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Article(id=1322907475183280348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713974400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335320515, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335320515, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335320515, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335320515, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=32, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907475380412637, articleId=1322907475183280348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Optimization Research on the Structure Parameters of Filling Stope Based on MIDAS Numerical Simulation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the technical problems of safe and efficient mining faced by a large iron mine in Anhui province under the complex mining technology conditions, based on the comprehensive investigation and analysis of resource endowment characteristics, mining technology conditions and goaf status, a three-dimensional visualization model of the stope was constructed, and the collaborative mining scheme of upward horizontal layered filling method and sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method was preliminarily determined. The MIDAS numerical simulation software was used to optimize the stope parameters. The results show that for the ore section at −470 m to −390 m, the upward horizontal layered filling method is suggested to be used, and the optimal stope span is 15 m, with a maximum tensile stress of 0.795 MPa on the roof. For the ore section at −390 m to −330 m, the sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method is proposed, and the optimal stope span is 18 m, with a maximum tensile stress of 1.763 MPa on the roof. The engineering practice shows that the adoption of collaborative mining scheme has significantly improved the economic benefits of the mine, with a production capacity of 287−354 t/d, a recovery rate of 76.65%−90.82%, and a dilution rate of 3.95%−4.61%.

, authors=Juhua GE1, Yanbin LIU2, Hanqiang FEI1, authorsList=Juhua GE, Yanbin LIU, Hanqiang FEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907480388411630, articleId=1322907475183280348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于MIDAS数值模拟的充填法采场结构参数优化研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对复杂开采技术条件下安徽某大型铁矿面临的安全高效开采技术难题，在资源禀赋特性、开采技术条件和采空区现状全面调查分析的基础上，构建采场三维可视化模型，并初步确定采用上向水平分层充填法和分段空场嗣后充填法的协同开采方案。利用MIDAS数值模拟软件对采场结果参数进行优化，结果表明，−470~−390 m矿段采用上向水平分层充填法，最优采场跨度为15 m，顶板最大拉应力为0.795 MPa；−390~−330 m矿段采用分段空场嗣后充填法，最优采场跨度为18 m，顶板最大拉应力为1.763 MPa。工程实践表明，采用协同开采方案进行回采，采场生产能力为287~354 t/d，回采率为76.65%~90.82%，贫化率为3.95%~4.61%，显著提高了矿山经济效益。

, authors=葛菊花1, 刘彦宾2, 费汉强1, authorsList=葛菊花, 刘彦宾, 费汉强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

葛菊花（1981—），女，河南焦作人，硕士，工程师，主要研究方向为安全技术与管理。E-mail:

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葛菊花（1981—），女，河南焦作人，硕士，工程师，主要研究方向为安全技术与管理。E-mail:

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葛菊花（1981—），女，河南焦作人，硕士，工程师，主要研究方向为安全技术与管理。E-mail:

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stope span of 15 m, figureFileSmall=YCStZtFB2DikUOP+n/nVXA==, figureFileBig=Dk1p7KdfQGoTWBjKaLv6gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907485933281561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=CN, label=图6, caption=采场跨度为15 m模拟结果云图, figureFileSmall=YCStZtFB2DikUOP+n/nVXA==, figureFileBig=Dk1p7KdfQGoTWBjKaLv6gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907486033944858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Stope model of sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method, figureFileSmall=f3mF34De5tU6CpMVLIwvXQ==, figureFileBig=9CTEnDrNXH3BVhSnB/QUZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907486113636635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=CN, label=图7, caption=分段空场嗣后充填法采场模型, figureFileSmall=f3mF34De5tU6CpMVLIwvXQ==, figureFileBig=9CTEnDrNXH3BVhSnB/QUZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907487782969628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Cloud maps of simulation results for stope span of 16 m, figureFileSmall=PDFzrQMYFWs+8vDX1mPbaw==, figureFileBig=8nwHg8V9yYH0pWAqMH54kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907487858467101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=CN, label=图8, caption=采场跨度为16 m模拟结果云图, figureFileSmall=PDFzrQMYFWs+8vDX1mPbaw==, figureFileBig=8nwHg8V9yYH0pWAqMH54kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907487925575966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of the ore rocks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别岩性取样深度/m密度/(g/cm3)单轴抗压强度/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
矿石角砾状磁铁矿石389.264.27119.0085.20
层纹状磁铁矿石448.553.9896.2084.12
浸染状磁铁矿石389.424.26117.3085.10
块状磁铁矿石330.394.34189.6086.95
顶板角页岩328.853.8880.4582.87
闪长岩450.912.76101.8584.12
底板闪长岩450.642.7396.8084.05
), ArticleFig(id=1322907488009462047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿岩物理力学参数

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类别岩性取样深度/m密度/(g/cm3)单轴抗压强度/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
矿石角砾状磁铁矿石389.264.27119.0085.20
层纹状磁铁矿石448.553.9896.2084.12
浸染状磁铁矿石389.424.26117.3085.10
块状磁铁矿石330.394.34189.6086.95
顶板角页岩328.853.8880.4582.87
闪长岩450.912.76101.8584.12
底板闪长岩450.642.7396.8084.05
), ArticleFig(id=1322907488101736736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Quality classification of ore rocks in the middle section of −470 m to −330 m

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中段/m位置BQ值等级质量
–3305#采场539.5Ⅱ较坚硬至坚硬
–330S2#采场501.1Ⅱ较坚硬至坚硬
–390东翼探矿巷道472.5Ⅱ较坚硬至坚硬
–3906#采场461.0Ⅱ较坚硬至坚硬
–4707#采场395.5Ⅲ较坚硬，较完整
–4708#采场401.9Ⅲ较坚硬，较完整
), ArticleFig(id=1322907488177234209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

−470~−330 m中段矿岩质量分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中段/m位置BQ值等级质量
–3305#采场539.5Ⅱ较坚硬至坚硬
–330S2#采场501.1Ⅱ较坚硬至坚硬
–390东翼探矿巷道472.5Ⅱ较坚硬至坚硬
–3906#采场461.0Ⅱ较坚硬至坚硬
–4707#采场395.5Ⅲ较坚硬，较完整
–4708#采场401.9Ⅲ较坚硬，较完整
), ArticleFig(id=1322907488240148770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Numerical simulation results of the stope roof with upward horizontal layered filling method

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采场跨度/m垂直位移/cm最大拉应力/MPa抗拉安全系数抗拉强度/MPa
120.4420.7418.6774.75
150.7220.7958.0884.75
181.1301.1845.4314.75
), ArticleFig(id=1322907488307257635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

上向水平分层充填法采场顶板数值模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场跨度/m垂直位移/cm最大拉应力/MPa抗拉安全系数抗拉强度/MPa
120.4420.7418.6774.75
150.7220.7958.0884.75
181.1301.1845.4314.75
), ArticleFig(id=1322907488395338020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Numerical simulation results of the stope filling body with upward horizontal layered filling method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场跨度/m最大拉应力/MPa最大压应力/MPa抗拉安全系数抗压安全系数
120.0651.3803.2311.252
150.1721.4452.5301.197
180.1991.5301.0551.131
), ArticleFig(id=1322907488500195621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

上向水平分层充填法采场充填体数值模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场跨度/m最大拉应力/MPa最大压应力/MPa抗拉安全系数抗压安全系数
120.0651.3803.2311.252
150.1721.4452.5301.197
180.1991.5301.0551.131
), ArticleFig(id=1322907488596664614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Numerical simulation results of the stope roof with sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场跨度/m垂直位移/cm最大拉应力/MPa抗拉安全系数抗拉强度/MPa
147.2921.1825.4584.73
167.5871.7633.6514.73
187.7411.9453.3104.73
), ArticleFig(id=1322907488667967783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

分段空场嗣后充填法采场顶板数值模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场跨度/m垂直位移/cm最大拉应力/MPa抗拉安全系数抗拉强度/MPa
147.2921.1825.4584.73
167.5871.7633.6514.73
187.7411.9453.3104.73
), ArticleFig(id=1322907488756048168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Numerical simulation results of the stope filling body with sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场跨度/m最大拉应力/MPa最大压应力/MPa抗拉安全系数抗压安全系数
140.1710.7341.2412.372
160.1850.7511.1702.313
180.1990.7661.0512.280
), ArticleFig(id=1322907488827351337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907475183280348, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

分段空场嗣后充填法采场充填体数值模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采场跨度/m最大拉应力/MPa最大压应力/MPa抗拉安全系数抗压安全系数
140.1710.7341.2412.372
160.1850.7511.1702.313
180.1990.7661.0512.280
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基于MIDAS数值模拟的充填法采场结构参数优化研究
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葛菊花 1 , 刘彦宾 2 , 费汉强 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(6): 32-38
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (6) : 32 -38
基于MIDAS数值模拟的充填法采场结构参数优化研究
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葛菊花1 , 刘彦宾2, 费汉强1
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司，湖南　长沙　410012
  • 2.河南省地质局地质灾害防治中心，河南　郑州　450014
作者简介:

葛菊花（1981—），女，河南焦作人，硕士，工程师，主要研究方向为安全技术与管理。E-mail:

Optimization Research on the Structure Parameters of Filling Stope Based on MIDAS Numerical Simulation
Juhua GE1 , Yanbin LIU2, Hanqiang FEI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 2.The Prevention and Control Center for the Geological Disaster of Henan Geological Bureau, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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摘要
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针对复杂开采技术条件下安徽某大型铁矿面临的安全高效开采技术难题，在资源禀赋特性、开采技术条件和采空区现状全面调查分析的基础上，构建采场三维可视化模型，并初步确定采用上向水平分层充填法和分段空场嗣后充填法的协同开采方案。利用MIDAS数值模拟软件对采场结果参数进行优化，结果表明，−470~−390 m矿段采用上向水平分层充填法，最优采场跨度为15 m，顶板最大拉应力为0.795 MPa；−390~−330 m矿段采用分段空场嗣后充填法，最优采场跨度为18 m，顶板最大拉应力为1.763 MPa。工程实践表明，采用协同开采方案进行回采，采场生产能力为287~354 t/d，回采率为76.65%~90.82%，贫化率为3.95%~4.61%，显著提高了矿山经济效益。

复杂开采条件  /  充填采矿  /  结构参数  /  协同开采方案  /  数值模拟

In view of the technical problems of safe and efficient mining faced by a large iron mine in Anhui province under the complex mining technology conditions, based on the comprehensive investigation and analysis of resource endowment characteristics, mining technology conditions and goaf status, a three-dimensional visualization model of the stope was constructed, and the collaborative mining scheme of upward horizontal layered filling method and sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method was preliminarily determined. The MIDAS numerical simulation software was used to optimize the stope parameters. The results show that for the ore section at −470 m to −390 m, the upward horizontal layered filling method is suggested to be used, and the optimal stope span is 15 m, with a maximum tensile stress of 0.795 MPa on the roof. For the ore section at −390 m to −330 m, the sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method is proposed, and the optimal stope span is 18 m, with a maximum tensile stress of 1.763 MPa on the roof. The engineering practice shows that the adoption of collaborative mining scheme has significantly improved the economic benefits of the mine, with a production capacity of 287−354 t/d, a recovery rate of 76.65%−90.82%, and a dilution rate of 3.95%−4.61%.

Complex mining condition  /  Filling mining  /  Structural parameter  /  Collaborative mining scheme  /  Numerical simulation
葛菊花, 刘彦宾, 费汉强. 基于MIDAS数值模拟的充填法采场结构参数优化研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 32 -38 .
Juhua GE, Yanbin LIU, Hanqiang FEI. Optimization Research on the Structure Parameters of Filling Stope Based on MIDAS Numerical Simulation[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 32 -38 .
正文
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0　引言
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复杂矿床开采技术条件的特殊性主要体现在地质构造复合化、水文地质异常化、矿体形态不规则化及围岩力学失稳化4大核心维度[1-2]。这些地质特征的耦合作用导致采矿工程面临多维度风险叠加效应，亟需通过系统性技术优化实现安全高效开采[3]。当前复杂矿床开采正逐步向“地质-采矿-力学”多学科融合方向发展，建立基于数值仿真的开采参数优化模型，实现从经验决策向智能调控的跨越，已成为提高复杂难采矿床开采效率的关键技术路径[4-5]。
近年来，复杂采场结构参数优化研究已形成多维度、多方法融合的技术体系，学者们通过岩体质量分级、数值模拟与工程验证相结合的方式，显著提升了参数设计的科学性和安全性。路燕泽等[6]将BQ法与RMR岩体分级体系相结合，通过钻孔恢复率、节理间距等指标构建了三维岩体质量模型，采用熵权-突变理论耦合分析方法对采场应力场、位移场及塑性区进行分析，建立了涵盖顶板沉降量（<15 mm）、侧向位移比（<0.8%）等多指标约束的采场参数评价体系，使结构参数选择从经验决策转向量化评估。卢泰宏等[7]通过FLAC3D构建了考虑断层带和地下水渗流的三维地质模型，采用多方案对比法(跨度12~25 m)分析采场围岩力学响应，研究发现，当采场跨度超过20 m时，顶板塑性区面积大幅增加，并据此提出了“阶梯式跨度优化”方案。陈峰宾等[8]采用COMSOL数值模拟软件构建采场结构模型，并基于围岩失稳和矿壁失稳判据，确定了一步骤采场跨度区间和矿壁厚度区间，通过对比不同采场结构参数下围岩的应力、塑性应变以及顶板垂直位移，发现矿房四角处易出现应力集中现象，且该现象随一步骤采场跨度的变大而更为显著。
采场结构参数是评价采矿方法合理性与经济性的关键因素之一，其受矿岩的抗压强度、抗拉强度、含水量以及节理裂隙的发展程度等多种因素的影响[9-10]。鉴于这种复杂性，室内模型试验和现场采矿试验在探索不同结构参数组合及其回采策略优化方面都面临较大挑战。目前，数值模拟已成为岩石力学研究和工程计算的重要手段，为采场结构参数优化提供了一种便捷可靠的途径[11]。在岩石力学与岩土工程分析领域，现已发展出多款较为成熟的有限元计算软件，如SAP、FLAC、ANSYS和MIDAS等[12-13]。其中，MIDAS在采空区应力分布分析和稳定性评估方面展现出了显著的优势[14-15]。
本文以安徽某大型铁矿充填法采场为研究对象，在资源禀赋特性、开采技术条件和采空区现状全面调查分析的基础上，采用上向水平分层充填和分段空场嗣后充填的协同开采方案。运用MIDAS软件对−470~−330 m阶段的采场结构参数进行数值模拟优化研究，分析了不同结构参数下采场顶板拉应力、压应力、垂直位移，从而确定最优的采场结构参数。研究可在确保回采作业安全的前提下，实现复杂矿床的安全高效开采，对减少工程地质灾害的发生、提高矿山经济效益具有重要的现实意义。
1　工程概况
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安徽某大型铁矿床保有资源储量约为1.7 亿 t，赋存标高为−300~−800 m，沿走向长约1 800 m，平均倾角为20°~30°，平均厚度为35 m，近矿围岩以辉石岩和闪长岩为主。矿区地表水系纵横，青山河自南向北流经矿区，地下水系发育，且矿体夹石、复合、尖灭现象显著，水文地质条件属于第Ⅲ类复杂型。因此，确定安全可靠、经济合理且适用于不同采矿工艺的采场结构参数，成为实现矿山安全高效开采的关键问题。
根据初步设计，该矿区−500 m为有轨运输出矿水平，−470 m中段为出矿水平，−430 m、−390 m、−350 m为开拓中段，−330 m为回风水平。已完成的开拓工程布置如下：主井，直径为5.3 m，井筒深度为698 m；副井，直径为6.5 m，井筒深度为567 m；风井，标高为39.5~−470 m，井筒深度为509.5 m；−500~−470 m回风井，井筒深度为30 m；−470~−330 m回风井，井筒深度为140 m。
1.1　矿岩物理力学性质
矿体主要为角砾状、层纹状、浸染状、块状磁铁矿石，顶底板以闪长岩和角页岩为主，通过岩石力学试验获得矿岩物理力学性质参数，见表1。
1.2　矿岩稳定性评价
依据《工程岩体分级标准》（GB/T50218—2014)中的BQ法对−470~−330 m中段的矿岩质量进行了评估，结果见表2[16]。由表2可知，该矿区岩石稳定性整体处于较稳固到中等稳固范围，−330 m中段的矿岩相较于−390 m和−470 m中段展现出更好的稳定性。
2　采场三维可视化模型
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安徽某大型铁矿矿体形态复杂多变，传统推演预测方法难以准确获取采空区结构参数，尤其是在模拟外部扰动及地质构造的影响时往往存在较大偏差。因此，本研究基于原始地质勘探数据，构建了能够真实再现复杂地应力和地质结构的三维可视化实体模型，为后续采矿方法选择及采场结构参数优化提供依据。
2.1　矿体三维实体模型
在地质剖面图预处理的基础上，采用DIMINE软件构建矿体三维实体模型。根据勘探线的布置，将各地质剖面图通过坐标转换导入DIMINE保存为线文件，通过把所有勘探线上的矿体连接在一起，形成矿体三维实体模型，如图1所示。
2.2　巷道三维实体模型
将该铁矿现有−330 m、−390 m、−470 m中段平面图(见图2)导入DIMINE软件并描绘巷道中线，通过巷道中线创建三角网，选择相应断面构建巷道三维实体模型，如图3所示。
2.3　矿体+巷道三维实体模型
为准确反映矿体与巷道之间相对空间位置关系，采用DIMINE软件将矿体及巷道三维实体模型相互整合，如图4所示。
采场三维实体建模能够将矿体的形态、分布、断层及围岩关系等抽象数据转化为可视化模型，直观还原矿体空间形态及地质特征。利用空间插值和形态重建技术，可精确呈现矿体走向、倾角、厚度及分支复合特征，并根据矿体的禀赋特性、倾角、埋深和厚度对矿体进行分类，帮助设计人员快速判断开采难度，初步选择科学合理的采矿方法，为后续采场结构参数优化提供依据。
根据矿体禀赋特性分析及产状分类结果，−470~−390 m阶段矿体以缓倾斜中厚至厚类型矿体为主，矿量约3 270 万 t，占−470~−330 m中段总矿量的56%；−390~−330 m阶段矿体以缓倾斜至倾斜的厚至极厚矿体为主，平均厚度超过100 m，矿量约2 570 万 t，占−470~−330 m中段总矿量的44%。根据上述调查分析，该铁矿−470~−330 m采矿方法初步选择上向水平分层充填法和分段空场嗣后充填法的协同开采方案。
3　采场结构参数优化
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3.1　边界条件
鉴于开采技术环境的复杂性和多样性，为了简化模型构建及分析计算过程，本文提出以下假设：
（1）矿岩具有均匀的物理和化学性质，且不考虑其各向异性的影响；
（2）矿岩硬度不受塑性变形过程影响；
（3）数值计算过程中，模型底面不存在变形。
3.2　上向水平分层充填法采场结构参数优化
安徽某大型铁矿−470~−390 m矿段采用上向水平分层充填法，矿块沿矿体走向布置，长度为100 m，宽度为矿体水平厚度，分段高度为12 m。每个分段划分为3个分层，分层高度为4 m，每分层在盘区中央布置一条分层联络道，垂直矿体走向布置进路，尺寸为4 m×4 m。同一分层的采场采用间隔回采的方式，一步骤回采矿房，胶结充填后二步骤回采矿柱，整个分层回采并充填结束后再转入上一分层回采。
对−470~−390 m矿段矿体的产状进行适当简化处理，以矿体厚度为70 m、倾角为30°作为模型构建的基本条件。二步骤采场安全性相对于一步骤采场较差，考虑最危险工况，即模拟二步骤回采过程中矿房同时回采时顶板和充填体的应力、位移状态。设计3组模拟采场结构参数，采场跨度分别为12 m、15 m、18 m，最大控顶高度为6 m，数值模型如图5所示。
采用MIDAS软件模拟计算矿体顶底板及充填体的最大拉应力、最大压应力和垂直位移（采场跨度为15 m计算云图如图6所示），计算结果见表3、表4。
顶板模拟结果显示，各采场跨度下采场顶板都出现了拉应力，最大拉应力为1.184 MPa（采场跨度为18 m)，未超过顶板抗拉强度，处于相对稳定的状态。顶板沉降主要出现在矿体上盘区域，并且在较大范围内表现出均匀的沉降趋势。各采场跨度下的顶板垂直位移差异较小，平均垂直位移为0.765 cm。
充填体模拟结果显示，采场跨度由12 m增加至18 m时，最大拉应力从0.065 MPa增加到0.199 MPa，最大压应力从1.380 MPa增加到1.530 MPa，均呈现上升趋势。抗拉安全系数是衡量充填体抵抗拉伸破坏能力的指标，该系数越高，抵抗拉伸破坏的能力越强。采场跨度由12 m增加至15 m，再继续增加至18 m时，抗拉安全系数从3.231降低至2.530，再降低至1.055，呈显著下降趋势，即充填体受拉伸破坏的潜在风险持续增加；抗压安全系数同样呈下降趋势，但变化幅度相对抗拉安全系数较小。
综合考虑安全和经济因素，推荐采用上向水平分层充填法时，采场跨度确定为15 m。矿山生产实践表明，采用该开采方案进行回采，采场生产能力为287 t/d，回采率为90.82%，贫化率仅为3.95%，在资源高效利用的同时，显著提升矿山经济效益。
3.3　分段空场嗣后充填法采场结构参数优化
安徽某大型铁矿−390~−330 m水平矿体平均倾角较小，平均厚度大，整体连续性好，适合采用分段空场嗣后充填采矿法。矿块垂直走向布置，长度为100 m，倾角为10°。
为了便于分析，对−390~−330 m矿段矿体的产状进行适当简化处理，以矿体厚度为100 m、倾角为10°作为模型构建的基本条件。由于采场长度较大，顶板暴露面积超过1 300 m2，同样采用两步骤方案。二步骤采场安全性相对于一步骤采场较差，考虑最危险工况，即模拟二步骤回采过程中，矿体采完尚未充填时顶板和充填体的应力、位移状态。设计3组模拟采场结构参数，采场跨度分别为14 m、16 m、18 m，数值模型如图7所示。
采用MIDAS软件模拟计算矿体顶底板及充填体的最大拉应力、最大压应力和垂直位移(采场跨度为16 m的计算云图如图8所示)，计算结果见表5、表6。
顶板模拟结果显示，各采场跨度下采场顶板都出现了拉应力，最大拉应力为1.945 MPa（采场跨度为18 m），未超过顶板抗拉强度，处于相对稳定的状态。
顶板沉降主要出现在矿体上盘区域，并且在较大范围内表现出较为明显的沉降趋势。各采场跨度下的顶板垂直位移差异较小，平均垂直位移为7.543 cm。
充填体模拟结果显示，采场跨度由14 m增加至18 m时，充填体最大拉应力从0.171 MPa增加到0.199 MPa，呈上升趋势；最大压应力由0.734 MPa增加至0.766 MPa，数值变化不大。采场跨度由14 m增加至16 m，再继续增加至18 m时，抗拉安全系数从1.241降低到1.170，再降低至1.051，呈缓慢下降趋势；抗压安全系数由2.372降低至2.313，后又降低至2.280，降幅相对较小。
综合考虑安全和经济因素，采用分段空场嗣后充填法采场跨度为18 m时，采场充填体的安全系数较低，可靠性不高；采场跨度为16 m时采场结构参数为最佳方案，在保证安全生产的同时，可进一步提高采场的生产能力。矿山生产实践表明，采用该开采方案进行回采，采场生产能力为354 t/d，回采率为76.65%，贫化率仅为4.61%，开采效果较好。
4　结论
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（1）根据矿岩物理力学性质及稳定性分析结果，该矿山矿岩稳定性总体介于较稳固至中等稳固，其中，−330 m中段采场矿岩BQ值为501~540，−390 m中段采场矿岩BQ值为461~473,−470 m中段中段采场矿岩BQ值为396~402。−330 m中段矿岩稳固性略优于−390 m和−470 m中段。
（2）依据安徽某大型铁矿矿体禀赋特性及产状分析结果，初步确定协同开采方案为：−470~−390 m矿段采用上向水平分层充填法，−390~−330 m矿段采用分段空场嗣后充填法。
（3）通过MIDAS数值模拟软件对采场结构参数进行优化，得到上向水平分层充填法最优采场跨度为15 m，此时顶板最大拉应力为0.795 MPa；分段空场嗣后充填法最优采场跨度为18 m，此时顶板最大拉应力为1.763 MPa。
（4）工程实践表明，采用协同开采方案进行回采，采场生产能力为287~354 t/d，回采率为76.65%~90.82%，贫化率为3.95%~4.61%，可在保证安全生产的同时，实现矿产资源高效开发，提升经济效益。

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  • 接收时间：2024-04-25
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
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    1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司，湖南　长沙　410012
    2.河南省地质局地质灾害防治中心，河南　郑州　450014
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