Article(id=1322907426428691391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322907425740825534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735228800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793335308891, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793335308891, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793335308891, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793335308891, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322907425740825534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='300', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793335308726, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793335308726, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=288, endPage=300, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322907426621629376, articleId=1322907426428691391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Situation Analysis and Prospect of Mineral Resources Development and Utilization in China, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the influence of multiple factors such as slowdown of global economic growth, intensification of geopolitical conflicts and acceleration of energy transformation, the mineral resources market presents complex and changeable characteristics. In order to better grasp the current situation and development trend of mineral resources development and utilization in China, a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods was adopted, and statistical and comparative analysis methods were comprehensively used to conduct in-depth analysis of domestic and foreign mineral resource market data. By sorting out key indicators such as mineral product output, price, investment, import and export, the operational situation of China's mineral resources market was revealed. By comparing the development and utilization of mineral resources between China and major economies in the world, the status and characteristics of China in the global mineral resources market were clarified. The development and utilization of mineral resources in China was comprehensively analyzed, and the internal and external factors facing its development were grasped. The results show that in 2024, the trend of the global mining market is obviously divided, the price of energy minerals falls, the price of most non-ferrous metals rises, and the price of precious metals such as gold continues to rise sharply. China's mining investment has increased, geological exploration investment and mining fixed asset investment have maintained a high growth trend, and the development of mineral resources has shifted significantly to the west. The proportion of relevant indicators in the western region has continued to rise, the diversified mining development pattern dominated by state-owned holding enterprises has become more reasonable, and the production efficiency of mining enterprises has been continuously improved. The development and utilization of mineral resources generally shows a trend of “quantity increase and price decrease”. The national raw ore production continues to grow, but the price of mineral products generally declines, resulting in a year-on-year decrease in the total output value of the mining industry, the sales income of mineral products and the total annual interest and tax of enterprises. Looking forward to 2025, the slowdown of global economic growth and the increase of supply will lead to the weakening of the international bulk mineral market and the differentiation of the price trend of different mineral products. The global geological exploration investment has fallen back, but the domestic geological exploration investment is expected to continue to increase. The production of China's mining industry is expected to remain stable, but the economic benefits and profits of enterprises have declined. Energy transformation will greatly promote the growth of demand for clean energy technology minerals, and the market value of key minerals is expected to reach $770 billion in 2040. To this end, China needs to give full play to the advantages of a unified domestic market and economic internal circulation, and strengthen the real economy. Scientific and technological innovation should be relied on to promote the transformation and upgrading of energy and mineral resources industry. International cooperation should be strengthened to ensure the effective supply of overseas mineral resources. And sustainable development and utilization of mineral resources should be promoted, so as to provide a solid guarantee for high-quality economic development.

, authors=Qi WU, Zhenhua GE, Yu GAO, Bixin ZHANG, Weiwei QIU, Xianyun ZHU, authorsList=Qi WU, Zhenhua GE, Yu GAO, Bixin ZHANG, Weiwei QIU, Xianyun ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenhua GE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322907429893186505, articleId=1322907426428691391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=中国矿产资源开发利用形势分析及展望, columnId=1226462297560892399, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=选矿与资源综合利用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在全球经济增长放缓、地缘政治冲突加剧、能源转型加速等多重因素的影响下,矿产资源市场呈现出复杂多变的特点。为更好地把握中国矿产资源开发利用的现状及发展趋势,采用定量与定性相结合的研究方法,综合运用统计学、对比分析法等,对国内外矿产资源市场数据进行深入分析。通过对矿产品产量、价格、投资、进出口等关键指标进行梳理,揭示了中国矿产资源市场的运行态势;将中国与全球主要经济体的矿产资源开发利用情况进行对比,明晰了中国在全球矿产资源市场中的地位与特点;对中国矿产资源开发利用进行全面剖析,把握其发展面临的内外部因素。研究结果表明,2024年全球矿业市场走势分化明显,能源矿产价格回落,有色金属价格多数上涨,黄金等贵金属价格持续大幅上涨;中国矿业投资力度加大,地质勘查投资和采矿业固定资产投资均保持较高增长态势,矿产资源开发向西部转移趋势显著,西部地区相关指标占全国比重持续上升,以国有控股企业为主的多元化矿业开发格局更趋合理,矿山企业生产效率不断提升;矿产资源开发利用总体呈现“量增价跌”态势,全国原矿产量持续增长,但矿产品价格普遍下跌,致使采矿业工业总产值、矿产品销售收入和企业年利税总额均同比减少。展望2025年,全球经济增速放缓和供给增加将导致国际大宗矿产品市场走弱,不同矿产品价格走势分化;全球地质勘查投入回落,但国内地质勘查投入有望继续增加;中国矿业产品生产预计保持平稳,但企业经济效益和利润有所下降;能源转型将大幅推动清洁能源技术的矿产需求增长,关键矿产品的市场价值有望在2040年达到7 700 亿美元。为此,中国需充分发挥国内统一大市场和经济内循环优势,强化实体经济;依靠科技创新推动能源和矿产资源产业转型升级;加强国际合作,保障境外矿产资源有效供给;促进矿产资源可持续开发利用,为经济高质量发展提供坚实保障。

, authors=吴琪, 葛振华, 高宇, 张必欣, 仇巍巍, 朱先云, authorsList=吴琪, 葛振华, 高宇, 张必欣, 仇巍巍, 朱先云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=葛振华, authorNote=

吴琪(1987—),女,湖北武汉人,硕士,副研究员,主要从事自然资源统计及形势分析研究。E-mail:

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葛振华(1965—),男,安徽宣城人,博士,研究员,主要从事自然资源统计、形势分析及相关政策研究。E-mail:
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吴琪(1987—),女,湖北武汉人,硕士,副研究员,主要从事自然资源统计及形势分析研究。E-mail:

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吴琪(1987—),女,湖北武汉人,硕士,副研究员,主要从事自然资源统计及形势分析研究。E-mail:

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Science and Technology Management Research, 2023, 43(2):221., articleTitle=Analysis of the current situation and management system of “three wastes” in the development and utilization of mineral resources in China: evaluation of “sustainable mineral resources”, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907448142602319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=69, issue=增刊1, pageStart=230, pageEnd=232, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=61, authorNames=吴琪, 葛振华, 吴初国, journalName=地质论评, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴琪,葛振华,吴初国,等.“十三五”以来全国非油气矿产矿业权及开发利用形势分析[J].地质论评,2023,69(增刊1):230-232., articleTitle=“十三五”以来全国非油气矿产矿业权及开发利用形势分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322907448218099792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=69, issue=Suppl.1, pageStart=230, pageEnd=232, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=62, authorNames=WU Qi, GE Zhenhua, WU Chuguo, journalName=Geological Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Qi, GE Zhenhua, WU Chuguo, et al. 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[2024-12-10]. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2024., articleTitle=Global critical minerals outlook 2024, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322907436453077007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, awardId=18ZDA049, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金重大项目(18ZDA049), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322907436528574480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, awardId=102121201010000009011, language=CN, fundingSource=自然资源部预算项目(102121201010000009011), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322907430149039050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322907430157427659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, companyId=1322907430149039050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Information Center of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322907430165816268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, companyId=1322907430149039050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=自然资源部信息中心,北京 100036)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322907432502043638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Investment changes trend of geological exploration in China from 2010 to 2024, figureFileSmall=jopDbUV/eX/gV56ftIYImA==, figureFileBig=+V/o+MC0+I2cL2porIDQRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907434104267767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2010年至2024年中国地质勘查投资变化趋势, figureFileSmall=jopDbUV/eX/gV56ftIYImA==, figureFileBig=+V/o+MC0+I2cL2porIDQRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907434288817144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Growth of fixed assets investment in China's mining industry, figureFileSmall=SbkDeSitpEK36Y1WEqUCRg==, figureFileBig=PzfNA3WCcDwRgzfRdKYTjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907434360120313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国采矿业固定资产投资增长情况, figureFileSmall=SbkDeSitpEK36Y1WEqUCRg==, figureFileBig=PzfNA3WCcDwRgzfRdKYTjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907434427229178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Trends in the number of non oil and gas mineral mining rights in China, figureFileSmall=RqUZTppFrgmfoTaIKg0LBw==, figureFileBig=BQWkjNDUwlzTeco21J35xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907434506920955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=图3, caption=中国非油气矿产矿业权数量变化趋势, figureFileSmall=RqUZTppFrgmfoTaIKg0LBw==, figureFileBig=BQWkjNDUwlzTeco21J35xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907434574029820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Change trend of production and operation efficiency of mining enterprises in China, figureFileSmall=K1qUk322RW5yrF3cU2PXuQ==, figureFileBig=sC3ZxM2s3saHio5frphq7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907434636944381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=图4, caption=中国矿山企业生产经营效率变化趋势, figureFileSmall=K1qUk322RW5yrF3cU2PXuQ==, figureFileBig=sC3ZxM2s3saHio5frphq7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322907434695664638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Overview of GDP growth rate forecast in the International Monetary Fund's "World Economic Outlook"[1]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家或地区实际值/%预测值/%预测值差异/(百分点)
2022年2023年2024年2025年2024年2025年
世界3.53.33.23.20.0–0.1
发达经济体2.61.71.81.80.10.0
美国2.12.92.82.20.20.3
欧元区3.30.40.81.2–0.1–0.3
德国1.8–0.30.00.8–0.2–0.5
法国2.51.11.11.10.2–0.2
意大利3.70.70.70.80.0–0.1
西班牙5.82.72.92.10.50.0
日本1.01.70.31.1–0.40.1
英国4.10.31.11.50.40.0
加拿大3.41.21.32.40.00.0
其他发达经济体2.61.82.12.20.10.0
新兴市场和发展中经济体4.14.44.24.20.0–0.1
亚洲新兴市场和发展中经济体4.55.75.35.0–0.1–0.1
中国3.05.24.84.5–0.20.0
印度7.28.27.06.50.00.0
欧洲新兴市场和发展中经济体0.83.33.22.20.0–0.3
俄罗斯–2.13.63.61.30.4–0.2
拉丁美洲和加勒比地区4.12.22.12.50.3–0.2
巴西2.92.93.02.20.9–0.2
墨西哥3.93.21.51.3–0.7–0.3
中东和中亚5.62.12.43.90.00.0
沙特阿拉伯8.7–0.81.54.6–0.2–0.1
撒哈拉以南非洲4.03.63.64.2–0.10.1
尼日利亚3.32.92.93.2–0.20.2
南非1.90.71.11.50.20.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322907434808910847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国际货币基金组织《世界经济展望》关于GDP增长率预测的概览[1]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家或地区实际值/%预测值/%预测值差异/(百分点)
2022年2023年2024年2025年2024年2025年
世界3.53.33.23.20.0–0.1
发达经济体2.61.71.81.80.10.0
美国2.12.92.82.20.20.3
欧元区3.30.40.81.2–0.1–0.3
德国1.8–0.30.00.8–0.2–0.5
法国2.51.11.11.10.2–0.2
意大利3.70.70.70.80.0–0.1
西班牙5.82.72.92.10.50.0
日本1.01.70.31.1–0.40.1
英国4.10.31.11.50.40.0
加拿大3.41.21.32.40.00.0
其他发达经济体2.61.82.12.20.10.0
新兴市场和发展中经济体4.14.44.24.20.0–0.1
亚洲新兴市场和发展中经济体4.55.75.35.0–0.1–0.1
中国3.05.24.84.5–0.20.0
印度7.28.27.06.50.00.0
欧洲新兴市场和发展中经济体0.83.33.22.20.0–0.3
俄罗斯–2.13.63.61.30.4–0.2
拉丁美洲和加勒比地区4.12.22.12.50.3–0.2
巴西2.92.93.02.20.9–0.2
墨西哥3.93.21.51.3–0.7–0.3
中东和中亚5.62.12.43.90.00.0
沙特阿拉伯8.7–0.81.54.6–0.2–0.1
撒哈拉以南非洲4.03.63.64.2–0.10.1
尼日利亚3.32.92.93.2–0.20.2
南非1.90.71.11.50.20.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322907434917962752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes of major statistical indicators of China's mining (or oil and gas) enterprises

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份矿山个数/万个从业人员/万人原矿产量/亿 t工业总产值/亿元销售收入/亿元利税总额/亿元
201011.35761.3285.6332 315.2921 351.469 746.42
20158.46543.2178.3526 090.5416 723.823 636.24
20204.70417.75101.5226 847.6728 297.108 177.06
20214.22400.78109.9935 345.6839 295.6617 338.00
20223.95395.01112.8147 437.5447 671.5324 678.78
20233.92391.96117.0143 972.7043 334.8419 873.15
), ArticleFig(id=1322907434993459200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中国矿山(或油气)企业主要年份统计指标变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份矿山个数/万个从业人员/万人原矿产量/亿 t工业总产值/亿元销售收入/亿元利税总额/亿元
201011.35761.3285.6332 315.2921 351.469 746.42
20158.46543.2178.3526 090.5416 723.823 636.24
20204.70417.75101.5226 847.6728 297.108 177.06
20214.22400.78109.9935 345.6839 295.6617 338.00
20223.95395.01112.8147 437.5447 671.5324 678.78
20233.92391.96117.0143 972.7043 334.8419 873.15
), ArticleFig(id=1322907435094122497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Changes of major economic indicators of non oil and gas mineral mining enterprises with different sizes in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计对象指标类型矿山个数/万个矿石产量/亿 t工业总产值/亿元矿产品销售收入/亿元利润总额/亿元
全国2023年值3.81113.5031 702.1631 046.797 889.07
相较2016年增长率/%–50.9049.30162.30199.30632.80
年均增长率/%–9.705.9014.8017.0032.90
大型2023年值1.0596.8124 988.8124 181.326 915.35
相较2016年增长率/%155.40114.80217.90254.50678.80
年均增长率/%14.3011.5018.0019.8034.10
中型2023年值1.0812.695 321.605 212.42925.89
相较2016年增长率/%67.30–0.90108.90143.20957.30
年均增长率/%7.60–0.1011.1013.5040.10
小型2023年值1.684.001 391.751 653.0547.82
相较2016年增长率/%–74.90–77.90–17.2017.50–52.70
年均增长率/%–17.90–19.40–2.702.30–10.10
), ArticleFig(id=1322907435186397186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中国不同规模非油气矿产矿山企业主要经济指标变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计对象指标类型矿山个数/万个矿石产量/亿 t工业总产值/亿元矿产品销售收入/亿元利润总额/亿元
全国2023年值3.81113.5031 702.1631 046.797 889.07
相较2016年增长率/%–50.9049.30162.30199.30632.80
年均增长率/%–9.705.9014.8017.0032.90
大型2023年值1.0596.8124 988.8124 181.326 915.35
相较2016年增长率/%155.40114.80217.90254.50678.80
年均增长率/%14.3011.5018.0019.8034.10
中型2023年值1.0812.695 321.605 212.42925.89
相较2016年增长率/%67.30–0.90108.90143.20957.30
年均增长率/%7.60–0.1011.1013.5040.10
小型2023年值1.684.001 391.751 653.0547.82
相较2016年增长率/%–74.90–77.90–17.2017.50–52.70
年均增长率/%–17.90–19.40–2.702.30–10.10
), ArticleFig(id=1322907435261894659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The proportion of statistical indicators for the exploitation and utilization of various mineral resources in China in 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿产类型矿山个数从业人员设计采矿能力矿石产量工业总产值销售收入企业利润资源税
能源矿产15.168.130.137.568.768.275.079.4
黑色金属矿产7.65.86.55.05.56.55.13.2
有色金属矿产6.16.34.43.97.47.47.85.6
贵金属矿产3.43.50.90.52.22.22.31.4
“三稀”矿产0.30.30.30.20.70.81.50.8
冶金辅助材料5.01.32.22.21.01.10.40.5
化工矿产3.22.93.02.83.93.74.53.0
建材及其他非金属57.511.452.347.710.29.93.36.0
水汽矿产1.70.50.30.20.30.30.10.0
能源及建材非金属72.679.482.485.278.978.178.485.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322907435358363652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2023年我国各类矿产开发利用统计指标占全国的比重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿产类型矿山个数从业人员设计采矿能力矿石产量工业总产值销售收入企业利润资源税
能源矿产15.168.130.137.568.768.275.079.4
黑色金属矿产7.65.86.55.05.56.55.13.2
有色金属矿产6.16.34.43.97.47.47.85.6
贵金属矿产3.43.50.90.52.22.22.31.4
“三稀”矿产0.30.30.30.20.70.81.50.8
冶金辅助材料5.01.32.22.21.01.10.40.5
化工矿产3.22.93.02.83.93.74.53.0
建材及其他非金属57.511.452.347.710.29.93.36.0
水汽矿产1.70.50.30.20.30.30.10.0
能源及建材非金属72.679.482.485.278.978.178.485.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322907435450638341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The proportion of major statistical indicators of 16 kinds mineral resources in China in 2023 to the national total

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿产矿山个数从业人员年投资额矿石产量工业总产值矿产品销售收入企业利润资源税
煤炭11.167.245.836.068.668.075.279.3
地下热水3.80.81.31.30.10.10.00.1
铁矿6.75.34.94.95.46.35.13.1
铜矿1.72.22.31.92.82.83.32.0
铝土矿0.70.40.40.30.80.80.20.6
钼矿0.30.50.60.81.11.12.11.3
铅锌矿2.51.93.10.51.61.51.71.0
金矿3.13.24.70.52.02.02.11.3
普通萤石2.10.50.60.10.20.50.20.1
钾盐0.00.30.30.71.11.22.11.1
磷矿0.70.91.20.61.31.01.31.1
岩盐0.30.50.30.60.70.70.30.3
水泥用灰岩3.91.64.914.53.63.51.62.2
建筑石料用灰岩12.32.45.813.31.71.60.61.3
建筑用花岗岩3.10.83.23.40.50.50.10.3
建筑用凝灰岩1.60.40.93.10.50.50.20.3
16种矿产合计54.188.780.282.592.092.496.095.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322907435547107334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2023年我国16种矿产的主要统计指标占全国的比重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿产矿山个数从业人员年投资额矿石产量工业总产值矿产品销售收入企业利润资源税
煤炭11.167.245.836.068.668.075.279.3
地下热水3.80.81.31.30.10.10.00.1
铁矿6.75.34.94.95.46.35.13.1
铜矿1.72.22.31.92.82.83.32.0
铝土矿0.70.40.40.30.80.80.20.6
钼矿0.30.50.60.81.11.12.11.3
铅锌矿2.51.93.10.51.61.51.71.0
金矿3.13.24.70.52.02.02.11.3
普通萤石2.10.50.60.10.20.50.20.1
钾盐0.00.30.30.71.11.22.11.1
磷矿0.70.91.20.61.31.01.31.1
岩盐0.30.50.30.60.70.70.30.3
水泥用灰岩3.91.64.914.53.63.51.62.2
建筑石料用灰岩12.32.45.813.31.71.60.61.3
建筑用花岗岩3.10.83.23.40.50.50.10.3
建筑用凝灰岩1.60.40.93.10.50.50.20.3
16种矿产合计54.188.780.282.592.092.496.095.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322907435668742151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The proportion of statistical indicators for the exploitation and utilization of non oil and gas mineral resources in different regions of China in 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区矿山个数开发投资设计采矿能力矿石产量工业总产值矿产品销售收入企业利润
东部地区17.915.521.518.711.811.49.2
与2016年比较*–0.2–2.1–4.1–10.5–8.5–8.60.0
中部地区26.534.429.632.138.538.234.6
与2016年比较*–4.4–5.4–2.4–1.1–1.0–1.20.0
西部地区55.650.148.949.249.750.456.3
与2016年比较*4.67.56.511.59.59.80.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322907435752628232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2023年中国不同地区非油气矿产资源开发利用统计指标占比情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区矿山个数开发投资设计采矿能力矿石产量工业总产值矿产品销售收入企业利润
东部地区17.915.521.518.711.811.49.2
与2016年比较*–0.2–2.1–4.1–10.5–8.5–8.60.0
中部地区26.534.429.632.138.538.234.6
与2016年比较*–4.4–5.4–2.4–1.1–1.0–1.20.0
西部地区55.650.148.949.249.750.456.3
与2016年比较*4.67.56.511.59.59.80.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322907435844902921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Main statistical indicators and proportion of state-owned and state-controlled enterprises in domestic enterprises in 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
企业类别矿山个数/个矿石产量/亿 t年投资额/亿元工业总产值/亿元矿销售收入/亿元利润总额/亿元
国有及国有控股企业6 22455.733 200.6719 796.0319 314.714 958.79
占全国比重/%16.550.154.663.162.963.5
大中型矿4 78855.123 102.3719 542.6419 066.804 939.90
占大中型矿山比重/%22.751.460.265.265.663.7
小型矿1 4360.6198.31253.39247.9218.89
占小型矿山比重/%8.615.313.818.315.140.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322907435941371914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

2023年国有及国有控股企业主要统计指标及在内资企业中的占比情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
企业类别矿山个数/个矿石产量/亿 t年投资额/亿元工业总产值/亿元矿销售收入/亿元利润总额/亿元
国有及国有控股企业6 22455.733 200.6719 796.0319 314.714 958.79
占全国比重/%16.550.154.663.162.963.5
大中型矿4 78855.123 102.3719 542.6419 066.804 939.90
占大中型矿山比重/%22.751.460.265.265.663.7
小型矿1 4360.6198.31253.39247.9218.89
占小型矿山比重/%8.615.313.818.315.140.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322907436016869387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

The proportion of main statistical indicators of exploitation and utilization for mining enterprises in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标类型年份内资企业外资企业
内资企业总占比国有企业有限责任公司股份有限公司私营企业其他内资企业
矿山总数201699.33.623.84.957.010.00.7
202399.32.970.32.920.03.20.7
从业人数201698.625.533.016.319.04.81.4
202399.08.471.514.53.61.01.0
矿石产量201695.720.333.615.822.04.14.3
202398.07.574.69.95.10.82.0
年投资额201698.321.236.922.514.92.91.7
202398.89.575.08.63.81.81.2
工业总产值201695.628.133.221.610.12.64.4
202398.98.172.715.61.90.61.1
销售收入201695.828.933.820.89.92.34.2
202398.97.972.115.72.60.71.1
年利润额201692.629.226.625.28.53.17.4
202398.97.172.417.71.10.61.1
), ArticleFig(id=1322907436109144076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

我国矿山企业开发利用主要统计指标占比情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标类型年份内资企业外资企业
内资企业总占比国有企业有限责任公司股份有限公司私营企业其他内资企业
矿山总数201699.33.623.84.957.010.00.7
202399.32.970.32.920.03.20.7
从业人数201698.625.533.016.319.04.81.4
202399.08.471.514.53.61.01.0
矿石产量201695.720.333.615.822.04.14.3
202398.07.574.69.95.10.82.0
年投资额201698.321.236.922.514.92.91.7
202398.89.575.08.63.81.81.2
工业总产值201695.628.133.221.610.12.64.4
202398.98.172.715.61.90.61.1
销售收入201695.828.933.820.89.92.34.2
202398.97.972.115.72.60.71.1
年利润额201692.629.226.625.28.53.17.4
202398.97.172.417.71.10.61.1
), ArticleFig(id=1322907436218195981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Main per capita statistical indicators of various mines in 2023 and average annual growth rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
企业类别人均产量人均产值人均销售收入人均利润
数值/(t/人)增长率/%数值/(万元/人)增长率/%数值/(万元/人)增长率/%数值/(万元/人)增长率/%
全国3 353.6910.193.6719.491.7421.623.3138.2
国有企业2 991.1111.990.5717.285.9718.419.7532.4
有限责任公司3 503.8610.595.3319.692.6221.423.6342.8
股份有限公司2 290.274.8100.4315.899.1718.828.3633.6
私营企业4 767.3113.449.2919.265.6127.37.3031.5
其他内资企业2 719.089.158.4821.860.0626.913.6935.9
外资企业6 625.653.897.502.094.294.724.069.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322907436302082062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322907426428691391, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

2023年各类矿山主要人均统计指标及年均增长率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
企业类别人均产量人均产值人均销售收入人均利润
数值/(t/人)增长率/%数值/(万元/人)增长率/%数值/(万元/人)增长率/%数值/(万元/人)增长率/%
全国3 353.6910.193.6719.491.7421.623.3138.2
国有企业2 991.1111.990.5717.285.9718.419.7532.4
有限责任公司3 503.8610.595.3319.692.6221.423.6342.8
股份有限公司2 290.274.8100.4315.899.1718.828.3633.6
私营企业4 767.3113.449.2919.265.6127.37.3031.5
其他内资企业2 719.089.158.4821.860.0626.913.6935.9
外资企业6 625.653.897.502.094.294.724.069.6
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中国矿产资源开发利用形势分析及展望
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吴琪 , 葛振华 , 高宇 , 张必欣 , 仇巍巍 , 朱先云
矿业研究与开发 | 选矿与资源综合利用 2025,45(6): 288-300
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矿业研究与开发 |选矿与资源综合利用 2025 , 45 (6) : 288 -300
中国矿产资源开发利用形势分析及展望
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吴琪(1987—),女,湖北武汉人,硕士,副研究员,主要从事自然资源统计及形势分析研究。E-mail:

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吴琪(1987—),女,湖北武汉人,硕士,副研究员,主要从事自然资源统计及形势分析研究。E-mail:

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吴琪 , 葛振华 , 高宇, 张必欣, 仇巍巍, 朱先云
作者信息
  • 自然资源部信息中心,北京 100036
通讯作者:
葛振华(1965—),男,安徽宣城人,博士,研究员,主要从事自然资源统计、形势分析及相关政策研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

吴琪(1987—),女,湖北武汉人,硕士,副研究员,主要从事自然资源统计及形势分析研究。E-mail:

Situation Analysis and Prospect of Mineral Resources Development and Utilization in China
Qi WU , Zhenhua GE , Yu GAO, Bixin ZHANG, Weiwei QIU, Xianyun ZHU
Affiliations
  • Information Center of Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100036, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25
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在全球经济增长放缓、地缘政治冲突加剧、能源转型加速等多重因素的影响下,矿产资源市场呈现出复杂多变的特点。为更好地把握中国矿产资源开发利用的现状及发展趋势,采用定量与定性相结合的研究方法,综合运用统计学、对比分析法等,对国内外矿产资源市场数据进行深入分析。通过对矿产品产量、价格、投资、进出口等关键指标进行梳理,揭示了中国矿产资源市场的运行态势;将中国与全球主要经济体的矿产资源开发利用情况进行对比,明晰了中国在全球矿产资源市场中的地位与特点;对中国矿产资源开发利用进行全面剖析,把握其发展面临的内外部因素。研究结果表明,2024年全球矿业市场走势分化明显,能源矿产价格回落,有色金属价格多数上涨,黄金等贵金属价格持续大幅上涨;中国矿业投资力度加大,地质勘查投资和采矿业固定资产投资均保持较高增长态势,矿产资源开发向西部转移趋势显著,西部地区相关指标占全国比重持续上升,以国有控股企业为主的多元化矿业开发格局更趋合理,矿山企业生产效率不断提升;矿产资源开发利用总体呈现“量增价跌”态势,全国原矿产量持续增长,但矿产品价格普遍下跌,致使采矿业工业总产值、矿产品销售收入和企业年利税总额均同比减少。展望2025年,全球经济增速放缓和供给增加将导致国际大宗矿产品市场走弱,不同矿产品价格走势分化;全球地质勘查投入回落,但国内地质勘查投入有望继续增加;中国矿业产品生产预计保持平稳,但企业经济效益和利润有所下降;能源转型将大幅推动清洁能源技术的矿产需求增长,关键矿产品的市场价值有望在2040年达到7 700 亿美元。为此,中国需充分发挥国内统一大市场和经济内循环优势,强化实体经济;依靠科技创新推动能源和矿产资源产业转型升级;加强国际合作,保障境外矿产资源有效供给;促进矿产资源可持续开发利用,为经济高质量发展提供坚实保障。

矿产勘查  /  矿产资源开发  /  矿产品供需  /  矿产品价格  /  矿业市场

Under the influence of multiple factors such as slowdown of global economic growth, intensification of geopolitical conflicts and acceleration of energy transformation, the mineral resources market presents complex and changeable characteristics. In order to better grasp the current situation and development trend of mineral resources development and utilization in China, a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods was adopted, and statistical and comparative analysis methods were comprehensively used to conduct in-depth analysis of domestic and foreign mineral resource market data. By sorting out key indicators such as mineral product output, price, investment, import and export, the operational situation of China's mineral resources market was revealed. By comparing the development and utilization of mineral resources between China and major economies in the world, the status and characteristics of China in the global mineral resources market were clarified. The development and utilization of mineral resources in China was comprehensively analyzed, and the internal and external factors facing its development were grasped. The results show that in 2024, the trend of the global mining market is obviously divided, the price of energy minerals falls, the price of most non-ferrous metals rises, and the price of precious metals such as gold continues to rise sharply. China's mining investment has increased, geological exploration investment and mining fixed asset investment have maintained a high growth trend, and the development of mineral resources has shifted significantly to the west. The proportion of relevant indicators in the western region has continued to rise, the diversified mining development pattern dominated by state-owned holding enterprises has become more reasonable, and the production efficiency of mining enterprises has been continuously improved. The development and utilization of mineral resources generally shows a trend of “quantity increase and price decrease”. The national raw ore production continues to grow, but the price of mineral products generally declines, resulting in a year-on-year decrease in the total output value of the mining industry, the sales income of mineral products and the total annual interest and tax of enterprises. Looking forward to 2025, the slowdown of global economic growth and the increase of supply will lead to the weakening of the international bulk mineral market and the differentiation of the price trend of different mineral products. The global geological exploration investment has fallen back, but the domestic geological exploration investment is expected to continue to increase. The production of China's mining industry is expected to remain stable, but the economic benefits and profits of enterprises have declined. Energy transformation will greatly promote the growth of demand for clean energy technology minerals, and the market value of key minerals is expected to reach $770 billion in 2040. To this end, China needs to give full play to the advantages of a unified domestic market and economic internal circulation, and strengthen the real economy. Scientific and technological innovation should be relied on to promote the transformation and upgrading of energy and mineral resources industry. International cooperation should be strengthened to ensure the effective supply of overseas mineral resources. And sustainable development and utilization of mineral resources should be promoted, so as to provide a solid guarantee for high-quality economic development.

Mineral exploration  /  Mineral resources development  /  Supply and demand of mineral products  /  Price of mineral products  /  Mining market
吴琪, 葛振华, 高宇, 张必欣, 仇巍巍, 朱先云. 中国矿产资源开发利用形势分析及展望. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (6) : 288 -300 .
Qi WU, Zhenhua GE, Yu GAO, Bixin ZHANG, Weiwei QIU, Xianyun ZHU. Situation Analysis and Prospect of Mineral Resources Development and Utilization in China[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (6) : 288 -300 .
在全球经济增长放缓趋稳、地缘冲突、多国大选之年等诸多挑战的情况下,全球矿产品市场需求减弱,矿产品价格振荡波动。一方面,世界经济增速放慢影响了全球矿产品需求的增长,多数大宗矿产品价格下跌,全球矿业形势趋于低迷;另一方面,俄乌冲突、巴以冲突的持续发酵和外溢效益、贸易保护主义的泛化以及资源民族主义的蔓延,不仅对全球经济增长、世界贸易体系产生负面冲击,同时给全球矿业产业链、供应链稳定供给带来了不利影响,导致多数大宗矿产品价格受到限制,而黄金等贵金属价格则持续大幅上涨,主要有色金属价格表现尤为突出。2024年以来,在多种因素的影响下,全球大宗矿产品价格分化,原油、煤炭、铁矿石等主要矿产品价格下跌,矿产勘查投资减少,能源勘查开发投资增速放缓。全球矿业景气度持续回落,产业链运行压力凸显,矿业行业整体盈利空间收窄。
经济增长和增长方式的变化是矿业发展的最重要驱动力和可变量因素,世界经济增速的快慢对全球矿业市场发展产生直接影响。特别是中美两大经济体,作为全球最重要的能源和矿产品生产大国和消费大国,其经济形势及政策的变化对全球矿产品市场具有举足轻重的作用。根据国际货币基金组织(IMF)发布的《世界经济展望》报告,2024年和2025年的全球经济增速将稳定在3.2%(见表1)[1]。总体通胀中位水平将从2024年底的2.8%下降至2025年的2.4%,全球经济将实现软着陆。其中美国经济增长突出,表现好于预期,中国和印度在世界主要经济体中表现亮眼。总体上看,中美两国经济增长依然是全球经济增长的最重要驱动力,其经济增长的放缓对世界矿业市场景气程度产生明显的抑制,对全球大宗矿产品价格有向下的牵引作用。此外,全球地缘冲突的加剧和外溢、贸易保护主义的泛化以及美国大选后政策的不确定性,都会对全球矿业经济产生重大影响。
我国经济运行总体平稳有序,2024年,中国国内生产总值为134.91 万亿元,同比增长5.0%,在世界主要经济体中依然表现亮眼。这是因为:工业生产总体相对强劲,全国规模以上工业增加值同比增长5.8%;固定资产投资止跌回稳,高技术产业投资增长较快,全国固定资产投资(不含农户)同比增长3.2%;服务业持续恢复,现代服务业发展良好,全年服务业增加值同比增长5.5%;外贸形势明显好转,出口和进口增速均实现大幅回升,以美元计价,货物进出口总额同比增长5.0%;就业形势总体稳定,居民可支配收入增长状况改善,全年全国居民人均可支配收入比上年增长5.3%[2]。正是由于中国经济的平稳增长,稳定了国内对矿产品的高需求,促进了全国矿产资源开发的稳定增长。尽管如此,中国经济也存在不少困难和问题,如内需依然较弱,消费和投资增速偏低,制约经济增长潜力释放,服务业相对低迷,房地产、建筑业成拖累。因此,2024年中国主要传统化石能源、钢铁、建筑用石料和骨料等主要矿产品的需求整体减弱或增速放慢,价格下跌,企业利润下滑,矿业市场呈现走弱的迹象。
面对复杂多变的国内外形势,党中央总揽全局、沉着应对,特别是针对经济运行中的新情况、新问题,及时推出一揽子增量政策,打出一套“组合拳”,着力推动经济稳定向上、结构向优、发展态势持续向好。2024年9月以来,工业、消费、投资、股市、楼市等领域经济运行出现的积极变化越来越多[3],市场信心增强,社会预期改善,不少经济指标增速回升。这一系列政策的实施将对2025年国内乃至全球矿业市场信心的提振和回暖产生积极意义。
受2024年一季度中国经济超预期增长、美国经济强势增长以及地缘冲突加剧的影响,2024年1月至4月国际原油价格振荡走高,布伦特(Brent)原油现货价格攀升至93.12 美元/桶的上半年高位。之后,随着伊以冲突缓解,市场恐慌情绪减弱,加之市场转向对全球经济健康、石油需求疲软和充足供应的担忧,国际油价振荡回落。2024年9月中旬,两大油价基准—西德克萨斯中质原油(WTI)和布伦特(Brent)原油期货均跌破70 美元/桶,创下自2024年年初以来的最低水平。2024年,Brent原油期货价格为68~94 美元/桶,WTI原油现货价格为65~88 美元/桶,Brent原油均价为80 美元/桶,同比下降2.4%。根据国际能源署(IEA)资料,2024年全球原油供应量为1.029 亿桶/d,需求量为1.028 亿桶/d[4],维持紧平衡状态。随着俄乌冲突影响的减弱,全球天然气产能扩张、产量提高以及进口结构调整,导致供给大幅改善,天然气价格大幅回落至俄乌冲突前的水平。2024年3月,美国亨利中心(Henry Hub)原油月均价跌至1.49 美元/mmBtu,较2023年同期下降35.5%[5]。近年来,全球煤炭需求波动较大,在新冠疫情期间,全球煤炭需求急剧下降,随着疫情结束,全球经济逐步复苏,煤炭需求也有所反弹。而之后俄乌冲突爆发,因担心能源安全供给,煤炭需求进一步上升,并在2023年因中国和印度经济强劲增长,全球煤炭产量增长了2.6%,创历史新高,其中中国的煤炭产销量占全球的一半以上。2024年,中国水电发电量、再生能源发电量大幅增长,天然气供给量提升,使中国煤炭供需增速放缓[6],印度需求增长也不及预期,加之美国、欧洲需求下降,全球煤炭产量较2023年小幅减少或持平。由于国际煤炭市场供过于求,在全球石油、天然气价格下跌的背景下,市场对能源安全担忧的预期减弱,煤炭价格总体呈下降趋势。根据阿格斯(Argus)年中洞察报告[7],2024年煤炭价格基本在100~120 美元/t之间,较2023年小幅下降。
中国是全球最大的铁矿石消费国和进口国,粗钢产量占全球产量的60%以上。根据中国冶金矿山企业协会的资料,2024年全球铁矿石供应增量在4 500 万 t左右,增幅均为2%。根据上海钢联(Mysteel)的资料,2024年的全球铁矿石产量为25.5 亿 t[8],同比增长了2.5%。但由于建筑用钢的需求量持续下降,2024年中国生铁和钢产量明显减少,导致全球需求下降。市场供大于求,铁矿价格总体呈振荡下行的趋势。根据澳大利亚AME咨询公司所提供的信息,2024年全年品位为62%的铁矿石的平均价格为97 美元/t,同比下跌14%。
2024年,中国受房地产和基建投资疲软的影响,国内基本金属部分的需求有所降低,但全球新能源板块继续增长、海外消费回暖、新兴经济体制造业扩张共同形成基本有色金属需求的主要驱动力,加上美元加息,全球主要基本金属需求整体呈现温和增长的趋势,但不同品种矿产市场的表现不尽相同。2024年5月,国际基本金属价格出现了一波强劲的上涨[9]:5月20日,伦敦金属交易所(LME)现货铜价格达到10 925 美元/t的高点,之后振荡回落至9 143 美元/t左右,较2023年上涨约7.5%。根据国际铜研究小组(ICSG)资料,2024年由于核心矿山分别下调产量指引,全球铜矿增量增速收窄,铜矿供给不及预期,加上需要补充铜库存,导致铜价上涨。铝市场受新能源领域需求扩张与铝土矿低库存的结构性支撑,国际铝价整体抬升。LME现货铝价在经历2024年3月至5月份的大幅上涨后,5月下旬至7月大幅下跌,8月铝价又开始振荡上涨,LME现货铝价为2 450 美元/t,增长6%左右。锌矿因矿端偏紧和成本支持,加之中美补库存预期兑现,国际锌价变化与铝价相似,2024年LME现货锌价为2 810 美元/t,增长6.0%左右。国际铅价格相对较弱,在2024年3月至5月价格冲高后便开始振荡下跌,8月后基本在2 070 美元/t上下波动,价格较2023年小幅上涨;而国内铅价表现较强。2024年全球电解铝产能净增量为88 万 t,增长1%左右;全球锡矿新增产能为0.69 万 t,增长2%。
黄金兼备商品与金融双重属性,现阶段黄金需求主要分为全球央行购金、商品制造消费、市场投资需求。影响金价的因素错综复杂,2023年以来,由于地缘政治风险推升黄金避险情绪,全球主要央行降息预期增强,各国央行黄金配置热潮延续以及金饰消费需求的强势增长,国际黄金价格明显上涨。2024年年底伦敦现货黄金定盘价为2 610.85 美元/oz,年均价格达到2 386.2 美元/oz,较2023年增长了23.0%。并在2024年内创出了2 750 美元/oz的高点[10]。
锂、钴、镍等能源金属因全球能源转型需要而广受关注,在需求、供给、特发事件等多种因素的影响下,其价格剧烈波动。2020年至2022年,全球新能源汽车及储能设施需求激增,导致锂、钴、镍等金属供给紧张,价格坚挺,同时新冠疫情泛滥,全球供应链短缺,再加上美联储大幅降息,催生资产价格上涨;叠加2022年初的俄乌冲突,市场恐慌情绪加剧,投资资本大势炒作,锂、钴、镍等金属价格大幅上涨。2022年,碳酸锂最高价格达到56.75 万元/t以上,在一年多时间内涨幅达10倍。随着价格的上涨,锂、钴、镍金属勘查开发投资也大幅度增长,全球产能及产量明显提升,尤其是中国企业加大了在全球锂、钴、镍等矿产勘查开发的布局。2023年,随着美元加息力度持续加大,锂、钴、镍产品价格持续大幅下跌,一度跌至2021年初的起涨价格。2024年,全球锂、钴、镍大幅增产,而需求端增长幅度小于供给端,出现明显的供过于求的态势。加上以美国为首的西方发达国家开始对中国新能源汽车以及锂电池等产品加增关税,致使中国市场信心受挫,其价格在2024年上半年反弹后,再次出现明显下跌,处于磨底阶段。小金属钨、锡、钼、锑等金属受地缘政治冲突及供给偏紧预期影响,价格强势上涨。
能源价格上涨并未实质性地改变全球油气上游投资强度下降,全球单位GDP油气上游投资强度自2015年开始步入下行周期,其间受益于疫情后复苏和2021年至2022年高油价,近两年投资强度有所抬升,但仍低于2019年,从中长期看,投资强度依然延续下降。IEA资料显示,2024年油气勘查开发投资约为5 700 亿美元[11],同比增长了7%(2023年增长了9%),增速有所下降,这主要是因为全球油气需求放慢,新能源替代效果越来越显著。值得注意的是,勘探投资同比增长了15%,主要原因是中国和北美地区勘探投资增加。根据标普全球金属和采矿报告,2024年全球有色金属勘查预算为124.84 亿美元[12],同比小幅下降了3.3%,主要是由于黄金价格涨幅过大,投资者看空后市,勘查预算减少了7%。
从国内看,我国矿产资源勘查开发利用总体形势较好,矿业权人投资信心较强。根据自然资源部数据[13-27],2024年我国地质勘查投资1 121.01 亿元,连续三年超千亿元。其中,非油气地质勘查投资253.24 亿元,同比增长了26.2%(见图1)。根据国家统计局数据,2024年,我国采矿业固定资产投资增长10.5%,同比提高了8.4个百分点,保持较高的增长态势。其中,煤炭采选业增长9.4%(同比下降了2.7个百分点),黑色金属采选业增长6.9%(同比提高了13.7个百分点),有色金属采选业增长26.7%(同比下降了16.0个百分点),非金属矿采选业增长12.7%(同比下降了3.5个百分点),石油天然气开采业减少1.8%(同比下降了17.0个百分点)[28](见图2)。可以看出,我国能源消费结构不断调整,一方面,供给端新能源(风电、光电)发电量大幅增长,占比持续提升;另一方面,需求端因新能源汽车使用量的持续大幅增长,国内对石油需求增长速度相应减慢,使得企业对未来市场预期不容乐观。同时国际油价下调的压力较大,导致石油和天然气开采企业的盈利预期存在较大的不确定性,企业为降低风险,在固定资产投资上更为谨慎,减少了投资规模。从季度来看,采矿业固定资产投资增速表现为前高后低的态势。
根据自然资源部数据,中国非油气矿产产权数量变化趋势如图3所示。由图3可知,2016年以来我国矿业权登记数量大幅减少,近三年矿业权数量减少的趋势明显放缓,新立矿业权数有所增加。截至2024年底,全国探矿权为1.26 万个,同比增长3.9%,登记面积增长1.1%,新立探矿权567个,同比增长23.5%;全国采矿权3.04 万个,同比减少0.4%,登记面积增长6.0%,新立采矿权1 261个,同比下降8.4%。
中国矿业总体形势持续向好,矿山个数和从业人员数持续减少,主要矿业经济指标保持振荡攀升的趋势。2023年,受国内房地产及建筑市场走弱以及国际主要矿产品价格下跌的影响,中国矿业开发形势总体表现为“量增价跌”态势(见表2)。一方面,全国原矿产量继续保持增长态势,同比增长3.7%,再创历史新高;另一方面,受国际原油、天然气、煤炭、多数有色金属以及国内建筑骨料价格下跌的影响,全年矿业工业总产值、矿产品销售收入和企业年利税总额同比分别减少了7.3%、9.1%和19.5%。根据自然资源部全国矿产资源开发利用统计数据,2023年全国有盈利的生产矿山占比68.8%,较2022年下降了3.6个百分点;亏损矿山占比23.1%,较2022年上升了3.9个百分点;盈亏平衡的矿山占比8.1%,下降了0.3个百分点。在全球经济形势不稳定、地缘政治风险增加的背景下,我国加大了对能源矿产的开采力度,以提高能源自给率,保障能源安全。同时,新能源汽车、新型储能等战略性新兴产业的快速发展,也推动了相关上游矿山原料产品的产量增长。根据国家统计局数据[29],2024年,全国主要矿产上游矿山原料产品产量继续保持增长趋势,如原煤、原油、天然气、煤层气、铁矿、磷矿、原盐等产量分别增长了1.3%、1.8%、6.2%、16.9%、1.2%、7.0%和4.4%,而中下游加工或冶炼产品的产量有所减少。世界主要经济体和新兴市场经济体的增速趋缓,全球大宗能源和工业金属需求减弱,特别是中国房地产市场的疲软和基建投资减少,降低了石油、煤炭、钢铁及其他建筑原料的消费。政府也在一些加工领域实施了去产能政策,淘汰过剩和落后产能,使得相关中下游加工或冶炼产品的产量有所下降,如原油、焦炭、煤气、生铁、粗钢、水泥等产量分别减少了2.0%、1.1%、3.3%、4.0%、3.0%和10.3%。而有色金属产量依然保持较高的增速,如十种主要有色金属的产量增长4.7%。2023年采矿业的利润总额同比下降12.7%,其中,煤炭开采和洗选业利润同比下降23.7%,黑色金属矿采选业增长22.6%,非金属矿采选业下降1.0%。预计2024年全国原矿产量较2023年有小幅增长,约为120 亿 t, 2024年矿产品价格分化较大,石油、煤炭等能源矿产品和铁矿石、部分能源金属矿产价格下跌,建筑用石料及骨料因需求减少导致价格下跌更明显,只有主要有色金属品种及黄金等贵金属价格上涨。因此,预计2024年全国矿业工业产值、矿产品销售收入将明显减少,企业的利润和税收也将明显缩水。
近年来,我国不断加强矿业秩序治理整顿,有效落实矿产资源开发利用的监督管理,加之受环保压力、生态红线、矿业权退出机制等多种因素的影响,全国非油气矿产登记矿山个数和从业人员数持续减少,但矿山的规模化、集约化程度在持续提高。分析认为,一是开展了矿山企业整合,推动矿产资源向开采技术先进、开发利用水平高的优势企业聚集,逐步形成以大型矿业集团为主体,大中小型矿山协调发展的矿产资源开发利用格局,有力地促进了矿产资源开发利用水平的提高;二是针对位于生态红线内的采矿权,根据有关政策实施退出机制;三是一些矿业权人因不能满足严格的环境保护要求和不适应市场竞争压力而退出了市场[30-33]。2016年以来,我国大中型矿山的各项经济指标显著提升,矿山的规模化、集约化程度不断提高。与2016年相比,2023年全国非油气矿山个数年均减少9.7%,矿石产量、工业总产值、矿产品销售收入、矿山企业年利润年均分别增长了5.9%、14.8%、17.0%和32.9%;大型矿山企业的各项指标增幅更大,矿山个数、矿石产量、工业总产值、矿产品销售收入和矿山企业年利润年均分别增长了14.3%、11.5%、18.0%、19.8%和34.1%(见表3)。
能源和建材非金属矿产是国民经济建设的重要物质基础,在我国矿业开发中占有重要的地位,其矿山个数、从业人员数、设计采矿能力、矿石产量、工业总产值、矿产品销售收入、矿山企业利润合计均占到全国80%左右(见表4)。其中,能源矿产解决的就业人员、产生的工业总产值、矿产品销售收入和矿山企业利润均占全国60%以上;建材及其他非金属矿产的矿山个数占全国66.6%左右,其矿山设计生产能力和矿石产量占全国50%左右[31,34]。就单个矿种来看,煤矿、铁矿等16种矿产的主要经济指标占全国80%以上(见表5)。
中国矿产资源丰富,在全国30个省(区、市)均有矿产资源开发。由于资源的分布不均,禀赋差异,以及资源开发利用的时间跨度不同,在矿产资源开发的地域特点上,表现为“西多东少”或“西强东弱”。随着时间的推移,这一格局不断演绎增强,矿业开发强度和数量不断向西转移。2016年以来,西部地区矿产资源开发利用的一系列重要指标占全国的比重持续上升,而东部地区的相关指标占比在不断下降[31,34]。目前,西部地区的矿山个数、矿山企业利润均占到全国50%以上,矿业开发投资、矿山设计采矿能力、矿石产量、工业总产值和矿产品销售收入也均接近全国的50%(见表6)。
随着矿业企业的整合逐步深入和企业公司治理力度的加强,有力推进了矿产开发格局的优化。在事关国计民生的中国矿业经济中,国有及国有控股企业占据主导地位(见表7)。以国有及国有控股企业为主,以私营企业为辅,多种经济成分共存的多元化矿业开发格局日趋合理。同时,随着现代企业制度的不断发展,矿业企业公司治理取得积极成效。2023年与2016年我国矿山企业开发利用主要统计指标占比情况见表8。由表8可知,有限责任公司类矿山企业在2023年的各项主要统计指标的占比与2016年相比均有大幅度增长,超过全国的70%以上;私营企业、国有企业、股份有限公司的多项指标的占比显著下降;外资企业的矿石产量、工业总产值、矿产品销售收入、企业年利润的占比均显著下降。表明随着我国现代企业制度的不断发展和完善,矿业企业公司治理取得了积极成效,多元化的矿业开发格局更合理。
随着资源整合力度的不断加大,矿产资源开发利用技术及安全门槛提高,大型矿山个数明显增长,小型矿山则越来越少,加之矿山开采的机械化、数字化、智能化程度提高,矿山从业人数持续减少,矿山企业的生产效能和经济效益不断提升,全国矿山开发利用的规模化、集约化程度也越来越高。与2016年相比,2023年全国矿山企业的人均矿石产量、产值、销售收入、利润等指标分别增长了10.1%、19.4%、21.6%和38.2%(见图4)。总体来看,大型矿山企业和外资企业的矿山开发利用效率和效益相对较高。
2023年各类矿山主要人均统计指标及以2016年为基础年份计算的年均增长率见表9。从人均产量看,外资企业、私营企业及有限责任公司明显高于全国平均数;从人均产值和人均销售收入看,股份有限公司、外资企业和有限责任公司要高于全国平均值;从人均利润看,股份有限公司、外资企业和有限责任公司要高于全国平均值。从各项指标来看,内资矿山企业的年均增长率较高,而外资矿山企业年均增长率较低。表明内资矿山企业基础年份基数较低,相关指标受市场的影响较大,而外资矿山企业基础年份的基数较高,企业生产经营相对稳定,同时抵抗市场风险的能力较强。
(1)全球经济增速放缓和供给增加将导致国际“大宗紧缺矿产”与“战略性新兴矿产”市场走弱。
“大宗紧缺矿产”方面。在供给侧,石油、天然气和煤炭等传统能源的开采政策预计将更加宽松,同时,石油输出国组织(OPEC)的石油减产计划于2024年底到期,预计全球相关能源产品的供给将会明显增长。在需求端,由于世界主要经济体和新兴市场经济体的经济增速趋缓,全球大宗能源和工业金属需求将减弱。特别是中国房地产市场的疲软和基建投资减少将会拟制石油、煤炭、钢铁、其他建筑原料的消费增长。综合来看,2025年全球矿产品市场将在弱势波动中前行,大宗矿产品价格不存在大幅下跌的基础,但不同矿产品价格可能走出分化的走势。主要能源产品价格因需求减弱和供给增加而保持下跌趋势;铁矿石价格因全球主要铁矿厂商扩能增产也将面临下跌;铜的供给增幅存在不确定性,但在较强的新能源(风力发电、太阳能发电、电动汽车等)需求驱动下,铜价将在高位波动。
“战略性新兴矿产”方面。对于价格处于低位的锂、镍等能源金属,虽然市场依然需求强劲,但目前供给量太大且库存充足,其价格将在低位上下波动,期间价格会有反弹。随着全球战略性新兴矿产储量大幅增长,钴矿储量同比增长32.5%,但供过于求的局面使得钴价持续下跌。黄金等贵金属因近年价格涨幅过大,受国际地缘政治的缓和、美元走强及全球降息预期影响而回落,但价格仍将保持在高位。此外,因房地产等建筑市场的不景气,国内建筑用砂石土类矿产品价格仍有下行的空间。
(2)全球地勘投入回落,国内地质勘查投入有望继续增加。
受全球经济增长疲弱和主要大宗金属矿产品价格下跌的影响,勘探投资者看空后市,预计2025年全球勘探预算投入会有所减少。根据2024年标普数据,全球有色金属初级及中级矿业公司融资下降明显,全球矿业公司钴探项目数量和报告钴孔数均处于较低水平。预计2025年绿地投资和金矿勘查投资减少的幅度较大。受全球能源转型的影响,新能源替代持续增长,将导致后期石油需求增速减缓,全球油气勘查投资的增幅也继续收窄。
从国内来看,受国家对能源资源安全重视程度提高,特别是新一轮战略性矿产国内找矿行动大力推进的影响,全国地质勘查投资连续四年呈正增长。在政策支持和市场需求的双重加持下,矿业权人的投资信心持续恢复,预计2025年新立探矿权数继续增加,地质勘查投资额将大概率继续保持增长,特别是战略性矿产勘查投资将进一步提高。目前,中国地质勘查业已基本走出低谷。
(3)中国矿业形势持续向好,主要经济指标增幅会进一步收窄。
因中国经济增长的韧性和稳步恢复,虽然增速有所放缓,但经济建设对矿产品的需求依然保持较高的水平,国内矿产资源的开发利用总体形势将继续保持稳定,全国矿业企业的经营状况将在合理区间内运行。2024年,受多数大宗矿产品价格(如煤矿、有色金色、砂石土类建材非金属)下跌的影响,矿业开发投资会有所回落,矿业企业的经济效益将进一步减少。因此,中国的矿业经济基本和全球矿业形势趋同,因矿产品价格下跌导致主要经济指标不及2023年。预计2025年的矿业形势将受到全球经济增长乏力、地缘政治(俄乌局势、中东局势等)、可能发生的“黑天鹅”和“灰犀牛”等突发事件,以及中国持续下行的房地产形势和高企的地方债务问题、环境压力等多重不利因素的影响,对此,中国出台了一系列促进经济增长的金融和财政等政策,以及国家为了扩大内需、促进矿产资源增储上产的利好政策,中国矿业的总体形势预计会继续保持平稳态势,但企业经济效益和利润比2024年仍有所下降。
(4)能源转型将持续推动世界清洁能源技术矿产需求大幅增长。
未来的世界能源转型将推动清洁能源技术矿产需求持续增长。随着光伏发电和风能发电能力的持续扩张,部署可再生能源需要大幅增加配套的输配电网络,从而提高对铜和铝的需求。IEA预计到2030年和2050年,电池需求将增长5倍和14倍才能满足电动汽车的需求。当前全球电池的生产能力已经超过了预期需求,根据IEA估算,在2050年净零排放情景(NZE)下,全球对清洁能源技术矿产的需求将增长近3倍。
随着清洁能源技术部署的加快,为实现到21世纪中叶的净零排放目标,IEA预计关键矿产(石墨、钴、稀土和镍等)需求量在2030年翻倍,尤其是锂需求量将在2040年增长9倍。关键矿产市场价值预计在2040年达到7 700 亿美元,采矿业需要投资约8 000 亿美元才能实现1.5 ℃温控目标[35]。尽管现阶段这些关键矿产的价格下跌,但其勘查投资在未来仍然有很大的增长空间。
总的来看,未来一段时期我国矿产资源勘查开发的政策支持力度不断加大,形势向好。但是,疲弱的全球经济形势、国际地缘政治态势对矿业经济发展和相关产业链和供应链的稳定有不利影响。因此,保持我国矿业产业链和供应链的稳定依然需要在国内增储上产方面持续发力。同时,要充分发挥国内统一大市场和我国经济内循环的优势,强化实体经济的发展,激发国内市场的巨大消费潜能,依靠科技创新推动能源和矿产资源产业的转型升级。在全球资源供给保障方面应加强与各国(或地区)政府、国际相关组织的合作,为保障我国经济发展所需境外矿产资源的有效供给创造良好的国际环境。
为更好地把握中国矿产资源开发利用的现状及发展趋势,采用定量与定性相结合的研究方法,综合运用统计学、对比分析法等,对国内外矿产资源市场数据进行深入分析。通过对矿产品产量、价格、投资、进出口等关键指标进行梳理,揭示了中国矿产资源市场的运行态势;将中国与全球主要经济体的矿产资源开发利用情况进行对比,明晰了中国在全球矿产资源市场中的地位与特点;对中国矿产资源开发利用进行全面剖析,精准把握其发展面临的内外部因素,并基于此提出2025年研究的展望及建议。主要结论如下。
(1)中国主要传统化石能源、钢铁、建筑用石料和骨料等主要矿产品的需求整体减弱或增速放慢,价格下跌,企业利润下滑,矿业市场有走弱的迹象。2024年全球矿业市场走势分化明显,能源矿产价格回落,有色金属价格多数上涨,黄金等贵金属价格持续大幅上涨,锂、钴、镍大幅增产。全球矿业投资增速下降,而中国矿业投资力度加大,地质勘查投资和采矿业固定资产投资均保持较高的增长态势。
(2)2023年中国矿产资源开发利用总体呈现“量增价跌”态势,登记矿山个数持续减少,矿山的规模化、集约化程度不断提高,能源和建材非金属矿产在我国矿业开发中占比较高,矿产资源开发向西部转移趋势显著,西部地区相关指标占全国比重持续上升,以国有控股企业为主的多元化矿业开发格局更趋合理,矿山企业生产效率不断提升。全国原矿产量持续增长,但矿产品价格普遍下跌,致使矿业工业总产值、矿产品销售收入和企业年利税总额均同比减少。
(3)展望2025年,全球经济增速放缓和供给增加将导致国际大宗矿产品市场走弱,不同矿产品价格走势分化;全球地勘投入回落,但国内地质勘查投入有望继续增加;中国矿业形势预计保持平稳,但企业经济效益和利润有所下降;能源转型将大幅推动清洁能源技术的矿产需求增长,关键矿产品的市场价值有望在2040年达到7 700 亿美元。
(4)中国需充分发挥国内统一大市场和经济内循环优势,强化实体经济;依靠科技创新推动能源和矿产资源产业转型升级;加强国际合作,保障境外矿产资源有效供给;促进矿产资源可持续开发利用,为经济高质量发展提供坚实保障。
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(18ZDA049)
  • 自然资源部预算项目(102121201010000009011)
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2025年第45卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-27
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目(18ZDA049)
自然资源部预算项目(102121201010000009011)
作者信息
    自然资源部信息中心,北京 100036

通讯作者:

葛振华(1965—),男,安徽宣城人,博士,研究员,主要从事自然资源统计、形势分析及相关政策研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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