Article(id=1322907448935325778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722873600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335314258, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335314258, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335314258, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335314258, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=59, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907449212149843, articleId=1322907448935325778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Application of RSM-BD in the Optimization of Slag-Based Tailings Cemented Filling Material Ratio, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the cost of filling mining, slag powder-cement was used as a composite cementitious material, and the response surface method was used to obtain the optimal ratio of filling materials that could meet the strength requirements of a mine filling body. Firstly, through the strength test of filling body with different cement-sand ratios (slag powder-cement : tailings) and the slump test with different slurry mass concentrations, the ranges of slag powder dosage and slurry mass concentration were preliminarily determined. Then, based on RSM-BBD module, the strength regression model of slag-based cemented filling body at different ages was established, and the influences of slag powder dosage, cement-sand ratio and slurry mass concentration on the strength of cemented filling body were analyzed. The results show that the interactions of slag powder dosage and slurry mass concentration, slag powder dosage and cement-sand ratio, cement-sand ratio and slurry mass concentration have significant effects on the 3 d strength, 7 d strength and 28 d strength of the filling body, respectively. Finally, combined with the engineering requirements, the best ratio of filling materials was recommended. Mine practice shows that the use of slag-based cementitious materials instead of cement for mine filling can reduce the cost of filling cementitious materials by 12%−13%.

, authors=Xing SONG1, 2, Haiyun ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Xing SONG, Haiyun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907454471807096, articleId=1322907448935325778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=RSM-BBD在矿渣基尾砂胶结充填材料配比优化中的应用, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为降低充填采矿成本,以矿渣粉-水泥作为复合胶凝材料,利用响应面法,获取可满足某矿山充填体强度要求的充填材料最优配比。首先,通过开展不同胶砂比(矿渣粉-水泥:尾砂)充填体强度试验和不同料浆质量浓度塌落度试验,初步确定了矿渣粉掺量和料浆质量浓度范围;然后,基于RSM-BBD模块建立了不同龄期的矿渣基胶结充填体强度回归模型,分析矿渣粉掺量、胶砂比、料浆质量浓度对胶结充填体强度的作用关系。研究结果显示,矿渣粉掺量与料浆质量浓度、矿渣粉掺量与胶砂比、胶砂比与料浆质量浓度3组交互作用分别对充填体的3 d强度、7 d强度和28 d强度影响显著。最后,结合工程需求,推荐了充填材料最佳配比。矿山实践表明,采用矿渣基胶凝材料代替水泥用于矿山充填,可降低充填的胶凝材料成本12%~13%。

, authors=宋兴1, 2, 张海云1, 2, authorsList=宋兴, 张海云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

宋兴(1989—),男,湖南益阳人,工程师,主要从事金属矿山开采技术、充填物料研究工作。E-mail:

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宋兴(1989—),男,湖南益阳人,工程师,主要从事金属矿山开采技术、充填物料研究工作。E-mail:

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Macro and meso response mechanism of early mechanical behavior of backfill based on slag-based cementitious material[D]. Zibo: Shandong University of Technology, 2021., articleTitle=Macro and meso response mechanism of early mechanical behavior of backfill based on slag-based cementitious material, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322907466610122930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, awardId=2022YFC2904001, language=CN, fundingSource=国家“十四五”重点研发项目(2022YFC2904001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322907454681522297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322907454689910906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, companyId=1322907454681522297, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322907454698299515, 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postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322907461094613139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Strength changes of filling body with different slag dosages, figureFileSmall=On4D2ZHyXaO+EM2QrxLXiQ==, figureFileBig=IxSM0QbTeUEQ+02btcOdPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907461174304916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同矿渣掺量充填体的强度变化, figureFileSmall=On4D2ZHyXaO+EM2QrxLXiQ==, figureFileBig=IxSM0QbTeUEQ+02btcOdPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907461421768853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison between tested strength and predicted strength of filling body, figureFileSmall=Wb+ocg7XaArxamqdHV8Gng==, figureFileBig=gfhYkgMI8sl4a3MevNk65w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907461497266326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=图2, caption=充填体强度试验结果与预测结果的比较, figureFileSmall=Wb+ocg7XaArxamqdHV8Gng==, figureFileBig=gfhYkgMI8sl4a3MevNk65w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907461572763799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The influence of single factor on the strength of filling material, figureFileSmall=TLCPjFdQ195w3Z5CCg5KSw==, figureFileBig=v1GkEunWl/DZNutKClBDKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907461669232792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=图3, caption=单因素对充填体强度影响, figureFileSmall=TLCPjFdQ195w3Z5CCg5KSw==, figureFileBig=v1GkEunWl/DZNutKClBDKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907461811839129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Response surface contour pots of the interaction between factor A and B, figureFileSmall=HFQG5yYuQhH/HvYVyuUqKA==, figureFileBig=/hB5agAS21E8id8e7R9TdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907461899919514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=图4, caption=因素A和B的交互作用响应面等高线, figureFileSmall=HFQG5yYuQhH/HvYVyuUqKA==, figureFileBig=/hB5agAS21E8id8e7R9TdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907461979611291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Response surface contour pots of the interaction between factor A and C, figureFileSmall=c7LMIqNblRwaX6+v/V0uqA==, figureFileBig=hyQvCFINKDez8TqRN8ntjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907462197715100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=图5, caption=因素A和C的交互作用响应面等高线, figureFileSmall=c7LMIqNblRwaX6+v/V0uqA==, figureFileBig=hyQvCFINKDez8TqRN8ntjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907462260629661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Response surface contour pots of the interaction between factor B and C, figureFileSmall=odynmofy9JoiLBuBHWJfSQ==, figureFileBig=fmsm5pcLrdcSl86Hbz6lyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907462596173982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=图6, caption=因素B和C的交互作用响应面等高线, figureFileSmall=odynmofy9JoiLBuBHWJfSQ==, figureFileBig=fmsm5pcLrdcSl86Hbz6lyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907462680060063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test results of main chemical components of the unclassified tailings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CaOMgOAl2O3SiO2S
2.332.4415.4349.834.62
), ArticleFig(id=1322907462751363232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全尾砂主要化学成分测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CaOMgOAl2O3SiO2S
2.332.4415.4349.834.62
), ArticleFig(id=1322907462822666401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Composition of tail sand particle size

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/μm累计占比/%粒径/μm累计占比/%粒径/μm累计占比/%
–515.46–5068.87–15083.15
–1037.25–7673.88–24091.14
–2054.72–10077.58+586100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322907463070130338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

尾砂粒径组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/μm累计占比/%粒径/μm累计占比/%粒径/μm累计占比/%
–515.46–5068.87–15083.15
–1037.25–7673.88–24091.14
–2054.72–10077.58+586100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322907463149822115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Particle size composition of slag powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒度/μm占比/%比表面积/(m2/kg)
3.122.71—
5.2110.52—
9.8628.30—
21.2056.75—
31.1073.23—
45.6089.27—
76.0099.91498
), ArticleFig(id=1322907463225319588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

矿渣粉粒度组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒度/μm占比/%比表面积/(m2/kg)
3.122.71—
5.2110.52—
9.8628.30—
21.2056.75—
31.1073.23—
45.6089.27—
76.0099.91498
), ArticleFig(id=1322907464273895589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Main components of slag powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CaOSiO2Al2O3MgOFe2O3
63.8719.773.840.0753.02
), ArticleFig(id=1322907465548964007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

矿渣粉主要成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CaOSiO2Al2O3MgOFe2O3
63.8719.773.840.0753.02
), ArticleFig(id=1322907465620267176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of collapse test of slurry with different mass concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶砂比项目料浆质量浓度/%
787674727068
1:6塌落度8.314.423.226.227.428.2
扩展度2230355063摊开
1:10塌落度7.815.122.526.527.528.4
扩展度2430385872摊开
1:14塌落度7.515.523.526.827.828.1
扩展度2532395970摊开
), ArticleFig(id=1322907465729319081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同质量浓度的料浆塌落度测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶砂比项目料浆质量浓度/%
787674727068
1:6塌落度8.314.423.226.227.428.2
扩展度2230355063摊开
1:10塌落度7.815.122.526.527.528.4
扩展度2430385872摊开
1:14塌落度7.515.523.526.827.828.1
扩展度2532395970摊开
), ArticleFig(id=1322907465972588714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Values of 3 levels and 3 factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取值代码矿渣粉掺量(A)/%胶砂比(B)充填料浆质量浓度(C)/%
–1701:1470
0751:1072
1801:674
), ArticleFig(id=1322907466043891883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

3因素3水平取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取值代码矿渣粉掺量(A)/%胶砂比(B)充填料浆质量浓度(C)/%
–1701:1470
0751:1072
1801:674
), ArticleFig(id=1322907466115195052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Actual and predicted strengths of filling body

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别因素3 d强度/MPa7 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa
A/%BC/%实测值y1预估值相对误差/%实测值y2预估值相对误差/%实测值y3预估值相对误差/%
1701:10700.330.3330.910.640.626–2.191.521.491–1.91
2801:10740.410.408–0.490.780.7941.791.881.9091.54
3751:10720.410.4325.370.790.8365.821.962.0725.71
4701:6720.640.636–0.631.251.2560.482.832.8530.81
5801:10700.310.3254.840.570.5964.561.391.4443.88
6751:6700.580.5810.171.131.1380.712.652.6560.23
7751:10720.390.43210.770.890.836–6.072.082.072–0.38
8701:10740.510.495–2.940.980.954–2.652.252.196–2.40
9751:10720.430.4320.470.820.8361.952.122.072–2.26
10701:14720.280.2965.710.420.4548.101.061.1205.66
11751:6740.680.6992.791.351.3701.483.073.1011.01
12751:14740.360.359–0.280.670.663–1.041.521.514–0.39
13751:10720.460.432–6.090.870.836–3.912.032.0722.07
14751:14700.250.231–7.600.390.370–5.130.820.789–3.78
15801:14720.240.2441.670.430.424–1.400.980.958–2.24
16751:10720.470.432–8.090.810.8363.212.172.072–4.52
17801:6720.610.594–2.621.131.096–3.012.742.680–2.19
), ArticleFig(id=1322907466215858349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

充填体强度的实测值与预测值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别因素3 d强度/MPa7 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa
A/%BC/%实测值y1预估值相对误差/%实测值y2预估值相对误差/%实测值y3预估值相对误差/%
1701:10700.330.3330.910.640.626–2.191.521.491–1.91
2801:10740.410.408–0.490.780.7941.791.881.9091.54
3751:10720.410.4325.370.790.8365.821.962.0725.71
4701:6720.640.636–0.631.251.2560.482.832.8530.81
5801:10700.310.3254.840.570.5964.561.391.4443.88
6751:6700.580.5810.171.131.1380.712.652.6560.23
7751:10720.390.43210.770.890.836–6.072.082.072–0.38
8701:10740.510.495–2.940.980.954–2.652.252.196–2.40
9751:10720.430.4320.470.820.8361.952.122.072–2.26
10701:14720.280.2965.710.420.4548.101.061.1205.66
11751:6740.680.6992.791.351.3701.483.073.1011.01
12751:14740.360.359–0.280.670.663–1.041.521.514–0.39
13751:10720.460.432–6.090.870.836–3.912.032.0722.07
14751:14700.250.231–7.600.390.370–5.130.820.789–3.78
15801:14720.240.2441.670.430.424–1.400.980.958–2.24
16751:10720.470.432–8.090.810.8363.212.172.072–4.52
17801:6720.610.594–2.621.131.096–3.012.742.680–2.19
), ArticleFig(id=1322907466282967214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Tesults of variance analysis of regression models

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模型平方和均方F值P值
3 d强度模型0.286 70.031 935.943 04.8610E-05
7 d强度模型1.295 80.144 082.986 32.8017E-06
28 d强度模型6.987 50.776 4123.642 37.0732E-07
), ArticleFig(id=1322907466371047599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

回归模型方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型平方和均方F值P值
3 d强度模型0.286 70.031 935.943 04.8610E-05
7 d强度模型1.295 80.144 082.986 32.8017E-06
28 d强度模型6.987 50.776 4123.642 37.0732E-07
), ArticleFig(id=1322907466438156464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Evaluation of fitting accuracy of regression models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型R2 变异系数/%信噪比
3 d强度模型0.978 80.951 60.881 96.876 920.473 1
7 d强度模型0.990 70.978 80.930 05.087 031.302 2
28 d强度模型0.993 70.985 70.953 94.073 538.049 7
), ArticleFig(id=1322907466496876721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907448935325778, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

回归模型的拟合精度评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型R2 变异系数/%信噪比
3 d强度模型0.978 80.951 60.881 96.876 920.473 1
7 d强度模型0.990 70.978 80.930 05.087 031.302 2
28 d强度模型0.993 70.985 70.953 94.073 538.049 7
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RSM-BBD在矿渣基尾砂胶结充填材料配比优化中的应用
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宋兴 1, 2 , 张海云 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(6): 59-67
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (6) : 59 -67
RSM-BBD在矿渣基尾砂胶结充填材料配比优化中的应用
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宋兴1, 2 , 张海云1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 4101012
  • 2.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
作者简介:

宋兴(1989—),男,湖南益阳人,工程师,主要从事金属矿山开采技术、充填物料研究工作。E-mail:

Application of RSM-BD in the Optimization of Slag-Based Tailings Cemented Filling Material Ratio
Xing SONG1, 2 , Haiyun ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 2.National Engineering Research Center for Metal Mining, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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为降低充填采矿成本,以矿渣粉-水泥作为复合胶凝材料,利用响应面法,获取可满足某矿山充填体强度要求的充填材料最优配比。首先,通过开展不同胶砂比(矿渣粉-水泥:尾砂)充填体强度试验和不同料浆质量浓度塌落度试验,初步确定了矿渣粉掺量和料浆质量浓度范围;然后,基于RSM-BBD模块建立了不同龄期的矿渣基胶结充填体强度回归模型,分析矿渣粉掺量、胶砂比、料浆质量浓度对胶结充填体强度的作用关系。研究结果显示,矿渣粉掺量与料浆质量浓度、矿渣粉掺量与胶砂比、胶砂比与料浆质量浓度3组交互作用分别对充填体的3 d强度、7 d强度和28 d强度影响显著。最后,结合工程需求,推荐了充填材料最佳配比。矿山实践表明,采用矿渣基胶凝材料代替水泥用于矿山充填,可降低充填的胶凝材料成本12%~13%。

矿渣基胶凝材料  /  尾砂胶结充填  /  材料配比  /  响应面法

In order to reduce the cost of filling mining, slag powder-cement was used as a composite cementitious material, and the response surface method was used to obtain the optimal ratio of filling materials that could meet the strength requirements of a mine filling body. Firstly, through the strength test of filling body with different cement-sand ratios (slag powder-cement : tailings) and the slump test with different slurry mass concentrations, the ranges of slag powder dosage and slurry mass concentration were preliminarily determined. Then, based on RSM-BBD module, the strength regression model of slag-based cemented filling body at different ages was established, and the influences of slag powder dosage, cement-sand ratio and slurry mass concentration on the strength of cemented filling body were analyzed. The results show that the interactions of slag powder dosage and slurry mass concentration, slag powder dosage and cement-sand ratio, cement-sand ratio and slurry mass concentration have significant effects on the 3 d strength, 7 d strength and 28 d strength of the filling body, respectively. Finally, combined with the engineering requirements, the best ratio of filling materials was recommended. Mine practice shows that the use of slag-based cementitious materials instead of cement for mine filling can reduce the cost of filling cementitious materials by 12%−13%.

Slag-based cementitious material  /  Cemented filling of tailings  /  Material ratio  /  Response surface method
宋兴, 张海云. RSM-BBD在矿渣基尾砂胶结充填材料配比优化中的应用. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 59 -67 .
Xing SONG, Haiyun ZHANG. Application of RSM-BD in the Optimization of Slag-Based Tailings Cemented Filling Material Ratio[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 59 -67 .
充填采矿法能够改善深部矿山作业环境,提高矿产资源回收率,符合矿业领域绿色、无废、低碳开采要求,已经成为了新建、改扩建深井矿山的首选采矿方法[1-2]。然而,随着选矿粉磨技术不断更新和设备不断升级,尾砂粒度不断减小。用极细粒全尾砂作为胶结充填的骨料时,为满足采矿方法对充填体的强度要求,水泥等胶凝材料消耗量巨大,从而导致充填采矿成本较高[3-4]。
在充填材料优化研究方面,王冲等[5]针对细颗粒尾砂含量高导致充填体强度低的问题,研究了碱激发剂和不同长度APAM增强剂对充填料浆流动性与抗压强度的影响,并借助SEM揭示了微观机理;张静等[6]研究了全尾砂-废石胶结充填体抗压强度特性,并确定了最佳充填骨料配比,可为矿山降本提效提供思路;张雷等[7]针对矿粉-水泥复合胶凝材料,进行了不同料浆质量浓度和灰砂比下的胶结体抗压强度试验,结果显示,水泥碱环境能够有效激发矿粉活性,水化产物产生量增多,充填体内部结构更加密实,可以有效提升充填体的力学强度特性。于永纯等[8]开展了不同矿渣掺比的充填体强度试验,结果显示,当养护龄期超过7 d时,胶结作用逐渐显现,充填体强度明显提升;王永定等[9]考虑到酒钢矿粉活性低的特点,研究了机械粉磨1.0 h(中细粉)和1.5 h(超细粉)两种细度矿渣粉对充填体强度的影响,结果表明,超细渣粉能够有效提升充填体强度。矿渣基胶凝材料因其具有成本低廉、强度较高、流动性好等优势,越来越多矿山尝试采用矿渣取代水泥作为矿山充填胶结剂[10-11]。矿渣基胶凝充填体强度不仅与矿渣粉掺量、料浆质量浓度、灰砂比等单因素有关,各因素之间的交互作用也会对强度产生影响,但现有的研究对各因素强度的交互作用及机理研究还不深入。响应面法(RSM)可以基于Design-Expert软件设计多因素多水平试验方案,并对试验数据进行深入分析,通过构建可视化回归模型,能够有效揭示因素之间的交互作用,还可以基于响应面回归模型,获取各因素参数的最优解,优化工艺设计[12-13]。
鉴于此,综合已有研究成果,以四川某有色金属矿山为例,借助RSM(Response Surface Methodology)-BBD(Box-Behnken Design)法,设计了17组配比试验,研究矿渣粉掺量、胶砂比、料浆质量浓度对胶结充填体强度的影响,并结合工程实际和充填质量要求,确定充填材料最优配比方案。
四川某有色金属矿山前期主要采用空场法回采矿石。由于矿山资源量逐步减少,为最大限度回收利用矿产资源,后期转为用充填采矿法开采。矿山充填系统建成并投入运行以来,整体系统工艺流畅,能够满足井下充填要求。但充填成本一直居高不下,远远高于国内其他全尾砂充填矿山的充填成本。一方面,该矿尾砂粒径−76 μm比重达到了73.88%,属极细尾砂,且颗粒级配不均匀,比表面积为562.9 m2/kg,为满足采矿对充填体强度的要求,水泥消耗量较大,再加上矿山位处偏远的高原山区,水泥运输费用较高,导致充填成本难以控制;另一方面,根据矿体赋存条件,该矿山的充填工艺采用管道加压泵送的方式输送充填料浆,充填料浆质量浓度相对较低,充填泌水较多,导致井下排水费用增加。因此,该矿山迫切需要开展充填降本优化研究,提高充填质量,提升企业经济效益。
试验用尾砂是现场晾晒烘干的充填站浓密机底流全尾砂,经实验室测定,全尾砂的密度为2.728 t/m3,松散干容重为1.24 t/m3,密实干容重为1.65 t/m3,松散最大孔隙率为54.5%,自然安息角为38.5°,主要化学成分见表1,粒级分布见表2。
试验选用水泥和矿渣作为胶凝材料,其中,水泥为P⋅O 42.5 R,矿渣为西宁某钢铁厂的高炉矿渣。先将矿渣粉粗碎,然后放入小球磨机中进行细磨,磨至粒度≤80 μm,比表面积为420~525 m2/kg,使矿渣粉活性最大[14-15]。研磨90 min后的矿渣粉粒径分布见表3,化学成分见表4。
在确定矿渣粉的粒度组成和主要化学成分后,需要确定矿渣粉与水泥的配比,以最大程度激发矿渣粉的活性。通过设计小组试验测定充填体抗压强度来确定复合胶凝材料的配比,采用矿渣粉:水泥为9:1、8.5:1.5、8:2、7.5:2.5、7:3五组配比方案,按照胶砂比1:6、料浆质量浓度为70%制作充填料浆,进行充填体强度试验,同时制作以纯水泥为胶凝材料的充填料浆作为对比(对照组),试验结果如图1所示。
由图1可知,当胶砂比和料浆质量浓度固定时,随着矿渣粉掺量比重增大,不同养护龄期胶结充填体强度先增加后降低。纯水泥作为胶凝材料时,养护3 d、7 d、28 d的强度分别为0.37 MPa、0.84 MPa和2.17 MPa,矿渣粉掺量为75%时,相应强度分别达到了0.58 MPa、1.13 MPa和2.65 MPa,强度增长率分别为56.76%、34.52%和22.12%,这表明水泥可以有效地激发矿渣的活性,可以显著提高充填体强度,特别是对充填体早期强度和中期强度增幅较大;矿渣粉掺量为90%时,相应养护龄期胶结体的强度分别为0.35 MPa、0.71 MPa和1.69 MPa,与纯水泥胶结的充填体相比,强度增长率分别为−5.41%、−16.67%和−22.12%,这表明矿渣粉掺量过大,作为激发剂水泥含量较少,不足以提高矿渣粉活性,水化产物较少,胶结体内部结构不密实,导致充填体力学特性下降。通过与纯水泥试块强度比较分析,当矿渣粉掺比为70%~80%时,充填体单轴抗压强度明显增大,因此,对于该矿山而言,矿渣粉-水泥复合胶凝材料的矿渣粉占比为70%~80%是合理可行的。
料浆质量浓度过高会加重管壁磨损程度,引发堵管、跑、漏浆等事故;而料浆质量浓度太低时,则会出现料浆离析现象,影响充填质量。因此,通过塌落度试验来确定料浆质量浓度的合理范围[16-17]。分别制作胶砂比为1:6、1:10和1:14,料浆质量浓度为68%、70%、72%、74%、76%、78%的浆体,置入塌落度筒中,按操作规程测定塌落度,具体结果见表5。
由表5可知:胶砂比不同时,相同质量浓度的充填浆体的塌落度差异不大;胶砂比相同时,料浆质量浓度越小,塌落度越大,即塌落度对充填料浆质量浓度敏感性更大,与胶砂比的关联性不强。充填料浆质量浓度范围在68%~74%时,塌落度测定值均超过了22 cm,扩展度均大于35 cm,表明浆体管输性能较好。充填料浆质量浓度高于74%时,充填浆体呈干硬性,流动性开始变差,当料浆质量浓度为78%时,塌落度为7.5 cm左右,扩展度在24 cm左右,充填浆体管输相对困难。当充填料浆质量浓度低于68%时,浆体呈分层离析状态。综合来看,料浆质量浓度应控制在70%~74%。
选取矿渣粉掺量(A)、胶砂比(B)和料浆质量浓度(C)为自变量因素,胶结充填体3 d强度(y1)、7 d强度(y2)和28 d强度(y3)为响应值,构建响应面多元回归模型。其中,矿渣粉掺量(A)范围为70%~80%,料浆质量浓度(C)范围为70%~74%,参考类似矿山经验和现有充填技术条件,胶砂比确定为1:6~1:14[18-19]。设计的3因素3水平取值及代码见表6。
矿渣-水泥复合胶凝材料胶结充填体3 d、7 d、28 d强度的实测值和响应面回归模型预测值见表7。基于Desing-Export13软件,确定矿渣粉掺量(A)、胶砂比(B)和料浆质量浓度(C)与养护龄期之间的回归关系方程式,见式(1)至式(3)。
式中,y1、y2、y3分别代表胶结充填体养护至3 d、7 d和28 d的强度,MPa。
为了研究响应面回归模型自变量与响应值之间的影响显著性,评估不同龄期响应面回归模型的准确性和可靠度,对3个回归方程误差来源进行了方差分析,结果见表8。
F值越大、P值越小,表明该回归模型越显著,当P值>0.05时,表示该回归模型不显著;P值<0.05时,表示该回归模型模型显著,当P值<0.000 1时,模型表现为极显著[20]。根据表8可知,3个响应面回归模型F值分别为35.943 0, 82.986 3, 123.642 3, P值分别为4.8610E-05, 2.8017E-06, 7.0732E-07, P值均小于0.000 1,表明所建立的不同龄期关于3个自变量因素的回归模型具有极其显著性。
为进一步说明回归模型的可靠性,运用复相关系数(R2)、校正决定系数()、预测决定系数()、变异系数(CV)和信噪比5个相关系数评估模型的精准度。3个回归模型相关系数计算结果见表9。
由表9可知,3个响应面回归模型的R2、、普遍大于0.95,表明所建立的响应面回归模型拟合预测精度较高,变异系数均小于10%,试验数据和预测结果相对可靠,信噪比均大于4,表明3个响应面回归模型具有较好解释性,抗干扰能力强。
充填体强度试验实测值与响应面回归模型预测值的散点图见图2。由图2可知,试验实测值与回归模型预测值散点基本均匀分别在y=x直线上或两侧,表示建构的拟合模型预测精度较高,可以用于充填材料配比优化研究。
充填体强度不仅与矿渣粉掺量、胶砂比和料浆质量浓度单个影响因素有关,还受到3个因素之间的交互作用影响。
(1)矿渣粉掺量对充填体强度的影响。固定料浆质量浓度为72%、胶砂比为1:10,矿渣粉掺量与胶结充填体强度的关系如图3(a)所示。由图3(a)可知,当养护龄期为3 d时,矿渣粉掺量对充填体强度的影响相对较小,结合表7的数据分析,矿渣粉掺量自变量因素响应面回归模型的F值仅为5.090 7,与胶砂比和料浆质量浓度两个自变量因素的回归模型的F值(分别为268.549 6和33.857 8)相差较大;充填体7 d和28 d强度随矿渣粉掺量的增加先缓慢增加后降低,最佳矿渣粉掺量占比为74%,充填体强度达到最大值,分别为0.842 MPa、2.080 MPa。这是因为水泥含量相对较少时,矿渣粉活性得不到充分有效激发,相应的水化产物对全尾砂的黏结性不强、包裹性不足,导致胶结体强度提升不明显甚至降低。
(2)胶砂比对充填体强度的影响。控制矿渣粉掺量为74%、料浆质量浓度为74%,胶砂比与充填体强度的关系如图3(b)所示。由图3(b)可知,灰砂比越大,充填体强度越大,养护龄期越长,充填体强度增速越快。结合表7的数据分析,3 d、7 d、28 d强度响应面回归模型中胶砂比自变量因素的F值分别为268.549 6, 626.981 3, 950.508 2,说明胶砂比对充填体强度的影响显著。这是因为该矿山采用极细全尾砂作为充填骨料,“细泥”含量高,尾砂容易包裹在胶凝材料表面,从而出现阻碍水化反应的现象,导致充填体早期强度较低,随着水泥、矿渣粉水化反应胶结作用增强,骨料颗粒团聚,胶结体力学结构和力学特性得到改善。
(3)料浆质量浓度对充填体强度的影响。固定矿渣粉掺量为74%、胶砂比为1:10,料浆质量浓度与充填体强度的关系如图3(c)所示。由图3(c)可知,料浆质量浓度低于73%时,充填体强度随料浆质量浓度的增加而缓慢提高;当料浆质量浓度超过73%时,充填体强度继续提高,但增长幅度降低。结合表7的数据分析,3 d、7 d、28 d强度回归模型中料浆质量浓度自变量因素的F值分别为33.857 8, 79.430 8, 109.001 3,料浆质量浓度对充填体强度显著性影响次于灰砂比。这是因为当料浆质量浓度较高时,水分相对较少,胶凝材料水化反应受到一定程度抑制,进而影响了充填体强度的增长幅度。
(4)矿渣粉掺量与胶砂比交互作用对充填体强度的影响。当料浆质量浓度(C)为72%时,矿渣粉掺量(A)与胶砂比(B)交互作用对充填体3 d强度、7 d强度和28 d强度影响的响应面等高线如图4所示。从图4可以看出,保持胶砂比(B)固定,当矿渣粉掺量(A)<75%时,矿渣粉与水泥复合胶凝发生火山灰反应,能够提高充填体强度,当矿渣粉掺量(A)>75%时,充填体强度减小,即二者的交互作用对充填体强度具有阻碍影响,胶砂比(B)越小,抑制作用明显。在胶砂比(B)为1:14的条件下,当矿渣粉掺量(A)为70%时,充填体在3个养护龄期下的强度分别为0.28 MPa、0.42 MPa、1.06 MPa;而当矿渣粉掺量(A)为80%时,充填体在3个养护龄期下的强度分别为0.24 MPa、0.38 MPa、0.98 MPa,充填体强度分别下降了14.29%、9.52%、7.55%。同样地,胶砂比(B)为1:6的条件下,A=80%与A=70%相比,3个养护龄期充填体强度分别下降了10.71%、9.06%、3.18%。保持矿渣粉掺量(A)固定,根据等高线疏密情况,当胶砂比(B)<0.12时,等高线相对稀疏,充填体强度增长幅度相对较小,当胶砂比(B)>0.12时,等高线相对密集,充填体强度增幅相对较大。整体来看,矿渣粉掺量(A)为70%~75%、胶砂比(B)为1:9~1:6时,二者交互作用对充填体强度影响显著。
(5)矿渣粉掺量与料浆质量浓度交互作用对充填体强度的影响。胶砂比(B)为1:6时,矿渣粉掺量(A)与料浆质量浓度(C)交互作用对充填体3 d强度、7 d强度和28 d强度影响的响应面等高线如图5所示。从图5可以看出,保持料浆质量浓度(C)固定,随着矿渣粉掺量(A)的增加,充填体强度先增大后降低。当料浆质量浓度(C)为70%、矿渣粉掺量(A)为70%时,充填体3 d、7 d和28 d强度分别为0.33 MPa、0.64 MPa、1.52 MPa,矿渣粉掺量(A)为80%时,3个养护龄期下的充填体强度分别为0.31 MPa、0.57 MPa、1.39 MPa,分别下降了6.06%、10.94%、8.55%;当料浆质量浓度(C)为74%、矿渣粉掺量(A)为70%时,充填体3 d、7 d和28 d强度分别为0.51 MPa、0.98 MPa、2.25 MPa,矿渣粉掺量(A)为80%时,3个养护龄期下的充填体强度分别为0.41 MPa、0.78 MPa、1.88 MPa,分别下降了19.61%、20.41%、16.44%。由此可知,矿渣粉掺量(A)、料浆质量浓度(C)越高,二者交互作用对充填体强度抑制作用越明显,整体来看,矿渣粉掺量(A)为72%~76%、料浆质量浓度(C)为70%~72%时,二者交互作用对充填体强度的影响较显著。
(6)胶胶砂比与料浆质量浓度交互作用对充填体强度的影响。当矿渣粉掺量(A)为75%时,胶砂比(B)与料浆质量浓度(C)交互作用对充填体3 d强度、7 d强度和28 d强度影响的响应面等高线如图6所示。从图6可以看出,充填体单轴抗压强度随胶砂比(B)、料浆质量浓度(C)的增大而提高,且随着养护龄期越长,两者交互作用对充填体强度的影响越显著。
该矿目前主要应用上向水平分层充填采矿法回采矿石,设计分层充填高度为3.0 m,并要求上部0.5 m浇面层7 d强度达到1.0 MPa以上,下部2.5 m充填层7 d强度超过0.3 MPa。根据采矿方法对充填体的强度要求和工程实际,综合考虑充填采矿成本和响应面预测回归模型分析,确定最终的充填材料配比如下。
浇面层:厚度0.5 m,矿渣粉掺量70%,胶砂比1:6,料浆质量浓度70%,充填体7 d预测强度1.112 MPa。
充填层:厚度2.5 m,矿渣粉掺量75%,胶砂比1:14,料浆质量浓度70%,充填体7 d预测强度0.367 MPa。
该矿山采用水泥作为胶凝材料充填,井下充填综合单位成本约为197.4元/m3。采用矿渣基胶凝材料胶结充填,井下充填综合单位成本约为178.7 元/m3。从经济效益上分析,采用矿渣基胶凝材料充填比采用水泥作为胶凝材料充填节约18.7 元/m3,且可满足采矿方法对充填体强度的需求。此外,矿山可以自行加工生产胶凝材料,充分保证胶凝材料的质量稳定性,进而可以保证充填质量。经测算可知,采用矿渣基胶凝材料替代纯水泥充填,单位充填胶凝材料成本可降低12%~13%,该矿山每年节约的胶凝材料成本在240 万元以上。
(1)通过开展不同配比的矿渣胶结充填体强度试验和不同料浆质量浓度下的料浆塌落度试验,初步选定了矿渣粉掺量为70%、75%和80%,料浆质量浓度为70%、72%、74%。
(2)基于Desing-Export13软件Box-Behnken模块功能,建立了矿渣基胶结充填体强度响应面回归模型,定性分析了矿渣粉掺量、胶砂比、料浆质量浓度3个因素及其交互作用对充填体强度的影响规律,结果显示:矿渣粉掺量和料浆质量浓度两因素交互作用对充填体3 d强度的影响显著,矿渣粉掺量和胶砂比交互作用对充填体7 d强度的影响显著,胶砂比和料浆质量浓度交互作用对充填体28 d强度的影响显著。
(3)通过响应面回归模型,结合矿山工程实际和充填体强度要求,筛选出充填材料最佳配比,并进行经济效益分析。充填材料配比优化后,矿渣基胶凝充填能够完全满足四川某有色金属矿山的井下充填需求,且每年可为该矿山节约胶凝材料成本超过240 万元。
  • 国家“十四五”重点研发项目(2022YFC2904001)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-06
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国家“十四五”重点研发项目(2022YFC2904001)
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    1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 4101012
    2.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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