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Article(id=1322907615986057976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722355200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335354085, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335354085, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335354085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335354085, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=146, endPage=153, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907617915437817, articleId=1322907615986057976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Monitoring of Infiltration Depth and Stability Analysis of Ionic Rare Earth Mine Slope Under Different Rainfall Conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rainfall is a primary factor inducing landslides on slopes, especially the slope repaired after in-situ leaching of ionic rare earth mine is more susceptible to rainfall infiltration. Taking the slope of an ionic rare earth mine in South China as the research background, the influences of rainfall, duration and rainfall type on slope stability was systematically analyzed based on the monitoring data of soil moisture and finite element simulation. The results show that the proportion of deep infiltration (deeper than 60 cm) events (accounting for 19.79%) of single-peak and multi-peak rainfall is significantly higher than that of concentrated (accounting for 1.04%) and uniform (accounting for 5.21%). The numerical simulation shows that the slope stability under the condition of low rainfall (10−20 mm/d) is concentrated>uniform>single peak>multi peak. The stability of single peak type is the worst when the rainfall is high (50 mm/d). With the increase of rainfall duration, the slope stability coefficient under concentrated and uniform rainfall conditions shows a trend of slow decline and then rapid decline, and the slope stability coefficient under single-peak and multi-peak rainfall conditions shows a trend of rapid decline and then slow decline, which is closely related to the sudden change of matrix suction caused by peak rainfall intensity. The research can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of rainfall-induced landslides in ionic rare earth mines.

, authors=Leng FANG1, Shaoqi XUE2, Junjie LI3, authorsList=Leng FANG, Shaoqi XUE, Junjie LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Junjie LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907624827650844, articleId=1322907615986057976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=不同降雨条件下离子型稀土矿边坡入渗深度监测与稳定性分析, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

降雨是诱发离子型稀土矿边坡失稳的关键因素之一，尤其是离子型稀土矿原地浸矿后修缮的边坡更易受降雨入渗影响。以华南地区某离子型稀土矿边坡为研究背景，基于土壤湿度监测数据与有限元模拟，系统分析了降雨量、持续时间和降雨类型对边坡稳定性的影响。研究表明，单峰型与多峰型降雨的深层入渗(>60 cm)事件占比(19.79%)，显著高于集中型(1.04%)和均匀型(5.21%)。数值模拟显示，低雨量(10~20 mm/d)条件下边坡稳定性排序为集中型>均匀型>单峰型>多峰型；高雨量(50 mm/d)时单峰型稳定性最差。随着降雨持续时间的增加，集中型和均匀型降雨条件下边坡稳定性系数呈先缓慢下降后快速下降的趋势，单峰型和多峰型降雨条件下边坡稳定性系数呈先快速下降后缓慢下降的趋势，这与峰值降雨强度导致的基质吸力突变密切相关。研究结果可为离子型稀土矿降雨型滑坡防控提供理论依据。

, authors=方棱1, 薛少琪2, 李俊杰3, authorsList=方棱, 薛少琪, 李俊杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李俊杰, authorNote=

方棱（1971—），男，浙江浦江人，高级工程师，主要从事岩土工程技术研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李俊杰（1989—），男，江西上饶人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事水文工程地质及工程监测研究。E-mail:
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方棱（1971—），男，浙江浦江人，高级工程师，主要从事岩土工程技术研究。E-mail:

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方棱（1971—），男，浙江浦江人，高级工程师，主要从事岩土工程技术研究。E-mail:

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Basic parameters of red loam soil

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干密度ρd/(g/cm3)孔隙度e容重γd/(kN/m3)饱和含水率Wm/%液限WL/%塑限Wp/%渗透系数ks/(cm/s)
1.590.72124.89241.229.618.76.8×10–5
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红壤土的基本参数

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干密度ρd/(g/cm3)孔隙度e容重γd/(kN/m3)饱和含水率Wm/%液限WL/%塑限Wp/%渗透系数ks/(cm/s)
1.590.72124.89241.229.618.76.8×10–5
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Effective rainfall types and infiltration depth

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有效降雨类型入渗超过10 cm降雨次数入渗超过25 cm降雨次数入渗超过40 cm降雨次数入渗超过60 cm降雨次数
集中型151151
均匀型1713115
单峰型3623198
多峰型28211811
总计96685325
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有效降雨类型与入渗深度

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有效降雨类型入渗超过10 cm降雨次数入渗超过25 cm降雨次数入渗超过40 cm降雨次数入渗超过60 cm降雨次数
集中型151151
均匀型1713115
单峰型3623198
多峰型28211811
总计96685325
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不同降雨条件下离子型稀土矿边坡入渗深度监测与稳定性分析
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方棱 1 , 薛少琪 2 , 李俊杰 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(6): 146-153
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (6) : 146 -153
不同降雨条件下离子型稀土矿边坡入渗深度监测与稳定性分析
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方棱1 , 薛少琪2, 李俊杰3
作者信息
  • 1.浙江城建勘察研究院有限公司，浙江　杭州　310002
  • 2.山东省水利勘测设计院有限公司，山东　济南　250014
  • 3.浙江省水利水电勘测设计院有限责任公司，浙江　杭州　310002
通讯作者:
李俊杰（1989—），男，江西上饶人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事水文工程地质及工程监测研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

方棱（1971—），男，浙江浦江人，高级工程师，主要从事岩土工程技术研究。E-mail:

Monitoring of Infiltration Depth and Stability Analysis of Ionic Rare Earth Mine Slope Under Different Rainfall Conditions
Leng FANG1 , Shaoqi XUE2, Junjie LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Zhejiang Urban Construction Survey and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
  • 2.Shandong Survey and Design Institute of Water Conservancy Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
  • 3.Zhejiang Design Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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摘要
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降雨是诱发离子型稀土矿边坡失稳的关键因素之一，尤其是离子型稀土矿原地浸矿后修缮的边坡更易受降雨入渗影响。以华南地区某离子型稀土矿边坡为研究背景，基于土壤湿度监测数据与有限元模拟，系统分析了降雨量、持续时间和降雨类型对边坡稳定性的影响。研究表明，单峰型与多峰型降雨的深层入渗(>60 cm)事件占比(19.79%)，显著高于集中型(1.04%)和均匀型(5.21%)。数值模拟显示，低雨量(10~20 mm/d)条件下边坡稳定性排序为集中型>均匀型>单峰型>多峰型；高雨量(50 mm/d)时单峰型稳定性最差。随着降雨持续时间的增加，集中型和均匀型降雨条件下边坡稳定性系数呈先缓慢下降后快速下降的趋势，单峰型和多峰型降雨条件下边坡稳定性系数呈先快速下降后缓慢下降的趋势，这与峰值降雨强度导致的基质吸力突变密切相关。研究结果可为离子型稀土矿降雨型滑坡防控提供理论依据。

离子型稀土矿  /  降雨入渗  /  降雨类型  /  边坡稳定性  /  有限元模拟

Rainfall is a primary factor inducing landslides on slopes, especially the slope repaired after in-situ leaching of ionic rare earth mine is more susceptible to rainfall infiltration. Taking the slope of an ionic rare earth mine in South China as the research background, the influences of rainfall, duration and rainfall type on slope stability was systematically analyzed based on the monitoring data of soil moisture and finite element simulation. The results show that the proportion of deep infiltration (deeper than 60 cm) events (accounting for 19.79%) of single-peak and multi-peak rainfall is significantly higher than that of concentrated (accounting for 1.04%) and uniform (accounting for 5.21%). The numerical simulation shows that the slope stability under the condition of low rainfall (10−20 mm/d) is concentrated>uniform>single peak>multi peak. The stability of single peak type is the worst when the rainfall is high (50 mm/d). With the increase of rainfall duration, the slope stability coefficient under concentrated and uniform rainfall conditions shows a trend of slow decline and then rapid decline, and the slope stability coefficient under single-peak and multi-peak rainfall conditions shows a trend of rapid decline and then slow decline, which is closely related to the sudden change of matrix suction caused by peak rainfall intensity. The research can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of rainfall-induced landslides in ionic rare earth mines.

Ionic rare earth mine  /  Rainfall infiltration  /  Rainfall type  /  Slope stability  /  Finite-element modeling
方棱, 薛少琪, 李俊杰. 不同降雨条件下离子型稀土矿边坡入渗深度监测与稳定性分析. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 146 -153 .
Leng FANG, Shaoqi XUE, Junjie LI. Monitoring of Infiltration Depth and Stability Analysis of Ionic Rare Earth Mine Slope Under Different Rainfall Conditions[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 146 -153 .
正文
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0　引言
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滑坡是危害人类生命与财产安全的主要工程地质灾害之一，而水是导致边坡滑坡的主要外界环境影响因素之一，根据滑坡灾害孕育机制的不同，可以将滑坡划分为地下水上升诱发的深层滑坡和降雨诱发的浅层滑坡[1-4]。近年来，随着国民经济的飞速发展，对离子型稀土资源的需求量也在逐渐攀升。离子型稀土矿主要的开采手段为原地浸矿，该过程会造成离子型稀土矿边坡稳定性逐渐下降，甚至可能诱发离子型稀土矿边坡发生滑坡等地质灾害，引发一系列的社会问题[5-6]。因此，研究不同降雨条件下离子型稀土矿边坡稳定性问题，具有重要的现实与理论意义。
国内外学者关于不同降雨模式下边坡稳定性及发生滑坡的力学机制展开了一系列的研究，并取得了大量的研究成果[7-10]。例如，巫辅宇等[11]利用有限元与强度折减理论，计算了不同降雨强度与降雨类型条件下边坡稳定性系数，研究发现随着降雨量的增大，边坡土壤中孔隙水压力逐渐增大，边坡稳定性系数降低。何书等[12]通过数值模拟对离子型稀土矿矿层厚度对原地浸矿边坡渗流特性及稳定性的影响进行了探讨，研究结果表明，矿层厚度（花岗岩风化壳-土壤）对入渗湿润峰的影响具有显著的滞后效应，矿层厚度越大，土壤中孔隙水压力越大。SUN等[13]基于极限分析法，提出了稳定入渗条件下张裂缝非饱和土边坡稳定性评估的分析框架。UTILI[14]发现，在实际边坡稳定性分析中，任何深度的入渗问题都需要考虑，导致斜坡的潜在滑移面不会穿过裂缝尖端，而位于裂缝上方。降雨是一个暂态的非稳态入渗过程，但是目前相关的研究仍存在一定的局限性，很少综合考虑降雨的非稳定入渗、裂缝深度的任意性、土坡的非饱和等因素来评价降雨入渗条件下土坡稳定性的影响。
在降雨过程中，水分逐渐渗入土壤，改变土体的含水率，降低土体的基质吸力，从而影响边坡的稳定性[15-18]。根据降雨分布特点，降雨类型可分为单峰型、集中型、多峰型和均匀型，不同类型降雨的入渗特性和对边坡稳定性的影响存在显著差异。例如，单峰型和多峰型降雨由于其高强度的降雨峰值，会导致土壤快速饱和，从而显著降低边坡的稳定性；而集中型和均匀型降雨则由于降雨强度相对均匀，对边坡的影响相对缓和。
本文基于大量降雨事件的实测数据，对不同降雨类型下的边坡入渗特性及其稳定性进行了系统的分析。通过对降雨入渗深度的统计分析，明确了不同降雨类型下土壤水分的迁移规律，并通过边坡稳定性系数的计算，揭示了不同降雨条件下边坡稳定性随降雨时间的变化趋势，以期为离子型稀土矿边坡防治措施的制定提供参考。
1　研究区域的土壤物理特性与监测方案
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1.1　研究区域的土壤物理特性
研究区域位于我国华南地区，该矿区属于亚热带丘陵山区湿润季风气候，雨水充沛，离子型稀土矿原地浸矿时边坡形貌特征如图1所示。为了防止离子型稀土矿原地浸矿后边坡发生滑坡等地质灾害，对其进行了修缮，并在边坡坡面处种植了大量绿色植被，修缮后的边坡为多台阶高陡土质边坡，台阶为7阶，边坡垂直高度约为37.1 m，地下水距第一级边坡坡脚约为2.4 m，边坡台阶整体分布情况如图2所示。
为了探究红壤土粒径分布特征，利用激光粒度仪对研究区内土壤级配参数进行测量，测量结果如图3所示，监测点红壤土的基本物理与力学参数见表1。红壤土中粒径大于0.075 mm的颗粒占比约为49.8%，其塑性指数为19.2，属于富黏土土壤。由粒径分布曲线可知，d10=5.37 μm, d30=27.98 μm，红壤土的不均匀系数Cu=18.34，表明土样为非均匀土壤；红壤土的曲率系数Cc=1.48，表明土壤形状简单，级配良好。
1.2　监测方案
为了探究降雨持续时间对红壤土边坡坡面有效入渗量的影响，本研究利用Ms-10型湿度传感器对二级坡面的坡脚处土壤湿度进行监测，共设置4个传感器，埋深依次为10, 25, 40和60 cm。传感器将土壤的湿度转化为电信号，传输到监测系统终端进行自动化处理。为了保证监测数据的准确度，本文进行了试验检测，得出湿度监测精度在±0.2%范围内。监测日期为2017年8月1日至2022年8月1日，在监测期间监测设备终端每隔10 min采集一次数据。此外，在边坡坡脚附近设置一个气象监测点，主要监测该区域的降雨强度和大气压等参数。如果在监测点处土壤含水量显著增加，甚至土壤处于饱和状态，边坡坡面植物根系对土壤的锚固作用将会减弱甚至消失，导致该区域发生滑坡的风险急剧增加。
2　边坡坡面有效入渗基本原理
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通常情况下降雨诱发的滑坡主要以浅层滑移破坏为主，表现为浅层土壤以平行坡面的方式发生滑移破坏[19]。降雨条件下边坡土体处于饱和/非饱和状态，根据饱和/非饱和状态下土体有效应力理论与摩尔-库伦强度准则，可以推导出无限长边坡安全系数：
式中：Fs为无限长边坡安全系数；c为不同含水率条件下土体黏聚力；φ为不同含水率状态下土体内摩擦角；α为边坡的坡角；σb为修正吸力；zh为边坡内部距离坡面的垂直距离；γt为不同含水率条件下土体容重。其中，修正吸力与土体容重计算公式为：
式中：Se为土体饱和度，饱和状态下Se=1，干燥状态下Se=0;uω为土体内部孔隙水压力；γd为干燥状态下土体的容重；γw为水的容重；θ为土体的含水率。非饱和状态下土体含水率θ与土体渗透系数k均与土体基质吸力呈非线性函数关系，本研究利用van Genuchten模型描述土体水力响应关系[20-21]，则土体含水率θ与土体基质吸力ψ的函数关系为：
式中：ψ为非饱和状态下土体基质吸力；ψ′为饱和状态下土体基质吸力；n与m都是与土体水力特性相关的参数，且m=1−1/n；θs为饱和含水量；θr为残余含水量。因此，可以推导出土体渗透系数k与土体基质吸力ψ之间的函数关系为：
式中：ua表示土体孔隙气压力；ks为饱和状态下的土体渗透系数。在此基础上，利用 COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场有限元软件计算降雨条件下土体含水率与孔隙水压力，进而利用式(1)可以得到不同降雨条件下土层安全系数，从而可以获得整个多台阶土质边坡的安全系数。
目前，降雨条件下边坡坡面入渗率应用最为广泛的模型是Green-Ampt入渗模型（简称GA模型），该模型于1911年由Green和Ampt共同提出[22]，该模型最初被应用于干燥状态下土体的薄层积水入渗问题。对于垂直土体的入渗，需要利用达西定律对GA模型进行改进，入渗率计算公式[23]为：
式中：f表示降雨条件下土体的入渗率；zw表示土体的湿润锋深度；h′(zw)表示埋深zw位置土体水头的变化率。降雨条件下土质边坡入渗率与土体内部水头梯度存在着内在联系，而土体水头梯度是湿润锋深度竖直方向分量。因此，可得边坡坡面入渗率f(z)为：
式中，(z)代表边坡坡面。
将式(5)代入式(8)，可得：
3　边坡坡面有效入渗特性分析
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3.1　降雨类型分类
为了探讨不同降雨条件下离子型稀土矿边坡坡面有效入渗特性，首先要对有效降雨事件进行定义。根据监测数据可知，在无降雨条件下，土壤中最大湿度变化率为3%/d。此外，以往研究发现降雨量与入渗深度呈非线性关系，且降雨入渗深度与降雨量的曲线在入渗10 cm处呈现快速增长[24-25]。因此，本文定义距坡面垂直距离为10 cm处（1#监测点）土壤中湿度变化率大于3%/d 时，记一个有效降雨事件。只有有效降雨事件才可能诱发边坡发生滑坡灾害，有效入渗量是浅层土质边坡发生滑坡灾害的一个必要条件。
4个传感器的埋深依次为10, 25, 40和60 cm，最深监测入渗量为60 cm。根据传感器监测到土壤中湿度变化率大于3%/d的数量，可以初步判断此次有效降雨的入渗深度区间。通常情况下，有效降雨类型可以分为以下4种情况：单峰型、集中型、多峰型与均匀型[26]，如图4所示。
由图4可知，降雨持续时间D=9 h和降雨强度ΔI=2.5 mm/h作为降雨分类的两个重要标准，而9 h持续降雨时间可分为3 h早期降雨时间，3 h雨中止时间和3 h再次降雨时间。GUZZETTI等[27]研究发现，2.2 mm/h的降雨强度会对雨水入渗产生显著的影响，在恒定降雨强度条件下降雨持续时间越长，雨水对坡面的入渗效果越稳定，入渗深度越大。而对于非稳定强度的降雨，特别是单峰型与多峰型降雨，雨水对坡面的入渗效果具有突变性。综合考虑监测区域地质环境与降雨信息，本文将降雨强度ΔI=2.5 mm/h作为引起边坡滑坡的阈值。
3.2　入渗特性分析
2017年8月1日开始采集监测点数据，至2022年8月1日共计60个月，图5展示了这60个月期间的降雨量数据。由图5可知，一共监测了1 827 d，其中有1 118 d为晴天，有613 d为小雨，不会对边坡稳定性造成影响。根据图4对降雨类型的分类与有效降雨事件的定义，监测期间共有96次有效降雨事件，有效降雨类型与入渗深度的统计结果见表2。
由表2可知：集中型降雨入渗深度超过10 cm有15次，占有效降雨事件的15.63%，而入渗深度超过60 cm只有1次，占有效降雨事件的1.04%；均匀型降雨入渗深度超过10 cm有17次，占有效降雨事件的17.71%，而入渗深度超过60 cm只有5次，占有效降雨事件的5.21%；单峰型降雨入渗深度超过10 cm有36次，占有效降雨事件的37.50%，而入渗深度超过60 cm只有8次，占有效降雨事件的8.33%；多峰型降雨入渗深度超过10 cm有28次，占有效降雨事件的29.17%，而入渗深度超过60 cm只有11次，占有效降雨事件的11.46%；多峰型降雨与单峰型降雨导致雨水在边坡坡面入渗深度超过60 cm共有19次，占有效降雨事件的19.79%。因此，多峰型降雨与单峰型降雨最可能诱发边坡滑坡。
4　边坡稳定性分析
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本文利用有限元软件 COMSOL Multiphysics对不同降雨量与持续时间条件下的边坡稳定性进行分析，利用强度折减法对边坡稳定性临界状态进行分析，根据不同降雨量与持续时间条件下实测土壤入渗率与湿度对有限元模拟软件边界条件和参数进行赋值。结合图5 的监测结果，本文选择降雨量为10 mm/d、20 mm/d、30 mm/d与50 mm/d条件下的边坡稳定性进行分析，利用有限元软件对 4种降雨条件下边坡稳定系数进行计算，结果如图6 所示。
由图6可知，在降雨量为10 mm/d与20 mm/d时，当降雨持续时间在5 d以内，边坡稳定性系数从大到小依次为：集中型、均匀型、单峰型和双峰型。在降雨量为50 mm/d时，当降雨持续时间在5 d以内，边坡稳定性系数从大到小依次为：集中型、均匀型、双峰型和单峰型。随着降雨持续时间的增加，集中型与均匀型降雨条件下边坡稳定性系数呈现先缓慢下降后快速下降的变化趋势，单峰型与多峰型降雨条件下边坡稳定性系数呈现先快速下降后缓慢下降的变化趋势。
整体而言，边坡稳定性系数与降雨量及降雨持续时间成负相关关系，随着降雨量与持续时间的增大，边坡稳定性系数逐渐减小。主要原因如下：
（1）降雨量增加会导致土体含水量上升，土体黏聚力和内摩擦角下降，土体颗粒间的孔隙水压力随之增加，降低了土体的有效应力，从而削弱了土体的抗剪强度，导致边坡的稳定性系数降低；
（2）持续降雨会在边坡表面形成地表径流，并渗入地下形成潜流，在这两种水流的共同作用下，边坡土体的侵蚀和剪切力增加，进一步削弱了边坡的稳定性；
（3）随着降雨持续时间逐渐增加，更多的水渗入边坡内部，增加滑动面处的孔隙水压力，进而减少滑动面的摩擦力，促使边坡滑动和失稳；
（4）降雨过程中的水分变化会引起土体颗粒的重排列和细微变形，进而引发土体蠕变现象，土体蠕变会导致边坡应力重新分布，加速边坡的失稳过程；
（5）降雨会使边坡土体内的微裂缝逐渐扩展和贯通，降低边坡的整体强度，裂缝的扩展不仅会削弱土体的力学性能，还会为水分进一步渗透提供通道，加剧边坡的不稳定性；
（6）持续降雨可能导致边坡上的植被根系腐烂或失去稳固作用，从而减弱土体的加固效果，植被的破坏会使得土体更加松散，易于被水侵蚀和冲刷，进一步降低边坡的稳定性。
综合以上原因，降雨量和降雨持续时间的增加通过多个机制共同作用，降低了土质边坡的稳定性系数，增加了滑坡或崩塌的风险。
降雨类型对边坡稳定性系数具有显著的影响，相同降雨量与降雨持续时间条件下，在0.25~2 d时间内，单峰型与多峰型降雨会导致边坡稳定性系数急剧下降。这主要是由于在相同降雨量与降雨持续时间条件下，单峰型与多峰型降雨在峰值处的降雨强度高于集中型与均匀型降雨的最高强度；单峰型与多峰型降雨后期降雨量逐渐减弱，边坡浅层土壤入渗量逐渐较小，基质吸力逐渐恢复，进而形成单峰型与多峰型降雨后期边坡稳定性系数缓慢降低的现象。上述研究结果表明，瞬间的暴雨更容易造成边坡滑坡。
5　结论
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本研究通过现场监测与数值模拟相结合的方法，系统分析了不同降雨条件下离子型稀土矿边坡的入渗特性及稳定性变化规律，主要得出以下结论。
（1）基于降雨时间分布特点，降雨类型可分为单峰型、集中型、多峰型和均匀型四种。单峰型和多峰型降雨由于存在高强度降雨峰值，更易形成深层入渗。监测数据显示，单峰型降雨入渗深度超过60 cm的事件占比8.33%，多峰型达11.46%，远高于集中型(1.04%)和均匀型(5.21%)，这表明瞬时强降雨对边坡稳定性的威胁更大。
（2）边坡稳定性随降雨量和降雨持续时间呈现差异化演变规律。在降雨量为10 mm/d和20 mm/d的条件下，降雨持续时间在5 d以内时，边坡稳定性系数从大到小依次为：集中型、均匀型、单峰型和双峰型。在降雨量为50 mm/d的条件下，降雨持续时间在5 d以内时，边坡稳定性系数从大到小依次为：集中型、均匀型、双峰型和单峰型。随着降雨持续时间的增加，集中型和均匀型降雨条件下的边坡稳定性系数呈先缓慢下降后快速下降的变化趋势，而单峰型和多峰型降雨条件下的边坡稳定性系数呈先快速下降后缓慢下降的变化趋势。
（3）降雨类型显著影响边坡稳定性系数。在相同降雨量和降雨持续时间条件下，单峰型和多峰型降雨在0.25~2 d内会导致边坡稳定性系数急剧下降。基质吸力的动态变化是影响边坡稳定性的关键机制。
（4）研究结果可为离子型稀土矿边坡的降雨灾害预警和防治提供理论依据。建议该矿对单峰型和多峰型降雨加强监测，并在雨后持续关注边坡稳定性变化。后续研究可进一步考虑植被覆盖和裂隙发育对入渗过程的影响。
基金
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  • 浙江省自然科学基金项目(LGF18E090004)
文献
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间：2024-07-31
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-31
基金
浙江省自然科学基金项目(LGF18E090004)
作者信息
    1.浙江城建勘察研究院有限公司，浙江　杭州　310002
    2.山东省水利勘测设计院有限公司，山东　济南　250014
    3.浙江省水利水电勘测设计院有限责任公司，浙江　杭州　310002

通讯作者:

李俊杰（1989—），男，江西上饶人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事水文工程地质及工程监测研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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