Article(id=1322907427376608127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720368000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335309117, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335309117, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335309117, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335309117, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=22, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907427611489152, articleId=1322907427376608127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Strength Characteristics and Stability Analysis of Surrounding Rock in Approach Filling Stope, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the depletion of shallow resources, deep mining has become the normal state of mineral resources development in China. Taking the approach stope at a buried depth of 1 000 min a mine in Yunnan as the research object, the borehole coring was carried out and the uniaxial compression test and Brazilian splitting test were carried out. Based on the Hoek-Brown criterion and Mohr-Coulomb criterion, the mechanical parameters of surrounding rock mass were obtained, and the numerical simulation study under different approach layout directions was carried out. The influence of principal stress direction on the stability of surrounding rock in approach stope was discussed, and the approach layout scheme was optimized. The test results show that the average uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus of the rock in the 1 000 m buried depth range are 96.48 MPa, 3.92 MPa and 33.87 GPa, respectively, and the rock has obvious brittle characteristics. The approach layout direction has a significant influence on the stability of the stope. The simulation results show that with the increase of the angle between the approach direction and the principal stress direction, the displacement and deformation range of the surrounding rock increases. When the approach direction is parallel to the principal stress direction, the displacement deformation of surrounding rock is the smallest and its stability is the best. Based on the numerical simulation results, the mechanical mining industrial test was carried out with the principal stress direction as the excavation direction, and the size of the stope approach was expanded to 4 m×4 m. It is found that the stability of the approach stope is good under the small operation disturbance of mechanical mining.

, authors=Yisong YU1, 2, Diyuan LI1, Jiaming LIU2, Wenjie GE2, Pingkuang LUO1, Wenkai RU1, Jiaming YANG1, authorsList=Yisong YU, Diyuan LI, Jiaming LIU, Wenjie GE, Pingkuang LUO, Wenkai RU, Jiaming YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Diyuan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907434494342057, articleId=1322907427376608127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=进路式充填采场围岩强度特征及稳定性分析, columnId=1226462294582936453, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着浅部资源的开采殆尽,深部开采成为我国矿产资源开发的常态。以云南某矿山埋深1 000 m处的进路采场为研究对象,进行钻孔取芯并开展了单轴压缩试验和巴西劈裂试验,基于Hoek-Brown准则和莫尔-库仑准则,得到了围岩岩体力学参数,开展了不同进路布置方向下的数值模拟研究,探讨主应力方向对进路采场围岩稳定性的影响,并优化进路布置方案。试验结果表明,1 000 m埋深范围赋存的岩石其平均单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度和弹性模量分别为96.48 MPa、3.92 MPa和33.87 GPa,岩体具有明显的脆性特征。进路布置方向对采场的稳定性有着显著的影响,模拟结果表明,随着进路方向与主应力方向的夹角增大,围岩的位移变形范围增大,当进路方向与主应力方向平行时,围岩的位移变形量最小,稳定性最好。基于数值模拟结果,以主应力方向作为掘进方向,开展了机械采矿工业试验,并将采场进路尺寸扩大至4 m×4 m,发现在机械采矿较小的作业扰动下,进路采场稳定性良好。

, authors=余一松1, 2, 李地元1, 刘家明2, 葛文杰2, 罗平框1, 茹文凯1, 杨嘉明1, authorsList=余一松, 李地元, 刘家明, 葛文杰, 罗平框, 茹文凯, 杨嘉明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李地元, authorNote=

余一松(1987—),男,安徽东至人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿山深井开采、矿山智能化技术等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李地元(1981—),男,湖南新邵人,博士,教授,主要从事深部岩石力学和岩石工程等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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余一松(1987—),男,安徽东至人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿山深井开采、矿山智能化技术等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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余一松(1987—),男,安徽东至人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿山深井开采、矿山智能化技术等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=进路采矿布置方向), Keyword(id=1322907438982247387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=主应力方向), Keyword(id=1322907439049356252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=围岩稳定性), Keyword(id=1322907439112270813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=数值模拟)], refs=[Reference(id=1322907443331740666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=吴爱祥, 王勇, 张敏哲, journalName=金属矿山, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴爱祥,王勇,张敏哲,等.金属矿山地下开采关键技术新进展与展望[J].金属矿山,2021(1):1-13., articleTitle=金属矿山地下开采关键技术新进展与展望, refAbstract=null), 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Progress and prospective of the mining key technology for deep metal mines[J]. 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Fracture evolution mechanism and energy release mechanism of heterogeneous rock materials under high stress[D]. Beijing: University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2022., articleTitle=Fracture evolution mechanism and energy release mechanism of heterogeneous rock materials under high stress, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907443793114112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=武拴军, 李宏业, 龙卫国, journalName=金属矿山, refType=null, unstructuredReference=武拴军,李宏业,龙卫国.下向进路胶结充填法采场分层道稳定性研究[J/OL].金属矿山:1-15[2024-07-05].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/34.1055.td.20231219.1356.003.html., articleTitle=下向进路胶结充填法采场分层道稳定性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907443885387776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=WU Shuanjun, LI Hongye, LONG Weiguo, journalName=Metal mine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Shuanjun, LI Hongye, LONG Weiguo. Study on the stability of layered roadway in downward drift cemented filling method of mining[J/OL]. 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Research on precursory information and prediction of rock burst in deep mining[D]. Kunming: Kunming University of Science and Technology, 2021., articleTitle=Research on precursory information and prediction of rock burst in deep mining, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907444292235267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=赵宏刚, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵宏刚.考虑结构面和主应力方向的隧洞围岩力学响应与破坏特征研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2022., articleTitle=考虑结构面和主应力方向的隧洞围岩力学响应与破坏特征研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907444405481476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=11, authorNames=ZHAO Honggang, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Honggang. Mechanical response and fracture characteristics of tunnel surrounding rock considering structural plane and principal stress direction[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2022., articleTitle=Mechanical response and fracture characteristics of tunnel surrounding rock considering structural plane and principal stress direction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907444497756165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=许文松, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许文松.高应力岩体开挖卸荷扰动效应及巷道围岩控制[D].淮南:安徽理工大学,2019., articleTitle=高应力岩体开挖卸荷扰动效应及巷道围岩控制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907444573253638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=13, authorNames=XU Wensong, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Wensong. Disturbed effect of excavation unloading and control of surrounding rock of roadway in highly stress rock mass[D]. Huainan: Anhui University of Science and Technology, 2019., articleTitle=Disturbed effect of excavation unloading and control of surrounding rock of roadway in highly stress rock mass, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907444720054279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=周鑫, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周鑫.云南省铅锌矿产资源保障程度与勘查布局研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2021., articleTitle=云南省铅锌矿产资源保障程度与勘查布局研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907444808134664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=15, authorNames=ZHOU Xin, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU Xin. Study on guarantee degree and exploration layout of Pb Zn mineral resources in Yunnan Province[D]. Kunming: Kunming University of Science and Technology, 2021., articleTitle=Study on guarantee degree and exploration layout of Pb Zn mineral resources in Yunnan Province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907444871049225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=16, authorNames=沈攀, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=沈攀.基于地形的云南会泽铅锌矿区蚀变信息提取研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2017., articleTitle=基于地形的云南会泽铅锌矿区蚀变信息提取研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907444996878346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=17, authorNames=SHEN Pan, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHEN Pan. Research on alteration information extraction of Huize lead-zinc mine area in Yunnan based on terrain[D]. 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Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of seismic sources in deep mining of Huize lead-zinc mine[D]. 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Study on the precipitation mechanism of germanium-rich sphalerite in Huize lead-zinc mine[D]. 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Study on stability control of surrounding rock in deep large section chamber under dynamic load disturbance[D]. 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Experimental research on the evolution law of ground pressure in multi-stope mining process of deep orebody[D]. 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Statistical probability model for mesoscopic mechanical parameters of rock material under elastoplastic strain-softening framework[J]. 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The simulation method and application of continuous-discontinuous coupling for rock mass based on REV[D]. 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Study on the failure mechanism of deep high stress roadway and the technical study on setting pressure relief hole support[D]. 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Study on the pull-out performance of tandem double anchor plate considering soil strain softening[J].Shanghai Building Materials, 2023(3):18-23., articleTitle=Study on the pull-out performance of tandem double anchor plate considering soil strain softening, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907448750780452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=43, authorNames=乔元栋, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=乔元栋.复杂构造区水–岩作用特征及巷道围岩稳定性监控研究[D].北京:中国矿业大学(北京),2022., articleTitle=复杂构造区水–岩作用特征及巷道围岩稳定性监控研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907448897581093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=44, authorNames=QIAO Yuandong, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIAO Yuandong. Study on characteristics of water rock interaction and stability monitoring of roadway surrounding rock in complex structuralarea[D]. Beijing: China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), 2022., articleTitle=Study on characteristics of water rock interaction and stability monitoring of roadway surrounding rock in complex structuralarea, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322907443214300153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, awardId=52374153, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52374153), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322907434699862954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322907434708251563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907427376608127, companyId=1322907434699862954, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of resources and safety engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China), 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Mechanical parameters of rock

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密度/(kg/m3)抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
4 2509.481.0212.6910.000.181.2242.88
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岩体力学参数

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进路式充填采场围岩强度特征及稳定性分析
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余一松 1, 2 , 李地元 1 , 刘家明 2 , 葛文杰 2 , 罗平框 1 , 茹文凯 1 , 杨嘉明 1
矿业研究与开发 | 深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025,45(6): 22-31
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矿业研究与开发 |深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025 , 45 (6) : 22 -31
进路式充填采场围岩强度特征及稳定性分析
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2.长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙 410011, bio={"content":"

余一松(1987—),男,安徽东至人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿山深井开采、矿山智能化技术等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

余一松(1987—),男,安徽东至人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿山深井开采、矿山智能化技术等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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余一松1, 2 , 李地元1 , 刘家明2, 葛文杰2, 罗平框1, 茹文凯1, 杨嘉明1
作者信息
  • 1.中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 2.长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙 410011
通讯作者:
李地元(1981—),男,湖南新邵人,博士,教授,主要从事深部岩石力学和岩石工程等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

余一松(1987—),男,安徽东至人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿山深井开采、矿山智能化技术等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

Strength Characteristics and Stability Analysis of Surrounding Rock in Approach Filling Stope
Yisong YU1, 2 , Diyuan LI1 , Jiaming LIU2, Wenjie GE2, Pingkuang LUO1, Wenkai RU1, Jiaming YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of resources and safety engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
  • 2.CING Engineering Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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随着浅部资源的开采殆尽,深部开采成为我国矿产资源开发的常态。以云南某矿山埋深1 000 m处的进路采场为研究对象,进行钻孔取芯并开展了单轴压缩试验和巴西劈裂试验,基于Hoek-Brown准则和莫尔-库仑准则,得到了围岩岩体力学参数,开展了不同进路布置方向下的数值模拟研究,探讨主应力方向对进路采场围岩稳定性的影响,并优化进路布置方案。试验结果表明,1 000 m埋深范围赋存的岩石其平均单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度和弹性模量分别为96.48 MPa、3.92 MPa和33.87 GPa,岩体具有明显的脆性特征。进路布置方向对采场的稳定性有着显著的影响,模拟结果表明,随着进路方向与主应力方向的夹角增大,围岩的位移变形范围增大,当进路方向与主应力方向平行时,围岩的位移变形量最小,稳定性最好。基于数值模拟结果,以主应力方向作为掘进方向,开展了机械采矿工业试验,并将采场进路尺寸扩大至4 m×4 m,发现在机械采矿较小的作业扰动下,进路采场稳定性良好。

深部开采  /  进路采矿布置方向  /  主应力方向  /  围岩稳定性  /  数值模拟

With the depletion of shallow resources, deep mining has become the normal state of mineral resources development in China. Taking the approach stope at a buried depth of 1 000 min a mine in Yunnan as the research object, the borehole coring was carried out and the uniaxial compression test and Brazilian splitting test were carried out. Based on the Hoek-Brown criterion and Mohr-Coulomb criterion, the mechanical parameters of surrounding rock mass were obtained, and the numerical simulation study under different approach layout directions was carried out. The influence of principal stress direction on the stability of surrounding rock in approach stope was discussed, and the approach layout scheme was optimized. The test results show that the average uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus of the rock in the 1 000 m buried depth range are 96.48 MPa, 3.92 MPa and 33.87 GPa, respectively, and the rock has obvious brittle characteristics. The approach layout direction has a significant influence on the stability of the stope. The simulation results show that with the increase of the angle between the approach direction and the principal stress direction, the displacement and deformation range of the surrounding rock increases. When the approach direction is parallel to the principal stress direction, the displacement deformation of surrounding rock is the smallest and its stability is the best. Based on the numerical simulation results, the mechanical mining industrial test was carried out with the principal stress direction as the excavation direction, and the size of the stope approach was expanded to 4 m×4 m. It is found that the stability of the approach stope is good under the small operation disturbance of mechanical mining.

Deep mining  /  Layout direction of approach stope  /  Principal stress direction  /  Stability of surrounding rock  /  Numerical simulation
余一松, 李地元, 刘家明, 葛文杰, 罗平框, 茹文凯, 杨嘉明. 进路式充填采场围岩强度特征及稳定性分析. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 22 -31 .
Yisong YU, Diyuan LI, Jiaming LIU, Wenjie GE, Pingkuang LUO, Wenkai RU, Jiaming YANG. Strength Characteristics and Stability Analysis of Surrounding Rock in Approach Filling Stope[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 22 -31 .
随着国家对矿产资源需求的日益增大,浅部矿产资源逐渐枯竭,金属矿山开采深度开始向1 000~2 000 m深度范围推进[1-2]。研究表明,我国已有超过50座矿山的开采深度达到了1 000 m,其中接近一半的矿山的开采深度超过了1 500 m[3]。WINDSOR等学者对约900个原位应力状态测定数据结果进行统计分析,发现在采矿深度为0~3 000 m时,垂直地应力随着开采深度的增加呈线性增长趋势。然而,垂直地应力与水平地应力的转换系数K值展现出显著的离散性特性,通常远高于理论下限值0.3,随着开采深度的增加,K值的波动范围逐渐收敛,上限值逐渐趋于统一[4]。表明在相对浅层的地下空间范围内,水平地应力可能超过垂直地应力成为主导应力。以云南某矿山为例,主要开采区域的地应力实测结果呈现出水平主应力大于垂直主应力的典型特征[5]。
围岩的应力状态不仅指应力大小,也包含应力作用的方向,直接关系到裂纹的萌生和扩展、弹性应变能的储存以及围岩的承载能力等,对进路采场的稳定性起着重要的作用。在地层环境中,上覆岩层、地质构造运动、火山喷发和地震活动等因素均会对进路围岩体的应力状态产生影响,使得进路周围的主应力方向与垂直面或水平面形成一定的角度[6]。此外,地下岩体开挖卸荷过程中主应力方向发生旋转,这也会对微裂纹的起裂扩展、脆性断裂损伤以及围岩强度衰减等方面产生影响。因此,地下岩体开挖卸荷围岩的稳定性不仅受到结构面的影响,主应力方向的改变同样会对岩体力学特性及破坏特征产生影响[7]。
为了获取不同主应力方向下进路围岩的稳定性特征,探讨主应力方向对围岩应力集中区域、损伤区域和破坏区域的影响,本文以云南某矿山为工程背景,分别以上向进路采场(4 m×4 m的三心拱)和下向进路采场(4 m×4 m的矩形)为例,对采场围岩开展基本力学试验,利用FLAC3D软件开展不同进路布置方向下的数值模拟试验。试验结果可为矿山的采矿方案优化及支护设计提供参考。
研究矿区位于乌蒙山脉中段,紧邻牛栏江西岸坡地[8]。矿区地势起伏显著,平均海拔为2 451 m,最高峰顶标高为2 668.9 m,最低牛栏江面则低至1 561 m,相对高度差达1 000 m以上[9]。该矿区地质构造发育,北东走向及北北东走向断层构成了主要的成矿构造体系,北西走向断层近似垂直于北东及北北东走向断层,两者为伴生关系[10]。矿床赋存地层为石炭系摆佐组,赋矿层厚度为50~60 m,岩石类型以白云岩为主。在含矿层上部和下部,泥晶灰岩的含量逐渐增多,并过渡为灰岩[11]。
矿山现有的采矿方法主要为上向进路充填采矿法和下向进路充填采矿法,沿矿体走向或垂直矿体走向布置采场,采场尺寸为3 m×3 m,薄脉状矿体采用上向进路充填采矿法回采,厚大矿体或矿岩结构差的条件下,采用下向进路充填采矿法回采[12-13]。矿山深部地质条件复杂,最大主应力已达40.5 MPa。
矿山原矿品位高达30%,具有较高的经济价值,但赋存矿体较小、埋藏深度大和地应力较高等条件导致矿石的开采难度较大。采场围岩剥落、假底频繁破坏等问题,严重威胁着采场作业人员的生命财产安全,影响设备的正常运行,制约了矿山深部资源的开发和利用。为了研究不同进路采场布置方向对采场围岩变形破坏特性及采场稳定性的影响,以矿山深埋上向和下向进路采场为研究对象,通过现场调研、室内试验以及数值模拟相结合的方法分析采场围岩稳定性,并进行工业试验。
为了获取深部采场围岩的力学性质,在深埋巷道进行钻孔取芯,利用切割机及岩石打磨设备将岩芯加工制作成标准的试样[14]。单轴压缩试样的尺寸为Φ50 mm×100 mm,巴西劈裂试样的尺寸为Φ50 mm×25 mm,试样尺寸及加工精度符合国际岩石力学试验标准[15-16]。对加工后的试样开展单轴压缩试验和巴西劈裂试验,试验设备的最大测量精度均高达±0.5%,最大准静态载荷量程分别为2 000 kN和500 kN。
为了探明岩样的岩性及矿物成分,利用显微镜对岩样进行物相分析,确定了岩样的矿物组成和微观结构,如图1所示。岩样矿物组分主要以白云岩为主,其次为方解石,并伴有少量黏土,白云岩与方解石颗粒的粒径分别集中在0.4~1.5 mm、0.2~0.6 mm,黏土颗粒粒径为0.005~0.01 mm。由此可知本次研究的岩石试样主要以灰质白云岩为主。
围岩试样的平均密度为2.55 g/cm3,平均波速为3 562.77 m/s。在自然状态下,采场围岩的平均单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度和弹性模量分别为96.48 MPa、3.92 MPa和33.87 GPa,平均泊松比为0.19。单轴压缩条件下岩石主要以剪切破坏和劈裂破坏为主。图2为典型岩石试样破坏后的照片。
岩体的力学参数受到岩块力学性质、结构面的分布情况、结构面的性质及地下水作用等因素的影响,其力学性质要远低于完整岩石,故在开展采场围岩变形特征的数值模拟研究之前需先确定岩体的力学参数[17]。本研究选用Hoek-Brown准则作为岩体抗拉强度和抗压强度的估算方法,对于完整岩石,强度折减的经验公式为:
式中:σ1,σ3分别为岩体破坏时的最大、最小主应力(压应力为正),MPa;mi是完整岩石的Hoek-Brown常数;s,α为与岩体特征有关的常数,对于完整岩石,s=1,α=0.5;σc为岩石单轴抗压强度,MPa。
彭国诚等[18]通过引入地质强度指标GSI来估算不同地质条件下岩体强度的折减:
式中:mb是折减后岩体的霍克-布朗常数;GSI为地质强度指标,用来表征不同地质条件下的岩体强度,可根据岩体所处地质环境、岩体表面特性以及岩体结构特性来确定。
为了使用Hoek-Brown准则估算岩体强度参数,首先要确定3个参数,分别为完整岩石强度、完整岩石的Hoek-Brown常数及岩体地质强度指标GSI。完整岩石的抗压强度已通过单轴压缩试验得出,完整岩石的Hoek-Brown常数可根据经验获得,只有GSI无明确的量化表达式,取值具有一定的主观性[19-20]。Hoek等于1995年建立了GSI与RMR之间的关系式,其中要求RMR值大于23,其表达式为:
式中,RMR为岩体质量分级指标,经对矿山深部采场岩体质量调研结果分析后发现,深部采场围岩的RMR值为79。
当GSI>25时,可采用原始的Hoek-Brown准则进行岩体力学参数的计算:
由Hoek-Brown准则可知,岩体抗压强度和抗拉强度可由式(5)和式(6)计算得出:
式中:σmc和σmt分别为岩体的抗压强度和抗拉强度,MPa;m为与岩石材料相关的常数。
岩体的内摩擦角、黏聚力、抗压强度可根据摩尔-库仑准则求得,关系如下:
式中:θ为岩石试样的断裂角,(°);c为岩体的黏聚力,MPa;φ为岩体的内摩擦角,(°)。
折减后的岩体力学参数见表1。
受矿体分布特征的影响,进路开采时需要根据矿体位置和朝向变化设置不同的进路走向以满足生产需求。进路走向的变化会导致进路两帮最大水平主应力发生变化,从而影响进路的稳定性。因此,有必要通过FLAC3D数值模拟探究进路方向改变对进路围岩稳定性的影响规律。
矿山上向和下向进路充填采矿法分别采用不同形状的进路回采矿体,其中上向进路充填采矿法采用4 m×4 m的三心拱形断面,下向进路充填采矿法采用4 m×4 m的矩形断面。为分析进路布置方向对矿岩开挖损伤区的影响,通过改变进路和水平主应力的夹角,探究开挖损伤区随进路方向改变的演化规律。进路和水平主应力的夹角分别设置为0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°和90°。数值模拟方案如图3所示。
利用FLAC3D建立数值模型时,在原来岩土工程的基础上进行简化,将岩土工程模型转化为若干个小单元的几何体,即生成数值模型网格。因此,建立数值模型时,需先确定采场的长、宽、高,再将网格细化[21]。为减小采场周围岩石在开挖后的应力重分布影响,应建立足够大的几何模型,理论上来说,几何模型越大,数值分析结果越可靠,边界效应的影响越小[22],考虑到计算机运行速度及存储容量的限制,几何模型的规模以及划分的单元数量应根据这两点综合确定。本次建立的数值模型的尺寸为长×宽×高=80 m×80 m×80 m。
为了使模拟过程更加贴合现场进路的实际布置情况,对拱形进路进行模拟时,参照上向进路充填采矿法作业方式,沿进路走向方向以3%的坡度布置,而下向进路的矩形巷道则沿走向水平布置,如图4所示。
边界条件的精准设置对模拟结果的准确性至关重要。模型岩体的初始应力场主要考虑自重应力和构造应力,模型的左右竖向边界和前后竖向边界施加水平位移约束,模型底部施加竖向位移约束。
模型的边界条件如下。
(1)对整个模型设置垂直自重应力场,g=9.8 m/s2。
(2)对于模型的底板设置垂直、水平位移约束,模型顶板允许存在位移,模型四侧设置水平位移约束。
(3)添加上覆岩层重力,计算公式见式(8)。
式中:σz为垂直方向上的自重应力,MPa;γ为上覆岩层平均容重,N/m3;H为顶板距离地表的距离,m。
(4)为了更好地获取深部区域的最大进路尺寸,方便指导工程现场施工,选取1 500 m深度的地应力测试结果作为本次模拟的应力边界条件,即σhmin=35.29 MPa、σhmax=47.60 MPa、σz=38.05 MPa。
本文主要分析地下岩石开挖后的顶板稳定性及位移变化,因此采用摩尔-库伦模型作为本次数值模拟的本构模型,具体参数见表1。
改变进路方向时,矩形进路围岩垂直位移云图如图5所示。由图5可知,改变进路方向与最大主应力方向的夹角时,进路围岩垂直位移变化趋势基本相同。随着进路角度的不断增大,顶板呈下沉趋势,底板呈隆起趋势。随着进路方向和水平主应力方向的夹角不断增大,顶板最大垂直位移逐渐减小,底板垂直位移逐渐增大。
改变进路方向时,矩形进路围岩水平位移云图如图6所示。由图6可知,改变进路方向与最大主应力方向的夹角时,进路围岩上水平位移变化趋势基本相同。随着进路角度增大,进路两帮均表现为向巷道内部鼓起。随着进路方向和水平主应力方向的夹角不断增加,两帮最大水平位移均明显增大。
为进一步量化进路方向对进路采场变形的影响,对图5和图6中的相关数据进行了提取,分析下向进路矩形采场变形特征,如图7所示。由图7可知,随着进路方向与最大主应力方向的夹角增大,底板最大垂直位移从201 mm增大至215 mm,顶板最大垂直位移从191 mm增大至204 mm。左帮最大水平位移从4 mm增大至204 mm,右帮最大水平位移从2 mm增大至205 mm。进路方向与最大水平主应力方向平行时,垂直位移和水平位移均相对较小,说明采场的稳定性相对更好。
改变进路方向时,三心拱形进路围岩垂直位移云图如图8所示。由图8可知,改变进路方向与最大主应力方向的夹角时,进路围岩垂直位移变化趋势基本相同。随着进路角度不断增大,顶板呈下沉趋势,底板呈隆起趋势。随着进路方向和水平主应力方向的夹角不断增大,顶板最大垂直位移逐渐减小,底板垂直位移逐渐增大。
改变进路方向时,上向三心拱形进路围岩水平位移云图如图9所示。
由图9可知,改变进路方向与最大主应力方向的夹角时,进路围岩上水平位移变化趋势基本相同。随着进路角度增大,进路两帮均表现为向巷道内部鼓起。随着进路方向和水平主应力方向的夹角不断增大,进路两帮最大水平位移明显增大。相较于矩形进路,随着夹角增大,三心拱形进路变形位移出现了明显的旋转。这可能是因为进路两帮承受的水平应力随着夹角的增大而逐渐增大,与垂直应力之间的应力差逐渐增大所致。
提取上向进路采场围岩变形参数进行分析,如图10所示。由图10可知,随着夹角增大,底板最大垂直位移从192 mm增大至209 mm,顶板最大垂直位移由150 mm增大至154 mm,总体变化不大。左帮最大水平位移从7 mm增大至180 mm,右帮最大水平位移从10 mm增大至176 mm。模拟结果进一步表明,当进路方向与最大水平主应力方向平行时,垂直位移和水平位移均相对较小,采场的稳定性相对更好。且下向进路充填开采时,矩形进路的变形参数明显大于上向进路充填开采的三心拱形进路,这与工程现场上向进路围岩稳定性优于下向进路围岩的结果一致。
基于岩石力学试验及数值模拟结果,选取了埋深超过1 000 m的典型矿体,利用扰动更小的悬臂掘进机开展了掘进和落矿工业试验,掘进方向与最大水平主应力方向一致,如图11所示,试验采场尺寸为4 m×4 m,掘进机为CTR300S型悬臂掘进机。与传统钻爆法掘进采矿施工相比,掘进机的施工效率明显提升,采场的断面控制效果更好,掘进机对围岩的扰动性降低,围岩稳定性更好。此外,采场断面超欠挖量减小,可节约锚杆、混凝土用量,降低支护耗材成本。
本文主要探究了在最大水平主应力的作用下,进路方向改变对进路采场围岩稳定性的影响,进而确定合理的进路布置方向。首先,确定了7组进路和最大水平主应力的夹角;然后,基于基本的岩石力学试验获得了深部围岩的力学参数,开展了岩体质量调查,并通过Hoek-Brown准则和摩尔-库仑准则确定了岩体力学参数,即本研究中的数值模拟参数;最后,基于数值模拟分析结果得到采场稳定性最好的进路布置方向,得出以下主要结论。
(1)围岩主要以白云岩为主,岩石试样的平均密度和平均纵波波速分别为2.55 g/cm3和3 562.77 m/s。在自然状态下,采场围岩的平均单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度和弹性模量分别为96.48 MPa、3.92 MPa和33.87 GPa,平均泊松比为0.19。
(2)基于Hoek-Brown和摩尔-库仑准则确定了岩体的力学参数。岩体抗压强度、抗拉强度、体积模量和剪切模量分别为9.48 MPa、1.02 MPa、12.69 GPa和10.00 GPa。泊松比、黏聚力和内摩擦角分别为0.18、1.22 MPa和42.88°。
(3)数值模拟结果表明,下向进路开采时,随着进路方向和最大水平主应力方向夹角增大,顶板最大垂直位移从191 mm增大至204 mm,底板最大垂直位移从201 mm增大至215 mm。上向进路开采时,顶板最大垂直位移从150 mm增大至154 mm,底板最大垂直位移从192 mm增大至209 mm。可以看出,下向进路稳定性受进路方向的影响更明显。
(4)无论是上向进路还是下向进路,当进路方向与最大水平主应力方向平行时,垂直位移和水平位移均相对较小,采场的稳定性最好。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52374153)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-08
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52374153)
作者信息
    1.中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
    2.长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙 410011

通讯作者:

李地元(1981—),男,湖南新邵人,博士,教授,主要从事深部岩石力学和岩石工程等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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