Article(id=1322907611636572456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723132800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335353049, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335353049, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335353049, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335353049, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=192, endPage=199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907611850481961, articleId=1322907611636572456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Soil Reconstruction in a Mining Area of Northwest China Based on Coal Gangue Improvement, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the scarcity of topsoil and the shortage of solid waste resources in the northwest mining area, the soil reconstruction technology based on coal gangue in the mining area was studied. The coal gangue (CG), rock and soil stripping (RS) and topsoil (TS) from a coal mine in Tongchuan, Shaanxi Province were selected as raw materials, and the reconstructed soil was mixed in different proportions to carry out the pot experiment of alfalfa. The results show that the physical and chemical properties of the reconstructed soil under different proportions were different. In general, the reconstructed soil increases the nutrient and moisture content of the soil, which is more conducive to the growth and development of alfalfa. Compared with TS, the pH of the reconstructed soil decreases, the organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium increase, while the available phosphorus decreases. The treatment of CG 40% and RS 15% is the most favorable for the growth of alfalfa. The highest plant height of alfalfa is 54.60 cm, the longest root length is 23.20 cm, and the maximum fresh weight and dry weight are 14.814 g and 4.849 g, respectively. The above results indicate that the reconstructed soil formed by CG is feasible for the phytoremediation of mines in Northwest China, and provides a new choice for the comprehensive utilization of CG.

, authors=Shan CAO1, 2, Tianyu WANG1, 2, Wanru XU1, 2, Hengqiu LIU1, 2, authorsList=Shan CAO, Tianyu WANG, Wanru XU, Hengqiu LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hengqiu LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907613821804862, articleId=1322907611636572456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于煤矸石改良的西北某矿区土壤重构研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对西北矿区表土稀缺和固废资源化不足的问题,开展以矿区煤矸石为基质的土壤重构技术研究。选用陕西铜川某煤矿的煤矸石(CG)、岩土剥离物(RS)和表土(TS)为原料,按不同比例混合配制成重构土壤进行苜蓿盆栽试验。结果表明,不同配比条件下的重构土壤理化性质有所差异,总体上重构土壤增加了土壤的养分和含水率,更有利于苜蓿的生长发育。与TS相比,重构土壤的pH减小,有机质、全氮和速效钾均有所增加,而有效磷有所降低。CG 40%和RS 15%的处理对苜蓿的生长最有利,苜蓿最高株高为54.60 cm,最长根长为23.20 cm,最大鲜重和干重分别为14.814 g和4.849 g。以上结果说明以CG为基质形成的重构土壤对开展西北地区矿山植物修复具有可行性,为CG综合利用提供了新的选择。

, authors=曹珊1, 2, 汪天宇1, 2, 徐万茹1, 2, 刘衡秋1, 2, authorsList=曹珊, 汪天宇, 徐万茹, 刘衡秋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘衡秋, authorNote=

曹珊(1996—),女,山西大同人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿区生态修复、固废综合利用等方面的研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘衡秋(1975—),男,湖南衡阳人,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事岩土工程勘察、矿山环境治理等方面的研究。E-mail:
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曹珊(1996—),女,山西大同人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿区生态修复、固废综合利用等方面的研究。E-mail:

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曹珊(1996—),女,山西大同人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿区生态修复、固废综合利用等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2023, 39(14):145-154., articleTitle=Effects of improved saline-alkaline soil with coal gangue on potato growth, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322907621971337603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, awardId=HHGCKK2207, language=CN, fundingSource=自然资源部高寒干旱区矿山地质环境修复工程技术创新中心开放基金项目(HHGCKK2207), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322907614102823231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322907614115406144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, companyId=1322907614102823231, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Beautiful China Ecological Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China), 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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, companyId=1322907614182515010, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.自然资源部高寒干旱区矿山地质环境修复工程技术创新中心,甘肃 兰州 730099)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322907618016108903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The pH of reconstructed soil with different proportions, figureFileSmall=A1+EXQtHAn71+p/HOkLUdQ==, figureFileBig=URxNNukuONOpCfEV3Oehcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907618112577896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同配比重构土壤的pH, figureFileSmall=A1+EXQtHAn71+p/HOkLUdQ==, figureFileBig=URxNNukuONOpCfEV3Oehcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907618297127273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Organic contents of reconstructed soil with different proportions, figureFileSmall=ef50ardt7zPzSZebqw+Grw==, figureFileBig=BOQLt1jcMZKwrOmITgeIaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907618364236138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同配比重构土壤的有机质含量, figureFileSmall=ef50ardt7zPzSZebqw+Grw==, figureFileBig=BOQLt1jcMZKwrOmITgeIaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907618435539307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Total nitrogen content of reconstructed soil with different proportions, figureFileSmall=W4z4c57xzdfQk7lMf+QB5g==, figureFileBig=WlZmwUauW1AM1X1znL/+rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907618527813996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同配比重构土壤的全氮含量, 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figureFileBig=vhhbe/yuX3vRLRp8dN9iJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907620390084976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同配比重构土壤的速效钾含量, figureFileSmall=DUgxfzqzyIq9fgG9C8nOuw==, figureFileBig=vhhbe/yuX3vRLRp8dN9iJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907620452999537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Moisture content of reconstructed soil with different proportions, figureFileSmall=bNOBPDBKiZUYcEU/wiPryQ==, figureFileBig=xFLt05dWgfTohHJnAfG3aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907620536885618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同配比重构土壤的含水率, figureFileSmall=bNOBPDBKiZUYcEU/wiPryQ==, figureFileBig=xFLt05dWgfTohHJnAfG3aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907620616577395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of different proportions of reconstructed soil on alfalfa plant height, figureFileSmall=bqzfK7DkYWttkeW1KYGjTg==, figureFileBig=SfkxUoCKYCMuM2wq2hFIOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907620696269172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同重构土壤对苜蓿株高的影响, figureFileSmall=bqzfK7DkYWttkeW1KYGjTg==, figureFileBig=SfkxUoCKYCMuM2wq2hFIOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907620763378037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of different proportions of reconstructed soil on alfalfa root length, figureFileSmall=L1Njf82io9NMQQtYlTFvhQ==, figureFileBig=Ay/yrATfsVwDJwR3bQFxbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907620855652726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同重构土壤对苜蓿根长的影响, figureFileSmall=L1Njf82io9NMQQtYlTFvhQ==, figureFileBig=Ay/yrATfsVwDJwR3bQFxbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907620931150199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of different proportions of reconstructed soil on alfalfa fresh weight, figureFileSmall=JD9V6obWSa9BHkNkW4oQIA==, figureFileBig=7OZ0LNjlA42NI7YswlibdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907621019230584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同重构土壤对苜蓿鲜重的影响, figureFileSmall=JD9V6obWSa9BHkNkW4oQIA==, figureFileBig=7OZ0LNjlA42NI7YswlibdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907621111505273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effects of different proportions of reconstructed soil on alfalfa dry weight, figureFileSmall=4e9kveKHNYH1oRTeReuSGg==, figureFileBig=9ARUYU66vZqHWoYBV3yQOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907621195391354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同重构土壤对苜蓿干重的影响, figureFileSmall=4e9kveKHNYH1oRTeReuSGg==, figureFileBig=9ARUYU66vZqHWoYBV3yQOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907621266694523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physicochemical properties of different materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料pH有机质/(g/kg)全氮/(g/kg)有效磷/(mg/g)速效钾/(mg/g)
CG8.04308.400.853.07183.70
RS4.36129.410.761.2438.56
TS7.8345.030.374.45103.96
), ArticleFig(id=1322907621342191996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同材料的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料pH有机质/(g/kg)全氮/(g/kg)有效磷/(mg/g)速效钾/(mg/g)
CG8.04308.400.853.07183.70
RS4.36129.410.761.2438.56
TS7.8345.030.374.45103.96
), ArticleFig(id=1322907621421883773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mass ratios of different materials in reconstructed soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理CG/%RS/%TS/%
C1101080
C2101575
C3102070
C4102565
C5201070
C6201565
C7202060
C8202555
C9301060
C10301555
C11302050
C12302545
C13401050
C14401545
C15402040
C16402535
CK110000
CK201000
CK300100
), ArticleFig(id=1322907621509964158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

重构土壤中不同材料的质量占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理CG/%RS/%TS/%
C1101080
C2101575
C3102070
C4102565
C5201070
C6201565
C7202060
C8202555
C9301060
C10301555
C11302050
C12302545
C13401050
C14401545
C15402040
C16402535
CK110000
CK201000
CK300100
), ArticleFig(id=1322907621589655935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907611636572456, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Changes of physical and chemical properties of soil in the control group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号pH有机质/(g/kg)全氮/(g/kg)有效磷/(mg/g)速效钾/(mg/g)含水率/%
CK18.66193.01.211.97169.004.67
CK23.9783.31.101.1037.7323.47
CK38.378.60.263.5375.637.88
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对照组中土壤的理化性质变化情况

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编号pH有机质/(g/kg)全氮/(g/kg)有效磷/(mg/g)速效钾/(mg/g)含水率/%
CK18.66193.01.211.97169.004.67
CK23.9783.31.101.1037.7323.47
CK38.378.60.263.5375.637.88
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Alfalfa growth index changes in the control group

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编号株高/cm根长/cm鲜重/g干重/g
CK136.8023.4010.7803.878
CK215.926.673.1150.940
CK328.4715.804.6881.774
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对照组中苜蓿生长指标变化情况

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编号株高/cm根长/cm鲜重/g干重/g
CK136.8023.4010.7803.878
CK215.926.673.1150.940
CK328.4715.804.6881.774
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基于煤矸石改良的西北某矿区土壤重构研究
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曹珊 1, 2 , 汪天宇 1, 2 , 徐万茹 1, 2 , 刘衡秋 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(6): 192-199
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (6) : 192 -199
基于煤矸石改良的西北某矿区土壤重构研究
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曹珊(1996—),女,山西大同人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿区生态修复、固废综合利用等方面的研究。E-mail:

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曹珊1, 2 , 汪天宇1, 2, 徐万茹1, 2, 刘衡秋1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.美丽华夏生态环境科技有限公司,北京 100176
  • 2.自然资源部高寒干旱区矿山地质环境修复工程技术创新中心,甘肃 兰州 730099
通讯作者:
刘衡秋(1975—),男,湖南衡阳人,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事岩土工程勘察、矿山环境治理等方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

曹珊(1996—),女,山西大同人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿区生态修复、固废综合利用等方面的研究。E-mail:

Study on Soil Reconstruction in a Mining Area of Northwest China Based on Coal Gangue Improvement
Shan CAO1, 2 , Tianyu WANG1, 2, Wanru XU1, 2, Hengqiu LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Beautiful China Ecological Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
  • 2.Technology Innovation Center for Mine Geological Environment Restoration in the Alpine and Arid Regions of Ministry of Natural Resources, Lanzhou, Gansu 730099, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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针对西北矿区表土稀缺和固废资源化不足的问题,开展以矿区煤矸石为基质的土壤重构技术研究。选用陕西铜川某煤矿的煤矸石(CG)、岩土剥离物(RS)和表土(TS)为原料,按不同比例混合配制成重构土壤进行苜蓿盆栽试验。结果表明,不同配比条件下的重构土壤理化性质有所差异,总体上重构土壤增加了土壤的养分和含水率,更有利于苜蓿的生长发育。与TS相比,重构土壤的pH减小,有机质、全氮和速效钾均有所增加,而有效磷有所降低。CG 40%和RS 15%的处理对苜蓿的生长最有利,苜蓿最高株高为54.60 cm,最长根长为23.20 cm,最大鲜重和干重分别为14.814 g和4.849 g。以上结果说明以CG为基质形成的重构土壤对开展西北地区矿山植物修复具有可行性,为CG综合利用提供了新的选择。

煤矸石  /  岩土剥离物  /  重构土壤  /  西北矿区  /  苜蓿

In view of the scarcity of topsoil and the shortage of solid waste resources in the northwest mining area, the soil reconstruction technology based on coal gangue in the mining area was studied. The coal gangue (CG), rock and soil stripping (RS) and topsoil (TS) from a coal mine in Tongchuan, Shaanxi Province were selected as raw materials, and the reconstructed soil was mixed in different proportions to carry out the pot experiment of alfalfa. The results show that the physical and chemical properties of the reconstructed soil under different proportions were different. In general, the reconstructed soil increases the nutrient and moisture content of the soil, which is more conducive to the growth and development of alfalfa. Compared with TS, the pH of the reconstructed soil decreases, the organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium increase, while the available phosphorus decreases. The treatment of CG 40% and RS 15% is the most favorable for the growth of alfalfa. The highest plant height of alfalfa is 54.60 cm, the longest root length is 23.20 cm, and the maximum fresh weight and dry weight are 14.814 g and 4.849 g, respectively. The above results indicate that the reconstructed soil formed by CG is feasible for the phytoremediation of mines in Northwest China, and provides a new choice for the comprehensive utilization of CG.

Coal gangue  /  Rock and soil stripping  /  Reconstructed soil  /  Northwest mining area  /  Alfalfa
曹珊, 汪天宇, 徐万茹, 刘衡秋. 基于煤矸石改良的西北某矿区土壤重构研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 192 -199 .
Shan CAO, Tianyu WANG, Wanru XU, Hengqiu LIU. Study on Soil Reconstruction in a Mining Area of Northwest China Based on Coal Gangue Improvement[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 192 -199 .
矿产资源的不合理开采严重破坏了土壤结构,引起土壤质量下降,使土壤的功能降低[1]。据调查,我国由于采矿活动而被毁坏的土壤高达15 000 km2,并以每年467 km2的速度增长[2]。土壤重构是通过选用不同材料构建人工土壤从而实现提升矿山土壤质量、提高土地生产力的目的,是一项有效的矿山土壤修复手段[3]。为了降低成本,尽可能在矿区周边选择能构成重构土壤的低廉材料。煤矸石(CG)是在煤矿开采和洗选过程中分离出来的矿物岩石,具有良好的孔隙结构、丰富的养分组成,可以有效恢复被损害的土壤功能[4]。岩土剥离物(RS)是矿山开采过程中形成的固体废物,它主要由矿体上方的岩石和土壤混合形成,可用作土壤重构的材料[5]。因此,考虑选用CG和RS作为重构材料,利用它们本身的特性提升重构土壤的质量,实现资源再利用。
苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)是一种多年生豆科植物,根系发达,耐寒耐旱,耐盐碱,经济价值高,能够改善种植区周围的土壤条件[6]。在重构土壤中种植苜蓿,通过苜蓿的生长状况,探究重构土壤对植物的影响。西北地形复杂,矿产资源丰富,干旱少雨、土壤贫瘠、植被分布稀疏,生态系统脆弱,一旦遭到破坏,后期难恢复。此外,西北矿区表层土主要以风沙土为主,结构粗糙,难以蓄水积肥,使得植物生长不良。因此,研究采矿固废对矿区损害土地的修复情况,可以提高固废的资源利用率和解决西北矿区存在的生态问题。
矿区的重构土壤一般需适合植被生长。土壤pH会影响重构土壤的物理化学结构,进而影响土壤养分的存储形态[7]。土壤有机质含量的高低反映土壤的肥力大小[8]。氮磷钾是植物生长发育必需的元素,多方面参与植物的生长代谢[9]。土壤含水率影响植物从土壤中吸收养分的多少[10]。因此,测定土壤pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾和含水率对了解重构土壤理化性质具有重要意义。植物的株高、根长以及生物量是反映植物生长的重要指标,在一定程度上能够直接判断重构土壤对植物生长的影响。
本研究选择西北矿区固废CG和RS与表土(TS)按不同比例混合调配成重构土壤,同时利用苜蓿耐寒耐旱、耐盐碱的特点以重构土壤为基质开展苜蓿盆栽试验。种植75 d后,通过重构土壤理化性质的变化和植物生长发育的状况,筛选出最佳的重构土壤配比,以期解决CG等矿区固废堆积问题,增强CG的资源化利用,为扩展矿区土壤重构领域和矿区修复领域的应用提供参考。
试验材料包括CG、RS和TS,均来自陕西省铜川某煤矿,供试植被为紫花苜蓿。CG、RS和TS的理化性质见表1。
将收集的CG和RS自然风干、去除杂质并粉碎过筛后与TS按一定比例混合组成重构土壤,共设16个处理组(C1至C16),材料具体配比见表2,同时设纯CG、纯RS和纯TS作为试验对照组(分别对应CK1、CK2、CK3)。具体操作为:取2 kg混合均匀的重构土壤置于花盆(口径15.5 cm,高14 cm,底径12 cm)后,每个花盆内种植50粒苜蓿种子,试验周期为75 d,室温控制在25 ℃左右,期间间隔固定时间、固定量浇水。同时,每组均加入500 mL稻壳炭作为补充肥料。
土壤指标:种植苜蓿75 d后,测定重构土壤pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾以及土壤含水率。土壤pH采用便携式pH计测定,有机质含量通过重铬酸钾氧化稀释热法测定,全氮含量采用凯氏定氮法测定,有效磷含量采用钼锑抗比色法测定,速效钾含量采用乙酸铵浸提火焰光度法测定,以上指标均按照LI等[11]提供的方法测定。土壤含水率通过计算烘干前后土壤的质量差值而获得。
植物指标:苜蓿种植75 d后,收取苜蓿植株,洗净擦干,室温无光照晾1 d去除表面水分,测定每组植株的株高、根长、鲜重3个指标。随后,将植株置于65 ℃鼓风干燥箱中烘干至恒重,测定每组植株的干重指标。
利用Excel进行数据处理,采用SPSS 26软件对试验数据进行单因素方差分析,采用Origin Pro 8.5进行数据绘图。为保证数据的重复性和可靠性,每组设3个平行试验。
种植苜蓿75 d后,对照组中CK1、CK2、CK3的各理化性质指标均表现出明显的差异性,具体数据见表3。
由表3可知,CK1和CK3的pH均大于8,偏碱性,CK2的pH小于4,呈酸性。图1显示将RS、CG与TS按照一定比例混合后,重构土壤的pH相比CG和TS略有下降,整体在7.5上下浮动。
RS呈酸性,其质量占比的增加会导致重构土壤pH的下降。在CG 10%、CG 20%、CG 30%时,重构土壤的pH均随着RS质量占比的增加而降低,且均在RS 25%时pH最低;CG 40%处理时,重构土壤pH随着RS质量占比的增加呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,在RS 20%时pH最低,为7.05。
由表3可知,CK1、CK2、CK3的有机质含量分别为193.0, 83.3, 8.6 g/kg,其中CK1的最高,CK3的最低,仅为CK1的0.045倍。由表3和图2可知,各个处理组的有机质含量明显高于纯TS,并且不同配比重构土壤的有机质含量之间具有明显差异。在CG 10%、CG 20%处理时,重构土壤有机质含量随RS质量占比的增加而增加。重构土壤有机质在CG 30%时随RS质量占比的升高而呈现出先增加后降低再增加的趋势,而在CG 40%处理时,重构土壤有机质的变化与CG 30%时呈相反趋势。此外,在CG 10%、CG 20%、CG 30%处理时,重构土壤的有机质含量均在RS 10%处理时最低,在RS 25%时最高;在CG 40%处理时,重构土壤有机质含量则在RS 10%处理时最高,在RS 25%时最低。
由表3可知,对照组中CK1和CK2组的全氮含量均大于1 g/kg, CK3组的全氮含量为0.26 g/kg。由表3和图3可知,重构土壤处理组的全氮含量明显低于CK1和CK2,由此可知,添加一定比例的CG或RS能有效改善TS含氮量较低的问题。由图3可知,CG质量占比分别为10%、20%、30%时,重构土壤全氮含量随着RS质量占比的增高呈上升的趋势,且均在RS质量占比为25%时最大,在RS质量占比为10%时最小。CG质量占比为40%时,重构土壤全氮含量随 RS 质量占比的增加变化并不显著,其值波动范围为0.47~0.55 g/kg。
表3中数据显示,对照组中CK1组和CK2组的有效磷含量均低于CK3组。由表3和图4可知,各重构土壤处理中仅在CG 20%和CG 30%处理中的RS 15%组有效磷含量高于CK3处理,同时发现所有处理组的有效磷含量均大于CK1组和CK2组。图4显示,在CG 10%、CG 20%处理时,随着RS质量占比的增高,重构土壤有效磷含量先增加后下降;在CG 30%处理时,重构土壤有效磷含量随着RS质量占比的增高呈先上升后下降再上升的趋势;在CG 40%条件下,重构土壤有效磷含量随着RS质量占比的增高而增加。其中在CG 20%、CG 30%处理时,RS 15%的重构土壤有效磷含量最大,在CG 10%、CG 40%条件下,均为RS 20%组的重构土壤有效磷含量最高。
表3显示CK1组的速效钾含量为169.00 mg/g,远高于CK2组与CK3组,约为CK2组的4.5倍,CK3组的2.2倍。由图5可知,CG与RS和TS按一定比例混合后,各组的速效钾含量低于CK1组,但均高于CK2组和CK3组。图5显示,CG 10%处理时,重构土壤速效钾含量随着RS质量占比的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势;CG 20%处理时,重构土壤速效钾含量随着RS质量占比的增加逐渐增加;CG 30%与CG 40%处理时,随RS质量占比的增加,重构土壤速效钾含量先降低后升高。重构土壤在CG 20%、CG 40%处理时,均在RS 25%处理时速效钾含量最高;CG 10%处理时,重构土壤速效钾含量在RS 20%处理时最高;CG 30%处理时,重构土壤速效钾含量在RS 10%时最高。
由表3可知,对照组中CK1组的含水率为4.67%,CK3组的含水率略比CK1组高3.21个百分点,CK2组的土壤含水量为23.47%,远高于CK1组与CK3组。从图6可以看出,CG和RS与TS混合后引起了重构土壤含水率的改变,除CG 40%和RS 25%的处理组外,其他处理组均高于CK1组和CK3组。在CG 10%处理时,随着RS质量占比的增加,重构土壤的含水率呈上升趋势,在RS 25%时达到最大值16.76%。CG质量占比分别为20%和30%处理时,随着RS质量占比的增加,重构土壤的含水率波动变化,但变化趋势并不显著。在CG 40%处理时,重构土壤的含水率随RS质量占比的增加表现出下降的趋势,在RS 25%时达到最低,其值为6.46%。
种植75 d后,对照组苜蓿的生长状况见表4。由表4可知,对照组中CK2组苜蓿长势最差,CK3次之,CK1最优。
由表4可知,CK1组的植株生长较对照组的其他两组更好,其株高为36.80 cm。CK3组苜蓿长势略差,其株高为28.47 cm。CK2组的苜蓿株高仅为15.92 cm,明显低于其他两组。由表4和图7可知,经CG、RS以及TS混合处理后,各处理组的株高均高于CK2组和CK3组。
图7显示,在CG 10%处理时,苜蓿植株的株高随着RS质量占比的增加呈现出先降低后增加的趋势,而在CG 20%处理时,苜蓿植株的株高在RS 15%时增到最大值42.10 cm,随后开始降低。在CG 30%条件下,苜蓿株高随RS质量占比的增加而降低,在RS 20%时降低至36.90 cm,随后在RS 25%增加了6.57 cm。在CG 40%处理时,苜蓿在RS 15%时植株最高,其株高为54.60 cm,在RS 25%时植株最矮,为31.90 cm。
由表4和图8可知,相比于其他处理组,苜蓿种植在CK1组时根长最长,其值为23.40 cm。在CK2组的根长仅为6.67 cm。CK3组的苜蓿根长为15.8 cm,略低于各处理组。由图8可知,当CG 10%处理时,苜蓿植株的根长随着RS质量占比的增加呈现出先降低后增加的趋势,在RS 25%时根长最长,为17.35 cm。在CG 20%处理时,苜蓿植株的根长随RS质量占比的增加先增加后降低,在RS 20%时增到最大值。在CG 30%处理时,苜蓿植株的根长在RS 20%时达到最大值19.75 cm。在CG 40%处理时,在RS 15%时苜蓿表现出最长根长值23.20 cm,而RS 10%、RS 20%和RS 25%处理时苜蓿植株根长并没有明显变化。对比所有处理组,苜蓿在CG 40%、RS 15%处理时根长最长,为23.20 cm,在CG 10%、RS 20%处理时根长最短,为12.53 cm。
鲜重和干重是表示植株生物量常用的方法,可用于评估植物在不同条件下生长发育的状况。由表4可知,种植在CK1组中的苜蓿生物量较高,而CK2组和CK3组的生物量较低。由图9、图10可知,CK2组和CK3组的生物量均低于各处理组,这表明一定比例的CG、RS和TS混合有利于苜蓿的生长发育。
由图9可知,在CG 10%处理时,随着RS质量占比的增加,苜蓿植株的鲜重呈现先增加后降低的趋势,在RS 20%时达到最大值10.887 g。在CG 20%处理时,苜蓿植株的鲜重随RS质量占比的增加而降低。在CG 30%处理时,不同RS质量占比之间的苜蓿鲜重差异显著。在CG 40%处理时,苜蓿最高鲜重值为14.814 g。
由图10可知,在CG 10%处理时,苜蓿植株的干重值由RS 10%增至RS 15%时无明显变化,在RS 20%达到最高值,随后降低。在CG 20%处理时,随RS占比的增加,各处理组间苜蓿植株干重的差异性显著,呈现先降低后增加再降低的趋势。在CG 30%处理时,苜蓿干重值在RS 15%时最大,与其他处理组有显著性差异。在CG 40%处理时,苜蓿干重在RS 15%处理下达到最大值4.849 g。
土壤pH变化可刺激土壤中植物可利用养分的有效性发生改变,进而影响植物生长发育。据调查,苜蓿生长最佳pH范围为6.5~7.5[12],本次研究重构土壤的pH在7.5左右波动,对苜蓿的生长有利。植物的生长发育不仅与土壤pH有关,还与土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾以及土壤水分有着极其重要的联系。研究发现CG含有较高的有机质含量,以及丰富的铁、钾、锌等有益元素,有助于植物生长发育和满足微生物群落新陈代谢[13-14]。本试验中测得TS的有效磷含量较高,有机质、全氮和速效钾的含量较低,而测定的CG具有较高的有机质、全氮和速效钾,较低的有效磷含量,因此将CG与TS混合,形成的重构土壤的土壤养分将更全面,更有利于植物生长。CG呈颗粒状,基质孔隙大,持水能力比较弱,长期影响下会减弱土壤保水保肥的能力[15]。RS是岩石和矿体上覆土的混合体,岩石之间的孔隙结构使其具有较强的渗水能力[16-17],同时矿体的上覆土又可以将水分保留,故RS含有较强的渗水能力和保水能力。RS的添加弥补了CG和TS含水率相对较低的缺陷,有利于植物的生长。但本研究中的RS呈酸性,其占比的增加使重构土壤的pH下降,当pH下降到一定范围后会抑制苜蓿生长。
通过植物的生长指标的变化,能够清晰地观察植物发育状况。本试验中各组之间苜蓿的株高、根长和生物量有较大的差异,说明不同比例的处理会对苜蓿的生长产生影响。相比TS,添加CG和RS后苜蓿的株高、根长和生物量有所提高,这与何宪波等[18]通过添加CG改善盐碱地的土壤质量并促进马铃薯生长的研究结果一致。植物株高和根长是植物生长状况最直观的反映。对种植在不同配比的重构土壤中的苜蓿进行测量,发现在CG、RS的质量占比分别为40%、15%时,苜蓿株高和根长明显优于其他处理组。植物的生长发育与土壤的养分有密切的联系,土壤的营养物质不均衡会影响植物的生长状况,进而引起生物量的差别。不同配比处理组中苜蓿的生物量之间有较大的差异,总体上看,CG质量占比为40%的4组处理中苜蓿的生物量较其他处理组高,这证实了CG所含植物所需的营养较为丰富。
(1)CG和RS的添加能够影响土壤的理化性质,二者与TS混合形成的重构土壤与原土相比,pH减小,有机质、全氮和速效钾的含量以及土壤含水率增加,但有效磷含量有所降低。
(2)CG和RS的添加可通过增强TS的养分以及改善土壤含水率而促进苜蓿的生长发育,但RS含量过高也会抑制苜蓿的生长。
(3)重构土壤在CG 40%和RS 15%的处理情况下,苜蓿的株高、根长和生物量达到最大值,该配比形成的重构土壤对苜蓿的生长最有利。
(4)本试验所重构的土壤适用于西北某矿区植被生长,有利于西北矿区煤矸石的综合利用,并为矿区土壤重构和生态修复实践提供指导。
  • 自然资源部高寒干旱区矿山地质环境修复工程技术创新中心开放基金项目(HHGCKK2207)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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自然资源部高寒干旱区矿山地质环境修复工程技术创新中心开放基金项目(HHGCKK2207)
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    1.美丽华夏生态环境科技有限公司,北京 100176
    2.自然资源部高寒干旱区矿山地质环境修复工程技术创新中心,甘肃 兰州 730099

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刘衡秋(1975—),男,湖南衡阳人,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事岩土工程勘察、矿山环境治理等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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种数
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species
占总种数比例
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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