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Article(id=1322909439195492760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322909380756243363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721836800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335788772, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335788772, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335788772, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335788772, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322909380756243363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335774840, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335774840, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=120, endPage=127, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322909439375847833, articleId=1322909439195492760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Simulation Analysis of Debris Flow Formation in Weak Cemented Aquifer Development Roadway, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the mechanism of debris flow in the underground development project of weak cemented aquifer, the weak cemented sandstone of a mine in Xinjiang was taken as the research object, and its cementation characteristics and water characteristics were analyzed. The mathematical models of porosity, expansion rate and permeability were used to obtain the permeability of weak cemented aquifer under different expansion rates. On this basis, the fluid-solid coupling model was used to analyze the changes of surrounding plastic zone and seepage field in the process of water expansion of surrounding rock of roadway loose circle under different buried depth conditions.The research shows that the water expansion of surrounding rock will increase the permeability of aquifer and improve its permeability. When the expansion rate of surrounding rock increases to 30%, the unit water inflow after roadway excavation will increase by 1.5 to 2.0 times, and with the increase of development depth, the unit water inflow will increase greatly, which will provide sufficient water source for the occurrence of underground debris flow. The strength of weak cemented siltstone is low, and it is easy to form a plastic failure zone on the tunnel face of the development project. With the increase of the development depth, the plastic failure of the tunnel face is greater, and it is easy to collapse and decompose into a source under the condition of groundwater erosion and scour. The stability of surrounding rock in the underground fracture development area is poor, the groundwater seepage channel is smooth and the supply is sufficient. It is easy to expand, collapse and decompose under the action of groundwater, and it is carried by groundwater to form debris flow, which is the key area of underground debris flow. The research results are helpful to further reveal the formation mechanism of debris flow in the underground development project of weak cemented aquifer.

, authors=Qia ZHAO1, 2, 3, authorsList=Qia ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322909443792449981, articleId=1322909439195492760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=弱胶结含水层开拓巷道泥石流形成模拟分析, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究弱胶结含水层井下开拓工程发生泥石流的机理，以新疆某矿弱胶结砂岩为研究对象，分析了其胶结特征与水理特性，利用孔隙率、膨胀率与渗透率数学模型，得出了矿山弱胶结含水层不同膨胀率条件下的渗透率。以此为基础，采用流固耦合模型分析了开拓工程处于不同埋深条件下，巷道松动圈围岩遇水膨胀过程中其周边塑性区及渗流场变化情况。研究表明：围岩遇水膨胀将增加含水层的透水性，提高其渗透率，当围岩膨胀率增加至30%时，巷道开挖后的单位涌水量将增加1.5~2倍，且随着开拓深度的增加，单位涌水量将大幅增加，为井下泥石流的发生提供充足的水源；弱胶结粉砂岩强度较低，开拓工程掌子面易形成塑性破坏区，且随着开拓深度的增加，巷道掌子面的塑性破坏越大，在地下水的侵蚀与冲刷条件下易崩塌、分解成为物源；井下裂隙发育区的围岩稳定性差，地下水渗流通道畅通、补给充分，在地下水作用下易膨胀垮塌、分解，并被地下水夹携而形成泥石流，为井下泥石流发生的重点区域。研究成果有助于进一步揭示弱胶结含水层井下开拓工程泥石流形成的机理。

, authors=赵恰1, 2, 3, authorsList=赵恰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

赵恰（1984—），男，陕西渭南人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿山防治水技术研究工作。E-mail:

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2.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司，福建　上杭县　364200
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赵恰（1984—），男，陕西渭南人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿山防治水技术研究工作。E-mail:

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赵恰（1984—），男，陕西渭南人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿山防治水技术研究工作。E-mail:

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Research on surrounding rock control technology of weakly cemented roadway under tectonic stress[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2024, 44(7):156-164., articleTitle=Research on surrounding rock control technology of weakly cemented roadway under tectonic stress, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322909452021674482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, awardId=2022YFC2903902, language=CN, fundingSource=“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2903902), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322909443997970878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322909444006359487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, companyId=1322909443997970878, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Low-grade Refractory Gold Ores, Shanghang, Fujian 364204, China), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各中段单位涌水量预测曲线, figureFileSmall=XJ7JG41vDYWvVhWmM08U7A==, figureFileBig=oMUPMEVU3l2oRGRaGkI1cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909451044401638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Plastic deformation of surrounding rock after excavation of different middle section roadways, figureFileSmall=xrHv+y67ANLkuSagrsFL4Q==, figureFileBig=JjdUw8SZaoPOtTYNgSM4+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909451119899111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各中段巷道开挖后的围岩塑性变形, figureFileSmall=xrHv+y67ANLkuSagrsFL4Q==, figureFileBig=JjdUw8SZaoPOtTYNgSM4+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909451195396584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Actual situation of water inflow and mud gushing in each middle roadway, figureFileSmall=tnTwJd6Dx3Uo0HxC4ykumw==, figureFileBig=6HROuHijB3wjJq/UGUJaLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909451266699753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各中段巷道涌水、涌泥实况, figureFileSmall=tnTwJd6Dx3Uo0HxC4ykumw==, figureFileBig=6HROuHijB3wjJq/UGUJaLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322909451342197226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Porosity statistics of weak cemented sandstone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号孔隙率/%编号孔隙率/%编号孔隙率/%
Sk-119.30Sk-818.50Sk-1519.50
Sk-214.10Sk-920.90Sk-1621.80
Sk-38.15Sk-1014.60Sk-176.20
Sk-419.10Sk-1114.30Sk-1817.30
Sk-56.18Sk-1216.20Sk-1923.90
Sk-620.90Sk-1311.50Sk-209.96
Sk-720.60Sk-1419.90Sk-2121.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322909451409306091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

弱胶结砂岩孔隙率统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号孔隙率/%编号孔隙率/%编号孔隙率/%
Sk-119.30Sk-818.50Sk-1519.50
Sk-214.10Sk-920.90Sk-1621.80
Sk-38.15Sk-1014.60Sk-176.20
Sk-419.10Sk-1114.30Sk-1817.30
Sk-56.18Sk-1216.20Sk-1923.90
Sk-620.90Sk-1311.50Sk-209.96
Sk-720.60Sk-1419.90Sk-2121.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322909451476414956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Numerical simulation calculation scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算步骤开采范围备注
1—初始平衡计算
21 950 m中段巷道掘进松动圈围岩遇水膨胀后
51 900 m中段巷道掘进的渗流及塑性变形模拟
), ArticleFig(id=1322909451547718125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数值模拟计算方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算步骤开采范围备注
1—初始平衡计算
21 950 m中段巷道掘进松动圈围岩遇水膨胀后
51 900 m中段巷道掘进的渗流及塑性变形模拟
), ArticleFig(id=1322909451631604206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Permeability under different expansion rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膨胀率/%渗透率/cm2
09.26×10－7
103.59×10－6
208.68×10－6
301.66×10－5
), ArticleFig(id=1322909451715490287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同膨胀率条件下的渗透率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膨胀率/%渗透率/cm2
09.26×10－7
103.59×10－6
208.68×10－6
301.66×10－5
), ArticleFig(id=1322909451807764976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of rock mass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg/m3)黏聚力crm/MPa内摩擦角φrm/(°)岩体抗拉强度/MPa泊松比岩体弹性模量/GPa
2 6260.5360.300.252.70
), ArticleFig(id=1322909451900039665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909439195492760, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

岩体物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg/m3)黏聚力crm/MPa内摩擦角φrm/(°)岩体抗拉强度/MPa泊松比岩体弹性模量/GPa
2 6260.5360.300.252.70
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弱胶结含水层开拓巷道泥石流形成模拟分析
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赵恰 1, 2, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(4): 120-127
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (4) : 120 -127
弱胶结含水层开拓巷道泥石流形成模拟分析
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2.Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd., Shanghang, Fujian 364200, China
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2.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司，福建　上杭县　364200
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赵恰（1984—），男，陕西渭南人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿山防治水技术研究工作。E-mail:

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赵恰（1984—），男，陕西渭南人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿山防治水技术研究工作。E-mail:

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赵恰1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.低品位难处理黄金资源综合利用国家重点实验室，福建　上杭县　364204
  • 2.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司，福建　上杭县　364200
  • 3.紫金（长沙）工程技术有限公司，湖南　长沙　410036
作者简介:

赵恰（1984—），男，陕西渭南人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿山防治水技术研究工作。E-mail:

Simulation Analysis of Debris Flow Formation in Weak Cemented Aquifer Development Roadway
Qia ZHAO1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Low-grade Refractory Gold Ores, Shanghang, Fujian 364204, China
  • 2.Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd., Shanghang, Fujian 364200, China
  • 3.Zijin(Changsha) Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410036, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25
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摘要
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为研究弱胶结含水层井下开拓工程发生泥石流的机理，以新疆某矿弱胶结砂岩为研究对象，分析了其胶结特征与水理特性，利用孔隙率、膨胀率与渗透率数学模型，得出了矿山弱胶结含水层不同膨胀率条件下的渗透率。以此为基础，采用流固耦合模型分析了开拓工程处于不同埋深条件下，巷道松动圈围岩遇水膨胀过程中其周边塑性区及渗流场变化情况。研究表明：围岩遇水膨胀将增加含水层的透水性，提高其渗透率，当围岩膨胀率增加至30%时，巷道开挖后的单位涌水量将增加1.5~2倍，且随着开拓深度的增加，单位涌水量将大幅增加，为井下泥石流的发生提供充足的水源；弱胶结粉砂岩强度较低，开拓工程掌子面易形成塑性破坏区，且随着开拓深度的增加，巷道掌子面的塑性破坏越大，在地下水的侵蚀与冲刷条件下易崩塌、分解成为物源；井下裂隙发育区的围岩稳定性差，地下水渗流通道畅通、补给充分，在地下水作用下易膨胀垮塌、分解，并被地下水夹携而形成泥石流，为井下泥石流发生的重点区域。研究成果有助于进一步揭示弱胶结含水层井下开拓工程泥石流形成的机理。

弱胶结含水层  /  井下泥石流  /  膨胀率  /  渗透率  /  单位涌水量

In order to study the mechanism of debris flow in the underground development project of weak cemented aquifer, the weak cemented sandstone of a mine in Xinjiang was taken as the research object, and its cementation characteristics and water characteristics were analyzed. The mathematical models of porosity, expansion rate and permeability were used to obtain the permeability of weak cemented aquifer under different expansion rates. On this basis, the fluid-solid coupling model was used to analyze the changes of surrounding plastic zone and seepage field in the process of water expansion of surrounding rock of roadway loose circle under different buried depth conditions.The research shows that the water expansion of surrounding rock will increase the permeability of aquifer and improve its permeability. When the expansion rate of surrounding rock increases to 30%, the unit water inflow after roadway excavation will increase by 1.5 to 2.0 times, and with the increase of development depth, the unit water inflow will increase greatly, which will provide sufficient water source for the occurrence of underground debris flow. The strength of weak cemented siltstone is low, and it is easy to form a plastic failure zone on the tunnel face of the development project. With the increase of the development depth, the plastic failure of the tunnel face is greater, and it is easy to collapse and decompose into a source under the condition of groundwater erosion and scour. The stability of surrounding rock in the underground fracture development area is poor, the groundwater seepage channel is smooth and the supply is sufficient. It is easy to expand, collapse and decompose under the action of groundwater, and it is carried by groundwater to form debris flow, which is the key area of underground debris flow. The research results are helpful to further reveal the formation mechanism of debris flow in the underground development project of weak cemented aquifer.

Weak cemented aquifer  /  Underground debris flow  /  Expansion rate  /  Permeability  /  Unit water inflow
赵恰. 弱胶结含水层开拓巷道泥石流形成模拟分析. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (4) : 120 -127 .
Qia ZHAO. Simulation Analysis of Debris Flow Formation in Weak Cemented Aquifer Development Roadway[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (4) : 120 -127 .
正文
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0　引言
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弱胶结地层为一种特殊的朱罗系和白垩系地层，广泛分布于我国西部地区[1]。从地质时期来看，弱胶结地层成岩时间短，具有特殊的胶结特性和水力特性，从大量工程实践成果来看，该类地层岩石普遍具有胶结差、黏聚力小、易风化和岩芯提取率低的特点。从岩石的力学性质角度来看，弱胶结地层岩石的力学强度普遍较低，且遇水以后岩石强度还将大幅下降，甚至表现出明显泥化崩解现象，特别是矿山、隧道等地下工程揭露富水及透水性强的弱胶结含水层时，极易出现突水、溃塌，甚至形成泥石流等安全事故[2-3]。国内外学者对弱胶结砂岩含水层开展了大量的研究，贺庆丰等[4]以红庆河煤矿弱胶结砂岩为研究对象，分析了不同含水率条件下弱胶结砂岩的岩石力学特性。李辉[5]模拟分析了富水弱胶结围岩的物理力学损伤机理，制定了富水弱胶结巷道的支护方案。李回贵等[6]以大柳塔煤矿弱胶结砂岩为研究对象，分析了含水率对弱胶结砂岩力学的影响规律。苗胜军等[7]通过单轴、三轴压缩试验研究分析了不同围压下岩石的力学性质，分析了多孔弱胶结粉砂岩的破裂影响机制，构建了压密-损伤本构模型。赵维生等[8]模拟分析了弱胶结软岩不同含水率条件下的巷道塑性变化特征。国内外对弱胶结砂岩的研究多从岩石力学角度出发，研究成果多集中在水对岩体的物理力学性质影响上，而针对弱胶结砂岩在水岩相互影响下渗流及岩体塑性变化而引发泥石流形成原理与条件的研究较少。
因此，本文以新疆某矿弱胶结砂岩为研究对象，分析了弱胶结砂岩胶结特征与水理特性，构建了孔隙率、膨胀率与渗透率数学模型，得出了弱胶结砂岩膨胀过程中的岩体渗透率，利用流固耦合模型，模拟分析了弱胶结砂岩含水层井下泥石流形成过程，为井下泥石流治理提供参考。
1　弱胶结砂岩胶结特征及其水力特性
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1.1　弱胶结砂岩胶结特征
新疆某矿地层为一套海退砂-泥-碳酸盐岩建造，厚度506.27 m，岩性为砂岩、粉砂岩及泥质粉砂岩，地层成岩时间晚，胶结强度低。依据砂岩组成主要矿物及特性，一般将组成矿物划分为骨架和胶结物两类[9-10]。矿山井下开拓工程布设在弱胶结砂岩中，掘进巷道揭露的弱胶结含水层如图1所示，通过对1 950 m中段和1 900 m中段岩样矿物成分分析得出，矿山弱胶结砂岩中的骨架部分主要由石英（45.5%）、长石（18%）、方解石（16.8%）、菱锌矿（4%）、黄铁矿（1.2%）、云母（4.2%）等组成；胶结物部分主要为高岭石和绿泥石等黏土矿物，故为以泥质胶结为主的弱胶结砂岩含水层。
1.2　弱胶结砂岩的水理特性
（1）孔隙率。多孔介质孔隙率是指孔隙体积和多孔介质总体积的比值[11-12]。在矿山共取样21个，测得其孔隙率为6.18%~23.90%，平均孔隙率为16.37%，表现为高孔隙率的特征(孔隙率>10%），详见表1。
（2）膨胀特性。将井下1 900 m中段所取弱胶结砂岩样浸泡入水中后，从岩样上冒出大量气泡，并发出滋滋声，呈现明显吸水现象。浸泡4 h时岩样附近水变得浑浊且有悬浮颗粒，说明胶结物质发生溶解现象，10~12 h岩样出现掉渣和开裂现象，约24 h岩样发生崩解、碎裂，手搓成细碎颗粒(见图2)。从浸水试验可以看出，弱胶结砂岩在饱水过程中，自身吸水膨胀变形，原本棱角分明的形状变得浑圆，分裂的细小碎粒被水溶蚀，从而变得疏松多孔，增加了渗流通道，将提高岩体的渗透率。将岩样水中膨胀增加的体积与原始体积相比得出岩石的自由膨胀率，试验测得矿山弱胶结砂岩的自由膨胀率εV=30%。
2　弱胶结砂岩膨胀率与渗透率数学模型构建
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渗透率是表征岩体传导地下水能力的参数，其大小与岩体的孔隙率等自身特性密切相关，而弱胶结砂岩遇水具有膨胀性，其体积增加将改变导水性能，因此其体积应变状态将影响渗透率。Kozeny-Carman假设通道为一束等长度的毛细管，构建了渗透率与孔隙率、孔隙体积之间的函数关系[13-16]，如式(1)所示。
式中：k为渗透率；φ为孔隙率；kz为Kozeny常数，一般取5；Sp为比表面积，Sp=As/Vp；As为岩土颗粒的总表面积；Vp为岩土孔隙体积。
设初始状态为P=P0、T=T0时刻，则变化后的渗透率k与原始渗透率k0的比值为：
假设从初始状态0时刻，增加到Δt时刻，岩土总体积Vb的变化量为ΔVb，颗粒吸水膨胀体积变化量为ΔVr，则岩土中体积的变化量ΔVb减去吸水颗粒体积的变化量ΔVr，即为孔隙体积的变化量ΔVp：
因此，变化后的孔隙率为：
变化后的比表面积(Sp)为：
将式(3)、式(4)和式(5)代入式(2)，并整理得到式(6)：
总体积的变化可用体积应变表示：
将式(7)与式(6)联立，考虑到比表面积变化可以忽略，则可得出弱胶结砂岩渗透率与体积应变之间的关系表达式为：
3　弱胶结含水层开拓工程泥石流形成过程及其机理分析
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相关研究表明：井下泥石流其实质是大量的岩石碎屑、泥砂与水的混合物组成的黏性流体，在地下水水流作用下突然爆发的迅速流动现象。因此它的形成有3个条件：(1)物源，有大量的固体细颗粒物质，如岩体碎屑、粉砂等；(2)载体，较为充足的地下水水流；(3)通道，补给渗流通道[17-21]。本次基于矿山岩石力学特性及其水理特性研究成果，采用FLAC3D软件构建弱胶结砂岩开拓工程流固耦合模型，研究其开挖条件下的渗流场变化及塑性破坏变形特征，模拟分析开挖条件下泥石流形成原理及条件。
3.1　弱胶结砂岩流固耦合数值模型构建
3.1.1　计算方案
矿山采用胶带斜井+斜坡道开拓，设计采用进路充填法回采，开采规模10 000 t/d，其中一期工程布设在1 850~2 000 m标高，矿山通过斜坡道首先开拓1 950 m中段和1 900 m中段，一期工程开拓系统如图3所示。本次通过FLAC3D软件构建新疆某矿流固耦合模型，针对一期开拓工程，分析在弱胶结砂岩含水层中1 900 m和1 950 m中段开拓过程中，松动圈2.0 m范围内围岩膨胀率分别为0、10%、20%和30%条件的巷道周边塑性区及渗流场变化情况，数值模拟方案见表2。
3.1.2　计算参数
矿区初始地下水位在2 100 m标高，初始孔隙率φ0=16.37%，初始渗透率k0=9.26×10－7 cm2，巷道规格4.3 m×3.8 m，井下巷道开拓为悬臂式掘进机连续开挖，每次开挖厚度为5 m。将初始孔隙率φ0和初始渗透率k0代入式(8)，可得出松动圈内弱胶结砂岩不同膨胀率εV条件下的渗透率k，计算结果见表3。岩体的物理力学参数见表4。
3.1.3　数值模型建立
假设弱胶结砂岩含水层为均质各向同性，开挖前在模拟范围内的地下水水力坡度为零。为了更加详细地反映巷道开挖过程中周边变化情况，模型对巷道及松动圈进行加密处理，同时考虑到对称性，为提高计算速度，减少计算时间，取1/2进行研究，则最终建立的模型范围x方向长度为400 m, y方向长度为20 m；z方向为中段标高至地表。1 900 m中段模型单元总数约为2 000个，节点总数约为2 484个，如图4所示。
3.2　弱胶结砂岩膨胀过程中地下水流场变化分析
各中段开挖后，松动圈区域内弱胶结砂岩膨胀率为0、10%、20%和30%时的稳定地下水流场如图5、图6所示。从模拟结果可以看出，中段巷道开挖后，巷道成为了地下水的排泄点，巷道周围水压明显降低，含水层承压水头面由初始的水平面变成了一个以巷道为中心的水压降落漏斗。同时随着弱胶结砂岩膨胀率的增加引起渗透率提高，意味着透水性增强，为地下水的充足补给提供更为畅通的通道，受此影响，围岩渗流场水力梯度进一步下降，巷道周边的低压区逐步扩大，疏水影响范围增大；随着中段下降，地下水水压增加，深部中段相较于上部中段，弱胶结砂岩膨胀率所引起的水力梯度下降幅度更大，将对周围的地下水进一步袭夺，相应的巷道的单位涌水量也随之增加。
3.3　弱胶结砂岩膨胀过程中单位涌水量预测
各中段开挖后松动圈围岩膨胀过程中的巷道单位涌水量预测如图7所示。各中段开挖后受地下水侵蚀引起松动圈围岩膨胀性增大，导致巷道单位涌水量大幅增加，根据模拟预测，当松动圈区域弱胶结砂岩的膨胀率达到20%时，巷道的单位涌水量将翻倍；当松动圈区域弱胶结砂岩的膨胀率达到30%，巷道开挖后的单位涌水量将增加1.5~2倍。
地下水水压的增加会提高地下水的势能，因此当地下水水压增加时会引起巷道涌水量的增加。根据模拟预测，在松动圈未发生膨胀时，1 900 m中段相较于1 950 m中段的单位涌水量增加0.62 m3/(m·h)；松动圈区域弱胶结砂岩膨胀率达到30%时，1 900 m中段相较于1 950 m中段的单位涌水量增加1.15 m3/(m·h)，弱胶结砂岩膨胀所引起的单位涌水量增加量是未发生膨胀的1.85倍。
3.4　流固耦合条件下塑性变形模拟分析
图8为各中段巷道开挖后的围岩塑性破坏模拟结果。从图8可以看出，在1 950 m和1 900 m中段巷道开挖后在掌子面和巷道周边均发生了塑性破坏，存在垮塌风险，且随着开拓中段深度的增加，塑性破坏范围进一步扩大，失稳范围增加，并且弱胶结砂岩在地下水作用下易分解崩塌，成为细碎颗粒，此时将为井下泥石流的形成提供了物源。
3.5　开拓巷道揭露情况分析
2020年3月矿山开始一期工程基建工作，其中斜坡道主要位于泥质页岩隔水层中，各平巷均位于弱胶结砂岩含水层中，基建工程采用悬臂式掘进机凿岩，锚网喷短掘短支，避免巷道发生变形破坏。随着悬臂式掘进机掘进，巷道底板及时铺设混凝土盖板路面，同时在巷道中部留设排水沟，掌子面每次掘进约5 m，利用矩形排水沟测量巷道新揭露区域的涌水量。根据观测资料，1 950 m中段掘进新揭露区域的单位涌水量为1.15~1.30 m3/(m·h)（见图9(a)), 1 900 m中段掘进过程中新揭露区域的单位涌水量为1.80~1.93 m3/(m·h)。由于巷道掘进采用悬臂式掘进机凿岩，对围岩的扰动较小，因此认为巷道新揭露区域围岩松动圈处于未膨胀至略膨胀状态，即膨胀率εv<10%，此时实测值与流固耦合模型预测涌水量较为接近，说明模拟结果较为可靠。
随着开拓中段深度的增加，在地下水水压与膨胀率双重因素下，开拓巷道的单位涌水量大幅增加，将为井下泥石流的形成提供充足的水源载体；根据岩样浸水试验数据，矿山弱胶结砂岩膨胀率εv>20%时，岩石将在局部发生开裂，同时受地下水水压影响，地下水所具有的较强的侵蚀与冲刷能力，易导致掌子面塑性区弱胶结围岩分解、崩塌，并形成细碎颗粒，将为井下泥石流提供物源基础，此时开拓中段掌子面极易形成井下泥石流事故。矿山在1 900 m中段掘进至码头门65~70 m时，巷道揭露层间裂隙发育区，此时巷道实测单位涌水量达到了3.72 m3/(m·h)。依据流固耦合模型模拟分析成果，此时巷道揭露区域围岩松动圈膨胀率εV>20%，意味着该段巷道顶板弱胶结砂岩因膨胀而发生局部破坏，同时该段层间裂隙发育，地下水补给畅通，进一步受地下水侵蚀、冲刷破坏，巷道顶板出现大范围垮塌，垮塌体遇水碎裂、分解成粉砂状，并在地下水水流的夹携之下，发展成为井下泥石流（见图9(b))，故流固耦合模型基本反映了巷道泥石流的成因与发展过程，可为后期治理提供技术支撑。
4　结论
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本文通过对矿山弱胶结砂岩成分及水理特性分析，掌握了其物质成分及其膨胀特性，同时通过数学推导构建了弱胶结砂岩孔隙率、膨胀性与渗透率之间的数学模型，得出了新疆某矿弱胶结砂岩膨胀过程中的岩体渗透率。以此为基础，通过FLAC3D流固耦合分析得出以下结论。
（1）基于Kozeny-Carman渗流公式构建了孔隙率、膨胀率与渗透率数学模型，并计算得出新疆某矿弱胶结含水层不同膨胀率条件下的渗透率，结合FLAC3D软件构建了矿山弱胶结粉砂岩流固耦合模型，分析了弱胶结粉砂岩含水层中不同埋深条件下，开拓工程松动圈围岩遇水膨胀过程中周边塑性区及渗流场变化情况。
（2）弱胶结砂岩膨胀提高了岩体的渗透率，增强了岩体透水能力，当围岩膨胀率增加至30%时，巷道开挖后的单位涌水量将增加1.5~2倍。
（3）开拓巷道深度增加引起水压及单位涌水量的增大，而弱胶结砂岩的膨胀将进一步增加单位涌水量，当松动圈区域弱胶结砂岩膨胀率达到30%时，相较于未膨胀的条件，其所引起的单位涌水量增加量是未膨胀的1.85倍，将为井下泥石流的发生提供地下水补给通道和充足的地下水载体。
（4）开拓工程将在掌子面形成塑性破坏区，且随着中段深度的增加，巷道掌子面和松动圈围岩的塑性破坏越大，将为井下泥石流的形成提供物源条件。
（5）弱胶结含水层因膨胀提高了其透水性，提高了巷道单位涌水量，且地下水易侵蚀、分解塑性区岩石，诱发泥石流。矿山实践表明，模型较为全面地反映了弱胶结含水层泥石流发生的原因与条件，对矿山后期泥石流治理提供参考。
基金
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  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2903902)
文献
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间：2024-07-25
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-25
基金
“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2903902)
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    1.低品位难处理黄金资源综合利用国家重点实验室，福建　上杭县　364204
    2.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司，福建　上杭县　364200
    3.紫金（长沙）工程技术有限公司，湖南　长沙　410036
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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