Article(id=1322907449757413414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742227200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335314454, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335314454, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335314454, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335314454, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=50, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907449912602663, articleId=1322907449757413414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Determination of Safety Thickness of Isolation Layer in an Iron Mine from Open-Pit to Underground Mining, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of the safe thickness of the isolation layer in an iron mine from open-pit to underground mining, the technical means combining theoretical calculation and numerical simulation was adopted to analyze the influence characteristics of the underground ore body mining process on the surface settlement and rock movement under the condition of different thickness isolation layers. The results show that the safe thickness of the isolation layer of the iron ore is from 11.25 m to 24.41 m based on the theoretical calculation method. The numerical simulation results show that when the thickness of the isolation layer is 15 m, 20 m and 25 m, the surface settlement displacement of the surface structures, the open-pit slopes and the dump sites are all small, which can meet the stability evaluation standard of the rock mass. Considering the safety of mining and avoiding the loss of mineral resources, the safety thickness of the isolation layer is recommended as 20 m. After the implementation of the plan, it is expected that the comprehensive production capacity of the mine will increase by 20%, the safety accident rate will decrease by 53%, it has advantages in terms of safety reliability, technical feasibility and economic rationality. The study can provides an important reference for similar mines to conduct open-pit to underground mining.

, authors=Qinglong ZENG1, Xiuwen LEI1, Jue YANG1, Jiajun WU2, Jielin LI2, authorsList=Qinglong ZENG, Xiuwen LEI, Jue YANG, Jiajun WU, Jielin LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jielin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907454593445954, articleId=1322907449757413414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=某铁矿露天转地下开采隔离层安全厚度确定研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对某铁矿露天转地下开采工程隔离层的安全厚度问题,采用理论计算与数值模拟相结合的技术手段,分析了不同厚度隔离层条件下地下矿体回采过程对地表沉降及岩层移动情况的影响。结果表明:基于理论计算方法确定的该铁矿隔离层安全厚度范围为11.25~24.41 m;采用数值模拟方法得出了隔离层厚度为15 m、20 m、25 m时,地表构筑物、露天边坡以及排土场地表沉降位移均较小,满足岩体的稳定性评判标准;考虑矿山安全开采同时避免矿产资源损失,推荐矿山采用隔离层安全厚度为20 m。该方案实施后,预计矿山综合生产能力提升20%,安全事故率下降53%,在安全可靠性、技术可行性和经济合理性方面均有优势,为类似矿山开展露天转地下开采提供了重要参考。

, authors=曾庆隆1, 雷秀文1, 杨珏1, 吴嘉骏2, 李杰林2, authorsList=曾庆隆, 雷秀文, 杨珏, 吴嘉骏, 李杰林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李杰林, authorNote=

曾庆隆(1982—),福建上杭人,工程师,主要从事矿山工程施工与管理工作。E-mail:

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李杰林(1982—),湖南宁远人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿工程与矿山安全研究。E-mail:
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曾庆隆(1982—),福建上杭人,工程师,主要从事矿山工程施工与管理工作。E-mail:

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曾庆隆(1982—),福建上杭人,工程师,主要从事矿山工程施工与管理工作。E-mail:

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isolation layer, figureFileSmall=/5k1GrkD+LSIThmLFNjB4Q==, figureFileBig=75v7bqGyC1eTb3/Drjfw+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907463451816053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907449757413414, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同隔离层厚度条件下各监测线沉降位移, figureFileSmall=/5k1GrkD+LSIThmLFNjB4Q==, figureFileBig=75v7bqGyC1eTb3/Drjfw+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907463514730614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907449757413414, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Rock mass movement index of 1# monitoring line when the isolation layer thickness is 15 m, figureFileSmall=/TvyOEYDCVxJnrG0me7Zkg==, figureFileBig=zgAP3jkZ7yXdPFTsszWnTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907463581839479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907449757413414, language=CN, label=图6, caption=隔离层厚度15 m时1#监测线岩层移动指标, figureFileSmall=/TvyOEYDCVxJnrG0me7Zkg==, figureFileBig=zgAP3jkZ7yXdPFTsszWnTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907463665725560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907449757413414, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Movement index of rock mass with different thicknesses of isolation layer, figureFileSmall=6HubW5imVdQNfV33IxrFPQ==, figureFileBig=KU211M98gcTKtNgVUcAjmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907463728640121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907449757413414, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同隔离层厚度岩层移动指标, figureFileSmall=6HubW5imVdQNfV33IxrFPQ==, figureFileBig=KU211M98gcTKtNgVUcAjmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907463795748986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907449757413414, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Theoretical calculation values of isolation layer thickness

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方法计算公式安全系数隔离层厚度H/m
荷载传递交汇线法 1.517.32
厚跨比法 1.511.25
结构力学简化梁法 1.515.49
K.B.鲁别涅依特公式法 1.524.41
普氏拱法 1.518.87
), ArticleFig(id=1322907465435721851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907449757413414, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

隔离层厚度理论计算值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方法计算公式安全系数隔离层厚度H/m
荷载传递交汇线法 1.517.32
厚跨比法 1.511.25
结构力学简化梁法 1.515.49
K.B.鲁别涅依特公式法 1.524.41
普氏拱法 1.518.87
), ArticleFig(id=1322907465523802236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907449757413414, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of numerical model materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称容重/(g/cm3)体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa内摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa泊松比
板岩3.3012.555.3335.12.861.520.26
硅质板岩2.6414.266.1336.22.881.210.26
花岗岩2.5715.616.2137.22.861.480.26
矿体2.8012.166.5135.43.251.620.27
充填体1.960.260.1629.80.610.260.21
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数值模型材料物理力学参数

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材料名称容重/(g/cm3)体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa内摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa泊松比
板岩3.3012.555.3335.12.861.520.26
硅质板岩2.6414.266.1336.22.881.210.26
花岗岩2.5715.616.2137.22.861.480.26
矿体2.8012.166.5135.43.251.620.27
充填体1.960.260.1629.80.610.260.21
), ArticleFig(id=1322907465683185790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907449757413414, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design of isolation layer thickness in similar mines at home and abroad

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矿山名称矿岩普氏系数采空区跨度/m隔离层厚度/m
姑山铁矿——18
凤凰山铁矿8~12—7~10
霍各庄矿7~12—36.2
金山店铁矿—12~2130
石人沟铁矿8~14—16~22
铜山铜矿6~12—10
归来庄金矿6~12—10
攀钢朱兰铁矿8~1615~1830
维什涅沃戈尔矿山12~14—10~15
依也尔多雅克夫斯基矿山14~16—10
海达尔岗斯基矿山—25~3015~30
依叶尔雅可夫斯基矿山—15~2015~25
克里沃罗格铁矿—15~2520~30
柴亮诺夫斯基矿区—25~3015~20
), ArticleFig(id=1322907465758683263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907449757413414, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

国内外类似矿山隔离层厚度设计情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿山名称矿岩普氏系数采空区跨度/m隔离层厚度/m
姑山铁矿——18
凤凰山铁矿8~12—7~10
霍各庄矿7~12—36.2
金山店铁矿—12~2130
石人沟铁矿8~14—16~22
铜山铜矿6~12—10
归来庄金矿6~12—10
攀钢朱兰铁矿8~1615~1830
维什涅沃戈尔矿山12~14—10~15
依也尔多雅克夫斯基矿山14~16—10
海达尔岗斯基矿山—25~3015~30
依叶尔雅可夫斯基矿山—15~2015~25
克里沃罗格铁矿—15~2520~30
柴亮诺夫斯基矿区—25~3015~20
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某铁矿露天转地下开采隔离层安全厚度确定研究
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曾庆隆 1 , 雷秀文 1 , 杨珏 1 , 吴嘉骏 2 , 李杰林 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(6): 50-58
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (6) : 50 -58
某铁矿露天转地下开采隔离层安全厚度确定研究
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曾庆隆(1982—),福建上杭人,工程师,主要从事矿山工程施工与管理工作。E-mail:

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曾庆隆1 , 雷秀文1, 杨珏1, 吴嘉骏2, 李杰林2
作者信息
  • 1.宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410011
  • 2.中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
通讯作者:
李杰林(1982—),湖南宁远人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿工程与矿山安全研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

曾庆隆(1982—),福建上杭人,工程师,主要从事矿山工程施工与管理工作。E-mail:

Determination of Safety Thickness of Isolation Layer in an Iron Mine from Open-Pit to Underground Mining
Qinglong ZENG1 , Xiuwen LEI1, Jue YANG1, Jiajun WU2, Jielin LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hongda Blasting Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
  • 2.School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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针对某铁矿露天转地下开采工程隔离层的安全厚度问题,采用理论计算与数值模拟相结合的技术手段,分析了不同厚度隔离层条件下地下矿体回采过程对地表沉降及岩层移动情况的影响。结果表明:基于理论计算方法确定的该铁矿隔离层安全厚度范围为11.25~24.41 m;采用数值模拟方法得出了隔离层厚度为15 m、20 m、25 m时,地表构筑物、露天边坡以及排土场地表沉降位移均较小,满足岩体的稳定性评判标准;考虑矿山安全开采同时避免矿产资源损失,推荐矿山采用隔离层安全厚度为20 m。该方案实施后,预计矿山综合生产能力提升20%,安全事故率下降53%,在安全可靠性、技术可行性和经济合理性方面均有优势,为类似矿山开展露天转地下开采提供了重要参考。

露天转地下开采  /  隔离层厚度  /  理论分析  /  数值模拟  /  地表位移

Aiming at the problem of the safe thickness of the isolation layer in an iron mine from open-pit to underground mining, the technical means combining theoretical calculation and numerical simulation was adopted to analyze the influence characteristics of the underground ore body mining process on the surface settlement and rock movement under the condition of different thickness isolation layers. The results show that the safe thickness of the isolation layer of the iron ore is from 11.25 m to 24.41 m based on the theoretical calculation method. The numerical simulation results show that when the thickness of the isolation layer is 15 m, 20 m and 25 m, the surface settlement displacement of the surface structures, the open-pit slopes and the dump sites are all small, which can meet the stability evaluation standard of the rock mass. Considering the safety of mining and avoiding the loss of mineral resources, the safety thickness of the isolation layer is recommended as 20 m. After the implementation of the plan, it is expected that the comprehensive production capacity of the mine will increase by 20%, the safety accident rate will decrease by 53%, it has advantages in terms of safety reliability, technical feasibility and economic rationality. The study can provides an important reference for similar mines to conduct open-pit to underground mining.

Open-pit to underground mining  /  Thickness of isolation layer  /  Theoretical analysis  /  Numerical simulation  /  Surface displacement
曾庆隆, 雷秀文, 杨珏, 吴嘉骏, 李杰林. 某铁矿露天转地下开采隔离层安全厚度确定研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 50 -58 .
Qinglong ZENG, Xiuwen LEI, Jue YANG, Jiajun WU, Jielin LI. Determination of Safety Thickness of Isolation Layer in an Iron Mine from Open-Pit to Underground Mining[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 50 -58 .
矿山露天转地下开采是一项复杂的系统工程[1-2],随着开采的逐步推进,由于矿山剥采比过大、排土场容量不足、采矿权范围限制等诸多因素,不再适合露天开采。为保障矿山生产连续性,需在露天开采阶段同步开展地下开采基建工程施工及试生产准备,通过露天与地下开采系统的协同建设,有效保障露天转地下开采过渡期的产能衔接[3-7]。在露天转地下开采过程中,通常会在露天采坑的底部、地下开采的顶部区域预留一部分矿体作为隔离层,用于隔离露天与地下的生产。隔离层安全厚度设计是露天转地下开采工程的关键技术问题,若隔离层过薄,易造成隔离顶柱突然间垮落,威胁井下设施及人员安全,严重时会导致矿井报废;若隔离层过厚,则会造成矿产资源的浪费,同时矿山投资成本也会相应增加[8-10]。因此,隔离层安全厚度的确定及其采动影响分析对保障上下部采场稳定性、最大限度提高资源回收利用率、实现安全开采具有重要意义。
对于隔离层厚度确定问题,近年来学者们已做了大量研究。当前隔离层厚度确定方法可归纳为半定量解析计算法及数值模拟计算法。其中常用的半定量理论计算方法包括厚跨比法、普氏拱法、平板梁法、鲁别涅伊特公式等[11-15];常用的数值模拟分析手段主要为ANSYS、ABQUES、FLAC3D、RFPA等有限元数值模拟软件[16-18]。董秋平等[19]、赵怀军等[20]采用Midas GTSNX软件建立数值模型,重点分析地下开采中隔离层的位移和应力情况,为其厚度确定提供科学的研究思路。岩小明等[21]通过理论计算和有限元分析得出隔离层安全厚度与不同空区跨度之间的关系。李元辉等[22]通过RFPA数值模拟软件,全面分析了唐钢石人沟铁矿预留隔离层的稳定性,并确定了隔离层的厚度。张宝等[23]、许宏亮等[24]通过FLAC3D数值建模确定某矿山的隔离层厚度。
现有的两类常用方法主要考虑了露天边坡稳定性、地下采场结构稳定性等采矿生产安全因素,从力学层面分析主要因素的影响,从而计算出隔离层的最小安全厚度。但实际生产中,还应考虑过渡期的产能平稳接替、地下开采工艺要求等因素对隔离层的厚度、布置形式的要求。本文综合考虑以上各种因素,采用多种理论计算方法和数值模拟法,对某铁矿露天转地下开采隔离层安全厚度进行分析,并给出了最终推荐值,对露天转地下开采隔离层安全厚度的确定具有一定的参考意义。
某铁矿矿体全长2.4 km,分2个采区单元,矿层埋深在40线以西标高均为300 m以上,38线以东标高则在300 m以下。露天开采范围为38~43 W勘探线、标高452~620 m之间的矿体,最低开采至标高452 m,露天开采结束后转入地下开采。目前露天开采已经进入回采阶段末期。地下开采范围为东起31 W勘探线,西至43 W勘探线,标高450~100 m之间的矿体。地下矿体开采设计规模为280 万 t/a,主要采用分段凿岩阶段出矿嗣后充填法进行开采,首采段为370 m阶段和200 m阶段。根据露天开采揭露的情况,矿层的直接顶板为含铁板岩。其浅部节理裂隙发育、松软较破碎;深部一般完整,为较坚硬的裂隙岩层。矿层的底板为斑点状角岩化板岩、绢云母板岩,岩石节理裂隙多由石英脉充填。据坑道调查资料,在无断裂构造破坏的条件下,矿层顶底板、岩层强度大、硬度高,完整性、稳固性较好。
该铁矿前期大规模的露天开采活动已经对露天边坡以及坑底岩体造成了应力扰动,并在坡体内部形成了潜在滑动面。进入地下开采后,地下开挖可能引起地表形变,进一步破坏原本稳定的应力场,给露天边坡稳定与地下采场安全带来了严峻的挑战。因此,开展露天转地下开采隔离层安全厚度研究,对开采影响范围内的边坡隐患灾害进行分析,可以为矿山设计提供基础数据,有效提升露天转地下开采矿山的安全生产水平。
现有隔离层稳定性分析方法涵盖荷载传递交汇线法、厚跨比法、结构力学简化梁法、K.B.鲁别涅依特公式法、普氏拱理论法等。结合该矿山实际情况,选取了以上5种理论计算方法,计算得到了该铁矿的隔离层厚度,见表1。
由表1可知,基于多种理论方法计算得到的隔离层厚度范围在11.25~24.41 m之间。由于理论计算分析往往只针对单个采场或区域进行,并且对计算模型进行了简化处理,采用以上不同的理论计算方法所获得的隔离层厚度值差距较大。为进一步确定隔离层厚度的合理取值,将采用数值计算方法,综合考虑各种定量和定性影响因素,对隔离层进行数值分析,以便获取该铁矿露天转地下开采隔离层的合适厚度值。
根据矿山工程平面布置图,采用FLAC3D有限元数值模拟软件构建包括矿体、排土场、最终露天开采境界以及岩层模型,岩层根据实际地质地形图划分为板岩、硅质板岩以及花岗岩。矿体及主要分析区域网格尺寸设置为4~24 m,为减轻边界对计算的影响,将边界扩大至原来的3倍,扩展区域为40~60 m。模型底部采用三向位移固定约束,四周采用水平位移约束并固定轴向位移,顶部设置为自由面。在自重应力下平衡初始地应力,不考虑其他构造应力的作用。数值模型如图1所示。
根据隔离层厚度的理论计算结果,分别设计15 m、20 m以及25 m三种不同的隔离层厚度计算方案。对三种不同隔离层厚度条件下的地下矿体开采数值模拟结果进行分析,确定最优隔离层厚度,实现矿山安全经济开采。
为了简化计算模型,在建立初始模型时仅考虑矿山岩体中的几种主要岩性,分别为矿山边坡、矿体、围岩及充填体等。将充填体、矿体及围岩看作理想弹塑性材料,因此本次模拟采用摩尔-库仑本构模型。对板岩、花岗岩、矿体等矿山典型岩性开展现场取样并结合室内岩石力学试验,对岩石力学参数进行了折减处理,获得了岩体物理力学参数,见表2。
该铁矿地下采场设计宽度为15 m,走向长度为90 m, 6个采场为一个盘区,盘区间留设15 m间柱;阶段高度为80~100 m,阶段标高分别为370 m、280 m、200 m、100 m。370 m阶段为首采段,最低生产运输中段为100 m。地下矿体开采区域划分如图2所示。为了进一步确定隔离层的可靠性,计算过程中将不建立中段顶底柱以及间柱,以便分析得出最危险工况的开采扰动结果。计算过程对回采和充填过程进行适当简化,各回采步骤如下:
步骤1,回采200 m中段(200~280 m)并充填;
步骤2,回采370 m中段(370~432 m)并充填;
步骤3,回采280 m中段(280~370 m)矿体并充填;
步骤4,回采100 m中段(100~200 m)矿体并充填;
步骤5,回采100 m中段以下矿体并充填。
考虑到该铁矿露天转地下开采隔离层主要保护的区域为露天边坡及其周边区域,根据矿区地形图设置了3条监测线,对不同隔离层厚度条件下开采的地表稳定性进行分析,分别为1#监测线、2#监测线以及3#监测线,对露天坑底、南坡及北坡X、Y、Z三个方向的位移进行监测,监测线布置如图3所示。
地下矿体开采引起的岩体和地表移动与变形一般采用的指标是:位移场变化、倾斜变形率、曲率、水平变形。根据设计规范将位于隔离层上方的地表边坡、构筑物设为I级保护。I级保护的岩移指标斜率、曲率以及水平变形分别为:斜率i=±3 mm/m、曲率k=±0.2×10−3m−1、水平变形ε=±2 mm/m。
当隔离层厚度分别为15 m、20 m、25 m时,地表及3条监测线位移云图基本相似,故仅展示隔离层厚度为15 m时的地表沉降位移云图(如图4所示)。总结各工况下开采位移云图可以看出,开采引起的地表位移主要集中在露天边坡南部区域,而对露天坑底及排土场产生的开采扰动影响较小。
由图4可知,当200 m中段开采并充填后,最大沉降位移为15 mm,此时3种隔离层厚度下的2#监测线最大沉降位移均未影响至地表;当370 m中段开采并充填后,最大沉降位移为18 mm;当280 m中段开采并充填后,最大沉降位移为41 mm;当100 m中段开采并充填后,最大沉降位移为59 mm;当100 m中段以下开采并充填后,最大沉降位移为62 mm。
对开采后不同隔层厚度条件下的不同监测线位移进行统计,如图5所示。
由图5可知,不同隔离层厚度条件下的各监测线沉降位移随开采矿房增多而增大,且隔离层厚度为15 m时,地表、1#监测线、2#监测线、3#监测线沉降位移值均大于隔离层厚度20 m、25 m时各监测线的沉降位移。
以隔离层厚度为15 m、1#监测线的岩层移动指标计算结果(见图6)为例进行分析。监测数据表明,X方向(东西向)最大水平变形量为0.120 mm/m, Y方向(南北向)为0.15 mm/m,地表变形斜率最大值为0.308 mm/m,地表变形曲率最大值为0.006 4×10−3 m−1。根据稳定性判据标准,可认为地表岩层移动各项指标均符合规范要求,满足岩体的稳定性评判标准。
对不同隔离层厚度下各监测线X方向(东西向)的水平变形量最大值、Y方向(南北向)的水平变形量最大值、地表变形斜率最大值及地表变形曲率最大值进行统计,结果如图7所示。由图7可以看出,X方向(东西向)与Y方向(南北向)最大水平变形量分别为0.11 mm/m和0.15 mm/m,地表最大变形曲率达0.006×10−3m−1,均出现在隔离层厚度15 m时1#监测线处。而在隔离层厚度15 m时2#监测线处的地表变形斜率值最大,为0.348 mm/m。根据稳定性评判标准,可认为岩层移动各项指标均符合《有色金属采矿设计规范》(GB50771—2012)要求,满足岩体的稳定性评判标准。综上所述,隔离层厚度为15 m、20 m和25 m时,地表岩层移动各项指标均符合规范要求。
采用理论方法计算得出的隔离层厚度范围在11.25~24.41 m之间,而数值计算结果表明,隔离层厚度为15 m、20 m以及25 m时,地表变形指标均符合I级保护规范需求。参照《有色金属采矿设计规范》(GB50771—2012)要求,考虑地下开采后地表构筑物、露天边坡以及排土场等设施若发生破坏将造成严重的损失,I级保护应设置不小于20 m的隔离层厚度,因此推荐该铁矿露天转地下开采的隔离层厚度设置为20 m。当隔离层厚度选取20 m时,矿山应重视和加强对露天边坡南部、露天坑底部的安全监测工作,必要时在地下开采过程中对露天坑实施封闭处理,确保矿山安全生产。
为评估隔离层安全厚度推荐值的可靠性,对国内外类似矿山的隔离层厚度设置情况进行统计分析[25-26],以评估本研究结果的合理性,结果见表3。
通过表3可以看出,采空区跨度多数处于15~30 m,隔离层厚度设置普遍大于15 m。前苏联学者在关于隔离层厚度确定上总结得出结论[26]:当矿岩普氏系数介于5~12时,隔离层的厚度必须等于或者大于矿房的净跨度。根据地质资料可知,该铁矿的矿岩普氏系数为7~12,设计采场宽度为15~20 m,因此通过类似矿山的统计结果分析,可以认为该铁矿设计的隔离层厚度值在合理范围内。推荐该铁矿露天转地下开采的隔离层厚度设置为20 m,并在露天边坡南部、露天坑底部进行了安全监测工作,有效保障了露天转地下开采的安全稳定性,可实现露天转地下两种采矿工艺的产能衔接与互补,为矿山露天转地下开采提供了可靠技术支撑。该方案实施后,预计矿山综合生产能力提升20%,安全事故率下降53%,在安全可靠性、技术可行性和经济合理性方面均有优势。
(1)采用荷载传递交汇线法、厚跨比法、结构力学简化梁法、鲁别涅伊特公式、普氏拱理论法5种半定量研究方法,计算得出隔离层厚度分别为17.32 m、11.25 m、15.49 m、24.41 m、18.87 m。
(2)采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对15 m、20 m、25 m不同隔离层厚度下的开采过程进行了分析,对比不同隔离层厚度下地表沉降及岩层移动情况,结果表明:隔离层厚度为15 m、20 m以及25 m时,地表变形指标均符合Ⅰ级保护规范要求。
(3)考虑到开采后地表构筑物、露天边坡以及排土场等设施若发生破坏将造成严重的损失,Ⅰ级保护应设置不小于20 m的隔离层厚度,推荐该铁矿露天转地下开采的隔离层安全厚度为20 m。该铁矿的矿岩普氏系数为7~12,设计采场宽度为15~20 m,通过分析国内外类似矿山露天转地下隔离层厚度值,论证了该推荐值的可靠性。该方案实施后,预计矿山综合生产能力提升20%,安全事故率下降53%,在安全可靠性、技术可行性和经济合理性方面均有优势。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3090401)
  • 长沙市自然科学基金项目(kq2402209)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2025-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-18
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3090401)
长沙市自然科学基金项目(kq2402209)
作者信息
    1.宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410011
    2.中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083

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李杰林(1982—),湖南宁远人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿工程与矿山安全研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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