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Article(id=1322907495253029199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721836800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335325301, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335325301, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335325301, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335325301, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=130, endPage=137, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907496934945104, articleId=1322907495253029199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Influence of Lower Cavity on the Stability of the Approach and Support Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When there is a cavity in the surrounding rock of the roadway, it will have a serious adverse effect on the stability of the roadway. In order to solve the problem of significant deformation and failure caused by the influence of filling unconnected roof cavity under the floor in the last sublevel stoping route of caving method stope in Longshou Mine of Jinchuan, the failure mechanism and support mode of the mining approach were studied by means of field investigation, numerical simulation and field test. The results show that the unconnected roof cavity is deformed under the action of stress concentration after the excavation of the approach, which leads to the synergistic deformation of the surrounding rock of the approach, and the existence of the cavity provides the development space for the deformation of the surrounding rock, which is the main reason for the serious deformation and failure of the approach. According to the position of the cavity and its control effect on the stability of the mining approach, an asymmetric support scheme was proposed. In this scheme, the unconnected roof cavity was regarded as the weak point of the whole support system to impose support, so as to reduce the adverse effect of the cavity on the stability of the approach. The field application results show that compared with the original support scheme, the asymmetric support scheme significantly improves the support effect, reduces the deformation of the two sides of the approach by more than 80%, and reduces the support cost by about 11.7%, which improves the stability of the stope and ensures the safe production of the stope.

, authors=Ganggang ZHANG1, Bo LIANG2, Baohui TAN2, Guohu MA1, Dengfeng SU2, Huifen WANG1, authorsList=Ganggang ZHANG, Bo LIANG, Baohui TAN, Guohu MA, Dengfeng SU, Huifen WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Baohui TAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907499011125605, articleId=1322907495253029199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=下部空腔对进路稳定性的影响及支护方式研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

当巷道围岩中存在空腔时会对巷道的稳定性产生严重不利影响。为解决金川龙首矿崩落法采场最末分段回采进路受底板下方充填不接顶空腔影响而发生的显著变形和破坏问题，通过现场调查、数值模拟和现场试验的方法对回采进路的破坏机制和支护方式进行研究。结果表明，进路开挖后不接顶空腔在应力集中作用下发生变形，进而引发进路围岩协同变形，且空腔的存在为围岩变形提供了发展空间，这是造成进路出现严重变形和破坏的主要原因；根据空腔位置及其对回采进路稳定性的控制作用，提出了非对称支护方案，该方案将不接顶空腔部位视为整个支护系统的薄弱点来进行强加支护，从而降低空腔对进路稳定性造成的不利影响。现场应用结果表明，相较于原始支护方案，非对称支护方案显著改善了支护效果，使得进路两帮变形量减小了80%以上，支护成本降低约11.7%，在提高采场稳定性的同时保障了采场安全生产。

, authors=张刚刚1, 梁博2, 谭宝会2, 马国虎1, 粟登峰2, 王惠芬1, authorsList=张刚刚, 梁博, 谭宝会, 马国虎, 粟登峰, 王惠芬, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谭宝会, authorNote=

张刚刚（1986—），男，甘肃庆阳人，工程师，主要从事矿山生产管理等方面工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
谭宝会（1988—），男，陕西宝鸡人，博士，副教授，主要从事采矿方法及采矿工艺的科研工作。E-mail:
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张刚刚（1986—），男，甘肃庆阳人，工程师，主要从事矿山生产管理等方面工作。E-mail:

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张刚刚（1986—），男，甘肃庆阳人，工程师，主要从事矿山生产管理等方面工作。E-mail:

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下部空腔对进路稳定性的影响及支护方式研究
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张刚刚 1 , 梁博 2 , 谭宝会 2 , 马国虎 1 , 粟登峰 2 , 王惠芬 1
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(6): 130-137
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (6) : 130 -137
下部空腔对进路稳定性的影响及支护方式研究
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张刚刚1 , 梁博2, 谭宝会2 , 马国虎1, 粟登峰2, 王惠芬1
作者信息
  • 1.金川集团镍钴股份有限公司龙首矿，甘肃　金昌市　737100
  • 2.西南科技大学 环境与资源学院，四川　绵阳市　621010
通讯作者:
谭宝会（1988—），男，陕西宝鸡人，博士，副教授，主要从事采矿方法及采矿工艺的科研工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

张刚刚（1986—），男，甘肃庆阳人，工程师，主要从事矿山生产管理等方面工作。E-mail:

Influence of Lower Cavity on the Stability of the Approach and Support Method
Ganggang ZHANG1 , Bo LIANG2, Baohui TAN2 , Guohu MA1, Dengfeng SU2, Huifen WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Longshou Mine, Jinchuan Group Nickel and Cobalt Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu 737100, China
  • 2.School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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当巷道围岩中存在空腔时会对巷道的稳定性产生严重不利影响。为解决金川龙首矿崩落法采场最末分段回采进路受底板下方充填不接顶空腔影响而发生的显著变形和破坏问题，通过现场调查、数值模拟和现场试验的方法对回采进路的破坏机制和支护方式进行研究。结果表明，进路开挖后不接顶空腔在应力集中作用下发生变形，进而引发进路围岩协同变形，且空腔的存在为围岩变形提供了发展空间，这是造成进路出现严重变形和破坏的主要原因；根据空腔位置及其对回采进路稳定性的控制作用，提出了非对称支护方案，该方案将不接顶空腔部位视为整个支护系统的薄弱点来进行强加支护，从而降低空腔对进路稳定性造成的不利影响。现场应用结果表明，相较于原始支护方案，非对称支护方案显著改善了支护效果，使得进路两帮变形量减小了80%以上，支护成本降低约11.7%，在提高采场稳定性的同时保障了采场安全生产。

巷道围岩  /  不接顶空腔  /  支护方式  /  非对称支护  /  数值模拟

When there is a cavity in the surrounding rock of the roadway, it will have a serious adverse effect on the stability of the roadway. In order to solve the problem of significant deformation and failure caused by the influence of filling unconnected roof cavity under the floor in the last sublevel stoping route of caving method stope in Longshou Mine of Jinchuan, the failure mechanism and support mode of the mining approach were studied by means of field investigation, numerical simulation and field test. The results show that the unconnected roof cavity is deformed under the action of stress concentration after the excavation of the approach, which leads to the synergistic deformation of the surrounding rock of the approach, and the existence of the cavity provides the development space for the deformation of the surrounding rock, which is the main reason for the serious deformation and failure of the approach. According to the position of the cavity and its control effect on the stability of the mining approach, an asymmetric support scheme was proposed. In this scheme, the unconnected roof cavity was regarded as the weak point of the whole support system to impose support, so as to reduce the adverse effect of the cavity on the stability of the approach. The field application results show that compared with the original support scheme, the asymmetric support scheme significantly improves the support effect, reduces the deformation of the two sides of the approach by more than 80%, and reduces the support cost by about 11.7%, which improves the stability of the stope and ensures the safe production of the stope.

Surrounding rock of roadway  /  Unconnected roof cavity  /  Supporting mode  /  Asymmetric support  /  Numerical simulation
张刚刚, 梁博, 谭宝会, 马国虎, 粟登峰, 王惠芬. 下部空腔对进路稳定性的影响及支护方式研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 130 -137 .
Ganggang ZHANG, Bo LIANG, Baohui TAN, Guohu MA, Dengfeng SU, Huifen WANG. Influence of Lower Cavity on the Stability of the Approach and Support Method[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 130 -137 .
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0　引言
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巷道作为地下矿山最基础且关键的组成部分，确保其稳定性对于矿井安全生产十分重要[1-2]。当巷道围岩中存在空腔时(如天然溶洞或人工充填不接顶空区等)，势必会削弱巷道的稳定性，对此，专家学者们针对巷道围岩中存在空腔所引发的诸多工程技术问题展开了研究。杨小芳等[3]采用FLAC3D软件研究了溶洞对巷道围岩稳定性的影响，研究结果表明，当巷道开挖接近溶洞部位时，溶洞与巷道之间的围岩将发生显著的应力集中，致使巷道出现明显的变形。赵明阶等[4]采用二维弹塑性力学模型分析了隧洞围岩中空腔的影响作用，结果表明，当空腔与隧道之间的距离超出隧洞直径的2~3倍时，空腔对隧洞基本无影响。蔡义等[5]通过物理试验和数值模拟试验研究了地层中空腔对巷道变形的控制作用，研究表明，在地质构造中含有空洞的情况下，巷道开挖会导致围岩静压力场发生显著变化。丁謇等[6]运用有限元数值模拟方法深入剖析了地层中空腔位置对隧道整体结构力学特性的影响，结果表明，隧道衬砌结构受围岩中空腔的影响，出现明显的应力集中现象。
以上研究结果表明，当巷道围岩一定范围内存在空腔时，可能会导致巷道出现应力集中现象，进而使巷道产生变形和破坏，对巷道的稳定性产生不利影响。本文以金川龙首矿崩落法采场回采进路施工受进路底板充填不接顶空腔影响而发生严重破坏为工程背景，通过现场调查、数值试验及工业试验开展研究，在探明回采进路破坏机制的基础上，提出了非对称支护方案，并在现场应用后取得了良好成效。
1　工程背景
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金川龙首矿西二采区矿岩松软破碎，矿岩普氏系数为0.8~7，采用双中段回采，上部中段采用无底柱分段崩落法进行回采，下部中段采用下向分层进路式胶结充填法进行回采。上部中段崩落法采场共布置4个回采分段，为充分回采矿石，最末分段布置于1 546 m水平，该水平是上部中段矿体与下部中段充填体的接触面位置。由于充填法回采的特点，充填进路普遍存在充填不完全接顶的情况，崩落采场最末分段布置在1 546 m水平时，回采进路的掘进和支护将会直接受到进路底板以下充填不接顶空腔的不利影响。
现场钻孔探测结果和1 546 m分段进路掘进所揭露的数据表明，进路底板充填不接顶空腔高度普遍为0.3~0.6 m，空腔底板宽度为1~1.5 m。这些空腔是第一、第二分层充填进路在充填时拱顶部位未能接顶而形成的（第一、第二分层充填进路为直墙半圆拱形），空腔的顶板呈圆弧形态，底板为平底形态，加之第一、第二分层充填进路均采用了锚喷网支护，这些空腔基本保持原始的圆弧拱平底形态，如图1(a)和图1(b)所示。根据1 546 m分段回采进路与下部充填采场第一、第二分层充填进路的相对空间关系，归纳总结出回采进路与不接顶空腔的相对位置关系主要有4种，分别为空腔以进路中心线为轴对称分布（工况一）、空腔靠近左侧帮墙（工况二）、空腔位于左侧帮墙下方（工况三）、空腔位于进路底板正下方（工况四），如图1(c)至图1(f)所示。
2　不接顶空腔对进路稳定性的影响
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2.1　模型建立
为研究回采进路附近充填不接顶空腔对进路稳定性的影响，采用FLAC3D进行数值模拟研究。参考文献[7]至文献[9]，空腔对围岩的影响范围大概为其直径的2~3倍，因此，本研究重点考虑距离回采进路最近的4~5个空腔对进路稳定性的影响，结合圣维南原理确定模型尺寸为长×高×宽=60 m×60 m×0.1 m。为了确保数值模拟结果的精确性，对进路及空腔附近网格进行细化处理，数值模型如图2所示。鉴于金川矿区的岩石力学参数及地应力条件已有大量的研究成果[10-11]，本文不再详细说明，模型中的矿岩力学参数和地应力取值参考文献[11]。
模型底部和四侧设定为位移约束边界，顶部为自由边界。回采进路埋深大约为180 m，为了使模型中施加的地应力更符合实际情况，参考文献[11]中给出的金川矿区地应力计算公式，给模型施加自重应力和水平应力，最终确定模型施加的垂直应力约为4.22 MPa，水平应力约为6.06 MPa。
在模型达到初始应力平衡后，对模型中的第一、第二充填分层进行开挖和充填，在此过程中形成充填不接顶空腔，待计算稳定后认为模型还原了进路开挖前的状态，随后对回采进路进行开挖计算，根据计算结果分析充填不接顶空腔对进路稳定性的影响。
2.2　空腔对进路稳定性的影响
2.2.1　工况一
在工况一中，充填不接顶空腔位于进路两帮直墙根脚外侧约1 m位置，并呈对称分布。进路开挖后，进路顶板以上所承受的压力向两侧转移，而进路两侧帮墙附近均存在不接顶空腔，空腔的存在为两帮在应力集中作用下发生变形提供了空间，导致两帮发生变形和破坏，并与空腔之间发生贯通破坏，最终导致顶板下沉。图3为该工况下进路开挖后的塑性区分布、最大剪切应变及位移云图。由图3可知，该工况下的进路主要受两帮附近空腔影响而呈现出两帮对称破坏，进而导致顶板下沉。
2.2.2　工况二
在工况二中，距离进路最近的不接顶空腔位于进路左帮直墙底部，右侧空腔位于进路右帮直墙根脚外侧约3 m位置。在进路开挖后，地压向进路两帮转移，由于左侧直墙底部存在空腔，为左侧直墙变形提供了空间，从而使左侧帮墙率先发生了较为严重的破坏，同时进路右侧帮墙也受空腔影响而发生一定的变形和破坏，同时帮墙和空腔之间有贯通破坏的趋势。图4为该工况下进路开挖后的塑性区分布、最大剪切应变及位移云图。由图4可知，该工况下回采进路的破坏主要表现为距离最近的左侧空腔对左侧帮墙的影响，由于空腔与帮墙的距离较近，左侧帮墙破坏较为严重。
2.2.3　工况三
在工况三中，距离进路最近的不接顶空腔位于进路左帮直墙底部，且一半空腔与进路底板重合，右侧空腔位于进路右帮直墙根脚外侧约4 m位置。进路开挖后，地压向进路两帮转移，由于左侧直墙根脚部存在空腔，为左侧直墙的位移和变形提供了空间，使左侧帮墙发生了较为严重的破坏;虽然右侧空腔与右帮墙的距离较远，但空腔未对右侧帮墙产生影响。由于第二分层的空腔处于右侧帮墙根脚之下，右侧帮墙根脚在应力集中作用下有发生贯通破坏的趋势。图5为该工况下进路开挖后的塑性区分布、最大剪切应变及位移云图。由图5可知，该工况下回采进路发生破坏主要受距离左侧帮墙最近的空腔影响，同时由于二者距离较近，左侧帮墙的破坏也较为严重。
2.2.4　工况四
在工况四中，下部充填采场首采分层的不接顶空腔位于回采进路底板正下方，第二分层不接顶空腔则对称分布于进路两帮直墙底部。进路开挖后，地压向进路两帮转移，位于进路底板下方的首采分层空腔未对进路稳定性产生明显的影响，而第二分层不接顶空腔与两侧帮墙根脚在应力集中作用下有贯通破坏的趋势，对回采进路稳定性产生了不利影响。图6为该工况下进路开挖后的塑性区分布、最大剪切应变及位移云图。由图6可知，该工况下回采进路发生的破坏主要表现为由第二分层不接顶空腔诱发的两帮围岩失稳。
3　支护方式研究
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3.1　初始支护方案及存在的问题
1 546 m分段回采进路施工初期，未充分重视进路附近充填不接顶空腔可能造成的不利影响，继续沿用了西二采区巷道掘进常用的锚喷网支护方式，其中锚杆为水泥砂浆螺纹弯钩锚杆，直径为18 mm，长度为2.25 m，锚杆按1 m×1 m梅花型布置，每排11跟锚杆，喷射的混凝土厚度为10 cm，强度等级为C20，金属网筋直径为6.5 mm，网格尺寸为150 mm×150 mm，支护方案如图7(a)所示。采用该方案支护后1~2个月内，回采进路便发生了明显的变形破坏，如图7(b)所示，变形最大处达到了1 m以上，导致回采进路频繁返修，严重影响回采进路的采掘效率，如图7(c)所示。
3.2　非对称支护方案的提出
根据前述研究可知，进路破坏主要受底板以下充填不接顶空腔的影响，为有效消除不接顶空腔的不利作用，结合软破围岩强化支护原理[12-15]，研究提出了一种非对称支护方案，即将不接顶空腔部位视为支护薄弱点，根据空腔所处位置及其对回采进路稳定性的控制机制，对空腔部位采取加密、加长锚杆的方式来加强该部位围岩的支护强度，降低空腔对进路稳定性的影响。而对于不受空腔影响的区域，可在确保巷道稳定性的前提下适当降低支护强度，以节省支护成本。基于以上原则，针对4种工况提出的非对称支护方案如图8所示。
3.3　非对称支护方案的数值模拟研究
采用FLAC3D数值模拟方法对初始支护方案和非对称支护方案的支护效果进行了对比研究。
图9为初始支护方案和非对称支护方案的位移云图。由图9可知，两种支护方案均可提高进路稳定性，但相较于初始支护方案，采用非对称支护方案后进路的变形量明显降低，表明非对称支护方案更能够有效控制不接顶空腔对进路稳定性产生的不利影响。这是因为非对称支护方案对不接顶空腔部位进行了加强支护，提高了该部位的岩体强度，从而在进路开挖引发应力集中的条件下，有效抑制了空腔诱发的围岩变形和破坏。
4　现场应用
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为了验证非对称支护方案的现场应用效果，在1 546 m分段4#进路（工况二所示情况）开展了工程试验。4#进路总长约220 m，在进路前50 m采用原始支护方案，但支护后1~2个月内便出现明显的两帮开裂破坏现象，如图10(a)所示。4#进路非对称支护方案如图10(b)所示，该支护方案仍然采用锚喷网联合支护，但加强了空腔部位的支护强度，锚杆排距加密至1 m，每排包含13根锚杆，排内锚杆间距为1 m左右，锚杆长短交错布置，最长锚杆长度为4 m，最短锚杆长度为1.3 m，选用直径为18 mm的螺纹弯钩锚杆，全长砂浆锚固，喷砼厚度为10 cm，钢筋网直径为6.5 mm, 网格尺寸为150 mm×150 mm。对左侧帮墙根脚附近的空腔，在掘进揭露时采用爆破碎石回填，以降低空腔对围岩稳定性的影响。4#进路在采用该方案支护后的效果如图10(c)所示。
工程试验结果表明，4#进路在改用非对称支护方案后，进路两帮变形和破坏得到明显抑制，两帮变形量减小80%以上，且进路在半年内无返修。随着非对称支护方案在4#进路的试验成功，采场中其他进路也陆续采用非对称支护方案，且均取得了良好的应用成效。通过经济效益分析可知，相对于采用初始支护方案时需要频繁返修，采用非对称支护方案后可使采场支护成本降低约11.7%，显著提高了采场稳定性并保障了采场安全生产。
5　结论
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（1）龙首矿西二采区崩落法采场最末分段回采进路发生严重变形和破坏的主要原因是进路底板附近存在充填不接顶空腔，在应力集中作用下，这些空腔发生变形进而引发进路围岩整体失稳，且空腔的存在为围岩变形提供了发展空间，加快了回采进路围岩的破坏程度。
（2）非对称支护方案中将不接顶空腔部位视为整个支护系统的薄弱点，根据空腔位置及其对回采进路稳定性的控制作用，通过加密、加长锚杆的方式来提高空腔部分的支护强度，从而有效降低空腔对进路稳定性的不利影响。
（3）现场试验结果表明，相较于初始支护方案，采用非对称支护方案后进路两帮的变形量减小80%以上，且进路在半年内无返修，采场支护成本降低约11.7%，提高了采场稳定性，保障了采场安全生产。
基金
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  • 四川省自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(2022NSFSC1089)
  • 镍钴资源综合利用国家重点实验室开放课题(GZSYS-KY-2021-022)
  • 西南科技大学博士基金项目(21zx7157)
文献
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间：2024-07-25
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-25
基金
四川省自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(2022NSFSC1089)
镍钴资源综合利用国家重点实验室开放课题(GZSYS-KY-2021-022)
西南科技大学博士基金项目(21zx7157)
作者信息
    1.金川集团镍钴股份有限公司龙首矿，甘肃　金昌市　737100
    2.西南科技大学 环境与资源学院，四川　绵阳市　621010

通讯作者:

谭宝会（1988—），男，陕西宝鸡人，博士，副教授，主要从事采矿方法及采矿工艺的科研工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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