples with low freeze-thaw cycles. With the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the fracture characteristics of rock samples gradually change from brittle to ductile fracture, and the single b value of rock samples decreases first and then increases. The deterioration of rock samples under low freeze-thaw cycles is mainly caused by the increase of the number and scale of microcracks, while the deterioration of rock samples under high freeze-thaw cycles is caused by the penetration and merging of local fracture networks.

, authors=Bin GUO1, Youbang LAI1, Teng YUAN1, Huishi YE1, Dong XIA2, 3, 4, Yufei JIA5, authorsList=Bin GUO, Youbang LAI, Teng YUAN, Huishi YE, Dong XIA, Yufei JIA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dong XIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322909461664379443, articleId=1322909457650430493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=冻融作用对条带状磁铁石英岩声发射特征参数的影响, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究冻融作用对条带状磁铁石英岩强度与声发射特征参数的影响,对冻融区间为[-20, 20] ℃、最长冻融周期为280次的条带状磁铁石英岩开展力学与声发射试验。结果表明:岩样单轴抗压强度由干燥时的200.93 MPa下降到冻融280次后的106.64 MPa,降低幅度为46.94%;冻融70次前后,声发射撞击率、累计撞击数、能率和累计能量在压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、微裂纹演化阶段均存在明显差异;高(周期≥70次)、低(周期≤40次)冻融周期对岩样造成的损伤有明显区别,高冻融周期岩样在荷载作用下的裂隙易发生摩擦、滑移、延伸等,导致岩样始终处于应力重分布状态,能量耗散程度较高;相较于低冻融周期岩样,高冻融周期岩样在微裂隙加速扩展阶段的声发射累计撞击数、振铃计数、能量分别降低了35.61%、41.44%、17.25%;高冻融周期岩样在破裂时的剧烈程度明显弱于低冻融周期岩样,随着冻融次数的增加,岩样的破裂特征逐渐由脆性向延性破裂过渡,岩样单一b值呈先降后升的趋势;低冻融次数下岩样出现劣化主要是由自身微裂隙数量和尺度增加所引起的,而高冻融次数下岩样出现劣化则是由局域性裂隙网络之间贯穿和合并所导致的。

, authors=郭斌1, 来有邦1, 袁腾1, 叶会师1, 夏冬2, 3, 4, 贾淯斐5, authorsList=郭斌, 来有邦, 袁腾, 叶会师, 夏冬, 贾淯斐, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=夏冬, authorNote=

郭斌(1984—),男,河北唐山人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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夏冬(1981—),男,河北隆化人,博士,副教授,主要从事矿山岩石力学方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:
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郭斌(1984—),男,河北唐山人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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郭斌(1984—),男,河北唐山人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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3.Hebei Industrial Technology Institute of Mine Ecological Remediation, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
4.Green Intelligent Mining Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322909465330201181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909457650430493, authorId=1322909465107903064, language=CN, stringName=夏冬, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, 4, address=2.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
3.河北省矿区生态恢复产业技术研究院,河北 唐山市 063210
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Altered granite gneiss stability assessment method based on acoustic emission time order[D]. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2015., articleTitle=Altered granite gneiss stability assessment method based on acoustic emission time order, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322909469885215361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909457650430493, awardId=22375403D, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省科技厅重点研发项目(22375403D), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322909469981684354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909457650430493, awardId=HG2022143, language=CN, fundingSource=河钢集团有限公司揭榜挂帅项目(HG2022143), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322909461932814900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909457650430493, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322909461953786421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909457650430493, companyId=1322909461932814900, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, 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figureFileBig=p4vAkdyvx/SoMZMmRD0R3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909469541282429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909457650430493, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physical parameters of rocks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥纵波波速/(m/s)饱水纵波波速/(m/s)含水率/%干密度/(g·cm-3)饱和密度/(g·cm-3)
4 1305 1000.3553.2553.259
), ArticleFig(id=1322909469600002686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909457650430493, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩石基本物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥纵波波速/(m/s)饱水纵波波速/(m/s)含水率/%干密度/(g·cm-3)饱和密度/(g·cm-3)
4 1305 1000.3553.2553.259
), ArticleFig(id=1322909469667111551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909457650430493, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Average cumulative parameters of acoustic emission

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻融循环次数平均累计撞击数降低率/%累计能量/aJ降低率/%累计振铃计数降低率/%
0(干燥)159 29107.95×10902 983 0160
0(饱水)140 22011.974.84×10939.202 063 05230.84
10123 05422.755.53×10930.531 495 79149.86
20112 69729.255.02×10936.911 230 50058.75
40114 48528.134.31×10945.801 391 92153.34
70111 68529.894.89×10938.531 353 02354.64
100115 03327.784.95×10937.781 528 40448.76
180107 38332.593.06×10961.481 144 48661.63
280102 21235.832.54×10968.10868 74670.88
), ArticleFig(id=1322909469755191936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909457650430493, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

声发射平均累计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻融循环次数平均累计撞击数降低率/%累计能量/aJ降低率/%累计振铃计数降低率/%
0(干燥)159 29107.95×10902 983 0160
0(饱水)140 22011.974.84×10939.202 063 05230.84
10123 05422.755.53×10930.531 495 79149.86
20112 69729.255.02×10936.911 230 50058.75
40114 48528.134.31×10945.801 391 92153.34
70111 68529.894.89×10938.531 353 02354.64
100115 03327.784.95×10937.781 528 40448.76
180107 38332.593.06×10961.481 144 48661.63
280102 21235.832.54×10968.10868 74670.88
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冻融作用对条带状磁铁石英岩声发射特征参数的影响
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郭斌 1 , 来有邦 1 , 袁腾 1 , 叶会师 1 , 夏冬 2, 3, 4 , 贾淯斐 5
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(4): 144-155
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (4) : 144 -155
冻融作用对条带状磁铁石英岩声发射特征参数的影响
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郭斌(1984—),男,河北唐山人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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郭斌(1984—),男,河北唐山人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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3.Hebei Industrial Technology Institute of Mine Ecological Remediation, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
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郭斌1 , 来有邦1, 袁腾1, 叶会师1, 夏冬2, 3, 4 , 贾淯斐5
作者信息
  • 1.河北钢铁集团司家营研山铁矿有限公司,河北 唐山市 063701
  • 2.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 3.河北省矿区生态恢复产业技术研究院,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 4.河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 5.东北大学 资源与土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
通讯作者:
夏冬(1981—),男,河北隆化人,博士,副教授,主要从事矿山岩石力学方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

郭斌(1984—),男,河北唐山人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

Effect of Freeze-Thaw Action on Acoustic Emission Characteristic Parameters of Banded Magnetite Quartzite
Bin GUO1 , Youbang LAI1, Teng YUAN1, Huishi YE1, Dong XIA2, 3, 4 , Yufei JIA5
Affiliations
  • 1.Sijiaying Yanshan Iron Mine Co., Ltd., Hebei Iron & Steel Group, Tangshan, Hebei 063701, China
  • 2.College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 3.Hebei Industrial Technology Institute of Mine Ecological Remediation, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 4.Green Intelligent Mining Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 5.School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25
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为探究冻融作用对条带状磁铁石英岩强度与声发射特征参数的影响,对冻融区间为[-20, 20] ℃、最长冻融周期为280次的条带状磁铁石英岩开展力学与声发射试验。结果表明:岩样单轴抗压强度由干燥时的200.93 MPa下降到冻融280次后的106.64 MPa,降低幅度为46.94%;冻融70次前后,声发射撞击率、累计撞击数、能率和累计能量在压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、微裂纹演化阶段均存在明显差异;高(周期≥70次)、低(周期≤40次)冻融周期对岩样造成的损伤有明显区别,高冻融周期岩样在荷载作用下的裂隙易发生摩擦、滑移、延伸等,导致岩样始终处于应力重分布状态,能量耗散程度较高;相较于低冻融周期岩样,高冻融周期岩样在微裂隙加速扩展阶段的声发射累计撞击数、振铃计数、能量分别降低了35.61%、41.44%、17.25%;高冻融周期岩样在破裂时的剧烈程度明显弱于低冻融周期岩样,随着冻融次数的增加,岩样的破裂特征逐渐由脆性向延性破裂过渡,岩样单一b值呈先降后升的趋势;低冻融次数下岩样出现劣化主要是由自身微裂隙数量和尺度增加所引起的,而高冻融次数下岩样出现劣化则是由局域性裂隙网络之间贯穿和合并所导致的。

条带状磁铁石英岩  /  冻融损伤  /  声发射  /  时频特征  /  抗压强度

In order to explore the effect of freeze-thaw action on the strength and acoustic emission characteristic parameters of banded magnetite quartzite, the mechanical and acoustic emission tests were carried out on the banded magnetite quartzite with the freeze-thaw interval of[-20, 20]℃ and the longest freeze-thaw cycle of 280 times. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of the rock sample decreases from 200.93 MPa during drying to 106.64 MPa after 280 freeze-thaw cycles, with a decrease of 46.94%. Before and after 70 freeze-thaw cycles, the acoustic emission impact rate, cumulative impact number, energy rate and cumulative energy are significantly different in the compaction stage, elastic deformation stage and microcrack evolution stage. The damage of rock samples caused by high (period≥70 times) and low (period≤40 times) freeze-thaw cycles is obviously different. The cracks of rock samples in high freeze-thaw cycles are prone to friction, slip and extension under load, which leads to the stress redistribution of rock samples and the high degree of energy dissipation. Compared with the rock samples with low freeze-thaw cycle, the cumulative impact number, ringing count and energy of acoustic emission of rock samples with high freeze-thaw cycle in the accelerated expansion stage of micro-cracks decrease by 35.61%, 41.44% and 17.25%, respectively. The intensity of fracture of rock samples with high freeze-thaw cycles is significantly weaker than that of rock samples with low freeze-thaw cycles. With the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the fracture characteristics of rock samples gradually change from brittle to ductile fracture, and the single b value of rock samples decreases first and then increases. The deterioration of rock samples under low freeze-thaw cycles is mainly caused by the increase of the number and scale of microcracks, while the deterioration of rock samples under high freeze-thaw cycles is caused by the penetration and merging of local fracture networks.

Banded magnetite quartzite  /  Freeze-thaw damage  /  Acoustic emission  /  Time-frequency characteristic  /  Compressive strength
郭斌, 来有邦, 袁腾, 叶会师, 夏冬, 贾淯斐. 冻融作用对条带状磁铁石英岩声发射特征参数的影响. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (4) : 144 -155 .
Bin GUO, Youbang LAI, Teng YUAN, Huishi YE, Dong XIA, Yufei JIA. Effect of Freeze-Thaw Action on Acoustic Emission Characteristic Parameters of Banded Magnetite Quartzite[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (4) : 144 -155 .
我国是世界上寒区分布最广泛的国家之一,包括季节性冻土在内,寒区面积约占国土面积的70%,寒区工程建设和资源开发在国民经济中占据重要地位[1-2]。在季节变化、昼夜更替等反复冻融循环过程中,岩石内部由地质作用和工程施工形成的裂隙不断发育、扩展、增多,最终导致岩体结构失稳破坏,从而引发岩质边坡滑坡、隧道岩体冻胀开裂等冻融灾害,造成寒区工程的大规模破坏或无法正常运营[3]。因此,冻融作用已成为寒区工程建设和运营的重要影响因素之一[4-6]。
目前,国内外众多学者在岩石冻融损伤方面开展了大量的研究工作,并取得了数量众多的有益成果。李杰林等[7-8]基于核磁共振技术对冻融作用后砂岩的孔隙结构开展了系统的试验研究,分析了冻融作用下砂岩孔径分布特征及孔隙水对孔隙结构的损伤劣化机制;裴向军等[9]通过室内试验研究了不同含水率岩样的冻融循环劣化特征;付宏渊等[10]对冻融循环下粉砂质泥岩强度劣化特性及其细观机理进行了深入研究;贾蓬等[11]对不同冻融周期砂岩在受载过程中的损伤劣化规律进行了分析,建立了考虑压密段的分段损伤本构模型;张晨等[12]利用数字图像和红外热像技术对冻融作用下腐蚀黄砂岩失稳破坏预警机制进行了系统的分析;高峰等[13-14]以室内岩石冻融试验结果为主要依据,建立了基于孔隙变化值的强度劣化模型;叶勇芃等[15]通过开展不同冻融循环次数下红砂岩的三轴压缩试验,发现峰值强度随冻融周期的增加而降低;MOUSAVI等[16]研究发现,钙质片岩的抗剪强度随冻融次数的增加而降低,其中黏聚力对冻融周期数更敏感;FENG等[17]研究发现,随冻融次数的增加,砂岩的单轴抗压强度逐渐降低,而峰值应变逐渐增加;贾淯斐等[18-20]对砂岩、条带状磁铁石英岩等进行冻融试验后发现,冻融作用对岩石动载、静载等参数有不同的劣化作用。
声发射技术作为一种实时捕捉岩石微破裂信号的有效方法,已广泛应用于岩石力学试验研究领域,宋彦琦等[21]分析了声发射信号与冻融灰岩内部微裂纹活动的相关性;刘成禹等[22]在分析不同温度速率冻融后岩石损伤破裂变化的基础上,提出基于声震参数的冻融损伤参量计算公式;LIU等[23-24]基于声发射和核磁共振技术,分析了冻融后砂岩的细观损伤演化规律;MAJI等[25]发现声发射事件主要发生在岩石的解冻期和冻融过渡期;苏占东等[26]发现花岗岩试件的声发射振铃计数可分为接触期、平静期和破坏期3个阶段;张功等[27]发现负温对岩石压密阶段具有显著影响,声发射特征参数随温度的降低而增加。
以上研究成果对冻融损伤岩石力学的发展具有重要的推动作用,但多以均质度较高的砂岩、花岗岩、灰岩等作为研究对象,而在实际工程中,含有层理等特征,具有明显各向异性的岩体结构对工程的稳定性具有至关重要的作用。基于此,本文以研山铁矿东帮边坡的磁铁石英岩为研究对象,开展不同冻融周期作用下的单轴压缩声发射试验,掌握冻融条带状磁铁石英岩力学参数的劣化特征,探究冻融周期与声发射特征参数间的相关规律,研究成果可为季节性冻融区顺倾边坡的稳定性评价与控制提供科学依据。
试验所用岩样取自季节性冻融区研山铁矿东帮边坡的条带状磁铁石英岩。将未风化的大块岩样运送至实验室后,加工成Φ50 mm×100 mm的标准岩样,精度符合《水利水电工程岩石试验规程》(SL/T264—2020)[28]的相关要求。筛选出波速接近、外观相似的64个岩样。岩样的基本物理参数见表1。
采用蔡司透反两用偏光显微镜对条带状磁铁石英岩的矿物颗粒分布情况以及裂隙走向进行分析,试样及裂隙分布走向结果如图1所示。
由图1可知,岩石内部矿物颗粒呈条带状聚集,其中亮白色为赤铁矿,围绕在一级灰白色磁铁矿周围,黑灰色基质为石英。该岩石矿物晶体颗粒较大且独立,连续性较低,镶嵌于石英基质之中,与层状岩石矿物颗粒胶结方式相比存在明显差别。
采用CLD型全自动低温冻融试验机对筛选后的岩样进行冻融循环试验,设定冻结温度为-20℃,融化温度为20℃,饱水岩样冻结6 h后,在纯水中融化6 h,每12 h为一次冻融循环。循环次数分别为0, 10, 20, 40, 70, 100, 180, 280次。每次冻融循环后观察岩样表面是否有明显矿物颗粒脱落、裂隙生成或条带颜色变化,同时记录岩样饱和质量、干燥质量和纵波波速。冻融循环过程如图2所示。
采用TAW-3000微机控制电液伺服试验机对达到设定冻融循环周期的岩样进行单轴压缩试验,并使用PCI-2型高性能声发射监测仪和DH3816静态应变仪对荷载作用下岩样的声发射信号和变形情况进行实时同步监测。以0.08 mm/min的加载速率加载岩样直至破裂失去承载能力,并在位移加载的同时采集声发射信号和变形数据。
根据试验结果绘制不同冻融循环次数下条带状磁铁石英岩单轴抗压强度分布图,如图3所示。
由图3可知,随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样的抗压强度呈非线性降低,平均峰值应力从干燥组的200.9 MPa下降到冻融280次的106.6 MPa,降低了46.94%。因岩样自身的非均匀性较强,每组岩样的抗压强度差异变化均较大,随着冻融作用的持续影响,每组岩样的抗压强度差异逐渐减小,强度极差从干燥组的78.4 MPa降低到冻融280次的42.5 MPa。通过Levenberg-Marquardt优化算法确定平均峰值应力随冻融循环次数的衰减公式,见式(1)。计算得出R2为0.97。
式中:σAve为平均峰值应力,MPa;i为冻融循环次数。
该岩样自身结构致密,刚度、强度均较大,随着冻融循环次数的持续增加,岩样强度逐渐衰减,且岩样衰减规律与砂岩、灰岩等孔隙率较大的岩石相似。每组岩样的强度极差也在逐渐减小,进一步表明了条带状磁铁石英岩自身孔隙、裂隙结构会在反复冻胀作用下逐渐扩展、沿伸、贯通,岩样逐渐劣化,且劣化速率明显在冻融循环前、中期较快,在冻融循环后期逐渐有所缓和。
通过对声发射信号进行分析,探究不同冻融循环次数下条带状磁铁石英岩在损伤破裂过程中声发射信息的变化规律,确定岩样破裂前声发射参数发生变化的时间节点与其相对应的裂隙演化阶段。
统计不同冻融周期条件下64块岩样在峰值强度处的声发射累计撞击数、累计振铃计数与累计能量,计算每组岩样相对应参数的均值和降低率,具体结果见表2。
由表2可知,岩样平均累计撞击数、累计能量与累计振铃计数均随冻融周期的增加而降低,且干燥岩样的参数值最大,分别为159 291、7.95×109aJ和2 983 016,冻融280次后,分别降低了35.83%、68.05%和70.88%,说明冻融后岩样在荷载作用下的声发射活动能力、强度、频度均呈下降趋势。岩石在荷载作用下产生声发射信号是能量耗散的结果,冻融处理后,岩样的声发射能量持续降低,说明冻融后岩样在加载过程中所需的晶体颗粒之间产生位错和摩擦的能量在持续降低,主要原因是岩样内部裂隙结构和晶体颗粒在反复冻胀作用下发生变化,促进了岩样内部缺陷的发育,改变了岩样原有的稳定结构和应力状态。为了进一步观察冻融后岩样在荷载作用下其裂隙结构的活跃程度和演化趋势,还需进一步分析岩样在裂隙演化过程中的撞击率、计数率、能率和b值。
选取每组中各项声发射指标接近于均值的岩样,绘制冻融后岩样的应力、撞击率和累积撞击数随时间的关系曲线,其中撞击率与时间的波动变化较小,为更加清楚地观察其变化趋势,建立了撞击率的对数坐标系,如图4所示。
由图4可知,冻融循环70次前后岩样声发射特征参数随荷载的增加差异较大,故以冻融循环70次为高、低冻融周期的分界点,分别对高、低冻融周期岩石声发射特征参数进行分析。
(1)低冻融周期岩样。
①压密阶段(Ⅰ):声发射撞击率在该阶段初期升至高位后便持续下降,干燥、饱水、冻融10次、冻融20次、冻融40次后岩样的最大撞击率分别为125 s-1、119 s-1、133 s-1、72 s-1、83 s-1,累积撞击数分别为7 700, 5 001, 12 653, 5 970, 5 876。上述结果表明,随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样最大撞击率逐渐降低,且累计撞击数没有明显的增加趋势,说明冻融后岩样微裂隙有所发育,裂隙在闭合时发生摩擦、滑移,声发射信号逐渐密集出现。
②弹性变形阶段(Ⅱ):声发射撞击率在该阶段处于低位波动,累计撞击数增长幅度较小,曲线几乎与X轴平行。在起裂应力处,干燥、饱水、冻融10次、冻融20次、冻融40次后岩样累计撞击数分别为8 496, 5 611, 15 371, 7 794, 7 073,比闭合应力处分别增加了9.4%、10.9%、17.7%、23.4%和16.9%。由此可知,随着冻融循环次数的增加,累计撞击数增长幅度逐渐增加,说明岩样内部微裂隙在荷载作用下更易发育、扩展,使得岩样自身弹性变形能力降低,但由于冻融次数较低,裂隙结构的变化对岩样弹性变形能力的影响程度有限。
③微裂隙稳定发展阶段(Ⅲ):该阶段撞击率仍保持低位波动,但也存在上升趋势较为明显的岩样,如干燥、冻融10次的岩样。在损伤应力处,干燥、饱水、冻融10次、冻融20次、冻融40次岩样的累计撞击数分别为10 829, 6 432, 17 852, 8 420, 7 263,相比起裂应力处分别增加了21.5%、12.8%、13.9%、7.4%和2.6%,可知随着冻融次数的增加,累计撞击数及其增长幅度逐渐减小,岩样在荷载作用下的微裂隙活跃状态逐渐下降。
④微裂纹加速扩展阶段(Ⅳ):该阶段撞击率和累计撞击数迅速增加直至岩样发生破裂,在峰值应力处,干燥、饱水、冻融10次、冻融20次、冻融40次岩样的撞击率分别为2 476 s-1、2 443 s-1、2 647 s-1、2 239 s-1、2 729 s-1,累计撞击数分别为254 004, 100 824, 61 844, 57 666, 98 307。撞击率随冻融次数增加没有明显的变化,但累计撞击数呈下降趋势,相比于损伤应力处分别增加了95.7%、93.6%、71.1%、85.4%和92.6%。可知岩样在破裂时的声发射撞击信号极为密集,随着冻融次数的增加,累计撞击数及其增长幅度均有不同程度的降低,说明岩样在破裂时的裂隙数量、尺度与活跃状态随冻融次数的增加发生变化。
(2)高冻融周期岩样。
①压密阶段(Ⅰ):该阶段撞击率升至高值后保持稳定波动,冻融70, 100, 180, 280次岩样的撞击率分别为74 s-1、111 s-1、242 s-1、118 s-1,累计撞击数分别为13 341, 15 279, 18 620, 12 551。撞击率随冻融次数的增加有小幅增加,累计撞击数没有明显的变化,但与冻融70次之前的岩样相比具有明显的增大趋势,说明岩样在持续冻融作用下的微裂隙发育成熟,数量增多,使得岩样在压密过程中产生大量且密集的声发射信号。
②弹性变形阶段(Ⅱ):该阶段撞击率基本保持稳定波动,累计撞击数总体上随时间的增加呈线性增大,仅冻融180次岩样有所不同。冻融70, 100, 180, 280次岩样在起裂应力时的累计撞击数分别为37 400, 33 630, 36 569, 33 890,相较于压密应力处分别增加了64.3%、54.6%、49.1%和63.0%。虽然岩样累计撞击数及其增长幅度随冻融次数的增加没有明显的变化,但相对于冻融次数少于70次的岩样却出现了大幅度的增加,说明在持续冻融作用下,岩样裂隙结构劣化严重,弹性变形能力下降,同时也表明冻融70次前后岩样自身裂隙结构演化发生了根本性的变化。
③微裂隙稳定发展阶段(Ⅲ):该阶段撞击率仍保持稳定波动。冻融70, 100, 180, 280次岩样在损伤应力处的累计撞击数分别为51 215, 56 021, 37 798, 36 990,相较于起裂应力处分别增加了27.0%、40.0%、3.3%、8.4%。由此可知,随冻融次数的增加,岩样累计撞击数逐渐下降,但累计撞击数增长幅度高于低冻融周期岩样,说明在持续冻融作用下,岩样内部裂隙活动状态会有所下降。
④微裂纹加速扩展阶段(Ⅳ):该阶段撞击率、累计撞击数迅速上升,在峰值应力处,冻融70, 100, 180, 280次岩样的撞击率分别为535 s-1、466 s-1、416 s-1、647 s-1,累计撞击数分别为77 470, 93 519, 61 838, 50 846,相较于损伤应力处分别增加了33.9%、40.1%、38.9%、27.3%,与低冻融周期岩样相比,撞击率、累计撞击数的增加幅度明显下降。
上述分析结果表明,在高冻融周期作用下,岩样内部微裂隙逐渐贯通、延伸,形成了局域性裂隙网络,在荷载作用下其衍生速率显著增加,产生连锁效应,促使宏观裂纹逐渐形成,最终导致岩样发生破坏。根据冻融70次前后岩样在微裂纹扩展阶段累计撞击数变化趋势的显著差异可知,低冻融周期岩样主要发生脆性破坏,而高冻融周期岩样主要发生脆-延性或延性破坏。
微裂隙演化是能量积聚与耗散的过程,可通过分析加载过程中岩样能率、累计能量的变化规律,进一步探究不同冻融次数对岩样劣化及裂隙演化倾向的影响。不同冻融次数条带状磁铁石英岩应力、能率、累计能量关系曲线如图5所示。
由图5可知,高、低冻融周期岩样的能率、累计能量在微裂隙演化过程中存在明显差异,分别对高、低冻融周期岩样在损伤破裂过程中的能率、累计能量进行讨论。
(1)低冻融周期岩样。
①压密阶段(Ⅰ):加载初始阶段能率迅速上升至该阶段的最高位,然后随荷载的增加逐渐下降。干燥、饱水、冻融10次、冻融20次、冻融40次岩样的最大能率分别为1.14×105 aJ/s、4.59×104 aJ/s、3.76×104 aJ/s、1.30×104 aJ/s、1.04×104 aJ/s,累计能量分别为7.09×106 aJ、2.30×106 aJ、1.19×107 aJ、1.66×106 aJ、2.46×106 aJ。由此可知,随冻融次数的增加,累计能量有降低的趋势,初步表明了岩样内部存在冻融损伤。
②弹性变形阶段(Ⅱ):该阶段岩样的能率随荷载的增加逐渐下降至低位后保持稳定波动,其能率基本维持在3 000 aJ/s以内。在起裂应力处,干燥、饱水、冻融10次、冻融20次、冻融40次岩样的累计能量分别为8.45×106 aJ、2.40×106 aJ、1.24×107 aJ、1.98×106 aJ、2.61×106 aJ,相比于压密应力处分别增加了16.1%、4.2%、4.0%、16.2%、5.7%,可知随着冻融次数的增加,岩样累计能量有所下降。
③微裂隙稳定发展阶段(Ⅲ):干燥、饱水、冻融10次岩样的能率在该阶段显著上升,冻融20, 40次岩样在该阶段仍稳定波动。损伤应力处,干燥、饱水、冻融10次、冻融20次、冻融40次岩样的累计能量分别为1.03×107 aJ、2.8×106 aJ、2.12×107 aJ、2.17×106 aJ、2.73×106 aJ,相比起裂应力处分别增加了18.0%、14.3%、41.5%、8.8%、4.4%。可知随着冻融次数的增加,岩样累计能量减小。
④微裂纹加速扩展阶段(Ⅳ):该阶段能率、累计能量迅速上升直至岩样发生宏观破裂。在峰值应力处,干燥、饱水、冻融10次、冻融20次、冻融40次岩样的累计能量分别为2.13×1010 aJ、1.34×1010 aJ、3.95×109 aJ、1.24×109 aJ、2.62×109 aJ,相比损伤应力处分别增加了99.95%、99.98%、99.46%、99.83%、99.90%。由此可知,随着冻融次数的增加,累计能量有所减少,由该阶段能量增长幅度可知,岩样在形成宏观裂纹后会迅速扩展,破裂瞬间剧烈程度极强。
(2)高冻融周期岩样。
①压密阶段(Ⅰ):岩样承载后其能率迅速增加,然后波动保持相对稳定。在该阶段,冻融70, 100, 180, 280次岩样的最大能率分别为3.77×105 aJ/s、1.43×105 aJ/s、1.32×105 aJ/s、4.56×104 aJ/s,累计能量分别为5.84×107 aJ、2.40×107 aJ、1.61×107 aJ、8.66×106 aJ。可见能率、累计能量随着冻融次数的增加下降明显,但与冻融70次之前的岩样相比却有明显增加。
②弹性变形阶段(Ⅱ):该阶段能率有小幅下降,仅冻融100, 280次岩样能率下降明显,但基本维持在45 000 aJ/s以内。在起裂应力处,冻融70, 100, 180, 280次岩样的累计能量分别为3.51×108 aJ、4.27×107 aJ、2.87×107 aJ、2.06×107 aJ,相比压密应力处分别增加了83.4%、43.8%、44.0%、58.0%。能率、累计能量总体上高于低冻融周期岩样,随着冻融次数的增加,累计能量及其增长幅度逐渐减小,说明经历70次冻融循环后岩样自身裂隙结构发育较为成熟,其内部已初步形成局域性裂隙网络,微裂隙数量、尺度均有所增加,从而导致冻融70次之后的能量高于冻融70次之前,但随着冻融次数的逐渐增加,岩样裂隙网络进一步发育,微裂隙数量减少,裂隙尺度增加,使得岩样在加载过程中用于裂隙网络扩展的能量逐渐减小,岩样在破裂时剧烈程度明显下降。
③微裂隙稳定发展阶段(Ⅲ):该阶段岩样继续维持弹性变形阶段后期的能率波动。在损伤应力处,冻融70, 100, 180, 280次岩样的累计能量分别为5.39×108 aJ、8.02×108 aJ、4.26×107 aJ、2.36×107 aJ,相比起裂应力处分别增加了34.9%、94.7%、32.6%、12.7%。可知该阶段岩样累计能量及其增长幅度随着冻融次数的增加而减小,且均高于低冻融周期岩样。
④微裂纹加速扩展阶段(Ⅳ):该阶段能率、累计能量加速上升直至岩样破坏。在峰值应力处,冻融70, 100, 180, 280次岩样的累计能量分别为3.88×109 aJ、3.77×109 aJ、1.54×108 aJ、1.69×108 aJ,比损伤应力处分别增加了86.11%、78.73%、72.34%、86.03%。可知随着冻融次数的增加,岩样累计能量持续降低,说明岩样在破裂时其剧烈程度有所缓和。
对比分析高、低冻融周期岩样声发射能率、累计能量的变化规律可知,在整个加载过程中,高、低冻融周期岩样能率和累计能量存在较大的差异,在压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、微裂隙稳定发展阶段,高冻融周期岩样最大能率、累计能量以及相对于上个阶段的增长幅度均大于低冻融周期岩样,在微裂隙加速扩展阶段,岩样累计能量及其增长幅度均小于低冻融周期岩样,且高、低冻融周期岩样能量参数均随着冻融次数的增加而减小。上述现象表明,高、低冻融周期岩样裂隙结构发育程度明显不同,低冻融周期岩样的开口孔隙随着冻融次数的增加逐渐发育、扩展,与闭口孔隙、裂隙相互贯通,而高冻融周期岩样裂隙结构已经发育成熟,形成了局域性裂隙网络,相比于低冻融周期岩样,微裂隙数量、尺度均显著增加,同时随着冻融循环次数的增加,高冻融周期岩样形成的局域性裂隙网络之间逐渐贯穿、合并,使得岩样内部微裂隙数量逐渐减小,降低了岩样自身骨架的承载能力和抵抗变形的能力。
研究发现,岩样声发射震级与撞击数呈幂律关系[29]:
式中:N为震级大于或等于M的撞击数;M为撞击震级,M=Adb/20, Adb为撞击振幅,dB;a、b为待定参数。
为保证计算精度,采用累计频度法,震级步距设为5 dB,用最小二乘法计算b值。绘制不同冻融次数下带状磁铁石英岩声发射震级-撞击数分布图,如图6所示。
声发射震级-撞击数分布可反映岩石声发射大、小震级撞击数的变化情况,且这种变化与岩石内部微裂隙发育、扩展过程密切相关。由图6可知,随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样的大、小震级均有不同程度的下降,其中大震级撞击数下降程度更为明显,说明岩样在破裂过程中新生大尺度裂隙会逐渐减少,其自身抵抗变形的能力逐渐降低,破裂时的剧烈程度有所降低。根据试验数据,得到不同冻融次数下岩样声发射b值、R2变化情况,如图7所示。
由图7可知,干燥岩样b值略小于饱水岩样,其主要原因是水对条带状磁体石英岩产生溶蚀、润滑、氧化等劣化影响,使得饱水岩样存在一定程度的弱化。低冻融周期岩样b值,从1.377 2减小至1.149 3,说明随着冻融次数的增加,岩样在荷载作用下的大震级撞击数逐渐增加,同时岩样自身微裂隙在反复冻融作用下的发育、扩展速度也在逐渐增加。高冻融周期岩样的b值随着冻融次数的增加从1.304 3增大至1.503 1。结合图6所得结论可知,随着冻融次数增加岩样整体裂隙破裂数量明显下降,其中大尺度裂隙破裂数量下降幅度最大,说明高冻融周期岩样裂隙发育成熟,裂隙之间互相贯穿形成了局域性裂隙网络,裂隙数量实现倍增,随着冻融次数的持续增加,局域性裂隙网络逐渐贯穿、合并,形成更大尺度的裂隙网络,且大尺度裂隙比小尺度裂隙更容易贯穿、合并,因此,高冻融周期岩样b值显著增大。
为进一步探究不同冻融次数下条带状磁铁石英岩在加载过程中的破裂损伤特征,采用累计频度法、滑动窗口法(窗口:300;步长:150)以及最小二乘法计算动态b值,获取冻融后岩样在不同裂隙演化阶段中声发射动态b值特征,并将其与能率变化对比分析,如图8所示。岩样动态b值随时间的增加而逐渐减小,且与应力-能率-时间曲线中发生突变的点基本对应。高、低冻融周期岩样动态b值在4个裂隙演化阶段明显不同。因此,针对不同冻融次数下岩样b值在裂隙演化过程中的变化规律进一步进行分析。
(1)低冻融周期岩样。
①压密阶段(Ⅰ):该阶段初期岩样b值最小时对应能率最大,这是由大尺度裂隙发生破裂所导致的,岩样自身微裂隙闭合,裂隙、矿物颗粒之间发生摩擦、滑移,岩样声发射信号在单位时间内幅值有所增加,此时岩样b值相对较小。随着荷载逐渐增大,岩样b值分布数量逐渐增加。表明岩样内部裂隙闭合后以小裂隙破裂、延伸为主,在荷载作用下主要产生大量弱声发射信号,且随着冻融次数的增加,岩样声发射活动有所增强。
②弹性变形阶段(Ⅱ):该阶段b值分布数量较少且呈单峰变化,随着冻融次数的增加,该峰逐渐向压密阶段靠近,这可能是因为冻融作用使岩样裂隙闭合后,裂隙发育速度逐渐加快,裂隙数量迅速上升,打破了岩样原有的应力平衡,降低了岩样弹性变形能力,使岩样在加载时的微裂隙更容易贯通和扩张。
③微裂隙稳定发展阶段(Ⅲ):该阶段b值分布数量最少,并随着荷载的增加呈下降趋势,冻融次数增多时,这种降低的幅度逐渐减小。说明随着冻融次数增加,岩样微裂隙数量逐渐上升,但其形成新生大尺度裂隙的能力却在逐渐减弱,更多地促使已存在的大尺度裂隙进一步延展。
④微裂纹加速扩展阶段(Ⅳ):该阶段b值分布密度最大。随着荷载逐渐增加,b值显著下降,同时能率呈现上升趋势。值得注意的是,随着冻融次数的增加,该阶段b值分布密度有所减小,说明岩样在该阶段中的总裂隙破裂数量有所下降。
(2)高冻融周期岩样。
①压密阶段(Ⅰ):该阶段b值与能率波动均保持稳定,且b值分布密度明显高于低冻融周期岩样,说明在持续冻融作用下,岩样内部微裂隙发育成熟,大、中、小裂隙数量倍增且逐渐汇聚一起,形成以局域性裂隙网络为单元的裂隙结构。随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样b值逐渐上升,但b值分布数量却明显减少,说明冻融次数增加使岩样局域性裂隙网络进一步发育,总裂隙数量逐渐减小,裂隙尺度逐渐增加,局域性裂隙网络逐渐扩展。
②弹性变形阶段(Ⅱ)、微裂隙稳定发展阶段(Ⅲ):该阶段在荷载作用下呈降低趋势,同时随着冻融次数的增加,b值的分布密度逐渐减小,但b值本身却有所上升,这是因为裂隙数量的减小速率低于其尺度增加速率,裂隙数量进一步降低,但裂隙网络尺度却进一步增加。
③微裂纹加速扩展阶段(Ⅳ):该阶段b值及分布密度均随着冻融次数的增加呈减小趋势,这一过程中,岩样局域性裂隙网络逐渐合并,形成宏观裂隙网络,使岩样破裂时更加容易、温和。
由上述分析可知,低冻融周期岩样和高冻融周期岩样在加载过程中的裂隙演化有所不同。高冻融次数的岩样,其b值整体呈线性降低趋势;而低冻融次数的岩样,b值则整体呈单峰变化。此外,低冻融次数下的b值几乎全部集中在微裂隙加速扩展阶段,而高冻融次数下的b值分布则相对均匀,且高冻融次数下岩样的整体b值分布密度均高于低冻融次数下的岩样。这是因为在持续冻融作用下,岩样的裂隙结构发生变化,对于低冻融次数下的岩样,其自身裂隙发育程度较低,在低荷载下主要是产生大量微裂隙,而在高荷载作用下,这些内部裂隙才会加速扩展、贯通、延伸,使微裂隙尺度大幅度增加,最终形成宏观裂纹,导致岩样整体破坏。因此,低冻融次数下岩样的劣化是由裂隙数量的增加所引起的,而高冻融次数岩样的自身裂隙结构已发育成熟,形成了以局域性裂隙网络为单元的裂隙结构,岩样裂隙数量明显高于低冻融次数的岩样。在加载初期,这些内部裂隙便开始加速扩展、贯通、延伸,裂隙尺度持续增加,因此,在高荷载作用下,岩样会更快、更容易生成宏观裂纹网络,同时岩样破裂时相比低冻融次数的岩样会更加温和。高冻融次数下岩样的劣化主要是由于局域性裂隙网络之间的贯穿、融合所导致的。无论是低冻融次数还是高冻融次数的岩样,随着冻融次数的增加,都存在明显的劣化现象。
(1)冻融作用对条带状磁铁石英岩的声发射特征参数有显著影响。随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样的声发射特征参数均呈减小趋势,在压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、微裂纹演化阶段,高、低冻融周期岩样声发射撞击率、累计撞击数、能率和累计能量均存在明显差异,这表明高、低冻融周期岩样自身结构损伤程度存在显著差异。
(2)高、低冻融周期对岩样造成的损伤有明显区别。在高冻融周期作用下,岩样在荷载作用下的裂隙更容易发生摩擦、滑移、延伸等,导致岩样始终处于应力重分布状态,能量耗散程度较高。而在低冻融周期下,岩样在荷载作用下的裂隙逐渐压密闭合,其自身骨架、裂隙结构的承载能力、抵抗变形的能力仍然较强,因此,在加载过程中,岩样持续积聚能量,当达到裂隙结构的承载极限时,会迅速形成宏观裂纹,岩样剧烈破坏。
(3)相较于低冻融周期岩样,高冻融周期岩样在微裂隙加速扩展阶段的声发射累计撞击数、振铃计数、累计能量分别降低了35.61%、41.44%、17.25%,表明高冻融周期岩样在破裂时的剧烈程度明显弱于低冻融周期岩样。随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样的破裂特征逐渐由脆性向延性过渡。
(4)随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样的单一b值呈先降后升的趋势。根据冻融作用下岩样在荷载作用下的动态b值变化特征可知,低冻融次数下岩样出现劣化主要是由自身微裂隙数量和尺度增加引起的,而高冻融次数下岩样出现劣化则是由于局域性裂隙网络之间的贯穿和合并所导致的。
  • 河北省科技厅重点研发项目(22375403D)
  • 河钢集团有限公司揭榜挂帅项目(HG2022143)
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-24
基金
河北省科技厅重点研发项目(22375403D)
河钢集团有限公司揭榜挂帅项目(HG2022143)
作者信息
    1.河北钢铁集团司家营研山铁矿有限公司,河北 唐山市 063701
    2.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
    3.河北省矿区生态恢复产业技术研究院,河北 唐山市 063210
    4.河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
    5.东北大学 资源与土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819

通讯作者:

夏冬(1981—),男,河北隆化人,博士,副教授,主要从事矿山岩石力学方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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