Article(id=1322907450667565221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730044800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335314670, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335314670, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335314670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335314670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=12, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907452085239976, articleId=1322907450667565221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research on Roadway Support Technology of Deep Crushed Surrounding Rock Based on the Range of Plastic Zone, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of difficult roadway support in deep crushed surrounding rocks, the range of plastic zone was studied. Taking the roadway in the crushed section of a mine as the engineering background, the current situation of roadway damage was investigated, and from the physical properties of the roadway surrounding rock itself, the influences of cohesion and internal friction angle on plastic zone were analyzed by theoretical analysis and numerical simulation system. The results show that the reason for the failure of the roadway under the original support is the poor nature of the surrounding rocks and the neglect of the plastic zone by the support parameters. The cohesion and internal friction angle of surrounding rocks have a significant influences on the range of plastic zone. When the cohesion and internal friction angle are large, the range of plastic zone is small and the surrounding rocks of roadway tend to be stable. When the internal friction angle is 35° and the cohesion is 3 MPa, the change curve of the plastic zone radius turns, which indicates that the combined parameters are the key threshold of the bearing capacity of the surrounding rocks. According to the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results, the combined support scheme of "anchor (rod), net, spray + full-section anchor cable" was proposed. The field displacement monitoring shows that the maximum deformation of the two sides is about 40 mm, and the maximum deformation of the surrounding rocks of the roof and floor is about 61 mm, which effectively guarantees the stability of the surrounding rocks. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the support technology of deep crushed surrounding rocks in roadway.

, authors=Hao ZHU1, 2, Ke JIANG1, 2, Yongchao GONG1, 2, Like HU3, Weixing LIN1, 2, Junsheng HU4, Jianpo LIU5, Xiaochen XIONG4, authorsList=Hao ZHU, Ke JIANG, Yongchao GONG, Like HU, Weixing LIN, Junsheng HU, Jianpo LIU, Xiaochen XIONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ke JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907475325878509, articleId=1322907450667565221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于塑性区范围的深部破碎围岩巷道支护技术研究, columnId=1226462294582936453, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决深部破碎围岩巷道支护困难的问题,对围岩塑性区范围进行了研究。以某矿山破碎段巷道为工程背景,对巷道破坏现状进行调研,并从巷道围岩自身物理性质出发,通过理论与数值模拟系统分析了黏聚力与内摩擦角对塑性区的影响。结果表明:巷道在原支护下产生破坏的原因为围岩性质差与支护参数忽视塑性区范围;围岩的黏聚力和内摩擦角对塑性区范围具有显著影响,当黏聚力和内摩擦角较大时,塑性区范围较小,巷道围岩趋于稳定;当内摩擦角为35°、黏聚力为3 MPa时,塑性区半径的变化曲线出现转折,表明该组合参数为围岩承载能力的关键阈值;根据理论分析和数值模拟结果,提出了“锚(杆)、网、喷+全断面锚索”的联合支护方案,现场位移监测显示,两帮位移最大变形量为40 mm左右,顶底板围岩最大变形量为61 mm左右,有效保障了巷道围岩的稳定性。研究结果为深部破碎围岩巷道支护技术提供了理论依据。

, authors=朱豪1, 2, 江科1, 2, 龚永超1, 2, 胡力可3, 林卫星1, 2, 胡军生4, 刘建坡5, 熊晓晨4, authorsList=朱豪, 江科, 龚永超, 胡力可, 林卫星, 胡军生, 刘建坡, 熊晓晨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=江科, authorNote=

朱豪(1998—),男,湖南衡阳人,硕士,工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全相关的研究工作。E-mail:

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江科(1992—),男,湖北天门人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全相关的研究工作。E-mail:
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朱豪(1998—),男,湖南衡阳人,硕士,工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全相关的研究工作。E-mail:

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朱豪(1998—),男,湖南衡阳人,硕士,工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全相关的研究工作。E-mail:

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roadway support in the goaf, figureFileSmall=T89bYMEaHplB9Fi49y5c6A==, figureFileBig=KJ7vFZmec9uDGYszTwM5/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907514676838752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907450667565221, language=CN, label=图16, caption=采空区内巷道支护效果, figureFileSmall=T89bYMEaHplB9Fi49y5c6A==, figureFileBig=KJ7vFZmec9uDGYszTwM5/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907514752336226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907450667565221, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical parameters of numerical model of plastic zone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体积模量/GPa切变模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)容重/(kg/m3)
2.5612.3562.16362 150
), ArticleFig(id=1322907514827833699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907450667565221, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

塑性区数值模型的物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体积模量/GPa切变模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)容重/(kg/m3)
2.5612.3562.16362 150
), ArticleFig(id=1322907514907525476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907450667565221, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of theoretical calculations and numerical simulation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)理论塑性区半径/m模拟塑性区半径/m
1.0036.05.5178.015
1.5036.05.3727.443
2.0036.05.2376.734
2.5036.05.1125.986
3.0036.04.9965.272
3.5036.04.8885.098
4.0036.04.7864.899
4.5036.04.6904.876
5.0036.04.6004.578
5.5036.04.5154.341
6.0036.04.4314.265
2.1620.05.2497.636
2.1622.54.9927.003
2.1625.04.7806.297
2.1627.54.5955.840
2.1630.04.4315.288
2.1632.54.2864.879
2.1635.04.1594.594
2.1637.54.0504.630
2.1640.03.9514.270
2.1642.53.8623.879
2.1645.03.7833.678
), ArticleFig(id=1322907515129823589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907450667565221, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

理论计算与数值模拟结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)理论塑性区半径/m模拟塑性区半径/m
1.0036.05.5178.015
1.5036.05.3727.443
2.0036.05.2376.734
2.5036.05.1125.986
3.0036.04.9965.272
3.5036.04.8885.098
4.0036.04.7864.899
4.5036.04.6904.876
5.0036.04.6004.578
5.5036.04.5154.341
6.0036.04.4314.265
2.1620.05.2497.636
2.1622.54.9927.003
2.1625.04.7806.297
2.1627.54.5955.840
2.1630.04.4315.288
2.1632.54.2864.879
2.1635.04.1594.594
2.1637.54.0504.630
2.1640.03.9514.270
2.1642.53.8623.879
2.1645.03.7833.678
), ArticleFig(id=1322907515209515366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907450667565221, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of numerical model of surrounding rock support

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层名称体积模量/GPa切变模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)容重/(kg·m–3)
灰岩6.8406.55021.00402 640
粉砂岩2.0501.8101.80302 300
泥质砂岩2.5612.3562.16362 150
高岭土层0.1500.1250.80251 400
砂岩2.0501.8102.50372 300
高岭土层0.1500.1250.80251 400
), ArticleFig(id=1322907515272429927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907450667565221, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

围岩支护数值模型计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层名称体积模量/GPa切变模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)容重/(kg·m–3)
灰岩6.8406.55021.00402 640
粉砂岩2.0501.8101.80302 300
泥质砂岩2.5612.3562.16362 150
高岭土层0.1500.1250.80251 400
砂岩2.0501.8102.50372 300
高岭土层0.1500.1250.80251 400
), ArticleFig(id=1322907515607974248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907450667565221, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Anchor (cable) parameters in numerical simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
锚杆(索)名称弹性模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa横截面面积/m2水泥浆的黏结力/Pa水泥浆刚度/Pa水泥浆外圈周长/m
自由段0.2117.7440.000 38110.087
锚固段0.2117.7440.000 382×10102×109—
托盘0.2117.7440.000 382×10132×1012—
), ArticleFig(id=1322907515977073001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907450667565221, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

数值模拟中锚杆(索)参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
锚杆(索)名称弹性模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa横截面面积/m2水泥浆的黏结力/Pa水泥浆刚度/Pa水泥浆外圈周长/m
自由段0.2117.7440.000 38110.087
锚固段0.2117.7440.000 382×10102×109—
托盘0.2117.7440.000 382×10132×1012—
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基于塑性区范围的深部破碎围岩巷道支护技术研究
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朱豪 1, 2 , 江科 1, 2 , 龚永超 1, 2 , 胡力可 3 , 林卫星 1, 2 , 胡军生 4 , 刘建坡 5 , 熊晓晨 4
矿业研究与开发 | 深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025,45(6): 12-21
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矿业研究与开发 |深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025 , 45 (6) : 12 -21
基于塑性区范围的深部破碎围岩巷道支护技术研究
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朱豪(1998—),男,湖南衡阳人,硕士,工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全相关的研究工作。E-mail:

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朱豪(1998—),男,湖南衡阳人,硕士,工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全相关的研究工作。E-mail:

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朱豪1, 2 , 江科1, 2 , 龚永超1, 2, 胡力可3, 林卫星1, 2, 胡军生4, 刘建坡5, 熊晓晨4
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 2.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 3.五矿矿业控股有限公司,安徽 合肥 230091
  • 4.鞍山五矿陈台沟矿业有限公司,辽宁 鞍山市 114051
  • 5.东北大学 深部金属矿山安全开采教育部重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819
通讯作者:
江科(1992—),男,湖北天门人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全相关的研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

朱豪(1998—),男,湖南衡阳人,硕士,工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全相关的研究工作。E-mail:

Research on Roadway Support Technology of Deep Crushed Surrounding Rock Based on the Range of Plastic Zone
Hao ZHU1, 2 , Ke JIANG1, 2 , Yongchao GONG1, 2, Like HU3, Weixing LIN1, 2, Junsheng HU4, Jianpo LIU5, Xiaochen XIONG4
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Metal Mine Safety Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 3.Minmetals Mining Holdings Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui 230091, China
  • 4.Anshan Chentaigou Mining Co., Ltd., China Minmetals Corporation, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
  • 5.Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safety Mining of Deep Metal Mines, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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为解决深部破碎围岩巷道支护困难的问题,对围岩塑性区范围进行了研究。以某矿山破碎段巷道为工程背景,对巷道破坏现状进行调研,并从巷道围岩自身物理性质出发,通过理论与数值模拟系统分析了黏聚力与内摩擦角对塑性区的影响。结果表明:巷道在原支护下产生破坏的原因为围岩性质差与支护参数忽视塑性区范围;围岩的黏聚力和内摩擦角对塑性区范围具有显著影响,当黏聚力和内摩擦角较大时,塑性区范围较小,巷道围岩趋于稳定;当内摩擦角为35°、黏聚力为3 MPa时,塑性区半径的变化曲线出现转折,表明该组合参数为围岩承载能力的关键阈值;根据理论分析和数值模拟结果,提出了“锚(杆)、网、喷+全断面锚索”的联合支护方案,现场位移监测显示,两帮位移最大变形量为40 mm左右,顶底板围岩最大变形量为61 mm左右,有效保障了巷道围岩的稳定性。研究结果为深部破碎围岩巷道支护技术提供了理论依据。

深部破碎围岩  /  弹塑性力学  /  巷道支护  /  塑性区  /  数值模拟  /  联合支护

In order to solve the problem of difficult roadway support in deep crushed surrounding rocks, the range of plastic zone was studied. Taking the roadway in the crushed section of a mine as the engineering background, the current situation of roadway damage was investigated, and from the physical properties of the roadway surrounding rock itself, the influences of cohesion and internal friction angle on plastic zone were analyzed by theoretical analysis and numerical simulation system. The results show that the reason for the failure of the roadway under the original support is the poor nature of the surrounding rocks and the neglect of the plastic zone by the support parameters. The cohesion and internal friction angle of surrounding rocks have a significant influences on the range of plastic zone. When the cohesion and internal friction angle are large, the range of plastic zone is small and the surrounding rocks of roadway tend to be stable. When the internal friction angle is 35° and the cohesion is 3 MPa, the change curve of the plastic zone radius turns, which indicates that the combined parameters are the key threshold of the bearing capacity of the surrounding rocks. According to the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results, the combined support scheme of "anchor (rod), net, spray + full-section anchor cable" was proposed. The field displacement monitoring shows that the maximum deformation of the two sides is about 40 mm, and the maximum deformation of the surrounding rocks of the roof and floor is about 61 mm, which effectively guarantees the stability of the surrounding rocks. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the support technology of deep crushed surrounding rocks in roadway.

Deep crushed surrounding rock  /  Elastic-plastic mechanic  /  Roadway support  /  Plastic zone  /  Numerical simulation  /  Combined support
朱豪, 江科, 龚永超, 胡力可, 林卫星, 胡军生, 刘建坡, 熊晓晨. 基于塑性区范围的深部破碎围岩巷道支护技术研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 12 -21 .
Hao ZHU, Ke JIANG, Yongchao GONG, Like HU, Weixing LIN, Junsheng HU, Jianpo LIU, Xiaochen XIONG. Research on Roadway Support Technology of Deep Crushed Surrounding Rock Based on the Range of Plastic Zone[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 12 -21 .
随着矿山开采深度的不断增加,深部破碎围岩巷道的稳定性问题逐渐成为影响矿井安全生产的主要难题之一[1-2]。在深部矿山开采过程中,围岩破碎、岩体应力集中以及巷道的支护结构遭遇极端工作环境,导致巷道变形、塌方等灾害频发,严重影响矿井的安全性和经济效益[3-4]。塑性区作为围岩受力变形的重要区域,决定了巷道的变形特征及其稳定性,准确评估塑性区的范围,进而制定适宜的支护方案,是解决深部破碎围岩支护难题的关键。
目前,针对深部破碎围岩巷道稳定性的问题,国内外学者展开了大量研究[5],Kastner公式率先揭示静水压力状态下圆孔巷道围岩的应力分布规律,并给出了塑性区分布范围[6],后来学者在此基础上结合不同初始条件得出相应条件下塑性区的分布范围,使得巷道围岩支护参数从经验估算进入到定量计算的科学领域[7-9]。王卫军等[10-11]通过非等压圆形巷道围岩建立了围岩塑性区的隐方程,提出了对塑性区恶性扩展的控制方法为高强度的柔性支护。袁超等[12]在此基础上将此理论运用至软弱破碎巷道围岩中,系统分析了塑性区扩展的影响因素以及采用“锚网喷+全断面中空注浆锚索”联合支护方式对巷道围岩进行修复。左建平等[13]在深部巷道围岩梯度破坏机理和巷道等强支护理论的基础上,提出围岩梯度支护分级控制原理和屈服破坏判据,在一定程度上为深部巷道围岩控制提供了理论和实践指导。彭文庆等[14]针对不同区域内围岩破碎程度不同,提出先分层后整体支护、“锚网(索)+底板锚索+喷射混凝土+全断面注浆”修复方案。
从上述研究成果可知,塑性区的范围反映着巷道的破坏情况,也对巷道支护参数起指导作用,利用支护结构将塑性区围岩与稳固的围岩相连接,充分发挥围岩的自承载力,形成稳定承压拱,使得巷道围岩得到有效控制,所以塑性区的范围成了重要参考依据,为保证矿井长期安全稳定生产,需针对不同巷道围岩塑性区范围制定相应的支护方案,将变形控制在许可范围内[15-16]。本文针对某矿山破碎段巷道支护后,仍出现大变形与支护结构失效的情况,从塑性区范围为出发点,运用理论分析和数值模拟分析了巷道围岩的黏聚力、内摩擦角对塑性区范围的影响,从而提出了“锚(杆)、网、喷+全断面锚索”的支护方式,用于解决该巷道的失稳问题。
该矿山采用斜井开拓,斜井斜长1 000 m左右,该矿的巷道厚支护结构如图1所示,斜井巷道断面尺寸为5.9 m×4.35 m。原支护方式为锚网喷+锚杆,在巷道顶部布置6根KMG22-500高强锚杆,长度2 800 mm,间排距为700 mm×700 mm,金属网直径为6 mm,网格尺寸为80 mm×80 mm,喷混凝土强度等级为C20,厚度为15 mm。
通过顶板窥视仪查明围岩松动范围,结果如图2所示,在距巷道内壁2.4 m范围内围岩的裂隙较为发育,说明围岩破碎程度高,且在1.3 m与2.1 m处围岩破碎程度大。这表明该巷道在高应力作用下围岩破碎程度较高,是标准的深部破碎围岩巷道。
如图3所示,在该矿山标高为−140~−160 m之间的巷道,中间有多处出现“尖顶”的冒顶现象,这意味着在巷道的顶板位置有着较高的应力状态。在深度为−160 m以下的区域,对顶板施加锚杆钻孔时发现500 mm范围内围岩破碎程度较高。两帮围岩向巷道内部发育,表面混凝土喷层剥落,有着明显片帮现象,并且表现出非对称的破环形式,特别是在靠近工作面的位置,帮部破坏非常严重。在底板位置出现明显底鼓现象,底角处向内挤压收敛。
根据该巷道所处地质条件和围岩性质综合分析,其破坏的原因主要有以下几点。
(1)围岩自身性质差。该矿山巷道所处位置埋深较大,在围岩中存在较高的应力,并且巷道围岩组成成分中含有较多的高岭石、蒙脱石,这导致围岩极易与水发生软化膨胀,并且围岩以泥岩、砂岩为主,抗压能力较差,导致围岩变形过大。
(2)早期支护不合理。该矿山巷道原支护采用钢筋网壳锚喷支护,这种支护方式在自身高应力和采动影响共同作用下,支护强度不足以抵挡高支承压力,所以围岩出现失稳现象。另外,支护与围岩变形刚度不耦合,无法释放足够的变形能量。支护薄弱部位易发生能量积聚,导致围岩破坏。
(3)其他因素影响。巷道维护过程中施工不规范,存在断面成型不规整,欠挖、超挖现象,为维持正常生产,经常进行卧底等,这些都造成巷道长期处于应力调整状态,对其稳定性造成了一定的影响。
实际上巷道的性状是复杂多样的,且巷道围岩是非均质、非连续的,在建立数学模型时有着许多的难度,因此需做出一些合理的假设,将巷道假设为圆形巷道,将围岩看作均质、连续的弹性体来分析,模型如图2所示[17]。
由弹性力学可知,圆形孔的应力解[18]为:
式中:σr为径向应力,MPa;σθ为环向应力,MPa;τrθ为剪切应力,MPa;σx为水平应力,MPa;σy为垂直应力,MPa;r为巷道半径,m;R为A点距离巷道中心的径向距离,即塑性区半径,m;θ为OA方向与水平线的夹角。
由式(1)、式(2)可得,应力值与围岩的力学参数无关,只与作用在围岩的水平应力σx和垂直应力σy有关,且有[19]:
式中:γ为岩体平均容重;H为埋深;λ为侧压系数。
当巷道设计完成时,其γ、H、r都已确定下来,所以式(2)中的未知量为λ、θ、R。当R=r时,式(2)可化为:
利用Matlab软件绘出式(6)的函数图形,当λ=0~4,θ=0~2π,R=r时巷道围岩的环向应力分布如图5所示。
由图5可知,当θ取0、0.5π rad、1π rad、1.5π rad时,函数有极值点,即巷道的顶底板中点与左右两帮中点,故巷道的最不利位置在顶底板中点与左右两帮中点。
由于式(1)至式(3)都是在极坐标轴下表述的,为了验证在摩尔-库伦破坏准则下巷道破坏半径与内摩擦角φ、黏聚力c的关系,将式(1)至式(3)换成直角坐标系的形式,再结合最大主应力σ1与最小主应力σ3的计算公式,得:
摩尔–库伦准则认为岩石的破坏以剪切破坏为主,所以岩石的强度、黏聚力与内摩擦角都与岩石的承载能力有着直接的关系。摩尔–库伦准则可用摩尔极限应力圆表示,如图6所示。
当应力圆与强度曲线AD相切时,表明巷道围岩处于极限承载状态,此时相切于D点,由几何关系可得:
其中,、,故公式(9)可化为:
联合式(1)、式(2)、式(3)、式(7)、式(8)、式(10),可得巷道处于极限承载状态时,塑性区半径R、黏聚力c、内摩擦角φ的函数表达式:
其中:
根据公式(11),为探讨塑性区半径R与黏聚力c的函数关系,需要设置一定的参考值,如:σy=25 MPa、r=3.25 m,且由文献[9]可知,当λ=1时,塑性区呈现出圆形,故取θ=0°即可得出巷道塑性区半径,结合Matlab软件绘制出公式(11)的函数图形,如图7所示。
由图7可知,随着围岩黏聚力由1 MPa增大至5 MPa时,巷道塑性区半径也随之减少,二者成反比例关系,所以若要保证巷道围岩维持稳定,需适当提高黏聚力。同样随着围岩内摩擦角的增大,巷道塑性区半径也随之减少,与黏聚力一样,内摩擦角与塑性区半径成反比例关系。
为了进一步探讨黏聚力和内摩擦角与巷道破坏半径的关系,根据理论计算中的计算模型,利用FLAC3D软件建立了长60 m、宽60 m、厚4 m的数值模型;在模型的侧边界上施加垂直应力,大小为25 MPa,且水平应力等于垂直应力,如图8所示。采用摩尔–库伦准则作为模型的破坏准则,根据巷道断面面积相等原则,在模型内部设置一圆形巷道,半径为3 m,此模型共96 000个单元,对单元赋予表1中的参数后,通过改变黏聚力或内摩擦角的一个值,模拟在不同黏聚力与内摩擦角下巷道开挖围岩塑性区变化规律。
本文通过改变黏聚力与内摩擦角的大小,得出巷道围岩的塑性区变化范围,分析其对巷道围岩塑性区半径的影响,如图9和图10所示。
由图9可知,巷道围岩破坏区半径随着黏聚力的增加而不断向内减少,当巷道围岩的黏聚力较大时,巷道围岩破坏区较小,说明巷道处于稳定状态;而当黏聚力较小时,代表着此处围岩较为破碎,巷道在此处更容易发生失稳破坏。由图10可知,巷道围岩破坏区半径随着内摩擦角的增大而不断向内减少,总体趋势与黏聚力相似,特别要注意的是,当内摩擦角为30°时,巷道围岩塑性区中现在和过去都达到剪切破坏的单元比较均匀,而当内摩擦角减少至20°时,塑性区范围开始剧烈扩散,围岩基本丧失其承载能力,巷道破坏严重。将矿石的物理参数代入到公式(11)中,即可计算出巷道围岩塑性区半径的解析解,并且与数值模型中的计算结果进行对比,对比结果见表2和图11。
由表2和图11可知,对于黏聚力与内摩擦角而言,理论计算得出的巷道围岩塑性区半径绝大部分小于数值模拟值,其原因在于理论计算中只包括了内摩擦角与黏聚力,而数值模拟计算之中将围岩的体积模量、剪切模量均包括在内,且在数值模拟中内摩擦角为35°、黏聚力为3 MPa时曲线的斜率突然减少,说明围岩的内摩擦角大于35°、黏聚力大于3 MPa后,承载能力较好。
通过上述理论分析与数值模拟结果,该矿山−140~−160 m标高巷道内多处失稳的原因在于应力高、围岩黏聚力低、内摩擦角较小,故出现了严重的冒顶与底鼓现象。同时由表3可知,该矿山围岩内摩擦角基本为30°左右,黏聚力为4.5 MPa左右,结合表2可得,围岩塑性区半径最大为6 m,使用锚索进行支护时,锚索长度应当大于6 m。故对该巷道提出“锚(杆)、网、喷+全断面锚索”联合支护,断面采用10根锚杆,锚杆的规格为KMG22-500高强锚杆,长度为2 800 mm,间排距为700 mm×700 mm,同时采用5根规格为Φ22 mm×8 000 mm的树脂锚索,锚索间排距为1 400 mm×1 400 mm,金属网直径为6 mm,网格尺寸为80 mm×80 mm,喷混凝土强度等级为C20,厚度为15 mm,优化后支护方案如图12所示。
为了验证该支护条件下巷道变形情况,采用FLAC3D软件建立相应的数值模拟模型,模型尺寸为50 m×50 m×35 m,赋予摩尔-库伦本构模型,模型的边界条件为:下边界位移全约束,左右前后4个边界面分别施加法向位移约束,上边界为自由边界,不设置任何约束。在模型建立完成之后对Z方向施加25 MPa应力,且侧压力系数设置为1,建立的模型一共划分为78 750个单元和81 180个网格,模型如图13所示,并根据该矿岩性综合柱状图,将模型从上至下依次进行分组,并分别赋予表3所示的岩石物理参数。
采用Cable结构单元模拟锚杆与锚索,使用非全长锚固和施加预应力的锚杆、锚索,在数值模拟中通过设置锚固剂参数来分别实现锚杆、锚索的托盘、自由段以及锚固段,锚杆施加的预应力为0.1 MPa,锚索施加的预应力为0.07 MPa,巷道内壁处的混凝土喷层与钢筋网则采用Shell结构单元进行代替,使用各向同性材料,弹性模量为10 GPa,厚度为0.15 m。具体的参数设置见表4。
图14为巷道在采用优化支护方案支护后的巷道顶底板垂直位移以及左右帮水平位移。
由图14可知,巷道左右两帮位移量约为17 mm,顶部位移量为19 mm,底部位移量为52 mm,说明该支护方式取得了良好的支护效果,提高了围岩整体性,巷道围岩得到有效控制。
为检验优化支护方案的支护效果,在斜井斜长1 070 m处设置测站,图15为观测结果。由图15可知,在斜井斜长1 070 m处,两帮位移最大变形量为40 mm左右,顶底板围岩最大变形量为61 mm左右,其巷道围岩变形速度小于1 mm/d,巷道围岩变形速率在后期趋于稳定。目前,新建斜井已建成3年多,围岩变形已经稳定,支护效果良好,如图16所示。由此可知,该支护方案能有效提高支架的承载性能,最大限度提高围岩自稳能力,可有效控制巷道围岩变形量,说明该支护方案可行且可靠。
(1)运用弹塑性力学理论建立了双向不等压圆孔巷道计算模型,系统分析了巷道围岩的塑性区变化范围,得出巷道塑性区半径的理论解,并总结出黏聚力、内摩擦角与巷道围岩塑性区半径的关系为:巷道塑性区半径随着黏聚力和内摩擦角的增大不断减小。
(2)该巷道围岩失稳与支护结构失效的原因是:所处围岩自身性质差,岩体强度低,经开挖后围岩进一步劣化,导致锚杆锚固端处于塑性区范围内,无法起到有效支护效果,使得围岩产出非线性变形,进一步使得支护结构和部分围岩发生不连续变形,降低了支护效果。
(3)通过FLAC3D模拟了不同黏聚力和内摩擦角取值下的巷道破坏情况,模拟结果与理论结果相同,并且通过二者对比得出巷道内摩擦角35°、黏聚力3 MPa为围岩强弱的分界线,大于该分界线时,围岩呈现出较高的承载力。
(4)结合现场调研与数值模拟的结果,对巷道的支护问题提出针对性的解决方案,即“锚(杆)、网、喷+全断面锚索”,现场位移观测显示,两帮位移最大变形量为40 mm左右,顶底板围岩最大变形量为61 mm左右,该方案能够有效地控制围岩变形,支护效果良好,为破碎围岩巷道支护技术提供了有效参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404; 2023YFC2907201)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404; 2023YFC2907201)
作者信息
    1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    2.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410012
    3.五矿矿业控股有限公司,安徽 合肥 230091
    4.鞍山五矿陈台沟矿业有限公司,辽宁 鞍山市 114051
    5.东北大学 深部金属矿山安全开采教育部重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819

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江科(1992—),男,湖北天门人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山绿色开采及安全相关的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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