Article(id=1322907493160067402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722873600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335324801, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335324801, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335324801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335324801, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=111, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907493311062347, articleId=1322907493160067402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=CNN-LSTM Rock Burst Intensity Grade Prediction Model Based on Fusion Optimization Algorithm Under Imbalanced Data, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the problems of imbalanced sample data and low prediction accuracy in the construction of rock burst intensity grade prediction models, a rock burst intensity grade prediction model (BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention) based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) and long short-term memory networks (LSTM) was proposed by integrating Bayesian parameter optimization algorithm (BO) and Multi-head attention mechanism (Multi-head Attention) under the rock burst sample data balancing strategy. 224 sets of rock burst cases were collected from both domestic and international sources, and Box-Cox transformation and support vector machine synthesis for few class oversampling technique (SVM SMOTE) were used to normalize and balance the rock burst sample data. The processed dataset was input into the CNN-LSTM prediction model for training and prediction, and the model was gradually optimized by Bayesian parameter optimization algorithm and multi-head attention mechanism. The prediction results indicate that Box-Cox transformation and SVM SMOTE sampling can effectively reduce the impact of outliers and data imbalance on the model, and enhance the separability of the dataset. The accuracy of the BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention rock burst intensity grade prediction model is 95%. This model can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of rock burst intensity in the case of imbalanced sample data, and has a high feasibility and practicality.

, authors=Laiyao ZHENG1, Peng LIANG1, 2, Guoqing LI1, Yan LIU1, Tianyi LIU1, Juxian WANG1, authorsList=Laiyao ZHENG, Peng LIANG, Guoqing LI, Yan LIU, Tianyi LIU, Juxian WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peng LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907495001366874, articleId=1322907493160067402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=不均衡数据下融合优化算法的CNN-LSTM岩爆烈度等级预测模型, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对岩爆烈度等级预测模型构建时样本数据不均衡和预测准确度不高的问题,在岩爆样本数据均衡化策略下,融合贝叶斯参数优化算法(BO)和多头注意力机制(Multi-head Attention),提出了一种基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和长短期记忆网络(LSTM)的岩爆烈度等级预测模型(BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention)。收集国内外224组岩爆案例,并采用Box-Cox变换和支持向量机合成少数类过采样技术(SVM SMOTE)对岩爆样本数据进行正态化和平衡化处理。将处理后的数据集输入CNN-LSTM预测模型进行训练和预测,并逐步使用贝叶斯参数优化算法、多头注意力机制对模型进行优化。模型预测结果表明:Box-Cox变换与SVM SMOTE采样可以有效减少离群点和数据不平衡对模型的影响,增强数据集可分性;BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention岩爆烈度分级预测模型预测准确率为95%,该模型能有效提升岩爆烈度预测在样本数据不均衡情况下的预测精度,具有较高的可行性和实用性。

, authors=郑来耀1, 梁鹏1, 2, 李国庆1, 刘言1, 刘天一1, 王聚贤1, authorsList=郑来耀, 梁鹏, 李国庆, 刘言, 刘天一, 王聚贤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁鹏, authorNote=

郑来耀(2004—),男,江西上饶人,主要从事岩爆烈度等级预测的研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
梁鹏(1987—),男,河南南阳人,硕士,副教授,主要从事矿山岩石力学领域的教学与科研工作。E-mail:
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郑来耀(2004—),男,江西上饶人,主要从事岩爆烈度等级预测的研究。E-mail:

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郑来耀(2004—),男,江西上饶人,主要从事岩爆烈度等级预测的研究。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=HaI4j+CPPA8iclY1WRuYIA==, figureFileBig=NkPJQzqUtSNhqcz9BC2tYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907502173626772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=CN, label=图6, caption=BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention模型预测结果, figureFileSmall=HaI4j+CPPA8iclY1WRuYIA==, figureFileBig=NkPJQzqUtSNhqcz9BC2tYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907502244929941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification standard of rock burst intensity grade

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岩爆等级σθ/σcσc/σtWet
Ⅰ<0.3>40.0<2.0
Ⅱ0.3~0.526.7~402.0~3.5
Ⅲ0.5~0.714.5~26.73.5~5.0
Ⅳ>0.7>14.5>5.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322907502362370454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩爆烈度等级分类标准

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岩爆等级σθ/σcσc/σtWet
Ⅰ<0.3>40.0<2.0
Ⅱ0.3~0.526.7~402.0~3.5
Ⅲ0.5~0.714.5~26.73.5~5.0
Ⅳ>0.7>14.5>5.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322907502433673623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Part of the rock burst data set

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号预测指标实测值实际等级
σθ/σcσc/σtWet
17.4029.737.30Ⅱ
236.080.202.29Ⅰ
347.970.191.87Ⅰ
418.460.823.80Ⅲ
524.110.319.30Ⅲ
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
22020.400.462.00Ⅱ
22119.690.842.30Ⅲ
22212.400.655.40Ⅳ
22320.400.462.00Ⅱ
22411.100.463.97Ⅲ
), ArticleFig(id=1322907502517559704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

岩爆数据集部分数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号预测指标实测值实际等级
σθ/σcσc/σtWet
17.4029.737.30Ⅱ
236.080.202.29Ⅰ
347.970.191.87Ⅰ
418.460.823.80Ⅲ
524.110.319.30Ⅲ
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
22020.400.462.00Ⅱ
22119.690.842.30Ⅲ
22212.400.655.40Ⅳ
22320.400.462.00Ⅱ
22411.100.463.97Ⅲ
), ArticleFig(id=1322907502601445785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical parameters of rock burst data set

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岩爆等级统计参数四分位差极差变异系数
Ⅰσθ/σc0.1150.830.851
σc/σt24.72041.300.544
Wet4.1006.920.732
Ⅱσθ/σc1.10029.515.539
σc/σt13.77027.500.377
Wet2.6858.100.553
Ⅲσθ/σc0.1950.570.288
σc/σt7.60067.170.482
Wet2.2507.300.378
Ⅳσθ/σc0.0800.990.257
σc/σt7.10024.620.364
Wet1.7008.900.295
), ArticleFig(id=1322907502672748954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

岩爆数据集统计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩爆等级统计参数四分位差极差变异系数
Ⅰσθ/σc0.1150.830.851
σc/σt24.72041.300.544
Wet4.1006.920.732
Ⅱσθ/σc1.10029.515.539
σc/σt13.77027.500.377
Wet2.6858.100.553
Ⅲσθ/σc0.1950.570.288
σc/σt7.60067.170.482
Wet2.2507.300.378
Ⅳσθ/σc0.0800.990.257
σc/σt7.10024.620.364
Wet1.7008.900.295
), ArticleFig(id=1322907502748246427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The λ value of Box-Cox transformation

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变换参数σθ/σcσc/σtWet
λ–1.5060.13070.408
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Box-Cox 变换λ值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变换参数σθ/σcσc/σtWet
λ–1.5060.13070.408
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Hyper-parameter combination of the CNN-LSTM prediction model

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卷积核大小LSTM层单元数卷积层滤波器数量池化窗口大小
210321
), ArticleFig(id=1322907502983127454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

CNN-LSTM 预测模型超参数组合

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卷积核大小LSTM层单元数卷积层滤波器数量池化窗口大小
210321
), ArticleFig(id=1322907503062819231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Hyper-parameter combination of the BO-CNN-LSTM prediction model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卷积核大小LSTM层单元数卷积层滤波器数量池化窗口大小
174781
), ArticleFig(id=1322907503155093920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

BO-CNN-LSTM 预测模型超参数组合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卷积核大小LSTM层单元数卷积层滤波器数量池化窗口大小
174781
), ArticleFig(id=1322907503218008481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Hyper-parameter combination of BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention prediction model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卷积核大小LSTM层单元数卷积层滤波器数量池化窗口大小注意力头数量
1295951
), ArticleFig(id=1322907503276728738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention预测模型超参数组合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卷积核大小LSTM层单元数卷积层滤波器数量池化窗口大小注意力头数量
1295951
), ArticleFig(id=1322907503339643299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Comparison of prediction error results of each model

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实际岩爆等级模型预测结果
CNN-LSTMBO-CNN-LSTMBO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention
Ⅰ2*11
Ⅰ2*11
Ⅰ2*2*1
Ⅰ2*2*1
Ⅱ1*1*2
Ⅱ1*22
Ⅱ1*22
Ⅱ1*3*3*
Ⅱ3*22
Ⅱ3*3*3*
Ⅲ2*2*2*
Ⅲ4*2*3
Ⅲ4*4*3
Ⅲ4*4*3
Ⅳ3*3*4
), ArticleFig(id=1322907503419335076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907493160067402, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

各模型预测错误结果对比

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实际岩爆等级模型预测结果
CNN-LSTMBO-CNN-LSTMBO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention
Ⅰ2*11
Ⅰ2*11
Ⅰ2*2*1
Ⅰ2*2*1
Ⅱ1*1*2
Ⅱ1*22
Ⅱ1*22
Ⅱ1*3*3*
Ⅱ3*22
Ⅱ3*3*3*
Ⅲ2*2*2*
Ⅲ4*2*3
Ⅲ4*4*3
Ⅲ4*4*3
Ⅳ3*3*4
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不均衡数据下融合优化算法的CNN-LSTM岩爆烈度等级预测模型
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郑来耀 1 , 梁鹏 1, 2 , 李国庆 1 , 刘言 1 , 刘天一 1 , 王聚贤 1
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(6): 111-118
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (6) : 111 -118
不均衡数据下融合优化算法的CNN-LSTM岩爆烈度等级预测模型
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郑来耀1 , 梁鹏1, 2 , 李国庆1, 刘言1, 刘天一1, 王聚贤1
作者信息
  • 1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 2.河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
通讯作者:
梁鹏(1987—),男,河南南阳人,硕士,副教授,主要从事矿山岩石力学领域的教学与科研工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

郑来耀(2004—),男,江西上饶人,主要从事岩爆烈度等级预测的研究。E-mail:

CNN-LSTM Rock Burst Intensity Grade Prediction Model Based on Fusion Optimization Algorithm Under Imbalanced Data
Laiyao ZHENG1 , Peng LIANG1, 2 , Guoqing LI1, Yan LIU1, Tianyi LIU1, Juxian WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 2.Hebei Mining Green Intelligent Mining Technology Innovation Center, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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针对岩爆烈度等级预测模型构建时样本数据不均衡和预测准确度不高的问题,在岩爆样本数据均衡化策略下,融合贝叶斯参数优化算法(BO)和多头注意力机制(Multi-head Attention),提出了一种基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和长短期记忆网络(LSTM)的岩爆烈度等级预测模型(BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention)。收集国内外224组岩爆案例,并采用Box-Cox变换和支持向量机合成少数类过采样技术(SVM SMOTE)对岩爆样本数据进行正态化和平衡化处理。将处理后的数据集输入CNN-LSTM预测模型进行训练和预测,并逐步使用贝叶斯参数优化算法、多头注意力机制对模型进行优化。模型预测结果表明:Box-Cox变换与SVM SMOTE采样可以有效减少离群点和数据不平衡对模型的影响,增强数据集可分性;BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention岩爆烈度分级预测模型预测准确率为95%,该模型能有效提升岩爆烈度预测在样本数据不均衡情况下的预测精度,具有较高的可行性和实用性。

岩爆烈度等级预测  /  CNN-LSTM  /  贝叶斯参数优化算法  /  多头注意力机制

In response to the problems of imbalanced sample data and low prediction accuracy in the construction of rock burst intensity grade prediction models, a rock burst intensity grade prediction model (BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention) based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) and long short-term memory networks (LSTM) was proposed by integrating Bayesian parameter optimization algorithm (BO) and Multi-head attention mechanism (Multi-head Attention) under the rock burst sample data balancing strategy. 224 sets of rock burst cases were collected from both domestic and international sources, and Box-Cox transformation and support vector machine synthesis for few class oversampling technique (SVM SMOTE) were used to normalize and balance the rock burst sample data. The processed dataset was input into the CNN-LSTM prediction model for training and prediction, and the model was gradually optimized by Bayesian parameter optimization algorithm and multi-head attention mechanism. The prediction results indicate that Box-Cox transformation and SVM SMOTE sampling can effectively reduce the impact of outliers and data imbalance on the model, and enhance the separability of the dataset. The accuracy of the BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention rock burst intensity grade prediction model is 95%. This model can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of rock burst intensity in the case of imbalanced sample data, and has a high feasibility and practicality.

Prediction of rockburst intensity grade  /  CNN-LSTM  /  Bayesian parameter optimization algorithm  /  Multi-head attention mechanism
郑来耀, 梁鹏, 李国庆, 刘言, 刘天一, 王聚贤. 不均衡数据下融合优化算法的CNN-LSTM岩爆烈度等级预测模型. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 111 -118 .
Laiyao ZHENG, Peng LIANG, Guoqing LI, Yan LIU, Tianyi LIU, Juxian WANG. CNN-LSTM Rock Burst Intensity Grade Prediction Model Based on Fusion Optimization Algorithm Under Imbalanced Data[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 111 -118 .
在高地应力区进行地下硐室或基坑的开挖时,经常会出现突发性的岩爆现象,该现象常伴随着岩石碎片的弹射,对工程结构和施工人员安全造成严重威胁[1]。因此,建立高效、准确的岩爆预测模型对保障工程安全具有重要意义。
许多学者采用不确定评价模型评估岩爆发生的概率,不确定评价模型包括灰色关联法[2]、熵权法[2-3]、云模型[3-7]、证据权重[2,8]、加权马氏距离[9]、VIKOR模型[9]、未知测度理论[10]、模糊评价[11]、TOPSIS[12]、粗糙集理论[7,12]、CRITIC法[4]、阶次相关分析法[4]、模糊-C均值算法[5]、层次分析法[13]、序相关分析[6]、模糊集理论[14]等。这些研究体现了岩爆风险的非线性特征,但预测结果在很大程度上依赖经验,具有较高的主观性和不确定性。
随着机器学习的兴起,其在岩爆灾害预测领域得到了广泛应用[15-17],机器学习方法主要分为神经网络和分类算法,神经网络包括概率神经网络[18-19]、卷积神经网络[20]、SOFM神经网络[21]、循环神经网络[22]、深度神经网络[23]、广义回归神经网络[24]、极限学习机[25-26]等;分类算法包括支持向量机[27]、随机森林[28-29]等。这些单一的机器学习算法优缺点较为明显,稳定性较差。学者们尝试使用集成学习[30-31]来增强预测模型的鲁棒性和准确性,但是集成学习面临超参数组合优化问题,模型训练的时间大幅增加。基于此,LI等[26]使用混沌映射和交叉变异算子改进Harris Hawks优化算法(HHO),增强其全局搜索能力,构建IHHO-ELM模型预测岩爆烈度。满轲等[28]提出了一种采用麻雀搜索算法(SSA)优化随机森林算法(RF)模型的SSA-RF模型来提高岩爆等级的预测准确率和预测模型泛化性。贾义鹏等[24]提出一种基于粒子群算法和广义神经网络模型(PSO-GRNN)的岩爆预测方法来评价岩爆发生的可能性。以上方法在解决复杂问题时表现出了高效的计算能力,但在数据量较小的情况下容易出现过度拟合的问题。
岩爆预测的准确性不仅受所用方法的影响,还与收集的岩爆数据集本身密切相关。国内外岩爆案例的岩爆等级分布极不均衡,这导致构建的岩爆数据集存在离群值干扰、各级样本数量不平衡等问题,进而使得数据集的可分性降低,影响岩爆预测精度。
为解决以上问题,本文提出首先采用Box-Cox正态变换算法对岩爆数据集进行正态化处理,消除离群值干扰;其次使用支持向量机合成少数类过采样技术(SVM SMOTE)实现各级岩爆数据均衡化;最终构建一种基于贝叶斯参数优化算法和多头注意力机制的优化卷积长短期记忆神经网络(BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention)的岩爆预测模型。
BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention模型的研究过程主要分为数据采集、算法处理和结果展示 3个阶段。在数据采集阶段,通过文献调研方法获取岩爆案例数据,并将其整理成可用的数据集;在算法处理阶段,依次应用Box-Cox 变换、SVM SMOTE 过采样、CNN-LSTM 模型、BO-CNN-LSTM 模型以及BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention模型对数据集进行处理;在结果展示阶段,通过图表形式详细展示了模型的预测结果。方法流程如图1所示。
卷积神经网络(CNN)是一种深度学习模型,具有良好的特征提取能力和分类性能。长短期记忆网络(LSTM)是一种循环神经网络(RNN)的变体,它解决了RNN梯度消失和梯度爆炸的问题。CNN与LSTM结合使用能够充分利用各自优势,提升模型对序列数据的预测性能。基于CNN-LSTM进行岩爆灾害预测,通过卷积层、池化层提取岩爆参数的特征,并在卷积层与池化层之间引入LeakyReLU激活函数缓解梯度消失问题,可有效提升模型泛化能力。
在对数据进行训练、预测时,发现各超参数之间的组合难以调整至最佳状态,影响模型性能。因此,引入贝叶斯参数优化(BO)算法对模型超参数进行调优。该算法能够高效地进行参数搜索,还可以根据之前的观察结果动态地选择下一个参数组合,从而在相对较少的迭代次数内找到最优解。BO算法对CNN-LSTM模型优化过程:(1)定义超参数优化范围;(2)定义目标函数;(3)使用分类交叉熵损失函数和Adam优化器,以准确率作为分类模型评价指标;(4)搜索最优超参数组合。
多头注意力机制(Multi-head Attention)是一种用于增强神经网络模型表现的注意力机制,该机制能够使模型同时关注输入序列中不同位置的信息,从而提升模型性能。
岩爆指标体系选取原则是所选定的评价指标能客观反映围岩性质和岩爆的影响因素,本文综合国内外多篇文献[6,8,10-11,17,31],选取了最能反映围岩特性和影响岩爆烈度的3个评价指标:弹性能量指数Wet、岩石应力系数σθ/σc以及岩石脆性系数σc/σt。岩爆烈度等级分类标准见表1。
本文选取了国内外224组岩爆数据[6,17,20,25,27,32-39],其中Ⅰ级样本47组,Ⅱ级样本59组,Ⅲ级样本83组,Ⅳ级样本35组。岩爆数据集部分数据见表2。
数据离散程度表征数据分布的重要特征,反映了各变量偏离中心值的程度。本文使用极差、四分位差和变异系数反映数据的离散程度,各级岩爆数据集统计参数见表3。
由表3可以看出,各等级指标的四分位差、极差、变异系数较大,说明数据集中离群点多,离散程度较大。该数据特征会极大地影响机器学习对数据特征的提取,从而降低算法的预测精度。
通过Box-Cox变换,可以将数据转换为正态分布或近似正态分布,从而提高模型的预测能力。其转换公式如下:
式中:y为原始数据;λ为 Box-Cox 变换参数,其值见表4。Box-Cox 变换结果如图2所示。
为解决数据集不均衡可能导致算法在训练过程中无法充分提取有效特征的问题,本文考虑采用过采样方法平衡各级岩爆数据。常见的过采样方法包括随机采样、合成少数类过采样技术(SMOTE)、边界线合成少数类过采样技术(Borderline SMOTE)、K-Means聚类合成少数类过采样技术(K-Means SMOTE)、支持向量机合成少数类过采样技术(SVM SMOTE)以及自适应合成抽样(ADASYN)。通过对比各方法的准确率、精确率、召回率、F1分数、ROC曲线、AUC曲线等模型评价指标,发现SVM SMOTE采样所得到的数据效果最优。
SVM SMOTE 采样是 Borderline SMOTE 采样的变种,该技术结合 SVM算法识别误分类点。该方法工作流程为: 首先在原始训练集上训练 SVM 训练器,利用支持向量逼近边界区域;然后沿着将每个少数类支持向量与其若干近邻连接起来的直线随机创建合成数据。经SVM SMOTE 采样后,4 个级别的岩爆样本数量均为 75 个,消除了数据不均衡的影响。图3 为采样数据的小提琴图。
由图3可以看出,各级岩爆指标数据分布有清晰的层次感,说明数据具有较好的可分性。中间的黑色粗条表示四分位差范围,从其延伸的幼细黑线代表95%置信区间,而白点则为中位数。
将均衡化后的300组岩爆案例按照4∶1划分为训练集和测试集,即300组样本数据中随机抽取240组作为训练集,剩余60组为测试集,两部分数据相互独立且均具有代表性。分别对3个模型进行训练及预测分析。
(1)CNN-LSTM模型。使用混合交叉熵评估模型性能,通过人工反复调参得到一组较优超参数,见表5。
将得到的超参数代入模型进行训练,迭代次数设为5 000次,添加早停策略回调函数防止过拟合;使用训练好的模型对测试集进行预测。CNN-LSTM模型预测结果如图4所示,其中训练集准确率为77.50%,测试集准确率为75.00%。
(2)BO-CNN-LSTM模型。在贝叶斯参数优化框架下,定义最小化分类模型的验证集损失为目标函数,分类交叉熵为损失函数,并采用Adam优化器进行参数更新,以分类准确率为模型的性能指标。同时,引入早停策略回调函数,以监控验证集上的损失变化,设定耐心参数为50,即若验证损失在50个连续评估周期内未见显著改善,则提前终止训练过程。目标函数的输出为验证集上观察到的最小损失值。
在开始阶段随机选择5个点进行探索,以建立高斯过程模型,接着进行20次迭代优化,通常找到最优超参数的次数不超过10次、每次迭代选择具有最大不确定性的点进行探索,以找到可能的最优解。BO-CNN-LSTM算法的最优超参数组合见表6。
训练及测试方法同上。BO-CNN-LSTM模型预测结果如图5所示,其中训练集准确率为86.67%,测试集准确率为83.33%。
(3)BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention模型。定义超参数优化范围:卷积层滤波器的数量为32~128,卷积核大小为1~2,池化层中池化窗口的大小为1~8, LSTM层中的单元数量为16~128,注意力头的数量为1~10。定义模型目标函数:使用分类交叉熵作为损失函数,Adam优化器进行参数更新,以分类准确率为分类模型评价指标,得到的最优超参数组合见表7。
将得到的超参数代入模型进行训练,迭代次数设为15 000次,添加早停策略回调函数防止过拟合;使用训练好的模型对测试集进行预测。BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention模型预测结果如图6所示,其中训练集准确率为97.50%,测试集准确率为95.00%。
对3个模型在测试集上60组数据的预测结果进行分析,筛选出所有预测错误的结果,见表8。由表8可知,CNN-LSTM模型预测错误数量为15次,BO-CNN-LSTM模型预测错误数量为10次,BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention模型预测错误数量为3次,该模型预测错误数量最少,准确率最高。观察预测错误数据的分布范围,其中Ⅰ级和Ⅳ级预测结果全部正确,准确率为100%;Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级预测错误的情况下,预测等级与实际等级的差异均未超过1级。该结果证实了本研究构建的BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention模型具有较高的预测准确性,为岩爆烈度评估提供了可靠的新方法。
(1)本文搜集了224组国内外经典岩爆案例构建数据集,使用四分位差、极差和变异系数评估数据的离散程度,发现数据集中离群点多、离散程度大。经过Box-Cox变换实现数据正态化,减少离群点的影响,并使用SVM SMOTE进行过采样以平衡各级岩爆样本的数量。经预处理,数据集具有较高的可分性,解决了岩爆数据不均衡问题。
(2)融合贝叶斯参数优化算法和多头注意力机制,构建了一种基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和长短期记忆网络(LSTM)的岩爆烈度等级预测模型(BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention),可有效提升岩爆烈度预测在样本数据不均衡情况下的精度,具有较高的可行性和实用性。
(3)基于处理后的岩爆案例数据集,对CNN-LSTM、BO-CNN-LSTM、BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention等3个模型进行训练及测试分析,结果表明,BO-CNN-LSTM-Multi-head Attention模型训练集准确率为97.50%,测试集准确率为95.00%,在测试集上的预测错误数量为3次。本研究构建的岩爆烈度等级预测模型具有较高的预测准确率。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52474098)
  • 河北省创新能力提升计划项目(23564201D)
  • 河北省自然科学基金项目(E2024209024)
  • 大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202410081040)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-06
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52474098)
河北省创新能力提升计划项目(23564201D)
河北省自然科学基金项目(E2024209024)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202410081040)
作者信息
    1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
    2.河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210

通讯作者:

梁鹏(1987—),男,河南南阳人,硕士,副教授,主要从事矿山岩石力学领域的教学与科研工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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