Article(id=1322907644767372167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723392000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335360947, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335360947, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335360947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335360947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=68, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907644960310152, articleId=1322907644767372167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Effect of Acidic Environment and Fly Ash Addition on Early Strength of Sulphoaluminate-Based Grouting Backfill, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the strength formation mechanism of sulphoaluminate-based grouting backfill with different additions of fly ash under acidic environments, the early strength development and microstructure evolution of sulphoaluminate-based grouting backfills were characterized by uniaxial compression tests, XRD phase analysis, thermal analysis (TG) and MIP mercury porosimeter pore tests. The results show that when the addition of fly ash in the grouting backfill is 10%, the strength at 1 d of hydration is 11.05 MPa, and the strength at 7 d of hydration reaches 26.73 MPa. When the addition of fly ash is increased to 50%, the strength at 1 d of hydration is only 4.06 MPa, while the strength at 7 d of hydration is 10.05 MPa, which indicates that the strength loss caused by high addition of fly ash is obvious. Under the influence of acidic environment, the strength of grouting backfill of each ratio decreases. The strength loss of sample adding 10% fly ash is 17.60%, 19.36% and 21.42% respectively, and the strength of sample adding 50% fly ash is decreased by 21.01%, 28.89% and 39.45% respectively. High fly ash addition and acidic environment can increase the threshold pore size and porosity of the backfill, resulting in a decrease in the early strength of the backfill. In the actual grouting reinforcement, the negative effects of acidic environment and external additives on the setting rate of the cementitious system and the early strength of the backfill should be fully considered to ensure the grouting reinforcement effect of the coal roadway.

, authors=Xing LIU1, Jiadong GUO2, Haoquan YANG3, Shaoqi KONG2, authorsList=Xing LIU, Jiadong GUO, Haoquan YANG, Shaoqi KONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shaoqi KONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907652371645371, articleId=1322907644767372167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=酸性环境和粉煤灰添加量对硫铝酸盐基注浆充填体早期强度的影响, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究酸性环境下不同粉煤灰添加量的硫铝酸盐基注浆充填体的强度形成机制,结合单轴抗压、XRD物相分析、热重分析(TG)和MIP压汞仪孔隙测试等方法对其早期强度发展和微观结构演化进行了表征分析。结果表明:注浆充填体中粉煤灰添加量为10%时,水化1 d的强度为11.05 MPa,水化7 d强度达到26.73 MPa,当粉煤灰添加量增加至50%时,水化1 d的强度仅为4.06 MPa,而水化7 d强度为10.05 MPa,这表明高含量的粉煤灰导致的强度折损明显;酸性环境影响下,各个配比的注浆充填体强度均有下降,10%粉煤灰添加量样品的强度损失分别为17.60%、19.36%和21.42%,50%粉煤灰添加量样品的强度分别下降了21.01%、28.89%和39.45%;较高粉煤灰添加量和酸性环境提高了充填体的阈值孔径和孔隙率,致使充填体水化早期强度降低。在实际注浆加固时,应充分考虑酸性环境和外添加剂对胶凝体系的凝结速率和充填体的早期强度的负面效应,以保障煤巷注浆加固效果。

, authors=刘兴1, 郭家栋2, 杨浩泉3, 孔少奇2, authorsList=刘兴, 郭家栋, 杨浩泉, 孔少奇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孔少奇, authorNote=

刘兴(1985—),男,山西长治人,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿安全技术管理工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孔少奇(1989—),男,山西大同人,副教授,主要从事充填开采、二氧化碳储存利用与封存研究。E-mail:
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刘兴(1985—),男,山西长治人,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿安全技术管理工作。E-mail:

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刘兴(1985—),男,山西长治人,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿安全技术管理工作。E-mail:

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Powder Technology, 2022, 399:117167., articleTitle=Preparing a binder for cemented paste backfill using low-aluminum slag and hazardous oil shale residue and the heavy metals immobilization effects, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907674102333484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907644767372167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=8, pageStart=2508, pageEnd=2514+2533, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=39, authorNames=齐秋霖, 周健, 葛仲熙, journalName=硅酸盐通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=齐秋霖,周健,葛仲熙,等.硫铝酸盐水泥抗酸侵蚀性能与机理研究[J].硅酸盐通报,2021,40(8): 2508-2514+2533., articleTitle=硫铝酸盐水泥抗酸侵蚀性能与机理研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907674194608174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907644767372167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=8, pageStart=2508, pageEnd=2514+2533, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=40, authorNames=QI Qiulin, ZHOU Jian, GE Zhongxi, journalName=Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QI Qiulin, ZHOU Jian, GE Zhongxi, et al. Research on the acid erosion resistance and mechanism of sulfoaluminate cement[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2021, 40(8):2508-2514+2533., articleTitle=Research on the acid erosion resistance and mechanism of sulfoaluminate cement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907674513375279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907644767372167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=389, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=41, authorNames=ZHANG Shiyu, WANG Kai, ZHANG Xiaoqiang, journalName=Construction and Building Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Shiyu, WANG Kai, ZHANG Xiaoqiang, et al. Preparing new supplementary cementitious materials with co-calcined waste glass-dolomite and environmental assessment[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2023, 389:131770., articleTitle=Preparing new supplementary cementitious materials with co-calcined waste glass-dolomite and environmental assessment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907674614038576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907644767372167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=140, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=42, authorNames=LI Chen, LI Jiaqi, TELESCA Antonio, journalName=Cement and Concrete Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Chen, LI Jiaqi, TELESCA Antonio, et al. Effect of polycarboxylate ether on the expansion of ye'elimite hydration in the presence of anhydrite[J]. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907661599114234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907644767372167, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Oxide compositions of fly ash and sulfoaluminate cement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原材料SiO2Al2O3CaOSO3Fe2O3TiO2MgOK2OP2O5Na2O
硫铝酸盐水泥13.61015.38054.01010.2402.0100.0143.0300.7900.1400.330
粉煤灰43.25125.19715.3854.0888.7600.1321.2040.9960.3200.254
原材料SrOClZrO2MnOZnOCuOPbOAs2O3Ga2O3Rb2O
硫铝酸盐水泥0.0140.0210.0110.0270.0090.0290.0130.0040.0050.004
粉煤灰0.0940.0820.0730.0440.0280.0250.0110.0060.0050.005
), ArticleFig(id=1322907661683000315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907644767372167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

粉煤灰和硫铝酸盐水泥的氧化物组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原材料SiO2Al2O3CaOSO3Fe2O3TiO2MgOK2OP2O5Na2O
硫铝酸盐水泥13.61015.38054.01010.2402.0100.0143.0300.7900.1400.330
粉煤灰43.25125.19715.3854.0888.7600.1321.2040.9960.3200.254
原材料SrOClZrO2MnOZnOCuOPbOAs2O3Ga2O3Rb2O
硫铝酸盐水泥0.0140.0210.0110.0270.0090.0290.0130.0040.0050.004
粉煤灰0.0940.0820.0730.0440.0280.0250.0110.0060.0050.005
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Experimental schemes for the hydration process of grouted backfills

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样品编号FA/%CSA/%pH固液比
FC1-3.510903.50.5
FC2-3.530703.50.5
FC3-3.550503.50.5
FC1-710907.00.5
FC2-730707.00.5
FC3-750507.00.5
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注浆充填体水化进程试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号FA/%CSA/%pH固液比
FC1-3.510903.50.5
FC2-3.530703.50.5
FC3-3.550503.50.5
FC1-710907.00.5
FC2-730707.00.5
FC3-750507.00.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322907661993378814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907644767372167, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

CBW and CH of fly ash-sulphoaluminate cement grouting backfills at 7 days of hydration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号CBW/%CH/%
FC1-3.515.8415.13
FC2-3.511.6610.68
FC3-3.57.055.82
FC1-716.5115.27
FC2-712.3711.26
FC3-79.087.19
), ArticleFig(id=1322907662060487679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907644767372167, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐水泥注浆充填体水化7 d时的CBW和CH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号CBW/%CH/%
FC1-3.515.8415.13
FC2-3.511.6610.68
FC3-3.57.055.82
FC1-716.5115.27
FC2-712.3711.26
FC3-79.087.19
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酸性环境和粉煤灰添加量对硫铝酸盐基注浆充填体早期强度的影响
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刘兴 1 , 郭家栋 2 , 杨浩泉 3 , 孔少奇 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(6): 68-77
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (6) : 68 -77
酸性环境和粉煤灰添加量对硫铝酸盐基注浆充填体早期强度的影响
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刘兴1 , 郭家栋2, 杨浩泉3, 孔少奇2
作者信息
  • 1.山西襄矿集团有限公司,山西 长治市 046000
  • 2.太原理工大学 矿业工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 3.山西省应急管理厅,山西 太原 030001
通讯作者:
孔少奇(1989—),男,山西大同人,副教授,主要从事充填开采、二氧化碳储存利用与封存研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

刘兴(1985—),男,山西长治人,高级工程师,主要从事煤矿安全技术管理工作。E-mail:

Effect of Acidic Environment and Fly Ash Addition on Early Strength of Sulphoaluminate-Based Grouting Backfill
Xing LIU1 , Jiadong GUO2, Haoquan YANG3, Shaoqi KONG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Shanxi Xiangkuang Group Co., Ltd., Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
  • 2.College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
  • 3.Shanxi Provincial Department of Emergency Management, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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为研究酸性环境下不同粉煤灰添加量的硫铝酸盐基注浆充填体的强度形成机制,结合单轴抗压、XRD物相分析、热重分析(TG)和MIP压汞仪孔隙测试等方法对其早期强度发展和微观结构演化进行了表征分析。结果表明:注浆充填体中粉煤灰添加量为10%时,水化1 d的强度为11.05 MPa,水化7 d强度达到26.73 MPa,当粉煤灰添加量增加至50%时,水化1 d的强度仅为4.06 MPa,而水化7 d强度为10.05 MPa,这表明高含量的粉煤灰导致的强度折损明显;酸性环境影响下,各个配比的注浆充填体强度均有下降,10%粉煤灰添加量样品的强度损失分别为17.60%、19.36%和21.42%,50%粉煤灰添加量样品的强度分别下降了21.01%、28.89%和39.45%;较高粉煤灰添加量和酸性环境提高了充填体的阈值孔径和孔隙率,致使充填体水化早期强度降低。在实际注浆加固时,应充分考虑酸性环境和外添加剂对胶凝体系的凝结速率和充填体的早期强度的负面效应,以保障煤巷注浆加固效果。

酸性环境  /  粉煤灰添加量  /  硫铝酸盐水泥  /  注浆加固  /  充填体早期强度  /  微观结构

In order to study the strength formation mechanism of sulphoaluminate-based grouting backfill with different additions of fly ash under acidic environments, the early strength development and microstructure evolution of sulphoaluminate-based grouting backfills were characterized by uniaxial compression tests, XRD phase analysis, thermal analysis (TG) and MIP mercury porosimeter pore tests. The results show that when the addition of fly ash in the grouting backfill is 10%, the strength at 1 d of hydration is 11.05 MPa, and the strength at 7 d of hydration reaches 26.73 MPa. When the addition of fly ash is increased to 50%, the strength at 1 d of hydration is only 4.06 MPa, while the strength at 7 d of hydration is 10.05 MPa, which indicates that the strength loss caused by high addition of fly ash is obvious. Under the influence of acidic environment, the strength of grouting backfill of each ratio decreases. The strength loss of sample adding 10% fly ash is 17.60%, 19.36% and 21.42% respectively, and the strength of sample adding 50% fly ash is decreased by 21.01%, 28.89% and 39.45% respectively. High fly ash addition and acidic environment can increase the threshold pore size and porosity of the backfill, resulting in a decrease in the early strength of the backfill. In the actual grouting reinforcement, the negative effects of acidic environment and external additives on the setting rate of the cementitious system and the early strength of the backfill should be fully considered to ensure the grouting reinforcement effect of the coal roadway.

Acidic environment  /  Fly ash addition  /  Sulphoaluminate cement  /  Grouting reinforcement  /  Early strength of backfill  /  Microstructure
刘兴, 郭家栋, 杨浩泉, 孔少奇. 酸性环境和粉煤灰添加量对硫铝酸盐基注浆充填体早期强度的影响. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 68 -77 .
Xing LIU, Jiadong GUO, Haoquan YANG, Shaoqi KONG. Effect of Acidic Environment and Fly Ash Addition on Early Strength of Sulphoaluminate-Based Grouting Backfill[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 68 -77 .
随着浅部煤层资源的开采殆尽,煤炭开采逐步进入深部,受高地应力、地质构造复杂、煤巷围岩破碎松软和工作面采动等因素的影响,浅部煤巷常用的锚杆(索)网等措施在深部大断面煤巷支护中的应用效果不尽理想[1]。若不能采取科学有效的办法解决此类巷道的支护问题,多种不利因素耦合作用下易使围岩持续发生流变直至煤巷大变形破坏,可能导致巷道工作面失稳、冒顶、片帮等事故的发生,影响巷道掘进和支护速度,严重威胁矿井生产安全[2]。
注浆加固是一种有效改善围岩性能并限制围岩变形的主动支护方式[3],通常是利用压力泵将注浆液通过注浆锚杆或注浆孔压入煤巷围岩裂隙,浆液水化产物胶凝物质通过界面接触效应将破碎围岩黏接在一起形成完整的围岩结构[4]。在工程实践中,除优化注浆施工参数外,注浆液的性能对于加固煤巷围岩的稳定性尤为重要。煤巷围岩加固注浆液主要分为有机注浆液和无机注浆液两大类。有机注浆液具有黏度低、可注性好、抗渗性强、凝胶时间可控、稳定性好及浆液扩散半径大等优点,但由于其普遍应用成本高、有不同程度毒性和施工工艺要求严格等缺点无法在矿山工程中广泛应用[5-6];无机注浆液则具有来源广泛、价格便宜、配制方便、注浆施工操作简单、容易运输储存和无毒无害等优点,同样其也因可注性较差、浆液凝结时间较长且不易控制等缺点在工程应用方面受到一些限制[5-6]。针对传统无机注浆液的不足之处,国内外学者进行了大量的试验研究,逐步改进其性能,形成了水泥基等煤炭行业注浆技术体系[7-10]。
在实际的注浆加固施工中,由于工程条件复杂且受诸多因素的影响,设计注浆加固方案时应充分考虑煤巷围岩局部破碎程度和注浆区域差异性,确定合适的注浆材料类型[11]。例如,较大断面尺寸的软岩煤巷加固时,常常采用深浅孔注浆的方式。深孔注浆时选用普通硅酸盐水泥,浅孔注浆时则可利用硫铝酸盐水泥(CSA)快速凝结和水化产物体积膨胀性对煤巷帮浅部区域进行快速加固和煤岩裂隙封堵,以防止煤巷帮跑浆,提高施工效率[12]。然而,硫铝酸盐水泥初期水化产物的体积膨胀性过高对于煤岩体的裂隙封堵是不利的,需要根据煤巷围岩裂隙度添加一定量的粉煤灰(FA)等矿物质添加剂提高注浆料对于不同工程条件的适应性。此外,对于高硫煤矿来说,煤层在开采揭露之后,煤炭中含硫矿物经过氧化、水解之后致使地下废水呈现酸性(pH<4)[13]。当下层开采时,废水经地下渗流作用于注浆加固的煤巷围岩,浆液的早期固化受酸性环境的影响,在加固效果方面表现出一定的差异性。
鉴于此,本文以不同质量比配置粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐水泥基注浆材料,结合XRD物相分析、热重分析(TG)、单轴抗压测试(UCS)和压汞仪孔隙测试等方法,研究酸性环境下注浆材料微观结构演变和强度发展规律,以揭示其早期强度形成受酸性环境影响的机制,为类似工程条件的材料配置及性能优化提供理论研究基础。
本次试验涉及的固体物料原料主要有粉煤灰和硫铝酸盐水泥,其粒径分布曲线如图1所示。从图1可以看出,粉煤灰的粒径分布参数D10、D30、D50和D90分别为7.64 μm、16.41 μm、35.14 μm和107.28 μm,而硫铝酸盐水泥的粒径分布参数D10、D30、D50和D90分别为5.92 μm、11.22 μm、18.73 μm和40.15 μm,两者粒径尺寸分布的差异性有利于固体物料体系堆积密实度的增大,从而可在物理堆积角度方面提高其固化性能[14]。
粉煤灰和硫铝酸盐水泥的氧化物组成见表1,两者主要的氧化物(含量>1%)均为SiO2、Al2O3、CaO、Fe2O3、SO3和MgO等,而粉煤灰中CaO含量为15.385%,说明其为高钙粉煤灰,具有较好的火山灰活性[15]。图2为粉煤灰和硫铝酸盐水泥的XRD物相分析,结果表明,此硫铝酸盐水泥的主要矿物相有硫铝酸钙、硅酸三钙、硅酸二钙、石膏和碳酸钙等;粉煤灰的主要矿物相有莫来石、石英和磁铁矿等,其中2θ∈15°~30°的物相峰整体呈现出微微隆起的“馒头”状,表明粉煤灰中有一定含量的无定形相,也是高钙粉煤灰具有较高火山灰活性的原因所在。除上述固体物料外,本次试验用到的材料还有硫酸和去离子水。
井下配备好的注浆液泵入煤巷围岩后迅速与裂隙渗流水接触,注浆充填材料整个固化过程都处于渗流水环境中,因此,为简化试验,本文直接采用pH为3.5的稀硫酸溶液与固体物料充分混合。粉煤灰与硫铝酸盐水泥的质量比分别为10:90、30:70和50:50,对应的样品编号分别为FC1−3.5、FC2−3.5和FC3−3.5;为对照分析酸性环境对注浆充填体水化进程的影响,增加液体介质为去离子水(pH=7)的相同物料比例的对照组,对应的样品编号分别为FC1−7、FC2−7和FC3−7。所有新制浆体样品的液固比均为0.5,详细试验方案见表2。
按照试验方案制备注浆液,将一部分浆液倒入尺寸为Φ50 mm×100 mm的圆柱体塑料模具中,每种配比制备5个样品,用保鲜膜封住模具上口,将其置于养护箱中养护,养护温度为(20±1)℃,养护湿度为93%±3%,待达到养护龄期后进行单轴抗压试验。另一部分浆液倒入10 mL离心管,每种配比制备9个样品,待达到养护龄期后,利用异丙醇终止水化,在温度为45 ℃的烘干箱中烘干,研磨后装入标签袋,以便进行微观表征测试。
(1)单轴抗压测试:将注浆充填体水化1 d、3 d和7 d后进行单轴抗压试验,压力试验机选用Humboldt HM-5030试验机,最大加载载荷为50 kN,试验时加载速度为1 mm/min,采用位移加载方式。在测试之前,试块的两端尽可能保持平整,同时抹上凡士林以减小端部摩擦的影响。至少测试3个试块且取平均值作为最终的抗压强度值。
(2)XRD物相测试:采用帕纳科衍射仪进行XRD测试,以铜靶为靶料,采用连续扫描方式,扫描步长为0.026°,扫描速度为5°/min,扫描时间为9 min,定性分析样品。
(3)热重分析(TG):采用STA409PC型等温量热重分析仪对某些特定水化产物进行半定量分析。每次取约30 mg的样品粉末放入氧化铝坩埚中,在氮气环境下由室温加热至1 000 ℃,加热速率为15 ℃/min。由下式可计算出水化产物中化学结合水(CBW)和氢氧钙石(CH)的质量。
式中:mCBW和mCH分别为化学结合水和氢氧钙石的质量;M50、M400和M550分别为温度升至50 ℃、400 ℃和550 ℃时样品剩余的质量。
(4)SEM测试:样品在微观形貌测试前,先进行喷金处理增加其导电性。采用JEOL JSM-7800F扫描电镜进行观测,加速电压为10~15 kV,工作距离为8~15 mm。
(5)压汞仪孔隙测试:根据ASTM D4404-18标准,采用压汞仪对注浆固化充填体的孔隙分布进行测量。压汞仪最大工作压力为414 MPa,孔径测试范围为0.003~1 000 μm。试块经过单轴抗压强度测试以后,在远离破坏面处取一块试样,需要保证试样无明显的裂隙。将其浸泡在异丙醇中,终止水化12 h,然后在真空干燥机中烘干至恒重。将试样制备成尺寸小于10 mm×10 mm×10 mm的小块,放入密闭干燥器中以备测试。孔隙测试的结果受到很多因素的影响,如样品尺寸、预处理技术、汞侵入时的表面张力和接触角。
图3为粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐水泥注浆充填体水化时间为1 d、3 d和7 d时的单轴抗压强度。由图3可知,随着粉煤灰添加比例的增大,注浆充填体各个龄期的强度均有较大的下降,这是由于高钙粉煤灰的水化活性相较于硫铝酸盐水泥要低得多,较高掺量的粉煤灰减少了胶凝体系的水化产物,致使注浆充填体的微观结构的致密性有所降低,胶凝物质减弱了固体颗粒骨架强化的增益性,且在一定程度上延长了样品的凝结时间。10%粉煤灰添加量的样品在水化1 d时的单轴抗压强度分别为11.05 MPa和13.41 MPa,而在水化7 d时,其强度达到26.73 MPa和34.02 MPa;50%粉煤灰添加量的样品在水化1 d时的单轴抗压强度仅分别为4.06 MPa和5.14 MPa,而在水化7 d时,其强度达到10.05 MPa和16.93 MPa。比较10%和50%粉煤灰添加量的注浆充填体可知,水化1 d其强度分别下降了63.26%和61.67%,而水化7 d时则分别下降了62.40%和50.24%。可见,在注浆加固时需要充分考虑注浆加固区域对于胶凝性能的需求,在满足注浆加固性能的要求下,可添加适量的粉煤灰以降低注浆加固成本。
此外,可以观察到在酸性环境的影响下,各个配比的注浆充填体强度均有下降,但下降的程度因水化时间和粉煤灰添加量不同而略有差异。例如,注浆充填体水化1 d、3 d和7 d时,酸性环境致使10%粉煤灰添加量样品的强度分别下降了17.60%、19.36%和21.42%;30%粉煤灰添加量样品的强度分别下降了22.46%、19.97%和30.71%;50%粉煤灰添加量样品的强度分别下降了21.01%、28.89%和39.45%。50%粉煤灰添加量注浆充填体在其水化7 d的强度损失较大,这说明在胶凝体系初期水泥熟料的水化反应暂居主导,受酸性环境影响小;随着水化时间的延长,高钙粉煤灰活性成分逐渐大量溶解释放并参与水化反应,其过程受酸性环境影响较大。依据文献[16]至文献[18],粉煤灰参与水化反应促使胶凝体系产生一部分的C−(A)−S−H,抗酸性能力增强,但高掺量的粉煤灰大幅减少了胶凝物质产生,酸性环境破坏了C−(A)−S−H, 进一步弱化了固体骨架强度,其单轴抗压强度数值降低幅度自然更大。
为进一步研究酸性环境下粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐基注浆材料微观结构演化,对样品水化1 d、3 d和7 d的矿物相进行了分析,结果如图4所示。
根据文献[19],粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐基注浆材料的胶凝体系中最活跃的成分为硫铝酸钙,当注浆材料与水接触时,硫铝酸钙迅速水化产生具有体积膨胀性的产物钙矾石(AFt),这也是其在水化早期迅速凝结的主要原因。由图4(a)和图4(b)可知,AFt的主要物相峰位于9.091°和15.784°。当粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐基注浆材料处于酸性环境时,在水化时间为1 d和3 d时,AFt的物相峰强度有明显的减弱,这主要是由于酸性条件抑制了粉煤灰活性Al的溶出,同时也抑制了硫铝酸钙的水化。当水化时间达到7 d时,酸性环境下注浆料样品的AFt物相峰值强度仅有微弱衰减,这表明胶凝体系中离子浓度对AFt生成的增益性逐渐升高。当注浆料样品的水化时间从1 d增加至7 d时,无论是否处于酸性环境,AFt峰值强度均出现了先上升后下降的趋势,这表明水化7 d时样品的离子浓度下降,部分AFt相转变成了单硫型水化硫铝酸钙(AFm)[20-21]。由于AFm相为无定形态,XRD并未识别到。当粉煤灰添加量从10%增加至50%时,对应样品的AFt峰值也出现了类似的变化规律,这里不再赘述。此外,依据胶凝体系中氢氧钙石(CH)的含量和离子的浓度,也有一定量的铝胶(AH3)生成。与AFm相类似,AH3也为无定形态,不能被XRD识别。
单碳铝酸盐(Mc)的物相峰(2θ为11.681°)在注浆料的粉煤灰添加量为10%和30%且水化时间为1 d时均未出现,这是由于胶凝体系的离子浓度较低;对于粉煤灰添加量为50%的注浆料样品来说,其1 d水化时出现了微弱的Mc物相峰,表明粉煤灰在碳吸附固化方面的优先性,增加了初期胶凝体系中离子浓度[22]。待水化时间持续增加至3 d和7 d时,Mc物相峰继续增加,这归因于胶凝体系持续吸附空气中的CO2,离子替换AFm中的离子形成Mc。半碳铝酸盐(Hc)的物相峰(2θ为10.781°和21.661°)在图4(c)至图4(f)中可观察到,其主要由Mc物相转变而来,通常取决于CO3/(CO3+2OH)的摩尔比[23]。FC2-3.5在水化1 d时离子浓度较低,OH−替代Mc的部分转变为Hc,而随着胶凝体吸附CO2的增加,离子浓度增加,提高了CO3/(CO3+2OH)的摩尔比,促使Hc相转变为Mc相。对于FC3−7样品来说,其水化3 d依然存在Hc相,主要由于其胶凝体系的强碱性导致CO3/(CO3+2OH)的摩尔比降低,OH−替代Mc的部分转变为Hc。
氢氧钙石(CH, 2θ为34.102°)物相峰值强度随着粉煤灰添加量和养护龄期的增加而降低,这主要是因为粉煤灰的初始火山灰反应消耗部分CH,且CH随着水化时间的增加不断吸附CO2生成碳酸钙(CaCO3,2θ为29.455°)。然而,所有样品的碳酸钙峰值强度基本是随着养护龄期的增加而降低的,这与上述试验中Mc生成消耗碳酸钙有关。此外,由于酸性环境的作用,样品在碳酸钙处的背景峰值强度稍弱,显示了酸性环境对C-(A)-S-H(2θ为27.199°~30.043°)的侵蚀作用,这会降低固化注浆充填体的固体骨架强度。胶凝体系中还出现了如硅酸二钙(C2S)、硅酸三钙(C3S)和石英(SiO2)等物相峰,这主要是胶凝体系中未发生水化反应的矿物和惰性矿物。
测试了水化7 d的粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐水泥注浆充填体随温度的质量百分比变化并记录了TG曲线,对其取一阶导数得到差热重(DTG)分析曲线,如图5所示。根据文献[24]至文献[26],50~150 ℃的DTG峰值主要对应于AFt和C−(A)−S−H的热分解脱羟基,150~250 ℃的DTG峰值主要对应于Hc和Mc的热分解脱羟基,而400~550 ℃的DTG峰值主要对应于CH的热分解脱羟基,对应地可计算出CBW和CH的质量,结果见表3。从图5可以看出,FC1−3.5和F1−7注浆充填体的AFt和C−(A)−S−H分解峰值强度最高,表明其在水化7 d时含有AFt和C−(A)−S−H等水化产物最多;充填体固化形成更为致密的孔隙结构和强化的固体骨架结构,促使充填体具有更高的抗压强度。此外,FC1−3.5和F1−7注浆充填体在Hc、Mc和CH分解峰处均具有较高的强度值,这说明胶凝体系含有更多量的Hc、Mc和CH,与XRD物相结果一致。随着粉煤灰添加量的增大,AFt、C-(A)-S-H、Hc、Mc和CH分解峰值均下降,这与粉煤灰的水化反应活性相对较低有关,且火山灰反应对CH的消耗较大,CH含量自然也较少。此外,酸性环境对粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐水泥充填体的水化反应也具有一定的影响。对于粉煤灰添加量为10%的注浆充填体来说,pH为3.5的酸性环境致使胶凝体系减少了0.67%化学结合水的水化产物,而CH的量则减少了0.14%;而粉煤灰添加量为30%和50%时,对应的数值则分别为0.71%、0.58%和2.03%、1.37%。这说明酸性环境对胶凝体系的衰减效应呈现出递增趋势,这与注浆充填体单轴抗强度在酸性环境中的衰减趋势相一致。根据文献[27],硫铝酸盐水泥具有较好的抗盐酸和硫酸侵蚀能力,酸性环境下强度的折损率更低。
图6为粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐水泥注浆充填体水化7 d时的微观孔隙分布。根据文献[28],将孔隙分类如下:0~20 nm属于微孔、20~1 000 nm属于中孔、大于1 000 nm属于大孔。从图6(a)可以看出,各配比注浆充填体微孔体积的差别不大,孔隙分布的差异性主要体现在中孔和大孔。FC3−3.5具有较多的大孔孔隙体积,孔隙结构稀疏,加之其早期水化产物量较少,其单轴抗压强度最低(10.25 MPa)。此外,定义孔隙尺寸数值分布最集中处对应的孔径为注浆充填体的阈值孔径(Cr),如图6(b)所示,FC1−3.5、FC1−7、FC2−3.5、FC2−7、FC3−3.5和FC3−7样品对应孔隙率数值分别为30.26%、28.14%、35.64%、32.19%、39.45%和35.97%。除FC3−3.5(Cr=1 436 nm)样品外,其余注浆充填体的阈值孔径均处于中孔范围;而FC1−7具有最小的阈值孔径(351 nm)和最小的孔隙率(28.14%),表明其孔隙结构致密,加之其早期水化产物较多,致使其表现出最大的抗压强度(34.02 MPa)。
建立注浆充填体强度与微观孔隙参数之间的关系,如图7所示。由图7可知,充填体强度与阈值孔径之间的线性拟合相关性系数R2为0.639,而充填体强度与孔隙率之间的线性拟合相关性系数R2为0.935,这表明充填体的中孔和大孔的体积决定了抗压强度数值。
对于粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐水泥基充填材料而言,当粉煤灰含量较少时,水化进程受到酸性影响比较有限,主要体现在胶凝体系碱性环境有所降低,高钙粉煤灰活性物质溶解性较低,限制一定量水化产物的生成。随着粉煤灰添加量的增大,此影响逐渐增大。
依据文献[29],硫铝酸盐水泥水化生成AFt,其体积臃肿膨胀,充满固化颗粒的间隙,迅速排除自由水,从而加速胶凝体系凝固。从晶体生长方面的理论来说,处于过饱和状态的晶体在受限空间中生长会产生结晶压,进而引起膨胀作用。晶体生长产生的膨胀应力取决于单个晶体生长产生的结晶压与产生结晶压的晶体总量,而单个晶体生长产生的最大结晶压往往与晶体所处的孔隙尺寸有关:晶体所处的孔隙直径越小,结晶压越高;当孔隙直径超过100 nm时,晶体生长产生的结晶压一般可以忽略。与此同时,晶体可以稳定生长的孔径范围受晶体的过饱和度影响:过饱和度越高,晶体能够稳定生长的孔隙直径越小。通常是硫铝酸钙率先水化产生的铝酸钙水合物(AH)包裹着石膏和AFt, AH可以为结晶压的形成提供空间,而石膏晶体的溶解为AH中的钙矾石提供过饱和度,这是AFt生长并产生结晶压进而臃肿膨胀的必要条件。由于H+对AH进行腐蚀,其离子逐渐向铝胶外部的开放空间扩散,结晶膨胀作用逐渐减弱,致使钙矾石生成受到影响。待AH剥离或消耗殆尽时,AFt便裸露于胶凝体系中,如图8所示。
因此,酸性环境下粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐注浆充填体水化早期对胶凝体系的凝结速率和固化体的强度存在一定的负面效应,在实际注浆加固工程作业时应充分考虑;当此类酸性环境作用时间较长(大于90 d)时,除H+溶蚀C-(A)-S-H等凝胶物质外,持续供应的进入胶凝体系生成大量AFt,形成膨胀性腐蚀,对于服务时间较长的注浆加固巷道,也应当引起重视。
(1)在粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐水泥注浆充填体中,当粉煤灰添加量为10%时,其水化1 d的单轴抗压强度为11.05 MPa,而水化7 d时强度达到26.73 MPa。相比之下,当粉煤灰添加量增加至50%时,水化1 d的强度仅为4.06 MPa,而水化7 d强度为10.05 MPa,这表明高含量的粉煤灰导致充填体强度折损明显,水化7 d时的折损比例达62.40%。此现象直接反映了胶凝体系中AFt和C−(A)−S−H的含量及其对强度的影响。
(2)酸性环境中AH被H+腐蚀剥离,结晶压降低,AFt臃肿膨胀生长受限;酸性环境降低胶凝体系碱性,降低高钙粉煤灰溶解,减少活性Al的溶出,影响AFt生成。此外,粉煤灰添加量高时,火山灰反应消耗大量CH,降低胶凝体系固碳能力,减少了Hc和Mc的产生,而酸性环境更加有益于这类连锁水化反应。
(3)较高高钙粉煤灰添加量和酸性环境增大了注浆充填体的阈值孔径和孔隙率,同时也增加了孔隙体积;将抗压强度数值与孔隙参数建立联系,表明中孔和大孔体积主导的孔隙率决定了注浆充填体的抗压强度。
(4)酸性环境下粉煤灰-硫铝酸盐注浆充填体水化早期对胶凝体系的凝结速率和固化体的强度存在一定的负面效应,在实际注浆加固工程作业时应充分考虑;当此类酸性环境作用时间较长(大于90 d)时,则会形成膨胀性腐蚀,对于服务时间较长的注浆加固巷道,也应当引起重视。
  • 山西省基础研究计划—自由探索类青年项目(2022SX09301223073)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-12
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山西省基础研究计划—自由探索类青年项目(2022SX09301223073)
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    1.山西襄矿集团有限公司,山西 长治市 046000
    2.太原理工大学 矿业工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    3.山西省应急管理厅,山西 太原 030001

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孔少奇(1989—),男,山西大同人,副教授,主要从事充填开采、二氧化碳储存利用与封存研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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