Article(id=1322907555487429396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723737600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335339661, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335339661, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335339661, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335339661, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=154, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907555986551573, articleId=1322907555487429396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research on Tensile Properties and Fracture Characteristics of NSCB Brittle Specimen Based on DIC Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence of prefabricated fracture length on the tensile properties and fracture deformation characteristics of different rock materials, notched semi-circular bend (NSCB) specimens of three typical brittle rocks, including granite, medium sandstone and limestone, were selected for loading tests. The deformation of the specimen during failure was monitored by digital image correlation (DIC). The results show that the fracture toughness of rock specimens is positively correlated with mechanical parameters such as compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus, and the bearing capacity of NSCB specimen is negatively correlated with the length of existing cracks. When the fracture length exceeds a certain value(a≥3 mm), the bearing capacity of NSCB specimen has a negative exponential relationship with the fracture length. The deformation characteristics of NSCB specimens are significantly affected by the crystal structure and micro-crack distribution of rock. The higher the degree of cementation of rock minerals, the denser the rock crystal structure, the less developed the micro-cracks, the higher the fracture initiation stress, and the smaller the deformation degree before failure, and vice versa. The research results can provide a basis for further understanding the fracture propagation mechanism of rock materials and predicting its expansion range.

, authors=Longfei LIU1, Honglei DING1, Xin SHI1, Ruifu YUAN2, 3, Junjie WU2, Zhiqiang HOU2, Xiaojun LI2, 3, authorsList=Longfei LIU, Honglei DING, Xin SHI, Ruifu YUAN, Junjie WU, Zhiqiang HOU, Xiaojun LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907561267180334, articleId=1322907555487429396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于DIC方法的NSCB脆性试样抗拉性能及断裂特征研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究预制裂隙长度对不同岩石材料抗拉性能及裂隙变形特性的影响,选择花岗岩、中砂岩、石灰岩3种典型脆性岩石制备了直切槽半圆盘弯曲(notched semi-circular bend, NSCB)试样并进行了加载试验,采用数字散斑相关法(digital image correlation, DIC)监测了试样破坏过程中的变形。结果表明:岩石试样的断裂韧度与抗压、抗拉强度及弹性模量等力学参数成正相关,NSCB试样的承载能力与已存在的裂缝长度成负相关;当裂纹长度超过一定值(a≥3 mm)时,NSCB试样的承载力与裂纹长度成负指数关系;NSCB试样的变形特性受岩石晶体结构和微裂纹分布的影响显著,岩石矿物质的胶结程度越高,结构越致密,微裂隙不发育,则起裂应力高,破坏前的变形程度较小,反之亦然。研究结果为进一步认识岩石材料裂隙扩展机理及预测其扩展范围提供了依据。

, authors=刘龙飞1, 丁宏磊1, 石鑫1, 袁瑞甫2, 3, 吴俊杰2, 侯志强2, 李小军2, 3, authorsList=刘龙飞, 丁宏磊, 石鑫, 袁瑞甫, 吴俊杰, 侯志强, 李小军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

刘龙飞(1988—),男,甘肃静宁人,工程师,主要研究方向为地下煤炭开采、一通三防管理。E-mail:

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caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of three kinds of rock samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号岩性密度ρ/(kg·m–3)单轴抗压强度σc/MPa抗拉强度σt/MPa黏聚力f/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)纵波波速v/(m·s-1)弹性模量E/GPa
GR花岗岩2 653115.15.724.155.74 31035.9
MS中砂岩2 55879.94.225.737.42 53914.7
LS石灰岩2 653120.04.638.836.45 55033.9
), ArticleFig(id=1322907569194414973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907555487429396, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种岩石基础物理力学参数测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号岩性密度ρ/(kg·m–3)单轴抗压强度σc/MPa抗拉强度σt/MPa黏聚力f/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)纵波波速v/(m·s-1)弹性模量E/GPa
GR花岗岩2 653115.15.724.155.74 31035.9
MS中砂岩2 55879.94.225.737.42 53914.7
LS石灰岩2 653120.04.638.836.45 55033.9
), ArticleFig(id=1322907569265718142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907555487429396, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fracture toughness of the three kinds of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性编号试样厚度B/mm试样直径D/mm预制裂隙长度a/mm峰值载荷Pmax/kN应力强度因子Y断裂韧度KIC/(MPa·m1/2)断裂韧度均值/(MPa·m1/2)
花岗岩GR037.775.2013.22——1.33
GR337.775.0310.873.721.39
GR637.675.169.013.311.45
GR937.875.196.643.181.25
GR1237.875.1125.383.321.23
中砂岩MS037.875.008.25——0.73
MS337.675.235.963.720.76
MS637.775.164.753.310.76
MS937.775.093.713.180.70
MS1237.875.2123.073.320.70
石灰岩LS037.775.3012.14——1.09
LS337.875.338.873.721.13
LS637.875.166.783.311.09
LS937.775.295.643.181.07
LS1237.875.3125.353.331.07
), ArticleFig(id=1322907569341215615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907555487429396, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3组典型试样的断裂韧度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性编号试样厚度B/mm试样直径D/mm预制裂隙长度a/mm峰值载荷Pmax/kN应力强度因子Y断裂韧度KIC/(MPa·m1/2)断裂韧度均值/(MPa·m1/2)
花岗岩GR037.775.2013.22——1.33
GR337.775.0310.873.721.39
GR637.675.169.013.311.45
GR937.875.196.643.181.25
GR1237.875.1125.383.321.23
中砂岩MS037.875.008.25——0.73
MS337.675.235.963.720.76
MS637.775.164.753.310.76
MS937.775.093.713.180.70
MS1237.875.2123.073.320.70
石灰岩LS037.775.3012.14——1.09
LS337.875.338.873.721.13
LS637.875.166.783.311.09
LS937.775.295.643.181.07
LS1237.875.3125.353.331.07
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基于DIC方法的NSCB脆性试样抗拉性能及断裂特征研究
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刘龙飞 1 , 丁宏磊 1 , 石鑫 1 , 袁瑞甫 2, 3 , 吴俊杰 2 , 侯志强 2 , 李小军 2, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(6): 154-163
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (6) : 154 -163
基于DIC方法的NSCB脆性试样抗拉性能及断裂特征研究
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刘龙飞1 , 丁宏磊1, 石鑫1, 袁瑞甫2, 3, 吴俊杰2, 侯志强2, 李小军2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.国能新疆宽沟矿业有限责任公司,新疆 昌吉回族自治州 831114
  • 2.河南理工大学 能源科学与工程学院,河南 焦作市 454003
  • 3.河南省煤矿岩层控制国际联合实验室,河南 焦作市 454003
作者简介:

刘龙飞(1988—),男,甘肃静宁人,工程师,主要研究方向为地下煤炭开采、一通三防管理。E-mail:

Research on Tensile Properties and Fracture Characteristics of NSCB Brittle Specimen Based on DIC Method
Longfei LIU1 , Honglei DING1, Xin SHI1, Ruifu YUAN2, 3, Junjie WU2, Zhiqiang HOU2, Xiaojun LI2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.CHN Energy Xinjiang Kuangou Mining Co., Ltd., Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang 831114, China
  • 2.School of Energy Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China
  • 3.Henan International Joint Laboratory of Coalmine Ground Control, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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为研究预制裂隙长度对不同岩石材料抗拉性能及裂隙变形特性的影响,选择花岗岩、中砂岩、石灰岩3种典型脆性岩石制备了直切槽半圆盘弯曲(notched semi-circular bend, NSCB)试样并进行了加载试验,采用数字散斑相关法(digital image correlation, DIC)监测了试样破坏过程中的变形。结果表明:岩石试样的断裂韧度与抗压、抗拉强度及弹性模量等力学参数成正相关,NSCB试样的承载能力与已存在的裂缝长度成负相关;当裂纹长度超过一定值(a≥3 mm)时,NSCB试样的承载力与裂纹长度成负指数关系;NSCB试样的变形特性受岩石晶体结构和微裂纹分布的影响显著,岩石矿物质的胶结程度越高,结构越致密,微裂隙不发育,则起裂应力高,破坏前的变形程度较小,反之亦然。研究结果为进一步认识岩石材料裂隙扩展机理及预测其扩展范围提供了依据。

脆性岩石  /  预制裂隙  /  半圆盘三点弯试样  /  断裂韧度  /  数字图像相关方法

In order to study the influence of prefabricated fracture length on the tensile properties and fracture deformation characteristics of different rock materials, notched semi-circular bend (NSCB) specimens of three typical brittle rocks, including granite, medium sandstone and limestone, were selected for loading tests. The deformation of the specimen during failure was monitored by digital image correlation (DIC). The results show that the fracture toughness of rock specimens is positively correlated with mechanical parameters such as compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus, and the bearing capacity of NSCB specimen is negatively correlated with the length of existing cracks. When the fracture length exceeds a certain value(a≥3 mm), the bearing capacity of NSCB specimen has a negative exponential relationship with the fracture length. The deformation characteristics of NSCB specimens are significantly affected by the crystal structure and micro-crack distribution of rock. The higher the degree of cementation of rock minerals, the denser the rock crystal structure, the less developed the micro-cracks, the higher the fracture initiation stress, and the smaller the deformation degree before failure, and vice versa. The research results can provide a basis for further understanding the fracture propagation mechanism of rock materials and predicting its expansion range.

Brittle rock  /  Prefabricated crack  /  Notched semi-circular bending specimen  /  Fracture toughness  /  Digital image correlation (DIC) method
刘龙飞, 丁宏磊, 石鑫, 袁瑞甫, 吴俊杰, 侯志强, 李小军. 基于DIC方法的NSCB脆性试样抗拉性能及断裂特征研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 154 -163 .
Longfei LIU, Honglei DING, Xin SHI, Ruifu YUAN, Junjie WU, Zhiqiang HOU, Xiaojun LI. Research on Tensile Properties and Fracture Characteristics of NSCB Brittle Specimen Based on DIC Method[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 154 -163 .
近年来,在矿山、油气开采等工程领域中,坚硬顶板水力割缝技术得到了广泛应用[1-4]。通过在岩层中预先切割出一定深度的裂隙网络,结合爆破技术、水力压裂、静态膨胀或机械膨胀技术等方法,可有效提高岩石破碎的效率、降低工程量,并可使裂隙按工程需求定向扩展,对巷道沿空留巷、切顶卸压等关键岩层控制尤为重要。
根据断裂力学基本理论,裂纹断裂分为3种基本类型,即张开型(Ⅰ型)、滑开型(Ⅱ)和撕开型(Ⅲ)[5]。岩石类脆性材料的抗拉强度远低于其抗压强度和抗剪强度,人为干预呈张拉状态的裂隙可提高破岩效率、节省人工和成本,因此张开型(Ⅰ型)断裂更受岩土工程领域的关注。针对岩石张开型(Ⅰ型)断裂力学的研究较为广泛,有的研究通过预制不同裂隙,形成了多种岩石断裂测试的方法,包括人字形切槽圆梁弯曲试样(CB)[6]、短棒试样(SR)[6]、人字形切槽的巴西圆盘(CCNBD)[7]、半圆盘三点弯(CNSCB)试样[8-9],以及直切槽的巴西圆盘(NBD)[10]和半圆盘弯曲(NSCB)试样等[11];还有些研究借助不同监测工具和方法,如声发射(AE)、张开位移计、动态应变仪、电测法以及数字散斑等,获得了丰富的岩石断裂力学参数和裂纹扩展特性[12-17]。
人为预制裂隙的尺寸、岩石的性质及周围的应力环境是影响裂隙扩展的主要因素。岩石裂隙的准静态断裂过程中,Ⅰ型平面应变静态断裂韧性给出了导致裂纹起裂扩展的应力强度因子临界值[18],以断裂韧性作为基本参数被应用于岩石切割、水力压裂以及采矿、土木等岩体结构的失稳破坏分析中。Bazant较早注意到裂隙的尺寸效应对岩石及混凝土材料断裂抗力的影响,并提出了一种尺度律模型的表现形式[19-22]。
KURUPPU等[23]提出的Ⅰ型裂隙断裂韧度的半圆盘弯曲加载测试方法(SCB)中,要求裂隙长度与半圆半径之比在0.4~0.6之间,并考虑了不同岩性岩石成分和颗粒大小对测试结果的影响。ALIHA等[24-25]使用了直切槽巴西圆盘试样和半圆三点弯曲试样进行断裂抗力测试,发现Ⅰ型断裂抗力显著取决于试样的几何形状和加载条件。LI Weixin等[26]对Marcellus页岩进行了断裂特性的尺寸效应试验,结果显示试样尺寸增大,导致断裂强度降低,表明页岩的断裂行为偏离了线弹性力学,具有准脆性特征。许多研究还表明,常用的测试断裂韧性值也与试样的几何形状显著相关,AYATOLLAHI等[27]研究了试件尺寸和几何形状对大理岩表观Ⅰ型断裂韧性的影响,试验结果显示,较大试样的表观断裂韧性增加明显。TUTLUOGLU L等[28]利用有限元方法分析了边界条件与几何因素对应力强度因子计算的影响,提出了改进方法测试Ⅰ型断裂韧度的试验,建议试样尺寸尽量大于裂隙尺寸。KURUPPU M D等[29]、WEI Mingdong等[8-10]认为岩石材料内部的结构缺陷会对试样人为预制裂隙尖端附近产生较大的断裂过程区,从而造成裂隙扩展比理论预期更容易。
天然岩石材料种类繁多,矿物组分复杂,岩石内部存在许多形态各异的孔隙、裂隙等原始缺陷,基于线弹性力学的理论解不能全面、准确地描述岩石裂隙的受力扩展特征。岩石试样及预制裂隙的尺寸与岩石材料晶体、微裂隙尺寸的对比也是重要的影响因素。岩土工程中人为预制裂隙还需要考虑预制裂隙尺寸的可行性、施工效率及成本。因此,本文针对三种不同晶体颗粒的半圆盘岩石试样,预制不同长度裂隙,测试试样的断裂载荷及断裂韧性,对比分析不同裂隙尺寸对试样抗拉性能的影响,监测不同岩性试样裂隙扩展的全场应变率值,并结合高倍数码显微系统分析裂隙三维形态,以期在一定程度上为岩土工程领域的裂隙扩展规律提供理论支撑,同时为合理确定不同岩性岩石的人为预制裂隙尺寸、提高施工效率及节省工程成本提供参考。
选择3种岩石作为研究对象,包括:晶体颗粒为2~3 mm的粗晶红色花岗岩(编号为GR)、晶体颗粒为0.5~1 mm的绿色中砂岩(编号为MS)以及晶体颗粒为0.1 mm左右的石灰岩(编号为LS)。按国家标准GB/T 23561.1—2024加工为标准岩样并测试其基础物理力学参数[30],测试结果见表1。
此次岩石试样均从大块均质岩块中取出,按照标准方法[23]加工成NSCB试样,试样几何参数及加载示意如图1所示,人工预制裂隙尺寸宽度为1 mm,深度分别为0, 3,6, 9,12 mm,如图2所示。
加载装置采用RMT-150C伺服试验机,最大载荷为200 kN,采用位移控制加载,加载速率为0.1 mm/min,位移测试精度为10 μm。试验前在试样一侧粘贴散斑贴纸,试验过程中采用VIC-3D设备测量试样的表面位移及应变数据,应变测试范围为0.005%~2 000%。测试完成后采用VHX-2000C型超景深三维显微系统观测裂隙断裂面形态,观测图像像素为20 000 px×20 000 px,放大位数100~1 000倍。
对3组试样开展不同预制裂隙长度的三点弯曲测试,每种裂隙长度试样测试3次求平均值,并根据ISRM岩石试验建议方法测定NSCB试样的Ⅰ型静态断裂韧度KIC[31-32],计算公式如式(1)和式(2)所示。
式中:Pmax为试样破坏时的峰值载荷,kN;a为人工预制裂隙长度,mm;R和B分别为试样的半径和厚度,mm;Y为无量纲应力强度因子,与人工预制裂隙长度和试验时的试样底面两支撑点距离有关;S为试样加载时底面两支撑点之间的跨距,取45 mm。
试验后得到三组不同裂隙尺寸典型 NSCB 试样的载荷-位移曲线,如图3所示。
由图3可知,试样的总体受载变化过程基本相似,都经历了压密、线弹性变形、屈服破坏和峰后裂隙扩展断裂4个阶段[33-34]。加载初期为压密阶段,此过程持续时间较短,主要是压头与试样充分接触,试样在载荷作用下原有微裂隙的压密闭合;第二个阶段为线弹性变形阶段,载荷随位移增加呈近似直线式增长,试样表现为预制裂隙弹性扩张变形;第三个阶段为接近峰值载荷前,曲线由直线变为屈服弯曲线,试样表现为预制裂隙尖端微裂纹萌生,宏观主裂隙开始向外扩展;最后一个阶段是峰后裂隙扩展阶段,表现为载荷快速降低,预制裂隙快速向外扩展,最终失去承载能力并断裂破坏。
随着预制裂隙尺寸的增大,三类试样的劈裂破坏强度及其峰值位移逐渐降低,且下降幅度较为明显,其中花岗岩的最大、最小劈裂荷载分别为13.22 kN、5.38 kN, 中砂岩的最大、最小劈裂荷载分别为8.25 kN、3.07 kN, 石灰岩的最大、最小劈裂荷载分别为12.14 kN、5.35 kN。
根据试样的最大载荷,由式(1)和式(2)计算三类NSCB试样的应力强度因子Y和Ⅰ型静态断裂韧度KIC,结果见表2。GR组粗晶花岗岩、MS组绿色中砂岩、LS组石灰岩的断裂韧度均值分别为1.33 MPa⋅m1/2、0.73 MPa⋅m1/2、1.09 MPa⋅m1/2,测试结果与3组试样的单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度成正相关。
花岗岩晶体颗粒大,非均质性强,断裂韧度的离散程度较大,致使其标准差达到0.107。载荷-位移曲线表现为峰值前载荷上升快,线弹性阶段斜率大。峰后阶段变形范围大,载荷虽然快速下降,但在完全断裂前仍能持续一定时间的承载能力,表明预制裂隙开始起裂后,继续使裂隙扩展仍需要一定的能量,这与花岗岩颗粒间的黏结结构有关。
中砂岩组成颗粒较均匀,预制裂隙尺寸(宽度1.0 mm)与晶粒尺寸(0.5~1.0 mm)相当,断裂韧度的离散程度较小,其标准差为0.035。试验加载的峰值载荷小于另外2组试样,峰后曲线的持续降低趋势较明显,表明预制裂隙有明显的断裂扩展过程,从峰值到完全断裂的过程中试样仍能够消耗一定的能量。
石灰岩晶体颗粒质地均匀致密,断裂韧度的离散程度较小,其标准差为0.028。载荷-位移曲线非常陡峭,峰值前载荷急速增大,线弹性阶段斜率比花岗岩更高,屈服破坏阶段不明显;峰值后曲线又急速下降,迅速失去承载能力。试样的整体变形远小于其他2组,表明石灰岩晶粒结构更为致密,预制裂隙的初始扩展需有较高的载荷,且一旦裂隙起裂后其扩展速度较快。
图4为最大载荷值Pmax和断裂韧度KIC与裂隙长度a的关系图,可以看出3种试样预制裂隙长度从3 mm增加到12 mm的过程中,预制裂隙越长,NSCB试样承载段越短,能够承受的最大载荷越小。无裂隙试样的实测最大载荷值明显高于裂隙试样的破坏载荷,这表明Ⅰ型裂隙对岩石材料拉伸破坏的影响分为2种情况:一是有无裂隙情况,由于裂隙尖端应力集中影响,有裂隙的NSCB试样抗拉能力与完整试样相比显著降低;二是不同裂隙尺寸,有裂隙的NSCB试样抗拉能力与裂隙尺寸呈负指数关系曲线。显然对于岩石压裂等工程,人工预制裂隙的作用非常显著,可以大幅降低裂隙的起裂(扩展)强度,同时还能够起到对裂隙的导向作用,特别适用于定向制裂的岩石工程。
岩石脆性较大,半圆盘试样在载荷作用下将发生瞬间破坏,结合DIC高速摄像可捕捉到裂纹扩展全过程,得到载荷、裂纹张开位移随加载位移的变化曲线,这为准确判定破坏开始发生时刻、发生位置提供了可能。下面以半圆盘弯曲试验为例分析3种岩石裂纹起裂位置及裂纹扩展路径。为准确获得半圆盘试样裂纹张开过程,将高速相机的拍摄速率提高到100 帧/s,采集图像的分辨率为1 024 px×1 024 px。在半圆盘弯曲试样表面沿加载方向的裂纹扩展路径上选取3组测线E1、E2和E3,依据DIC计算的应变场可得到新裂纹张开应变(Crack opening strain, COS),测线布置示意图如图5所示。
图6为3种NSCB试样(a=12 mm)加载过程中的载荷-加载位移曲线及裂隙尖端主应变-加载位移曲线。
从图6可看到,在初始阶段,3种试样的载荷近似线性增加到峰值载荷,随后载荷呈现不同程度降低,并产生劈裂破坏。GR组花岗岩试样劈裂强度最高,峰后曲线延伸明显,表明峰值后试样承载能力逐渐降低,但使裂隙持续扩展仍需压力机输入一定能量;LS组石灰岩试样劈裂强度与花岗岩相当,MS组中砂岩试样的劈裂强度仅为另外2组试样的50%左右。
裂隙端点的主应变随加载位移的变化体现了试样的变形和起裂过程。3种试样共同的规律是:
(1)在初始阶段,裂纹主应变ε1、ε2、ε3随位移增加十分缓慢,近似呈线性增加;
(2)裂纹主应变-位移曲线的“拐点”几乎与载荷峰值相对应,这表明载荷达到最大值时半圆盘试样产生破坏,在预制裂纹尖端开始产生新裂纹,随后载荷快速下降,主应变快速增加,直至试样完全断裂。
“拐点”后的阶段对应着裂隙起裂、扩展至完全断裂的破坏过程。3种试样裂隙扩展阶段有明显差别,GR组花岗岩与MS组中砂岩裂隙扩展阶段较长,破断时的主应变分别为0.026 71和0.030 67,而LS组石灰岩的裂隙扩展阶段则很短,破断时的主应变仅为0.000 89,表明不同岩性试样从裂隙起裂到完全断裂所消耗的能量有很大差别。比较主应变ε1、ε2、ε3曲线发现,ε1先于ε2、ε3开始增长,说明裂纹沿着预制裂纹尖端扩展,与实际情况一致。
图7为3种NSCB试样(a=12 mm)不同加载阶段表面散斑测试的主应变分布云图。各试样的3个加载状态分别为:50%峰值载荷时的最大主应变;95%峰值载荷时的最大主应变;80%峰值载荷后的最大主应变状态(即试样完全断裂前的时刻)。
图8为3种试样破坏前从散斑监测数据中提取的裂隙尖端最大主应变值,同一裂隙长度每组选取3个试样。
由图8可知,虽然NSCB试样的预制裂隙长度不同,但同一种试样破坏时的最大主应变值基本相当,即同一种试样破坏时的起裂应变值基本相同。GR组花岗岩试样的最大主应变值在0.02~0.06之间,MS组中砂岩试样的最大主应变值在0.03~0.04之间,LS组石灰岩试样的最大主应变值则在1×10−3~1×10−4之间,比GR组、MS组最大主应变值小了一个数量级,说明较小的主应变值可使致密的石灰岩试样产生劈裂破坏。
图9为3类半圆盘试样断裂面的表观形态以及数码3D显微系统观测的局部三维放大图形。GR组花岗岩颗粒直径较大,为1~3 mm,颗粒与胶结物耦合在一起,结构致密,断裂面在1 mm范围内呈现较平缓的起伏;MS组中砂岩试样颗粒直径为0.5~1 mm,颗粒与胶结物区别明显,断裂面在0.5 mm内起伏剧烈,由于抵抗裂隙扩展主要是胶结物起作用,裂隙抗拉能力较低;LS组石灰岩试样颗粒直径小于0.5 mm,断裂面平整,断裂面起伏程度较小,起伏高度在0.2 mm以下。裂隙形态也表明,由于LS组试样的颗粒小,内部结构更为均匀致密,裂纹扩展时产生的应变量较小,而另2组试样由于颗粒较大或颗粒与胶结物间存在较多微裂隙,宏观裂纹扩展前能够产生较多应变。
岩石试样的裂隙扩展是内部晶体微结构变化的宏观显现,本文中3种试样裂隙扩展应力不同,裂隙尖端的最大主应变差别极大,也是岩石内部微观结构的反映。图10为3种试样晶体的断裂面的显微放大图,从图10可以观察到,GR组试样晶体颗粒大,晶体间互相嵌入,接触紧密,颗粒边界起伏较大,晶体破坏时需要的应变值较大;MS组试样成分复杂,晶体颗粒与胶结物互相接触,裂隙、孔隙发育较多,颗粒、胶结物边界起伏及层次错落明显,因此该组试样裂隙起裂强度低,又因为弱胶结物占比较多且易变形,裂隙扩展产生较大的应变值;LS组试样晶体颗粒最小,晶体与胶结物均匀致密分布,无原生微裂隙,造成裂隙宏观断裂前产生很小的应变量。
(1)NSCB试样的受载变化过程可分为压密、线弹性变形、屈服破坏、峰后裂隙扩展断裂4个阶段。试样的承载能力与裂隙长度呈负指数相关。花岗岩、中砂岩、石灰岩3组脆性岩石试样的断裂韧度均值分别为1.33 MPa⋅m1/2、0.73 MPa⋅m1/2、1.09 MPa⋅m1/2, 与试样的抗压强度、抗拉强度及弹性模量等基础力学参数成正相关。
(2)预制裂隙尖端的主应变变化反映了裂纹的起裂过程。3种试样在加载初始阶段,主应变ε随竖向位移近似线性增长,增长幅度缓慢。在峰值载荷处产生裂纹主应变-位移曲线的“拐点”,表明此时产生宏观新裂纹。随后载荷快速下降,主应变快速增加,直至试样完全断裂。
(3)3组试样的变形特征差别较大,石灰岩试样裂隙尖端的最大主应变最小,与另外2组试样相差一个量级。中砂岩试样承载能力最小,但裂隙起裂前的变形量与花岗岩基本相当,表明岩石材料所能承受的最大应力决定了裂隙的起裂应力值,而其所能承受的应变量决定了裂隙起裂后的扩展范围大小。
(4)Ⅰ型裂隙的起裂与扩展受岩石内部晶体结构及微裂隙影响。石灰岩试样晶体颗粒小、结构致密、微裂隙不发育、裂隙面平整度好,因此起裂应力高、应变小;中砂岩试样颗粒与胶结物区分明显,微裂隙发育较多,裂隙面凹凸起伏剧烈,因而起裂应力小、应变大;花岗岩试样颗粒大、接触紧密,空隙较小,裂隙面起伏大,因此起裂应力大、应变也大。
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-16
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(52174109)
河南省高校科技创新团队支持计划项目(22IRTSTHN005)
河南省科技攻关项目(232102320328)
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    1.国能新疆宽沟矿业有限责任公司,新疆 昌吉回族自治州 831114
    2.河南理工大学 能源科学与工程学院,河南 焦作市 454003
    3.河南省煤矿岩层控制国际联合实验室,河南 焦作市 454003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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