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Article(id=1322909381729334144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322909380756243363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716220800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335775072, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335775072, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335775072, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335775072, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322909380756243363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335774840, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335774840, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=16, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322909382173930369, articleId=1322909381729334144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Optimization of Thickness of Isolated Top Pillar by Caving Method to Filling Method in an Iron Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to realize the smooth transition from caving method to filling method for a high value iron ore body, a combined mining scheme of caving method to filling method was proposed from the perspective of stope stability and full recovery of high value ore body.Using simplified beam method and Rubenieit method, the thickness of isolated top pillar in the transition area of caving method to filling method is 10.6 m and 9.4 m respectively. Based on the theoretical calculation results of two kinds of isolated top pillar thickness, the numerical simulation of the combined mining scheme of the iron ore with caving method to filling method was carried out by FLAC3D software. The thickness of the isolated top pillar in the transition area of the combined mining scheme of the iron ore with caving method to filling method is defined as 10 m. The research results have been applied to the actual production of the iron mine, and good economic benefits have been achieved, which provides a reference for caving method to filling method in the same type of mine.

, authors=Linfang MEI1, Zenggui ZHANG1, Peng DENG2, Weidong SONG2, authorsList=Linfang MEI, Zenggui ZHANG, Peng DENG, Weidong SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weidong SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322909384296248212, articleId=1322909381729334144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=某铁矿崩落法转充填法隔离顶柱厚度优化研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现某高价值铁矿体崩落法转充填法开采的顺利过渡，从采场稳定性和充分回采高价值矿体的角度提出了一种崩落法转充填法的联合开采方案。采用简化梁法和鲁别涅伊特法初步计算出崩落法转充填法过渡区域隔离顶柱厚度分别为10.6 m和9.4 m。以两种隔离顶柱厚度的理论计算结果为参考，通过FLAC3D软件对该铁矿崩落法转充填法联合开采方案进行数值模拟，界定出该铁矿崩落法转充填法联合开采方案过渡区域的隔离顶柱厚度为10 m。将研究结果应用于该铁矿实际生产，取得了良好的经济效益，为同类型矿山崩落法转充填法工艺提供了参考。

, authors=梅林芳1, 张增贵1, 邓朋2, 宋卫东2, authorsList=梅林芳, 张增贵, 邓朋, 宋卫东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋卫东, authorNote=

梅林芳（1970—），男，湖北黄梅人，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山绿色低碳开采。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
宋卫东（1966—），男，河北廊坊人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为金属矿绿色高效开采。E-mail:
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梅林芳（1970—），男，湖北黄梅人，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山绿色低碳开采。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

梅林芳（1970—），男，湖北黄梅人，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山绿色低碳开采。E-mail:

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Physical and mechanical parameters of ore, rock and backfill

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材料名称剪切模量/MPa体积模量/MPa黏聚力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa密度/(kg/m3)内摩擦角/(°)
围岩2.804.202.103.92 70040
上覆散体3.204.600.003.62 52039
矿体3.306.002.403.62 70040
充填体0.310.250.130.42 00037
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矿岩与充填体物理力学参数

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材料名称剪切模量/MPa体积模量/MPa黏聚力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa密度/(kg/m3)内摩擦角/(°)
围岩2.804.202.103.92 70040
上覆散体3.204.600.003.62 52039
矿体3.306.002.403.62 70040
充填体0.310.250.130.42 00037
), ArticleFig(id=1322909387899155399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322909381729334144, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Technical and economic indices of commissioning

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阶段采矿方法生产能力/万t回采率/%贫化率/%出矿品位/%
－180 m阶段空场嗣后充填法13.2893.026.1440.62
－110 m浅孔留矿嗣后充填法2.5092.745.2941.72
－96 m无底柱分段崩落法5.3081.7238.2428.10
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投产技术经济指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段采矿方法生产能力/万t回采率/%贫化率/%出矿品位/%
－180 m阶段空场嗣后充填法13.2893.026.1440.62
－110 m浅孔留矿嗣后充填法2.5092.745.2941.72
－96 m无底柱分段崩落法5.3081.7238.2428.10
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某铁矿崩落法转充填法隔离顶柱厚度优化研究
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梅林芳 1 , 张增贵 1 , 邓朋 2 , 宋卫东 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(4): 16-22
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (4) : 16 -22
某铁矿崩落法转充填法隔离顶柱厚度优化研究
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梅林芳（1970—），男，湖北黄梅人，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山绿色低碳开采。E-mail:

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梅林芳（1970—），男，湖北黄梅人，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山绿色低碳开采。E-mail:

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梅林芳1 , 张增贵1, 邓朋2, 宋卫东2
作者信息
  • 1.武钢资源集团有限公司，湖北　黄石市　435006
  • 2.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院，北京　100083
通讯作者:
宋卫东（1966—），男，河北廊坊人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为金属矿绿色高效开采。E-mail:
作者简介:

梅林芳（1970—），男，湖北黄梅人，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山绿色低碳开采。E-mail:

Optimization of Thickness of Isolated Top Pillar by Caving Method to Filling Method in an Iron Mine
Linfang MEI1 , Zenggui ZHANG1, Peng DENG2, Weidong SONG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Wisco Resources Group Co., Ltd., Huangshi, Hubei 435006, China
  • 2.School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25
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摘要
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为实现某高价值铁矿体崩落法转充填法开采的顺利过渡，从采场稳定性和充分回采高价值矿体的角度提出了一种崩落法转充填法的联合开采方案。采用简化梁法和鲁别涅伊特法初步计算出崩落法转充填法过渡区域隔离顶柱厚度分别为10.6 m和9.4 m。以两种隔离顶柱厚度的理论计算结果为参考，通过FLAC3D软件对该铁矿崩落法转充填法联合开采方案进行数值模拟，界定出该铁矿崩落法转充填法联合开采方案过渡区域的隔离顶柱厚度为10 m。将研究结果应用于该铁矿实际生产，取得了良好的经济效益，为同类型矿山崩落法转充填法工艺提供了参考。

高价值铁矿体  /  隔离顶柱  /  崩落法转充填法  /  联合开采方案  /  数值模拟

In order to realize the smooth transition from caving method to filling method for a high value iron ore body, a combined mining scheme of caving method to filling method was proposed from the perspective of stope stability and full recovery of high value ore body.Using simplified beam method and Rubenieit method, the thickness of isolated top pillar in the transition area of caving method to filling method is 10.6 m and 9.4 m respectively. Based on the theoretical calculation results of two kinds of isolated top pillar thickness, the numerical simulation of the combined mining scheme of the iron ore with caving method to filling method was carried out by FLAC3D software. The thickness of the isolated top pillar in the transition area of the combined mining scheme of the iron ore with caving method to filling method is defined as 10 m. The research results have been applied to the actual production of the iron mine, and good economic benefits have been achieved, which provides a reference for caving method to filling method in the same type of mine.

High value iron ore body  /  Isolated top pillar  /  Caving method to filling method  /  Combined mining scheme  /  Numerical simulation
梅林芳, 张增贵, 邓朋, 宋卫东. 某铁矿崩落法转充填法隔离顶柱厚度优化研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (4) : 16 -22 .
Linfang MEI, Zenggui ZHANG, Peng DENG, Weidong SONG. Optimization of Thickness of Isolated Top Pillar by Caving Method to Filling Method in an Iron Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (4) : 16 -22 .
正文
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0　引言
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崩落法以生产能力大、成本低的优点在各大金属矿山中得到广泛应用，随着近些年国家有关矿山生产政策的调整，我国金属矿山生产模式逐步由崩落法向充填法发展。为保障矿山两种采矿方法的平稳衔接，设置隔离矿柱是阻断两种采矿方法相互影响的途径之一。隔离矿柱的厚度需根据矿山具体生产条件来确定，例如对于某些高价值矿体开采由崩落法转充填法的工程实践中，隔离矿柱的厚度设计需兼顾采场安全性和生产产量。
王刘宝等[1]将同阶段崩落法转充填法隔离间柱简化为变惯性矩固支梁，并进行数值模拟，得到了不同灰砂比下协同匹配的隔离间柱上端宽度。童大志等[2]针对红岭铅锌矿崩落法转充填法隔离矿柱的设计，进行4种隔离矿柱的数值模拟，得到了最佳隔离顶柱参数。刘恒亮等[3]将厚跨比法、荷载传递线交汇法和结构力学方法运用到新桥矿露天转地下顶柱厚度设计中，根据数值模拟结果得出不同采空区跨度下隔离顶柱的安全厚度。贾穆承等[4]对露天转地下开采隔离顶柱进行数值模拟研究，得出相同采空区跨度下不同厚度的境界顶柱稳定性规律。付建新等[5]以石人沟铁矿为例，建立出双层采空区重叠隔离顶柱的二维固支梁简化力学模型，得到了采空区重叠率对隔离顶柱的稳定性影响规律。赖红源[6]采用数值模拟的方法，对紫金山铜矿隔离矿柱厚度与最大拉应力进行拟合，确定了紫金山铜矿露天转地下隔离矿柱的合理厚度。
从学者们对于隔离矿柱的研究成果来看，针对露天转地下开采隔离顶柱以及同阶段隔离间柱的研究较多，关于地下高价值铁矿体崩落法转充填法隔离顶柱安全厚度的研究较少。本文以某高价值铁矿体－84~－180 m水平范围内崩落法转充填法为研究背景，提出一种崩落法转充填法联合开采方案，在浅孔留矿嗣后充填法矿房高度与隔离顶柱厚度的界定中，采用结构力学简化梁法[7]和鲁别涅伊特法[8]计算出某铁矿隔离顶柱厚度，以厚度计算结果为参考范围，进行该铁矿－84~－180 m水平范围内的崩落法转充填法数值模拟，对不同隔离顶柱厚度下的采场稳定性进行分析，以此确定某铁矿崩落法转充填法过渡区域内的最优隔离顶柱厚度。该研究成果在后续某铁矿生产应用中取得了良好的技术经济效益，可为同类型矿山隔离顶柱厚度设计提供参考依据。
1　工程概况
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某铁矿露天开采后形成的完整高陡边坡需要长期保护，两帮边坡角分别为52°、56°。东露天边坡已存在15 a以上，加上大气降水的影响，安全系数在1.0~1.1之间，基本上处于极限平衡状态，并且局部已经发生较大规模的坍塌破坏。为避免边坡破坏，某铁矿原计划－120 m阶段采用无底柱分段崩落法开采，－180 m阶段采用阶段空场嗣后充填法开采，当开采至－84 m水平时，露天边坡已经发生了局部的开裂，根据相关研究成果与现场实际监测数据，当继续采用无底柱分段崩落法开采到－120 m水平时，边坡的变形破坏加剧，矿山产生大面积滑坡的可能性比较高。且 －96~－180 m水平范围内矿体平均水平厚度为26 m，中部矿体较厚，可达40~50 m，矿体倾角为70°~90°，为典型的急倾斜中厚至厚矿体，矿产资源储量高达30余万 t，矿体品位高达50%，并伴生高品位铜、银等金属，矿石价值品位高。从提升该铁矿整体安全性并合理回收此部分高价值高品位矿产资源角度来考虑，需在该铁矿－120 m开采阶段内完成崩落法转充填法的过渡。本文基于该铁矿开采现状，提出崩落法转充填法的3种采矿方法联合开采的采场布置方案。
2　崩落法转充填法联合开采方案
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－84~－96 m分段继续采用无底柱分段崩落法回采，将－96~－120 m划分两个分段，上分段采用浅孔留矿嗣后充填法回采，下分段作为隔离顶柱，－180 m阶段采用阶段空场嗣后充填法回采。某铁矿崩落法转充填法联合开采方案如图1所示。
具体回采方案如下。
（1）采用浅孔留矿嗣后充填法回采－96 m水平的下一分段。由于浅孔留矿嗣后充填法对采场顶板扰动较小，上一分段12 m的厚度足以为采场提供安全保障，－120 m阶段的最后一个分段作为崩落法转充填法的过渡层，同时可作为阶段空场嗣后充填法的隔离顶柱及浅孔留矿嗣后充填法的充填水平。
（2）待浅孔留矿嗣后充填法开采分段充填完毕且充填体达到一定强度后，同时对－96 m分段无底柱分段崩落法回采区域及－180 m阶段的阶段空场嗣后充填法回采区域进行开采。
采用此种过渡方法将形成崩落法转充填法的3种采矿方法联合开采的采场布置方案，但浅孔留矿嗣后充填法的矿房高度以及隔离顶柱厚度仍需进一步通过稳定性研究进行确定。
3　隔离顶柱厚度计算
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3.1　简化梁法
将隔离顶柱视作一个上侧覆盖散体、下侧空区的简支梁[9]，从简支梁受力状态分析隔离顶柱的厚度，其理论公式为：
式中：H为隔离顶柱厚度，m；K为安全系数；γ为隔离矿柱容重，kN/m3；B为采空区跨度，m；σB为隔离矿柱的强度极限，MPa；q为上覆岩层所施加的荷载，MPa。
以该铁矿生产资料为依据，K取1.4；γ取0.27 kN/m3；B取15 m；σB取20 MPa；q取8.2 MPa，最终计算出隔离顶柱厚度为10.6 m。
3.2　鲁别涅伊特法
最早的隔离矿柱厚度的计算用于露天转地下开采[10]，后经过一系列工程实例发现部分方法可用于非露天转地下采空区隔离顶柱的厚度计算，其中包括前苏联学者鲁别涅伊特提出的鲁别涅伊特法：
式中：σt为隔离矿柱的强度极限，MPa；g为工作设备对隔离顶柱施加的压荷载；Pa。
以该铁矿生产资料为依据，K取1.4；γ取0.27 kN/m3；B取15 m；，k0=2~3, ka=7~10，σc为岩石的单轴极限抗压强度，取12.7 MPa, k0取3, ka取10；g取0.1 MPa，最终计算出隔离顶柱厚度为9.4 m。
实际上，两种隔离顶柱厚度计算方法得出的结果只能作为矿山设计的参考，因为在隔离顶柱厚度计算过程中仅仅从力学的角度进行考虑，忽略了上下分段由于采矿方法不同所带来的实际工程影响。但简化梁法和鲁别涅伊特法得到的隔离顶柱厚度可以为后续数值模拟隔离顶柱厚度设计提供参考范围。
4　隔离顶柱稳定性数值模拟分析
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4.1　数值模型建立
数值模型尺寸为198 m×144 m×144 m，共有116 880个单元，按照隔离顶柱厚度计算结果，具体数值模拟过程中留设的隔离顶柱厚度分别为9 m、10 m、11 m、12 m。对该铁矿崩落法转充填法的3种采矿方法进行开挖模拟，数值模型如图2所示，模型均采用位移约束，模型对称的Y-Z外侧面约束x方向位移，两个X-Z外侧面约束y方向位移，底部所有节点约束x、y、z等3个方向的位移，重力加速度取9.8 m/s2，方向垂直向下。
4.2　力学参数
对该铁矿待开采部位矿岩取样并进行一系列室内试验，基于Hoek-Brown准则[11-14]对试验得到的力学参数进行折减，计算时采用摩尔-库仑（Mohr-Coulomb)屈服准则，研究所用的矿岩与充填体物理力学参数见表1。
5　数值计算结果分析
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5.1　应力分析
将隔离顶柱假设为一个简支梁，在隔离顶柱上下侧受力不均匀的情况下易发生应力集中，隔离顶柱内部会出现裂纹，当应力集中超过隔离顶柱的承载能力时，会引起内部裂纹的进一步扩展，最终导致隔离顶柱的失稳破坏[15]。不同隔离顶柱厚度下采空区剖面最大主应力分布云图如图3所示。某铁矿－180 m阶段二步骤回采矿柱而引起的应力重分布过程中，4种厚度的隔离顶柱下侧会受到不同程度的拉应力，拉应力峰值低于隔离顶柱抗拉强度，但隔离顶柱仍处于受拉状态，存在一定的失稳风险。此外，各厚度的隔离顶柱中心部位会出现一定的压应力集中现象，其中9 m隔离顶柱中心部位最大压应力达到0.6 MPa, 10 m隔离顶柱中心部位最大压应力达0.4 MPa, 11 m隔离顶柱中心部位最大压应力为1.3 MPa, 12 m隔离顶柱中心部位最大压应力为1.2 MPa。采空区顶板正上方未见明显应力集中区域，因此，应控制采空区顶板拉应力处于最小值，直至－180 m阶段充填作业结束。
5.2　位移分析
不同隔离顶柱厚度下采空区剖面垂直位移云图如图4所示。由图4可以看出，采空区顶板沉降量随着隔离顶柱厚度的增加呈现出先减小后增大的趋势，意味着隔离顶柱的抗变形能力与厚度不存在正比例关系，即该铁矿隔离顶柱设计并非厚度越大越好。其中，11 m隔离顶柱厚度条件下采场顶板中心垂直位移最小，顶板位移为10.2 mm。当隔离顶柱厚度增大至12 m时，在隔离顶柱自重和内部结构影响下，顶柱的抗形变能力减弱，对采场整体稳定性不利。
5.3　塑性区分析
不同隔离顶柱厚度下采空区剖面塑性区分布云图如图5所示。由图5可以看出，4种隔离顶柱厚度下，顶柱均会出现一定范围的剪切塑性区，但顶柱的塑性变形区均未与浅孔留矿嗣后充填法回采分段贯通。这意味着－180 m阶段采场自回采至充填作业完毕后，隔离顶柱进入过屈服阶段但未发生破坏[16]，仍具备承载能力。
图6为不同隔离顶柱厚度下－180 m阶段采场塑性区体积变化规律。由图6可知，－180 m阶段采用阶段空场嗣后充填法回采，采场拉伸塑性区体积较大，矿岩主要以拉伸破坏为主。10 m隔离顶柱下采场拉伸塑性区和剪切塑性区体积最小，这意味着该铁矿－180 m阶段采场作业安全性较高。
6　工程应用
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从该铁矿－180 m阶段采场作业安全性考虑，综合数值模拟结果分析，留设10 m隔离顶柱条件下采场作业较为安全，最终该铁矿按照10 m隔离顶柱设计投入生产。相比于简化梁法计算出的10.6 m隔离顶柱厚度而言，按照实际留设10 m隔离顶柱进行生产可多采出0.6 m厚度的隔离顶柱矿石量，按照矿石容重2 700 kg/m3，总计可多采出6 318 t矿石量。
相比于鲁别涅伊特法计算出的9.4 m隔离顶柱厚度而言，实际留设的10 m隔离顶柱厚度以损失部分金属资源量换取－180 m阶段矿体回采安全性是合理的。该铁矿实际生产得到的技术经济指标见表2。
该铁矿自2013年按照10 m顶柱设计生产以来，－180 m阶段、－110 m分段、－96 m分段年生产量分别为13.28 万 t、2.50 万 t、5.30 万 t，基本可实现该铁矿崩落法转充填法产量衔接，且整体贫化率显著降低，出矿品位大幅度提升。该铁矿采用充填法回采矿体后，地表塌陷与滑坡隐患得以消除，矿山整体稳定性明显优于崩落法回采，采用崩落法转充填法联合开采方法为该铁矿带来了良好的经济效益。
7　结论
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（1）采用无底柱分段崩落法、浅孔留矿嗣后充填法及阶段空场嗣后充填法联合开采某铁矿－84~－180 m水平范围内高价值铁矿体，实现了地下高价值铁矿体崩落法转充填法的顺利过渡，在充分回采该水平范围内高价值铁矿体的同时，可兼顾－180 m阶段的采场稳定性。
（2）采用简化梁法和鲁别涅伊特法计算出该铁矿崩落法转充填法过渡区域隔离顶柱厚度分别为10.6 m和9.4 m，通过数值模拟对某铁矿崩落法转充填法3种采矿方法联合进行开挖模拟，根据－180 m阶段采场顶板最小主应力、垂直位移、塑性区分布确定隔离顶柱厚度为10 m。
（3）将10 m隔离顶柱厚度设计运用到某铁矿－84~－180 m崩落法转充填法联合开采中，取得了良好的经济效益，既实现了该铁矿崩落法转充填法的产量衔接，大幅度降低贫化率，又能消除地表塌陷和滑坡的隐患。

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  • 接收时间：2024-05-21
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-04-25
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    1.武钢资源集团有限公司，湖北　黄石市　435006
    2.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院，北京　100083

通讯作者:

宋卫东（1966—），男，河北廊坊人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为金属矿绿色高效开采。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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