Article(id=1322907531646992788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722960000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335333977, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335333977, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335333977, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335333977, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=39, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907532779454869, articleId=1322907531646992788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Size Optimization and Stability Analysis on Water-Resistant Pillar of an Iron Mine in Luanzhou, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reasonably determine the thickness of the Quaternary water-resistant roof pillar and the width of water-resistant pillar in the fault of an iron mine in Luanzhou, taking a mine using typical filling mining method in Luanzhou as the engineering background, through theoretical analysis, based on the size optimization of the mine water-resistant pillar, the stability of the optimized size was evaluated by the large-scale finite element numerical calculation model. The results show that after the excavation and filling of the designed ore body, the influence area height under the maximum displacement does not intrude the Quaternary lower weathered rock strata. The maximum and minimum principal stresses are compressive stress, and there is no tensile stress area, which does not exceed the compressive strength of surrounding rocks and is close to the compressive strength of weathered rock strata. Weathered rock does not produce plastic zone failure unit. The sensitive area of the overall displacement of the fault and the pillar is distributed in the range of 0−30 m. The maximum and minimum principal stresses of fault and pillar are compressive stress, and no tensile stress occurs. The compressive stress in the contact area between the fault and the surrounding rock reaches the plastic strength, and the principal stress in the pillar area does not exceed the strength of the pillar. The contact area between the fault and the pillar, the contact area between the fault and the surrounding rock locally produces plastic zone, and the penetrating area is not formed. The ore body above −110 m level is set as the roof pillar to meet the safety requirements of water-resistant mining in weathered rock strata. A 100 m water-resistant pillar is left on the north side of the fault and a 60 m water-resistant pillar is left on the south side to meet the safety requirements of water-resistant mining. The research results can provide a reference for the design and evaluation of water-resistant pillar in the process of underground mining in similar mines.

, authors=Hongjian LU1, Xinghang CHANG1, Sheng LI2, Peizhi ZHANG3, Yongqiang WANG3, Youzhi ZHANG1, authorsList=Hongjian LU, Xinghang CHANG, Sheng LI, Peizhi ZHANG, Yongqiang WANG, Youzhi ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907555009266115, articleId=1322907531646992788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=滦州某铁矿隔水矿柱尺寸优化与稳定性分析, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为合理确定滦州某铁矿第四系隔水护顶矿柱厚度和断层隔水矿柱宽度,以滦州典型充填法开采矿山为工程背景,通过理论分析,在对矿山隔水矿柱尺寸优化的基础上,运用大型有限元数值计算模型对优化后的尺寸进行了稳定性评价。结果表明:设计矿体开挖充填后,位移最大值影响区域高度未侵入第四系下风化层;最大、最小主应力均为压应力,未发生拉应力区域,未超过围岩抗压强度,接近风化层抗压强度;风化岩未产生塑性区破坏单元。断层和矿柱最大、最小整体位移敏感区域分布在0~30 m;断层和矿柱主应力均为压应力,未发生拉应力;断层与围岩接触区域压应力达到塑性强度,矿柱区域主应力未超出矿柱强度;断层与矿柱接触区域、断层与围岩接触区域局部产生塑性区,未形成贯通区域。矿山−110 m水平以上矿体留设为护顶矿柱,满足风化岩层隔水开采安全要求;断层北侧留设100 m隔水矿柱、南侧留设60 m隔水矿柱,满足隔水开采安全要求。研究结果可为类似矿山地下开采过程中隔水矿柱留设和评价提供参考。

, authors=卢宏建1, 常星航1, 李胜2, 张培智3, 汪永强3, 张友志1, authorsList=卢宏建, 常星航, 李胜, 张培智, 汪永强, 张友志, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

卢宏建(1980—),男,河北保定人,博士,教授,主要从事金属矿山充填开采方面的研究。E-mail:

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卢宏建(1980—),男,河北保定人,博士,教授,主要从事金属矿山充填开采方面的研究。E-mail:

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卢宏建(1980—),男,河北保定人,博士,教授,主要从事金属矿山充填开采方面的研究。E-mail:

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Metal Mine, 2013(7):1-3+104., articleTitle=Stability analysis and optimization on pillar mining based on the finite element method, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322907590992200221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531646992788, awardId=246Z4101G, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(246Z4101G), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322907591076086302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531646992788, awardId=E2024209086, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省自然科学基金项目(E2024209086), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322907591143195167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531646992788, awardId=24130211C, language=CN, fundingSource=唐山市科技计划项目(24130211C), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322907557563597252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531646992788, xref=1., 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figureFileBig=K9Urzg5t5yRdSWy44ifTPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907590220448274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531646992788, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Calculation of safety isolation layer thickness by load transfer intersection line method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号ln/mkφ/(°)h/m
142.0306.93
242.0355.71
343.03010.39
443.0358.57
5152.03025.98
6152.03521.42
7153.03038.97
8153.03532.13
9252.03043.30
10252.03535.70
11253.03064.95
12253.03553.56
), ArticleFig(id=1322907590295945747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531646992788, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

荷载传递交汇线法计算安全隔离层厚度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号ln/mkφ/(°)h/m
142.0306.93
242.0355.71
343.03010.39
443.0358.57
5152.03025.98
6152.03521.42
7153.03038.97
8153.03532.13
9252.03043.30
10252.03535.70
11253.03064.95
12253.03553.56
), ArticleFig(id=1322907590367248917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531646992788, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation of safety isolation layer thickness by K.B. Rubeznefta method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号γ/(t/m3)ln/mkσb/MPah/m
13.3742.00.401.83
23.3742.00.871.01
33.3743.00.402.75
43.3743.00.871.52
53.37152.00.4012.41
63.37152.00.875.78
73.37153.00.4018.61
83.37153.00.878.68
93.37252.00.4031.26
103.37252.00.8714.42
113.37253.00.4046.89
123.37253.00.8721.63
), ArticleFig(id=1322907590446940695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531646992788, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

K.B.鲁别涅依他法计算安全隔离层厚度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号γ/(t/m3)ln/mkσb/MPah/m
13.3742.00.401.83
23.3742.00.871.01
33.3743.00.402.75
43.3743.00.871.52
53.37152.00.4012.41
63.37152.00.875.78
73.37153.00.4018.61
83.37153.00.878.68
93.37252.00.4031.26
103.37252.00.8714.42
113.37253.00.4046.89
123.37253.00.8721.63
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Calculation of safety isolation layer thickness by caving zone and water-conducting fracture zone calculation method

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序号 /mhm/mhd/mS/mh/m
144.1215.031534.15
2106.4224.831546.25
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冒落带和导水裂隙带计算法计算安全隔离层厚度

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序号 /mhm/mhd/mS/mh/m
144.1215.031534.15
2106.4224.831546.25
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Mechanical parameters of rock-soil layers and filling body

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名称容重/(kN/m3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
第四系18.10.150.350.2123
风化层19.40.180.340.2325
断层破碎带20.50.300.320.2527
矿石33.78.000.244.0238
岩石27.24.000.282.3235
一步采充填体18.20.520.310.4528
二步采充填体17.50.160.330.1724
), ArticleFig(id=1322907590887342619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531646992788, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

岩土层与充填体力学参数

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名称容重/(kN/m3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
第四系18.10.150.350.2123
风化层19.40.180.340.2325
断层破碎带20.50.300.320.2527
矿石33.78.000.244.0238
岩石27.24.000.282.3235
一步采充填体18.20.520.310.4528
二步采充填体17.50.160.330.1724
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滦州某铁矿隔水矿柱尺寸优化与稳定性分析
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卢宏建 1 , 常星航 1 , 李胜 2 , 张培智 3 , 汪永强 3 , 张友志 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(6): 39-49
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (6) : 39 -49
滦州某铁矿隔水矿柱尺寸优化与稳定性分析
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卢宏建(1980—),男,河北保定人,博士,教授,主要从事金属矿山充填开采方面的研究。E-mail:

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卢宏建1 , 常星航1, 李胜2, 张培智3, 汪永强3, 张友志1
作者信息
  • 1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 2.河北钢铁集团矿业有限公司,河北 唐山市 066501
  • 3.唐山市滦河鑫丰矿业有限公司,河北 唐山市 063004
作者简介:

卢宏建(1980—),男,河北保定人,博士,教授,主要从事金属矿山充填开采方面的研究。E-mail:

Size Optimization and Stability Analysis on Water-Resistant Pillar of an Iron Mine in Luanzhou
Hongjian LU1 , Xinghang CHANG1, Sheng LI2, Peizhi ZHANG3, Yongqiang WANG3, Youzhi ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 2.Hebei Iron and Steel Group Mining Co., Ltd., Tangshan, Hebei 066501, China
  • 3.Tangshan Luanhe Xinfeng Mining Co., Ltd., Tangshan, Hebei 063004, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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为合理确定滦州某铁矿第四系隔水护顶矿柱厚度和断层隔水矿柱宽度,以滦州典型充填法开采矿山为工程背景,通过理论分析,在对矿山隔水矿柱尺寸优化的基础上,运用大型有限元数值计算模型对优化后的尺寸进行了稳定性评价。结果表明:设计矿体开挖充填后,位移最大值影响区域高度未侵入第四系下风化层;最大、最小主应力均为压应力,未发生拉应力区域,未超过围岩抗压强度,接近风化层抗压强度;风化岩未产生塑性区破坏单元。断层和矿柱最大、最小整体位移敏感区域分布在0~30 m;断层和矿柱主应力均为压应力,未发生拉应力;断层与围岩接触区域压应力达到塑性强度,矿柱区域主应力未超出矿柱强度;断层与矿柱接触区域、断层与围岩接触区域局部产生塑性区,未形成贯通区域。矿山−110 m水平以上矿体留设为护顶矿柱,满足风化岩层隔水开采安全要求;断层北侧留设100 m隔水矿柱、南侧留设60 m隔水矿柱,满足隔水开采安全要求。研究结果可为类似矿山地下开采过程中隔水矿柱留设和评价提供参考。

地下开采  /  隔水矿柱  /  尺寸优化  /  稳定性分析

In order to reasonably determine the thickness of the Quaternary water-resistant roof pillar and the width of water-resistant pillar in the fault of an iron mine in Luanzhou, taking a mine using typical filling mining method in Luanzhou as the engineering background, through theoretical analysis, based on the size optimization of the mine water-resistant pillar, the stability of the optimized size was evaluated by the large-scale finite element numerical calculation model. The results show that after the excavation and filling of the designed ore body, the influence area height under the maximum displacement does not intrude the Quaternary lower weathered rock strata. The maximum and minimum principal stresses are compressive stress, and there is no tensile stress area, which does not exceed the compressive strength of surrounding rocks and is close to the compressive strength of weathered rock strata. Weathered rock does not produce plastic zone failure unit. The sensitive area of the overall displacement of the fault and the pillar is distributed in the range of 0−30 m. The maximum and minimum principal stresses of fault and pillar are compressive stress, and no tensile stress occurs. The compressive stress in the contact area between the fault and the surrounding rock reaches the plastic strength, and the principal stress in the pillar area does not exceed the strength of the pillar. The contact area between the fault and the pillar, the contact area between the fault and the surrounding rock locally produces plastic zone, and the penetrating area is not formed. The ore body above −110 m level is set as the roof pillar to meet the safety requirements of water-resistant mining in weathered rock strata. A 100 m water-resistant pillar is left on the north side of the fault and a 60 m water-resistant pillar is left on the south side to meet the safety requirements of water-resistant mining. The research results can provide a reference for the design and evaluation of water-resistant pillar in the process of underground mining in similar mines.

Underground mining  /  Water-resistant pillar  /  Size optimization  /  Stability analysis
卢宏建, 常星航, 李胜, 张培智, 汪永强, 张友志. 滦州某铁矿隔水矿柱尺寸优化与稳定性分析. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 39 -49 .
Hongjian LU, Xinghang CHANG, Sheng LI, Peizhi ZHANG, Yongqiang WANG, Youzhi ZHANG. Size Optimization and Stability Analysis on Water-Resistant Pillar of an Iron Mine in Luanzhou[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 39 -49 .
在确保安全生产的前提下,实现矿产资源高效与可持续开采,是资源开发领域的焦点问题。隔水矿柱是保障采矿活动安全、防止水害事故发生以及保护水资源与环境的重要工程防护结构[1-3]。隔水矿柱尺寸过小会诱发突水、采充坍塌,危及人员安全;尺寸过大导致可采资源减少,造成资源损失[4-5],因此确定合理的隔水矿柱尺寸,对矿山企业具有重要的经济意义和实践价值[6]。
目前国内外对隔水矿柱厚度确定的方法主要包括理论分析、数值模拟及二者结合的方法。理论分析常用方法有:厚跨比理论、荷载传递交汇线法、K. B.鲁别涅依他法,以及冒落带和导水裂隙带计算法[7-10]。张金等[11]运用数值模拟分析了矿柱回采与充填前后的稳定性演变趋势,得出了矿柱回收对地表与地下含水层位移的影响。吕冠颖等[12]基于典型矿山保安矿柱回采工程,通过水平隔离矿柱厚度的理论计算与数值模拟,确定了最优水平隔离矿柱尺寸。赵恰等[13]建立了流-固耦合数值模型,分析了防水矿柱厚度对地下水力学响应特征的影响,给出了合理的断层防水矿柱厚度。
隔水矿柱尺寸的确定需要综合考虑含水层下覆破碎带岩层厚度、导水裂隙带厚度以及断层结构影响情况。采用三维数值模拟与理论计算相结合的方法进行评价,结果可信度更高。以冀东滦州市某地下充填开采矿山为工程背景,首先,采用理论分析对上覆第四系含水层的护顶隔水矿柱厚度和矿区内F1正断层隔水矿柱宽度进行优化;然后,构建大型三维数值分析模型,仿真模拟开采与充填过程,在综合评价隔水矿柱位移、应力、塑性区等指标的基础上,分析理论优化隔水矿柱尺寸的稳定性,以期为类似矿山地下开发隔水矿柱尺寸优化与评价提供参考。
矿区位于中朝准地台燕山台褶带的马兰峪复式背斜开滦台凹东部边缘。该区域主要由第四系覆盖,仅在矿区西侧小山丘上露出少量基岩。地层包括太古界单塔子群的白庙子组、中元古界长城系的大红峪组以及第四系的上更新统。地层的走向大致为南北向,呈西倾单斜构造,倾角为28°~43°。区内有一较大正断层F1,控制长度约为400 m,走向北东50°,倾向北西,倾角为70°。矿区内包含3条矿体,分别标记为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ。矿体倾角总体变化为上缓下陡,北缓南陡,多为似层状、透镜状。矿体及上下盘围岩均具有较好的稳固性。
矿区内地层大部分被厚度为43.57~74.77 m的第四系覆盖。矿床位于当地侵蚀基准面以下,覆盖在矿床之上的第四系含水层透水性差,但该含水层与基岩之间存在着一层较稳定的隔水层。根据水文地质条件,该矿床被归类为复杂程度中等的裂隙水充水矿床,其充水的主要因素是构造裂隙水,次要因素是基岩风化裂隙水、第四系孔隙水,而F1断层及破碎带通过矿体是矿床充水的主要因素。
矿体开拓系统采用竖井开拓,设计回风中段为−110 m水平,开采中段为−170 m和−230 m两个水平。根据井下围岩揭露情况及矿山生产现状,设计采用以上向水平分层充填采矿法为主,上向进路充填采矿法、分段充填采矿法为辅。在上向水平充填采矿法和分段充填采矿法两种采矿方法的衔接处,即靠近利用上向水平充填采矿法回采矿块一侧,为确保充填强度,采用灰砂比为1:5的胶结充填体。第四系含水层富水性强,可能通过裂隙、断层等构造进入采场,对井下开采威胁较大。为保证井下安全开采,针对来自地下水渗透等风险,需在风化层下留设隔水护顶矿柱,在断层两侧留设隔水矿柱,形成有效的安全屏障,控制上覆含水层下渗。
荷载传递交汇线法[14]认为岩体或结构受到的荷载作用是自顶板中心出发,沿着与竖直方向倾斜30°~35°向下传递,当传递线延伸至顶板与采场侧壁交汇点之外时,认定采场的侧壁对顶板上的岩石自重及外部附加载荷提供了直接的支撑作用,从而确保了顶板结构的安全稳定,其计算公式如下:
式中:h为顶板安全隔离层厚度,m;k为安全系数,地表有厂房和高压线塔建构筑物,取2.0和3.0;ln为采空区跨度,m,根据采矿方法,采空区跨度分别取4 m、15 m、25 m三个尺寸;φ表示荷载传递线与顶板中心竖直线之间的夹角,取30°和35°。
利用荷载传递交汇线法,得到了不同参数与顶板安全隔离层厚度之间的关系,计算结果见表1。
在普氏理论框架内,K.B.鲁别涅依他等学者进行了深化研究[15-16],在考虑采空区跨度这一关键因素的同时,考量了顶板岩层的多样特性,涵盖岩体强度、地质特性及构造性破坏特征等,提出了计算顶板安全厚度的公式,该公式为评估顶板稳定性提供了更为全面和精确的依据,具体计算公式如下:
式中:γ为护顶矿柱密度,取3.37 t/m3;σc为护顶矿柱单轴抗压强度,取173.1 MPa;σb为弯曲条件下考虑强度安全系数k3和结构削弱系数k0的顶板强度极限,MPa,其中,σb=σ3n/(k3k0),σ3n=(7%~10%)σc,k3=7~10, k0=2~3, k3取7和10,k0取2和3,确定σb为0.40和0.87;p为外部荷载对护顶矿柱压力,MPa,本研究不考虑。ln取4 m、15 m和25 m;k取2.0和3.0。
使用K.B.鲁别涅依他法,得到不同参数与其顶板的安全隔离层厚度的关系,计算结果见表2。
该矿区矿体赋存条件与煤炭开采中常见的缓至倾斜、中硬岩石层条件相似,且矿山深部采用了充填采矿技术,可以借鉴煤矿开采中“三带”理论[17]计算金属矿山冒落带和裂隙带的高度。金属矿山地下开采会导致上覆岩体移动和变形,根据岩层在采矿活动影响下的破坏程度,可以将上覆岩层从底向上分为冒落带、裂隙带和弯曲带3个不同特征区域[18]。冒落带是指紧邻采空区上方,由于开采活动导致岩层失去支撑而破碎、垮落,直接落入采空区的岩层区域;裂隙带是紧接在跨落带上方的岩层,由于跨落带岩层的移动和破坏,导致上方岩层产生裂隙和离层;弯曲带是由于开采活动导致岩层整体弯曲和移动的区域,在该区域内,岩层主要在重力作用下发生法向弯曲,仍然保持了较好的隔水性和整体结构的完整性。因此,可以通过计算冒落带和裂隙带的厚度确定隔离层的厚度。
充填采矿是通过及时对采空区充填,降低顶板因空顶时间过长而发生冒落的风险。因此,顶板围岩的变形破坏更多归因于充填体的沉缩以及其与顶板之间存在的未接顶区域。为更准确地分析这一特定开采条件下的矿压显现规律,采用等价采高概念,将充填开采视为“极薄矿体”开采,用传统矿压理论的方法分析矿压显现规律,并引入综合系数来考量充填体沉缩以及接顶不良对岩层稳定性的影响。
冒落带计算公式:
裂隙带计算公式:
式中:hm为冒落带高度,m;hd为导水裂隙带高度,m;为累计采厚,m;η为充填体沉缩与接顶不良引起的综合系数,取0.1~0.3,因矿山采用分层和低分段充填法开采,故取0.1。
为避免与风化层形成破坏性裂隙,从而导致地下水涌入增加,护顶矿柱安全隔离层厚度计算公式为:
式中,S为保护层厚度,其值一般取15~25 m,因矿山采用分层和低分段充填法开采,故取15 m。
根据采矿方法采厚取4 m和10 m,使用冒落带和导水裂隙带高度计算公式,得到顶板的安全隔离层厚度计算结果见表3。
通过综合分析护顶矿柱厚度理论,采用载荷传递交汇线法和K.B.鲁别涅依他法计算结果的平均值确定开采跨度,同时根据冒落带和导水裂隙带的高度确定开采高度。
分段高度4 m,护顶矿柱为34.15 m,取35 m;分段高度10 m,护顶矿柱为46.25 m,取47 m。开采跨度4 m,护顶矿柱为6.57 m,取7 m;开采跨度15 m,护顶矿柱为28.82 m,取29 m;开采跨度25 m,护顶矿柱为55.92 m,取56 m。
矿山风化层最低标高为−74 m,设计回风中段为−110 m,开采中段为−170 m和−230 m两个中段。风化层与−110 m水平厚度为36 m。结合护顶矿柱厚度理论计算结果,优化结果将−110 m以上矿体全部确定为护顶矿柱。−170 m和−230 m中段矿体采用上向水平分层充填采矿法和上向进路充填采矿法开采。−140~−110 m水平之间矿体开采分层高度不超过4 m,开采跨度不超过15 m。−230~−140 m水平之间矿体,矿体条件好的区域开采分层高度可选择10 m,开采跨度可选择25 m。
依据《金属非金属地下矿山防治水安全技术规范》(AQ2061—2018)的要求,需在断层两侧设立足够宽度的防隔水矿(岩)柱,以确保安全。此类矿(岩)柱的具体尺寸设计,需综合考虑矿区(坑)的地质构造、水文地质环境、矿体赋存条件、围岩的物理力学特性、采用的开采技术手段以及岩层因开采活动而产生的移动规律等因素[19]。在实际操作中,应参考规范中提供的公式(6)进行精确计算,并确保在设计明确规定的保护期限内,该矿(岩)柱区域不得进行开采作业或遭受任何形式的破坏。
式中:L为矿柱留设宽度,m;M为分层采高,m;P为水头压力,MPa;KP为矿体的抗拉强度,MPa。
矿山−170 m水平实际生产过程中,采用上向分层充填采矿法开采,分层高度为4 m,在断层北侧留设100 m矿柱,南侧留设60 m矿柱,可保障采场安全生产。在综合考虑技术规范理论要求和矿山实际生产矿柱留设尺寸后,确定−110~−230 m水平断层矿柱留设尺寸与矿山原有尺寸相同,即断层北侧留设100 m矿柱、南侧留设60 m矿柱。
综合考虑边界效应和矿体赋存情况,模拟选定三维区域:南北长2 090 m,东西宽1 080 m,−590 m以上取至地表。基于实际地质地形图中的等高线数据[20],使用地形生成器生成实际自由地表面,并据此构建三维空间模型以供模拟分析。在三维建模过程中,选用等参三维四面体结构单元来模拟复杂的地质形态,以更好地适应围岩特征,并选用Drucker-Prager(D-P)材料模型,模拟矿体开挖结构周边围岩,为提高计算精度,采用线性梯度对称的网格细化策略,在关键区域播种更密集的单元。图1为岩土层三维实体与网格模型。
根据矿体开采过程和设计进行模拟。为便于建模和计算,模拟仅采用了上向分层充填采矿法,分层开挖和充填高度为4 m。−170 m和−230 m中段各设4个提取数据时步:自下而上开采充填高度12 m、20 m、20 m、8 m四个段,两个阶段共有8个提取数据时步,即S1至S8,如图1(d)所示。
依据室内岩石力学试验数据,同时参照工程岩体质量分级体系标准,结合矿山实际,考虑岩体的基本质量状况及其完整性程度,对矿区各岩土层的力学参数进行合理折减处理,岩土层与充填体力学参数见表4。
提取时步典型剖面的垂直位移云图,最大、最小主应力云图,风化层与第四系塑性区云图,分析护顶矿柱保护下地下开采充填过程中风化层的稳定性。
(1)位移分析。
典型剖面为−110 m水平矿体中心位置。断层北侧矿体开挖和充填区域长度小,上部岩层扰动效应低;断层南侧矿体开挖和充填区域长度长,上部岩层扰动效应强于北侧。S1开挖后北侧最大位移为1.53~1.96 cm,南侧最大位移为2.40~2.83 cm;S2开挖后北侧最大位移为2.43~3.13 cm,南侧最大位移为4.53~5.23 cm;S3开挖后北侧最大位移为5.46~6.43 cm,南侧最大位移为7.41~8.38 cm;S4开挖后北侧最大位移为6.31~7.37 cm,南侧最大位移为8.44~9.56 cm;S5开挖后北侧最大位移为6.89~8.00 cm,南侧最大位移为9.11~10.2 cm;S6开挖后北侧最大位移为7.97~9.29 cm,南侧最大位移为10.6~11.9 cm;S7开挖后北侧最大位移为10.4~12.1 cm,南侧最大位移为13.8~15.5 cm;S8开挖后北侧最大位移为11.6~13.5 cm,南侧最大位移为15.7~17.3 cm。S1~S6最大位移影响区域高度为充填体上部10~15 m, S7和S8为30 m左右,未侵入风化层。图2为S8时步典型剖面的垂直位移云图。
(2)主应力分析。
受开挖和充填长度影响,断层南侧充填区域上覆岩层的最小主应力大于北侧区域;最大主应力两侧变化不大。S1开挖后北侧最小主应力为0.50~0.93 MPa,南侧最小主应力为0.93~1.35 MPa,南北两侧最大主应力为0.29~4.47 MPa;S2开挖后北侧最小主应力为0.50~0.92 MPa,南侧最小主应力为0.92~1.35 MPa,南北两侧最大主应力为0.29~4.44 MPa;S3开挖后北侧最小主应力为0.50~0.92 MPa,南侧最小主应力为0.92~1.35 MPa,南北两侧最大主应力为0.29~5.39 MPa;S4开挖后北侧最小主应力为0.50~0.92 MPa,南侧最小主应力为0.92~1.35 MPa,南北两侧最大主应力为0.29~7.19 MPa;S5开挖后北侧最小主应力为0.67~1.27 MPa,南侧最小主应力为1.27~1.87 MPa,南北两侧最大主应力为0.29~7.19 MPa;S6开挖后北侧最小主应力为0.50~0.92 MPa,南侧最小主应力为0.92~1.35 MPa,南北两侧最大主应力为0.29~7.19 MPa;S7开挖后北侧最小主应力为0.50~0.92 MPa,南侧最小主应力为0.92~1.35 MPa,南北两侧最大主应力为0.29~7.23 MPa;S8开挖后北侧最小主应力为0.50~0.92 MPa,南侧最小主应力为0.92~1.35 MPa,南北两侧最大主应力为0.29~7.25 MPa。图3为S8时步典型剖面的主应力云图。
采用充填法开采可以有效控制采场上覆沉降和岩性劣化。不同时步数据显示,上覆岩层主应力变化不大,仅在每个中段首次开挖时有增大趋势,后续趋于稳定。不同时步最大、最小主应力均为压应力,未发生拉应力区域,未超过围岩抗压强度,接近风化层抗压强度。
(3)塑性区分析。
矿体开挖充填后第四系岩层在边界局部区域产生了塑性区单元,主要是应力平衡时产生的,不是矿体开采充填产生的;风化岩未产生塑性区破坏单元;风化层和第四系未发生拉应力和冒落破坏单元。图4为S8时步风化层与第四系塑性区分布图。
综合位移、应力和塑性区评价结果,矿山–110 m水平以上矿体留设为护顶矿柱,满足风化岩层隔水安全开采要求。
提取不同数据时步断层和矿柱的垂直位移云图,最大、最小主应力云图,塑性区云图,分析地下开采充填过程中断层和矿柱的稳定性。
(1)位移分析。
不同时步开采与充填后,断层和矿柱整体位移敏感区域分布在0~30 m。S4时步开挖充填后,断层北侧位移敏感位置情况:水平X方向位移为2.06~5.75 mm,水平Y方向位移为5.53~9.55 mm,垂直Z方向位移为29.1~36.5 mm,整体位移为29.2~40.9 mm。断层南侧位移敏感位置情况:水平X方向位移为9.03~12.7 mm,水平Y方向位移为13.6~21.6 mm,垂直Z方向位移为58.6~73.3 mm,整体位移为64.1~75.7 mm。图5为S4时步断层位移云图。
S4时步开挖充填后,北侧矿柱位移敏感位置情况:水平X方向位移为13.1~16.8 mm,水平Y方向位移为17.6~21.6 mm,垂直Z方向位移为24.8~29.8 mm,整体位移为29.5~33.8 mm。南侧矿柱位移敏感位置情况:水平X方向位移为27.5~31.2 mm,水平Y方向位移为26.6~30.6 mm,垂直Z方向位移为44.7~54.7 mm,整体位移为46.9~59.9 mm。图6为S4时步矿柱位移云图。
S8时步开挖充填后,断层北侧位移敏感位置情况:水平X方向位移为7.83~10.9 mm,水平Y方向位移为13.6~20.5 mm,垂直Z方向位移为40.5~51.4 mm,整体位移为46.7~55.9 mm。断层南侧位移敏感位置情况:水平X方向位移为18.6~23.5 mm,水平Y方向位移为27.5~41.4 mm,垂直Z方向位移为91.5~117 mm,整体位移为102~121 mm。图7为S8时步断层位移云图。
S8时步开挖充填后,北侧矿柱位移敏感位置情况:水平X方向位移为18.6~24.8 mm,水平Y方向位移为22.1~27.9 mm,垂直Z方向位移为38.2~44.2 mm,整体位移为45.4~50.5 mm。南侧矿柱位移敏感位置情况:水平X方向位移为49.3~55.5 mm,水平Y方向位移为42.0~47.9 mm,垂直Z方向位移为50.1~62.1 mm,整体位移为65.6~75.6 mm。图8为S8时步矿柱位移云图。
(2)主应力分析。
不同时步断层和矿柱主应力均为压应力,未发生拉应力。断层与矿柱接触区域、断层与围岩接触区域的压应力达到塑性强度,矿柱区域主应力未超出矿柱强度。S4时步开挖充填后,断层最小主应力分布在0.13~1.22 MPa,局部最大为2.96 MPa;最大主应力分布在0.72~5.79 MPa,局部最大为33.6 MPa。矿柱最小主应力分布在0.30~2.01 MPa,局部最大为5.86 MPa;最大主应力分布在2.97~15.1 MPa,局部最大为55.5 MPa。图9为S4时步断层与矿柱主应力云图。
S8时步开挖充填后,断层最小主应力分布0.14~1.65 MPa,局部最大为5.03 MPa;最大主应力分布在0.76~6.45 MPa,局部最大为37.7 MPa。矿柱最小主应力分布0.17~2.73 MPa,局部最大为8.49 MPa;最大主应力分布在3.06~19.5 MPa,局部最大为56.4 MPa。图10为S8时步断层与矿柱主应力云图。
(3)塑性区分析。
图11为不同时步断层与矿柱塑性区分布图。在断层与矿柱接触区域、断层与围岩接触区域局部产生塑性区,但未形成贯通区域。断层区域和矿柱区域未发生拉破坏和冒落破坏单元。断层与矿柱接触区域、断层与围岩接触区域的压应力达到塑性强度,矿柱区域主应力未超出矿柱强度。
综合位移、应力和塑性区评价结果,断层矿柱留设尺寸满足隔水安全开采要求。
针对含大规模断层与上覆第四系地层厚大含水的铁矿床开采,需设计合理隔水矿柱工程,采用理论分析对上覆第四系含水层护顶隔水矿柱厚度和断层隔水矿柱宽度进行优化,运用有限元软件构建数值分析模型,对优化后的矿柱尺寸进行稳定性评价,得出的主要结论如下。
(1)运用荷载传递交汇线法、K.B.鲁别涅依他法及冒落带和导水裂隙带计算法对矿山隔水护顶厚度进行计算优化,给出了不同分段高度和开采跨度的护顶矿柱厚度。结合地层分布和开采方案,矿山−110 m水平以上矿体留设为护顶矿柱。−170 m和−230 m中段矿体采用上向水平分层充填采矿法和上向进路充填采矿法开采。−140~−110 m水平之间矿体开采分层高度不超过4 m,开采跨度不超过15 m。−230~−140 m水平之间矿体条件好的区域,开采分层高度可选择10 m,开采跨度不超过25 m。
(2)综合考虑技术规范理论计算公式和经验类比法,确定了−110~−230 m水平断层矿柱留设尺寸为断层北侧留设100 m,南侧留设60 m。
(3)−110~−230 m矿体开挖充填过程中,上覆岩层力学响应如下:位移最大值影响区域高度约为10~30 m,未侵入风化层;最大、最小主应力均为压应力,未发生拉应力区域,未超过围岩抗压强度,接近风化层抗压强度;第四系岩层在边界局部区域产生了塑性区单元,主要是应力平衡时产生的,不是矿体开采充填产生的,风化岩未产生塑性区破坏单元。矿山−110 m水平以上矿体留设为护顶矿柱,满足风化岩层隔水安全开采要求。
(4)F1断层北侧留设100 m矿柱、南侧留设60 m矿柱,−110~−230 m矿体采充过程中,断层与矿柱力学响应如下:断层和矿柱整体位移敏感区域分布在0~30 m;断层和矿柱主应力均为压应力,未发生拉应力;断层与矿柱接触区域、断层与围岩接触区域的压应力达到塑性强度,矿柱区域主应力未超出矿柱强度;断层与矿柱接触区域、断层与围岩接触区域压局部产生塑性区,但未形成贯通区域。断层矿柱留设尺寸满足隔水安全开采要求。
  • 河北省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(246Z4101G)
  • 河北省自然科学基金项目(E2024209086)
  • 唐山市科技计划项目(24130211C)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-07
基金
河北省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(246Z4101G)
河北省自然科学基金项目(E2024209086)
唐山市科技计划项目(24130211C)
作者信息
    1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
    2.河北钢铁集团矿业有限公司,河北 唐山市 066501
    3.唐山市滦河鑫丰矿业有限公司,河北 唐山市 063004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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