Article(id=1322907531563119209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721664000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335333958, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335333958, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335333958, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335333958, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=207, endPage=218, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907532615889514, articleId=1322907531563119209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Development and Application of Intelligent Operation and Maintenance System for Mining Truck Drive System Based on Data-Driven, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of difficult diagnosis of mining truck drive system, an intelligent fault diagnosis model was proposed by combining wavelet packet and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method, which was integrated into intelligent operation and maintenance system and applied to mine truck. Firstly, the wavelet packet was used to denoise the vibration signals of bearings and gears in the drive system. Then the EEMD algorithm was used to decompose the signal into several intrinsic mode function (IMF) components, and the feature vector was extracted from the IMF components containing the main state information. Secondly, the support vector machine (SVM) was used to classify the fault modes. The penalty parameter C and kernel function parameter h of SVM were optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and multi-population genetic algorithm (MPGA). Four fault diagnosis models of SVM, PSO-SVM, GA-SVM and MPGA-SVM were constructed respectively. It is concluded that MPGA-SVM is the optimal fault diagnosis model, and the diagnostic accuracy of bearing fault and gear fault is the highest, which is 98.75% and 6.67% respectively. Finally, aiming at the RE1060 drive system of XDE320 electric-driven mining dump truck, an intelligent operation and maintenance system including four modules of signal acquisition and storage, time-frequency analysis, fault feature extraction and intelligent fault diagnosis was developed by MATLAB and LabVIEW. The research shows that the intelligent operation and maintenance system can realize on-line monitoring and diagnosis of existing faults, which is of great significance to improve the safe and efficient operation of mining trucks.

, authors=Hui HE1, 2, Peng ZENG1, 2, Yongqiang ZHOU3, Zhouchao LIU1, Xiaozhen XU4, authorsList=Hui HE, Peng ZENG, Yongqiang ZHOU, Zhouchao LIU, Xiaozhen XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peng ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907536998937225, articleId=1322907531563119209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于数据驱动的矿用卡车驱动系统智能运维系统研发与应用, columnId=1226462295946085268, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山机电与矿业智能化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对矿用卡车驱动系统诊断难的问题,融合小波包、集合经验模态分解(EEMD)方法,提出了一种智能故障诊断模型,将其集成于智能运维系统,并应用于矿用卡车。首先,采用小波包对驱动系统中轴承和齿轮的振动信号进行降噪处理,再通过EEMD算法将信号分解为若干个本征模态函数(IMF)分量,从包含主要状态信息的IMF分量中提取得到特征向量;其次,利用支持向量机(SVM)对故障模式进行分类,通过粒子群(PSO)、遗传算法(GA)和多种群遗传算法(MPGA)对SVM的惩罚参数C和核函数参数h进行参数寻优,分别构建了SVM、PSO-SVM、GA-SVM、MPGA-SVM四种故障诊断模型,分析得出MPGA-SVM为最优故障诊断模型,轴承故障和齿轮故障的诊断准确率最高,分别为98.75%和96.67%;最后,针对XDE320电驱动矿用自卸车RE1060驱动系统,利用MATLAB和LabVIEW开发了一套包含信号采集与存储、时频分析、故障特征提取和智能故障诊断四个模块的智能运维系统。研究表明:智能运维系统可实现在线监测并诊断已有故障,对提高矿用卡车的安全高效运行具有重要意义。

, authors=何慧1, 2, 曾鹏1, 2, 周永强3, 刘周超1, 徐晓贞4, authorsList=何慧, 曾鹏, 周永强, 刘周超, 徐晓贞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾鹏, authorNote=

何慧(1995—),女,江西赣州人,博士研究生,助教,主要研究方向为智能开采。E-mail:

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曾鹏(1987—),男,江西赣州人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿工程研究。E-mail:
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Partial fault diagnosis data set of bearing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号故障类型IMF1IMF2IMF3IMF4IMF5IMF6
1正常状态0.592 440.119 820.512 830.177 040.028 980.011 89
20.593 910.156 010.080 160.083 040.045 950.019 74
30.603 550.167 670.057 160.104 900.017 240.018 99
1内圈故障0.761 030.132 980.070 400.025 930.003 500.002 49
20.761 400.154 090.058 510.013 500.005 070.001 25
30.768 230.161 220.053 960.010 060.002 980.000 59
1外圈故障0.971 940.012 010.009 440.002 520.000 690.000 49
20.971 650.009 230.006 940.005 510.002 020.000 70
30.970 520.012 090.010 460.003 300.001 020.000 55
1滚子故障0.882 720.044 680.044 390.008 410.005 080.000 28
20.883 350.047 110.041 430.008 730.007 090.000 26
30.888 520.034 340.044 770.011 450.007 020.000 34
), ArticleFig(id=1322907545861501656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531563119209, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

轴承的部分故障诊断数据集

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号故障类型IMF1IMF2IMF3IMF4IMF5IMF6
1正常状态0.592 440.119 820.512 830.177 040.028 980.011 89
20.593 910.156 010.080 160.083 040.045 950.019 74
30.603 550.167 670.057 160.104 900.017 240.018 99
1内圈故障0.761 030.132 980.070 400.025 930.003 500.002 49
20.761 400.154 090.058 510.013 500.005 070.001 25
30.768 230.161 220.053 960.010 060.002 980.000 59
1外圈故障0.971 940.012 010.009 440.002 520.000 690.000 49
20.971 650.009 230.006 940.005 510.002 020.000 70
30.970 520.012 090.010 460.003 300.001 020.000 55
1滚子故障0.882 720.044 680.044 390.008 410.005 080.000 28
20.883 350.047 110.041 430.008 730.007 090.000 26
30.888 520.034 340.044 770.011 450.007 020.000 34
), ArticleFig(id=1322907545932804825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531563119209, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Partial fault diagnosis data set of gear

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号故障类型IMF1IMF2IMF3IMF4IMF5RES
1正常状态0.085 800.352 360.055 500.006 890.001 670.489 88
20.086 900.358 880.027 360.006 350.001 690.514 92
30.094 430.357 860.059 910.005 740.001 450.469 54
1磨损故障0.191 410.371 250.075 790.018 770.001 590.329 62
20.213 610.360 830.029 090.011 120.001 070.378 17
30.217 460.249 590.083 010.015 320.001 900.341 30
1断齿故障0.407 690.266 570.167 370.020 070.005 660.125 47
20.376 980.305 320.109 050.021 970.002 380.175 46
30.415 530.301 290.272 670.011 810.007 330.175 14
), ArticleFig(id=1322907546008302298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531563119209, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

齿轮的部分故障诊断数据集

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号故障类型IMF1IMF2IMF3IMF4IMF5RES
1正常状态0.085 800.352 360.055 500.006 890.001 670.489 88
20.086 900.358 880.027 360.006 350.001 690.514 92
30.094 430.357 860.059 910.005 740.001 450.469 54
1磨损故障0.191 410.371 250.075 790.018 770.001 590.329 62
20.213 610.360 830.029 090.011 120.001 070.378 17
30.217 460.249 590.083 010.015 320.001 900.341 30
1断齿故障0.407 690.266 570.167 370.020 070.005 660.125 47
20.376 980.305 320.109 050.021 970.002 380.175 46
30.415 530.301 290.272 670.011 810.007 330.175 14
), ArticleFig(id=1322907546201240283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907531563119209, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters setting for each model

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模型类型进化代数个体数代沟种群数目
PSO-SVM20030——
GA-SVM200300.9—
MPGA-SVM200300.910
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各模型参数设置

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模型类型进化代数个体数代沟种群数目
PSO-SVM20030——
GA-SVM200300.9—
MPGA-SVM200300.910
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基于数据驱动的矿用卡车驱动系统智能运维系统研发与应用
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何慧 1, 2 , 曾鹏 1, 2 , 周永强 3 , 刘周超 1 , 徐晓贞 4
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025,45(6): 207-218
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025 , 45 (6) : 207 -218
基于数据驱动的矿用卡车驱动系统智能运维系统研发与应用
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何慧1, 2 , 曾鹏1, 2 , 周永强3, 刘周超1, 徐晓贞4
作者信息
  • 1.江西理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,江西 赣州市 341000
  • 2.战略金属矿产资源低碳加工与利用江西省重点实验室,江西 赣州市 341000
  • 3.南昌大学 物理与材料学院,江西 南昌 330031
  • 4.中国航天科工集团第十研究院,贵州 贵阳 550009
通讯作者:
曾鹏(1987—),男,江西赣州人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿工程研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

何慧(1995—),女,江西赣州人,博士研究生,助教,主要研究方向为智能开采。E-mail:

Development and Application of Intelligent Operation and Maintenance System for Mining Truck Drive System Based on Data-Driven
Hui HE1, 2 , Peng ZENG1, 2 , Yongqiang ZHOU3, Zhouchao LIU1, Xiaozhen XU4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
  • 2.Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Strategic Metal Mineral Resources, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
  • 3.School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
  • 4.The 10th Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, Guiyang, Guizhou 550009, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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针对矿用卡车驱动系统诊断难的问题,融合小波包、集合经验模态分解(EEMD)方法,提出了一种智能故障诊断模型,将其集成于智能运维系统,并应用于矿用卡车。首先,采用小波包对驱动系统中轴承和齿轮的振动信号进行降噪处理,再通过EEMD算法将信号分解为若干个本征模态函数(IMF)分量,从包含主要状态信息的IMF分量中提取得到特征向量;其次,利用支持向量机(SVM)对故障模式进行分类,通过粒子群(PSO)、遗传算法(GA)和多种群遗传算法(MPGA)对SVM的惩罚参数C和核函数参数h进行参数寻优,分别构建了SVM、PSO-SVM、GA-SVM、MPGA-SVM四种故障诊断模型,分析得出MPGA-SVM为最优故障诊断模型,轴承故障和齿轮故障的诊断准确率最高,分别为98.75%和96.67%;最后,针对XDE320电驱动矿用自卸车RE1060驱动系统,利用MATLAB和LabVIEW开发了一套包含信号采集与存储、时频分析、故障特征提取和智能故障诊断四个模块的智能运维系统。研究表明:智能运维系统可实现在线监测并诊断已有故障,对提高矿用卡车的安全高效运行具有重要意义。

智能开采  /  矿用卡车  /  驱动系统  /  智能运维  /  支持向量机

Aiming at the problem of difficult diagnosis of mining truck drive system, an intelligent fault diagnosis model was proposed by combining wavelet packet and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method, which was integrated into intelligent operation and maintenance system and applied to mine truck. Firstly, the wavelet packet was used to denoise the vibration signals of bearings and gears in the drive system. Then the EEMD algorithm was used to decompose the signal into several intrinsic mode function (IMF) components, and the feature vector was extracted from the IMF components containing the main state information. Secondly, the support vector machine (SVM) was used to classify the fault modes. The penalty parameter C and kernel function parameter h of SVM were optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and multi-population genetic algorithm (MPGA). Four fault diagnosis models of SVM, PSO-SVM, GA-SVM and MPGA-SVM were constructed respectively. It is concluded that MPGA-SVM is the optimal fault diagnosis model, and the diagnostic accuracy of bearing fault and gear fault is the highest, which is 98.75% and 6.67% respectively. Finally, aiming at the RE1060 drive system of XDE320 electric-driven mining dump truck, an intelligent operation and maintenance system including four modules of signal acquisition and storage, time-frequency analysis, fault feature extraction and intelligent fault diagnosis was developed by MATLAB and LabVIEW. The research shows that the intelligent operation and maintenance system can realize on-line monitoring and diagnosis of existing faults, which is of great significance to improve the safe and efficient operation of mining trucks.

Intelligent mining  /  Mining truck  /  Drive system  /  Intelligent operation and maintenance  /  Support vector machine
何慧, 曾鹏, 周永强, 刘周超, 徐晓贞. 基于数据驱动的矿用卡车驱动系统智能运维系统研发与应用. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 207 -218 .
Hui HE, Peng ZENG, Yongqiang ZHOU, Zhouchao LIU, Xiaozhen XU. Development and Application of Intelligent Operation and Maintenance System for Mining Truck Drive System Based on Data-Driven[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 207 -218 .
采矿装备智能化是实现矿山规模化、连续性开采的重要前提[1]。矿用卡车是矿山生产运输过程中的重要设备,驱动系统作为矿用卡车的关键核心部件,长期在噪声、振动、高温、高湿等恶劣环境中运行,其健康状态直接影响整车的安全及高效运行[2]。采用现代先进技术对矿用卡车驱动系统进行智能化运维,可有效提高设备的稳定性和可靠性,降低矿山运维成本,对推动矿业装备智能化发展具有重要意义[3]。
智能故障诊断是设备智能运维的重要组成部分。近年来,随着信号处理、数据挖掘以及人工智能等技术的飞速发展,大量智能故障诊断方法被提出。曲建岭等[4]提出了一种ACNN-FD故障诊断算法,该算法在轴承故障识别中具有较高的准确率和较好的泛化性能。陈向民等[5]针对变转速下齿轮箱故障诊断困难等问题,提出了一种基于URP-ANCNN的诊断方法,有效提高了在转速波动条件下对齿轮故障的识别精度。宋立杰等[6]为提升超圆盘分类器的性能,提出了一种基于鲁棒最近邻超圆盘的智能故障诊断方法,并将其应用于齿轮箱故障诊断中,该方法具有高分类精度和强鲁棒性的特点。FENG等[7]采用联合FDA方法,解决了大型复杂设备在复杂工况环境下所面临的非高斯性和非线性问题。YAN等[8]运用PSO-SVM算法对提取的轴承多域故障特征进行分类,并取得了良好的分类效果。NIU等[9]提出了一种带有PReLU激活层的自适应深度置信网络,并结合粒子群算法,在轴承故障诊断任务中具有较高精度和收敛速度。上述研究在提高设备故障诊断准确率和效率方面取得了一定的进展,但在时效性和实时性上略显不足,无法满足实时监测和诊断的需求。
针对设备监测和诊断的时效性和实时性问题,国内外一些企业和研究机构做了大量研究。卡特彼勒公司研发的795FAC矿用自卸车,采用VIMS 3G监控系统,在实现实时监测功能的同时,也可记录温度、压力、速度和有效负载等多种机器参数,有效延长了设备寿命并降低了运营和维护成本[10]。利勃海尔集团研发的利勃海尔T282B矿用自卸车,采用交流传动系统,不仅可实现多种动力的分配,同时可实时监测设备的各项运行参数[11]。斯凯孚集团研发的旋转设备性能管理云系统(REPMS),采用云服务器和B/S架构,可实现设备状态、智能诊断和统计报表的实时浏览[12]。长安大学开发的基于CAN总线和LPC1766单片机的矿用自卸车电控系统,实现了对电器系统的故障诊断和对发动机状态的实时监测[13]。广西柳工机械股份有限公司研发的智能型工程机械故障诊断与远程服务系统,包含远程服务管理、远程专家诊断和智能设备三大功能模块,可远程监测设备状态,一旦发现故障,系统立即提供解决方案并将所需零部件配送至工作地点[14]。徐工集团工程机械股份有限公司研制的XDE400电传动自卸车监控系统,可全面实时监测整车运行状况,有效提升车辆的安全性、可靠性和运营效率[15]。然而,目前的研究主要集中在整车及液压系统、电气系统、润滑系统等子系统故障方面,针对驱动系统等关键零部件的运维研究相对较少。
鉴于此,针对目前矿山实际需求及现状,对矿用卡车驱动系统进行结构和故障分析。在此基础上,建立基于小波包去噪和集合经验模态分解(EEMD)的故障特征提取方法,并构建基于多种群遗传算法-支持向量机(MPGA-SVM)的故障模式识别算法。再利用MATLAB和LabVIEW,将以上信号处理方法和人工智能算法相融合,设计开发基于数据驱动下的矿用卡车驱动系统智能运维系统,该系统的建立有望为矿用卡车的智能化故障监测和诊断提供基础。
驱动系统是矿用自卸车等大型矿用卡车的核心部件,其品质直接决定着整车性能和可靠性。以目前国内最新研发的矿用卡车驱动系统结构为例(见图1),该驱动系统采用行星架输出内啮合渐开线圆柱齿轮行星转动(NGW)轮系,各级齿圈均与支撑轴固定连接,行星排由太阳轮输入,行星架输出,功率由高速级行星架输出到下一级太阳轮,扭矩由低速级行星架输出[16]。驱动系统总的传动比为33.85,扭矩为2.9×109 N·m,具有结构紧凑、可靠性高、性能优越等优点,且功率等级越大,径向尺寸优势越显著,非常适用于大吨位矿用卡车[17]。
复杂工况下,高负载的矿用卡车会导致驱动系统内部零部件承受复杂的冲击和振动。其中,行星减速器在传递动力和承受负载方面起着至关重要的作用,而齿轮和轴承是最容易受损的两个部件。齿轮和轴承故障一般是指点蚀、磨损、胶合和断裂等,出现这些故障的原因分为内源性原因(如设计加工不妥、安装不当)和外源性原因(恶劣工况)。由于齿轮和轴承在运行中紧密相连,轴承发生故障若未及时处理会使故障扩大化,甚至引发齿轮故障;而齿轮出现故障,也可能引发轴承故障,从而带来经济损失甚至危及安全。因此,对矿用卡车驱动系统的齿轮和轴承进行状态监测和故障诊断至关重要。
根据整车负载特性、制动系统、驱动电机和冷却通风系统等对矿用卡车驱动系统的影响,同时考虑传感器安装等问题,最终将多传感器与驱动系统进行嵌入式集成设计[18]。基于此,将数据采集传感器分别安装在左右后轮毂的内外侧轴承及行星架上,矿用卡车驱动系统传感器的布置如图2所示。
对于矿用卡车而言,从复杂的噪声信号中提取微小特征信息是智能运维的关键。小波包不仅适用于平稳信号,在非平稳信号中也表现出强大的信号提取能力,非常适用于矿用卡车的振动信号处理[19-20]。小波包的降噪过程如图3所示,对原始含噪信号进行小波包分解,通过设置合适的阈值,得到降噪后的小波包系数,再对小波包进行重构,最后得到降噪后的信号[21]。
为了验证小波包的去噪效果并选取合适的去噪参数,通过生成包含多个典型故障频率成分的模拟振动信号,并添加高斯白噪声以模拟实际工况。使用MATLAB中的haar、dbN、symN、CoifN等4种不同类型的小波基函数,分别设置不同的分解层数进行去噪处理。通过仿真对比,最终选用db3小波对信号进行三层分解,并使用ddencmp和wpdencmp函数进行默认阈值去噪。通过ddencmp函数获得降噪过程中的默认阈值及其他参数,采用wpdencmp函数并应用这些参数对信号进行降噪处理,最后根据去噪效果逐步调节默认阈值,直至效果最佳。通过时域和频域分析,该方法能够有效去除噪声信号,同时保留原始信号特征信息,得到去噪后的信号。
为了验证小波包在矿用卡车驱动系统中的去噪效果,以在强噪声车间环境中采集的轴承数据为研究对象,选择db3小波进行三层分解,采用默认阈值的方式,对矿卡振动数据进行多模式信号去噪,并进行频谱分析。设安装在矿用卡车驱动系统中的加速度传感器收集到的振动信号为f(t),真实信号表示为σ(t),噪声信号表示为s(t)。小波包去噪过程是去除夹杂在f(t)中的s(t),以得到σ(t)[22]。去噪过程中f(t)的计算公式为:
本研究对强噪声车间环境中的矿用卡车进行测试,对空载条件下转速为600 r/min的后轮毂内侧轴承原始振动数据进行小波包去噪处理,去噪前后的信号对比如图4所示。频谱分析表明,该去噪方法能够有效去除高频信号中的噪声信号,同时较完整地保留有用的信号成分,去噪后的振动数据更清晰地展示了设备的运行状态。
傅里叶分析是信号处理中最基础且广泛应用的工具之一,但在处理复杂信号时,尤其是在处理带有突变的故障信号时,传统的傅里叶分析并不适用。小波分析可以将非平稳信号转换为频率随时间变化的形式,在故障诊断中得到广泛应用,但小波基函数的选取却是小波分析中的一大难点。在20世纪末,HUANG等[23]首次提出的Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)解决了这一难题。HHT的核心算法是经验模态分解(EMD),其能将信号分解为不同的本征模态函数(IMF)。EMD算法既摆脱了傅里叶分析和小波分析的限制,又继承了二者的优点,具有自适应的特点,非常适用于处理非线性、非平稳的故障信号。
在信号的特征提取方面,EMD算法虽然能提取出信号特征,但在处理矿用卡车复杂的非平稳信号时,该方法容易出现模态混叠现象。为了弥补EMD算法的不足,采用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)算法对信号进行分解,并通过对比分析验证了EEMD算法具有更好的分解效果,因此采用EEMD算法将信号分解成不同的IMF分量,并通过计算构建特征向量,以实现轴承和齿轮的故障特征提取。
由于国内最新研发的矿用卡车驱动系统轴承和齿轮故障数据不足,不能满足故障特征提取仿真过程中的数据需要。因此,利用美国西储大学轴承数据中心提供的轴承故障数据集,并采集实验室QPZZ-Ⅱ故障诊断测试平台中的齿轮故障数据,进一步进行分析和验证。
从轴承和齿轮故障数据集中分别选择1 500个数据点对其进行EEMD处理,得到能反映相应状态特征的IMF[24]。通过分析发现轴承数据分解得到的前6个IMF分量反映了轴承大部分的状态信息,因此,对这6个IMF分量进行归一化处理后构建特征向量,生成轴承状态向量表。齿轮特征向量的提取步骤与轴承相同,不同之处在于齿轮是使用前5个IMF分量再加上一个剩余分量(RES)来构建特征向量。随机选取不同状态下提取到的特征向量,绘制不同状态下轴承和齿轮的特征向量值对比图,如图5所示。根据不同状态对应不同的能量分布特征,提取故障特征[25]。
SVM具有强大的模式识别能力,能够将不同的故障类型进行有效分类[26-27]。为了提高模型的分类精度,引入粒子群算法(PSO)和遗传算法(GA)对SVM的惩罚因子C和核函数参数h进行参数寻优。针对模型容易陷入局部最优解的问题,采用MPGA改善参数寻优过程。分别构建SVM、PSO-SVM、GA-SVM和MPGA-SVM四种故障诊断模型,通过EEMD分解得到的各IMF分量以表征轴承和齿轮的状态特征。计算各IMF的能量并进行归一化构建特征向量,最后将特征向量输入到故障分类模型中进行故障诊断,故障诊断流程如图6所示。
对于不同状态下的轴承数据,以每1 500个点为一个故障样本,共计算得到160组数据,将前80组用作样本训练集,后80组用作测试集,轴承的部分故障数据集见表1。对于不同状态下的齿轮数据,同样以每1 500个点为一个故障样本,共计算得到120组数据,将前60组用作样本训练集,后60组作为测试集,齿轮的部分故障数据集见表2。将这些数据集作为这四种故障诊断模型的数据输入,根据各模型参数设置(见表3),计算各模型的准确率,训练得出各模型的轴承和齿轮故障预测结果分别如图7和图8所示。
从图7可以看出,SVM模型在训练过程中没有进行参数寻优,导致准确率最低,为92.50%。经过参数寻优后,PSO-SVM、GA-SVM和MPGA-SVM的准确度分别提高到96.25%、97.50%和98.75%。与GA-SVM相比,PSO-SVM容易陷入局部最优解,而MPGA-SVM表现出更强的搜索能力和更好的鲁棒性[28-29]。由图8可知,SVM、PSO-SVM、GA-SVM和MPGA-SVM模型分类的准确率分别为88.33%、91.67%、93.33%和96.67%。显然,MPGA-SVM模型分类的准确率最高,性能最优。因此,采用MPGA-SVM作为矿用卡车驱动系统轴承和齿轮的智能故障诊断模型。
数据驱动的智能运维以采集过程中的信号数据为基础,信号采集和存储模块包括软件和硬件两个部分。在软件方面,采用LabVIEW和MATLAB开发相应的程序代码。硬件主要由计算机、4G路由器、NXP i.MX8M Plus数据采集器、CMSS WIND-100-10加速度传感器组成。信号采集与存储方案如图9所示。
通过参数配置,对矿用卡车进行测试,检测传感器采集到的振动信号。空载情况下,驱动系统各传感器获得的振动信号及其包络线如图10所示。
由图10可知,信号采集和存储模块能够高效地获取加速度传感器在特定时刻的原始信号和转速,并获得加速度包络线,监测设备的运行状态。故障发生时,可以捕捉到故障初期发生的瞬态冲击信号[29],从而实现实时状态响应。
本文针对XDE320矿用自卸车RE1060驱动系统,开发一套智能运维系统。该系统能够将采集的数据进行分析和处理,实现故障诊断等功能,最终对设备进行“全生命周期管理”。
时频分析模块包括时域分析模块和频域分析模块。时域分析模块前面板和频域分析模块前面板分别如图11和图12所示。
时域分析模块首先对采集到的原始信号进行小波包去噪,然后根据时域特征计算公式,计算轴承和齿轮振动信号的各项指标。其中,均方根值能够反映信号能量,并监测运行中的异常振动,脉冲指标和峰值指标通常用于检测冲击信号,波形指标和裕度指标用于检测磨损情况[30]。一般来说,振动信号的时域特征只能反映设备的整体情况,进一步开展故障诊断和故障分析时,还需进行频谱分析。幅度谱可以检测频率成分变化,识别不同故障模式的振动特征;相位谱通过提供频域中的相位信息,从而识别和定位可能存在的故障;功率谱可以用于分析信号能量在频域内的分布情况;实倒谱主要用于定位和分析周期性振动信号,而复倒谱则通常用于提取系统中的周期性振动信号并进行频域特征分析,从而帮助诊断设备故障。频域分析模块通过配置相关参数,示波器就能显示幅度谱、相位谱、功率谱、实倒谱和复倒谱等多种频域分析结果[31]。
故障特征提取模块前面板如图13所示。点击该模块界面上的“开始”按钮,系统自动将滤波后的轴承和齿轮振动信号分解成不同的IMF分量,并在示波器中显示这些分量。同时,系统智能地将提取到各个IMF分量的能量占比存储在特征向量的一维数组中,用于下一步的智能故障模式识别[32]。
智能故障诊断模块如图14所示。通过点击“诊断轴承”和“诊断齿轮”按钮,系统自动将特征提取模块得到的特征向量输入到训练好的MPGA-SVM智能故障诊断模型中进行故障诊断,然后根据诊断结果输出故障类型并亮指示灯预警。轴承故障诊断中,0、1、2和3分别代表轴承正常、内圈故障、滚子故障和外圈故障。齿轮故障类型分类中,0、1和2分别表示正常、磨损故障和断齿故障。
(1)针对矿用卡车运行时信号的复杂性和非平稳性,采用了小波包对驱动系统的振动信号进行去噪处理,并利用EEMD算法对轴承信号和齿轮信号进行分解,实现了故障特征提取。然后采用粒子群、遗传算法和多种群遗传算法优化支持向量机,分别构建了SVM、PSO-SVM、GA-SVM和MPGA-SVM四种故障诊断模型。经验证,MPGA-SVM模型为最优故障诊断模型,轴承故障和齿轮故障的诊断准确率最高,分别为98.75%和96.67%,该模型可用于矿用卡车智能故障诊断。
(2)采用MATLAB和LabVIEW,设计开发了一套矿用卡车智能运维系统。该系统包括信号采集和存储、时频分析、故障特征提取和智能故障诊断四个模块,可实现对XDE320矿用自卸车RE1060驱动系统的在线实时监测,并通过已有故障数据集验证了该系统的可行性。
(3)由于该驱动系统为国内自主研发的新产品,目前缺乏故障数据。未来将计划对智能运维系统进一步优化,将其整合至边缘端并将数据传送至云端,构建云边端协同的智能运维系统。该系统将从海量监测数据中获取知识,并生成故障预测和诊断报告,实现对整个矿用卡车的状态监控和运维管理,为矿山信息化和采矿装备智能化技术的发展提供参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFB2006400)
  • 江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ210883)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-23
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFB2006400)
江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ210883)
作者信息
    1.江西理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,江西 赣州市 341000
    2.战略金属矿产资源低碳加工与利用江西省重点实验室,江西 赣州市 341000
    3.南昌大学 物理与材料学院,江西 南昌 330031
    4.中国航天科工集团第十研究院,贵州 贵阳 550009

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曾鹏(1987—),男,江西赣州人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿工程研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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