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Article(id=1322904794284827613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720108800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334681339, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334681339, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334681339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334681339, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=123, endPage=131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904795085939678, articleId=1322904794284827613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Mechanical Cavitation for Pressure Relief and Permeability Enhancement in Bedding Boreholes of Outburst Coal Seam, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pre-drainage of bedding boreholes before mining is one of the main methods for coal seam outburst elimination in working face. However, most of the outburst coal seams in China have low permeability, resulting in unsatisfactory gas drainage effect, which seriously limits the implementation of this technical measure. In view of the extraction conditions of bedding boreholes in 15111 working face of Sijiazhuang Company, the equipment system and process flow of pressure relief and permeability enhancement for mechanical cavitation of bedding boreholes were put forward. The variation characteristics of coal seam stress and gas content around the mechanical cavitation boreholes were studied, and the influence of the diameter of the cavitation borehole on the pressure relief and permeability enhancement of the coal seam was revealed, and the process parameters of the mechanical cavitation borehole in the 15111 working face were determined. On this basis, the industrial test of mechanical cavitation pressure relief and permeability enhancement in the return airway of 15111 working face was carried out. The results show that the mechanical cavitation of bedding boreholes increases the exposed area and pressure relief range of coal around the borehole, and improves the influence radius of borehole gas extraction. The gas extraction amount of mechanical cavitation is 8.06 times that of ordinary bedding boreholes, and the volume fraction of gas extraction is 153.4% higher than that of ordinary bedding boreholes, and the effect of permeability enhancement is remarkable. The research results provide an empirical reference for regional outburst prevention in mines with similar conditions.

, authors=Jun XIE1, Jian ZHU2, Guozhong HU2, authorsList=Jun XIE, Jian ZHU, Guozhong HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904808499322904, articleId=1322904794284827613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=突出煤层顺层钻孔机械造穴卸压增透试验研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

顺层钻孔采前预抽是工作面煤层消突的主要方法之一，然而我国大部分突出煤层渗透性低，造成瓦斯抽采效果不理想，严重限制了这一技术措施的实施。针对寺家庄公司15111 工作面顺层钻孔抽采条件，提出了顺层钻孔机械造穴卸压增透装备体系与工艺流程，研究了机械造穴钻孔周围的煤层应力与瓦斯含量的变化特征，揭示了造穴钻孔直径对煤层卸压增透的影响规律，确定了15111 工作面机械造穴钻孔工艺参数；在此基础上，开展了15111 工作面回风巷机械造穴卸压增透工业性试验。结果表明，顺层钻孔机械造穴增大了钻孔周围煤体的暴露面积与卸压范围，提高了钻孔瓦斯抽采影响半径；机械造穴钻孔的瓦斯抽采量是普通顺层钻孔的8.06倍，其抽采瓦斯体积分数较普通顺层钻孔提高了153.4%，增透效果显著。研究结果为类似条件矿井的区域防突提供了经验参考。

, authors=谢俊1, 朱健2, 胡国忠2, authorsList=谢俊, 朱健, 胡国忠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

谢俊（1988—），男，湖南益阳人，高级工程师，主要从事矿井瓦斯治理工作。E-mail:

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谢俊（1988—），男，湖南益阳人，高级工程师，主要从事矿井瓦斯治理工作。E-mail:

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谢俊（1988—），男，湖南益阳人，高级工程师，主要从事矿井瓦斯治理工作。E-mail:

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Parameters used in numerical simulation

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煤层弹性模量E/MPa煤层泊松比v水平应力σh/MPa煤层瓦斯压力P0/MPa煤体视密度Pc/(kg/m3)甲烷黏度系数μg/(Pa·s)甲烷气体摩尔质量mg/(g/mol)气体常数R/(J/(mol·K))气体温度T/K煤的极限吸附量b1/(m3/kg)
2 8800.330.581 4001.08×10–50.160 438.314 52930.032 27
煤的朗格缪尔压力参数b2/MPa煤的灰分A/%煤的水分B/%煤的骨架颗粒弹性模量Es/MPa煤体孔隙等效压力参数α克林伯格参数c1克林伯格参数c2渗透率表征参数a1/(m2/Pa2)渗透率表征参数a2/(m2/Pa)渗透率表征参数a3/m2
0.72315.791.193 00019.356 7×10–7–0.699 92.10×10–31–8.36×10–241.02×10–16
), ArticleFig(id=1322904820159488085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904794284827613, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值模拟所使用参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤层弹性模量E/MPa煤层泊松比v水平应力σh/MPa煤层瓦斯压力P0/MPa煤体视密度Pc/(kg/m3)甲烷黏度系数μg/(Pa·s)甲烷气体摩尔质量mg/(g/mol)气体常数R/(J/(mol·K))气体温度T/K煤的极限吸附量b1/(m3/kg)
2 8800.330.581 4001.08×10–50.160 438.314 52930.032 27
煤的朗格缪尔压力参数b2/MPa煤的灰分A/%煤的水分B/%煤的骨架颗粒弹性模量Es/MPa煤体孔隙等效压力参数α克林伯格参数c1克林伯格参数c2渗透率表征参数a1/(m2/Pa2)渗透率表征参数a2/(m2/Pa)渗透率表征参数a3/m2
0.72315.791.193 00019.356 7×10–7–0.699 92.10×10–31–8.36×10–241.02×10–16
), ArticleFig(id=1322904820247568470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904794284827613, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of experimental drill holes

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钻孔编号倾角/(°)方位钻孔直径/mm孔深/m造穴长度/m
Z1–3正东4009354
Z2–4正东4008079
Z3–3正东4009393
P1–5正东113930
P2–5正东113930
P3–5正东113930
), ArticleFig(id=1322904820318871639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904794284827613, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验钻孔参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔编号倾角/(°)方位钻孔直径/mm孔深/m造穴长度/m
Z1–3正东4009354
Z2–4正东4008079
Z3–3正东4009393
P1–5正东113930
P2–5正东113930
P3–5正东113930
), ArticleFig(id=1322904820385980505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904794284827613, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of extraction volume with different types of drill holes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔类型抽采总量/m3抽采瓦斯量/m3有效抽采率/%
DN400 mm造穴钻孔61 027.29 783.316.03
普通钻孔18 950.41 214.36.40
), ArticleFig(id=1322904820453089370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904794284827613, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同类型钻孔抽采量对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔类型抽采总量/m3抽采瓦斯量/m3有效抽采率/%
DN400 mm造穴钻孔61 027.29 783.316.03
普通钻孔18 950.41 214.36.40
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突出煤层顺层钻孔机械造穴卸压增透试验研究
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谢俊 1 , 朱健 2 , 胡国忠 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(5): 123-131
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (5) : 123 -131
突出煤层顺层钻孔机械造穴卸压增透试验研究
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谢俊1 , 朱健2, 胡国忠2
作者信息
  • 1.潞安化工集团寺家庄公司，山西　晋中市　045300
  • 2.中国矿业大学　矿业工程学院，江苏　徐州市　221116
作者简介:

谢俊（1988—），男，湖南益阳人，高级工程师，主要从事矿井瓦斯治理工作。E-mail:

Experimental Study on Mechanical Cavitation for Pressure Relief and Permeability Enhancement in Bedding Boreholes of Outburst Coal Seam
Jun XIE1 , Jian ZHU2, Guozhong HU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Lu’an Chemical Sijiazhuang Co., Ltd., Jinzhong, Shanxi 045300, China
  • 2.School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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顺层钻孔采前预抽是工作面煤层消突的主要方法之一，然而我国大部分突出煤层渗透性低，造成瓦斯抽采效果不理想，严重限制了这一技术措施的实施。针对寺家庄公司15111 工作面顺层钻孔抽采条件，提出了顺层钻孔机械造穴卸压增透装备体系与工艺流程，研究了机械造穴钻孔周围的煤层应力与瓦斯含量的变化特征，揭示了造穴钻孔直径对煤层卸压增透的影响规律，确定了15111 工作面机械造穴钻孔工艺参数；在此基础上，开展了15111 工作面回风巷机械造穴卸压增透工业性试验。结果表明，顺层钻孔机械造穴增大了钻孔周围煤体的暴露面积与卸压范围，提高了钻孔瓦斯抽采影响半径；机械造穴钻孔的瓦斯抽采量是普通顺层钻孔的8.06倍，其抽采瓦斯体积分数较普通顺层钻孔提高了153.4%，增透效果显著。研究结果为类似条件矿井的区域防突提供了经验参考。

机械造穴  /  顺层钻孔  /  区域防突  /  瓦斯抽采  /  煤层增透

Pre-drainage of bedding boreholes before mining is one of the main methods for coal seam outburst elimination in working face. However, most of the outburst coal seams in China have low permeability, resulting in unsatisfactory gas drainage effect, which seriously limits the implementation of this technical measure. In view of the extraction conditions of bedding boreholes in 15111 working face of Sijiazhuang Company, the equipment system and process flow of pressure relief and permeability enhancement for mechanical cavitation of bedding boreholes were put forward. The variation characteristics of coal seam stress and gas content around the mechanical cavitation boreholes were studied, and the influence of the diameter of the cavitation borehole on the pressure relief and permeability enhancement of the coal seam was revealed, and the process parameters of the mechanical cavitation borehole in the 15111 working face were determined. On this basis, the industrial test of mechanical cavitation pressure relief and permeability enhancement in the return airway of 15111 working face was carried out. The results show that the mechanical cavitation of bedding boreholes increases the exposed area and pressure relief range of coal around the borehole, and improves the influence radius of borehole gas extraction. The gas extraction amount of mechanical cavitation is 8.06 times that of ordinary bedding boreholes, and the volume fraction of gas extraction is 153.4% higher than that of ordinary bedding boreholes, and the effect of permeability enhancement is remarkable. The research results provide an empirical reference for regional outburst prevention in mines with similar conditions.

Mechanical cavitation  /  Bedding borehole  /  Regional outburst prevention  /  Gas extraction  /  Coal seam permeability enhancement
谢俊, 朱健, 胡国忠. 突出煤层顺层钻孔机械造穴卸压增透试验研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 123 -131 .
Jun XIE, Jian ZHU, Guozhong HU. Experimental Study on Mechanical Cavitation for Pressure Relief and Permeability Enhancement in Bedding Boreholes of Outburst Coal Seam[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 123 -131 .
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0　引言
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我国浅层煤炭资源日趋枯竭，迫使煤矿开采深度逐年增加，而深部煤层具有瓦斯含量高、渗透率低和透气性差等特点[1-2]，在工作面回采时极易发生煤与瓦斯突出事故。因此，国内外专家学者研究并发展出了多种瓦斯治理技术，如水力冲孔[3-5]、水力挤出[6-8]、深孔爆破[9-10]、微波破煤[11-12]等局部防突措施。这些措施虽然在实际应用中取得了一定效果，但也存在较多局限性，如水力冲孔和水力挤出技术更适用于硬质煤体，在软质煤体中难以产生脆性破坏，增渗效果较差；并且水会抑制煤中瓦斯解吸，瓦斯难以转化为游离态进行渗流运移[13]；而微波破煤等新型的卸压增透方法存在着运行成本高、管理要求严的特点。研究和实践表明，通过机械造穴增大钻孔直径，可以有效提高瓦斯的抽采效果[14-15]。河南永煤某矿在工作面底板巷施工了16个直径为500 mm的机械造穴钻孔，使平均抽采浓度提高了1.48倍[16]；新田煤矿和糯东煤矿在采用了直径为250mm的机械造穴后，钻孔的抽采浓度和抽采量都有一定程度增加[17]；牟全斌等[18]提出一种基于机械造穴工艺的钻孔瓦斯强化抽采技术，在芦岭煤矿采煤工作面使用机械造穴设备施工直径为600 mm的洞穴，使单孔瓦斯抽采浓度和纯瓦斯流量都得到了大幅提高。
寺家庄公司属于煤与瓦斯突出矿井，瓦斯灾害是威胁矿井安全生产和影响企业经济效益的主要原因。为进一步提高瓦斯抽采效率，消除回采工作面的突出危险性，寺家庄公司在15111工作面进行了顺层钻孔机械造穴高效瓦斯抽采技术的推广应用，本文在此基础上，开展了突出煤层顺层钻孔机械造穴消突试验的研究。
1　顺层钻孔机械造穴增透技术及装备
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1.1　机械造穴增透技术原理
机械造穴是近年来应用广泛的煤层卸压增透技术，是指在向煤体施工瓦斯抽采钻孔过程中，利用钻刀切割煤体构造出的大尺寸孔洞。机械造穴会增大钻孔内煤体的暴露面积，从而增加瓦斯解吸量，提高单位时间瓦斯抽采量。另外，机械造穴的动态破坏会使煤体卸压范围增大，钻孔周围裂隙进一步扩展延伸，为煤层卸压瓦斯运移提供了通道，从而使煤层渗透率得到显著改善[19-20]。机械造穴工艺集钻孔、扩孔为一体，对煤体实现有效卸压增透，极大提高了顺层钻孔的瓦斯抽采效果，其技术原理如图1所示。
1.2　顺层钻孔机械造穴装备体系
顺层钻孔机械造穴装备体系中最重要的是由寺家庄公司自主设计研发的一种塔型渐变式机械造穴钻具(见图2)。该钻具采用Φ133 mm钻头开孔，依次分段连接Φ200mm、Φ300 mm、Φ400 mm异径切削刀具，并与液压履带钻机、1 200 L/min大流量泥浆泵车和螺杆式可移动式空气压缩机配套使用。
该塔型渐变式造穴钻具由不同直径切削刀翼的钻具依次连接而成；作业时，首先由Φ133 mm钻头在煤层中施工普钻，再利用塔型渐变式造穴钻具进行扩孔。塔型渐变式钻具能够显著降低钻杆的局部应力，有效防止造穴过程中的卡钻事故。此外，塔型渐变式造穴钻具对煤体进行分层切割，对钻孔周围煤体的动态破坏小，成孔形状及稳定性好，有利于后期高效封孔，而且造穴产生的钻屑粒径小，更容易排渣，能够切实提高煤层瓦斯抽采效率。
1.3　顺层钻孔机械造穴工艺流程
顺层钻孔机械造穴工艺流程如下。
（1）首先将液压履带钻机移到打孔位置，调整角度，伸出防喷装置，防喷装置以能够紧密贴紧煤壁为宜，旋转大盘至空白处，依次连接钻杆和Φ133 mm钻头。
（2）缓慢旋转大盘使导轨转到打孔位置，升紧立柱，接上旋转接头，通水缓慢推进开孔。
（3）开孔要缓慢，严禁转速太高，要缓慢推进，使钻头逐渐接触煤体。当钻头开孔定位完成后，依次连接钻杆，并持续钻进到设计深度。
（4）普钻施工完毕后有序退钻，保持钻机位置不变，依次将Φ200mm造穴刀具、Φ300 mm造穴刀具、Φ400 mm造穴刀具安装到Φ133 mm钻头之后，并将钻杆与钻机连接。
（5）将钻头伸入已施工的普孔中，启动钻机，Φ200 mm造穴刀具首先接触并切割煤体，紧接着Φ300 mm造穴刀具、Φ400 mm造穴刀具在此基础上进一步切割煤体，随普孔轨迹割进，塔型渐变式造穴钻具对煤体一次性完成直径为400 mm的造穴扩孔作业。
顺层钻孔机械造穴施工示意图如图3所示。
2　顺层钻孔机械造穴瓦斯抽采数值模拟研究
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2.1　试验地点概况
寺家庄公司15111综采工作面属中央盘区，“刀把”式分布，地面标高+940~+1115 m，工作面标高+557~+613m，小采面161.5 m×1 950 m、大采面322 m×1 579 m，煤厚5.61 m，倾角0°~15°。15111 工作面有煤与瓦斯突出危险，预计工作面最大瓦斯含量11 m3/t，最大瓦斯压力0.58 MPa，最大瓦斯涌出量9 m3/min，煤层透气性较低。寺家庄公司拟采用“顺层钻孔+造穴卸压”预抽工作面煤层瓦斯以消除工作面突出危险性，保障工作面安全生产。
选取15111小采面回风巷进行现场试验，试验工作面及顺层钻孔布置情况如图4所示。
2.2　机械造穴卸压数值模拟
为直观研究机械造穴卸压增透效果，本文采用“气-固”耦合数学模型和数值模拟软件模拟机械造穴的卸压增透过程。
2.2.1　数学模型
（1）渗透率变化模型。煤层渗透率是影响钻孔瓦斯抽采的一个重要因素。机械造穴后钻孔围岩应力重新分布，煤体发生卸压，渗透率增大。根据试验和研究，能够反映含瓦斯煤体在应力影响下的有效渗透率Kg=(θ,p)的动态变化模型[2,21]为：
式中：Kg为煤体渗透率；θ为煤的体积应力；k∞为煤体绝对渗透率；a1,a2,a3为渗透率表征参数；p为煤层瓦斯压力；c1,c2为试验拟合常数。
（2）孔隙率变化模型。煤体在受到钻孔开挖等采掘扰动后，煤的孔隙结构及孔隙率会发生变化，根据现有研究[22]，得知随煤体扰动应力和瓦斯压力的煤体孔隙率φ为：
式中：φ0为煤体原始孔隙率；εv为煤体变形过程中产生的体积应变。
（3）煤层瓦斯渗流方程。瓦斯在煤体裂隙中流动符合达西定律，即：
式中：为煤层瓦斯渗流速度矢量；μg为瓦斯动力黏度系数。
煤层中瓦斯渗流满足质量守恒方程：
式中：ρg为瓦斯的密度;qg为瓦斯渗流速度;Qs为单位体积含瓦斯煤体内单位时间源的瓦斯质量;∂C/∂t为煤层瓦斯源的质量强度;C为单位体积含瓦斯煤体内的瓦斯质量含量。
假设煤层瓦斯为理想气体，瓦斯流动过程为等温过程，气体的状态方程[21]可表示为：
式中：β为瓦斯压缩因子；mg为瓦斯气体的摩尔质量；R为一般气体常数；T为气体温度。
煤层瓦斯含量包括吸附瓦斯含量和游离瓦斯含量[23-24]，可分别表示为：
式中：Cf为单位体积煤中游离瓦斯含量；pn为大气压；ρc为煤体密度；Ca为单位体积煤中吸附瓦斯含量；b1为煤的极限吸附量；A、B分别为煤体中的灰分和水分；b2为煤的Langmuir压力参数。
等温过程中煤体孔隙率对时间的变化率[25]为：
式中：Em为含瓦斯煤体的体积弹性模量；α为煤体的等效孔隙压力系数，;Es为含瓦斯煤体骨架颗粒的体积弹性模量。
耦合上式，可得到煤层瓦斯渗流方程：
（4）煤体变形场方程。假设煤体在小变形范围内，认为煤体为线弹性材料，变形遵守广义胡克定律[21]：
式中：σij为含瓦斯煤的总应力张量；λ为拉梅常数；δij为　Kronecker函数；G为煤体的剪切模量；εij为煤体的应变张量。
含瓦斯煤的表征单元体处于应力平衡状态，则：
式中，Fi为体积力。
假设煤体发生的变形在小变形范围内，则煤体的几何变形方程为：
式中，μij,μji为煤体的位移分量。
2.2.2　数值模型描述和参数
根据寺家庄公司15111　工作面实际地质条件及工作面顺层钻孔设计情况，采用COMSOL数值模拟软件，根据渗透率变化模型、瓦斯渗流方程和煤体变形场等方程，建立如图5所示的几何模型及边界条件。为避免产生边界效应，将模型尺寸设置为50m×50 m的正方形区域。对于固体力学模型，将模型的左边、上边和右边设置为恒定应力边界，代表煤层的水平地应力，下边设置为固支边界。对于瓦斯抽采渗流模型，将钻孔边界设置为抽采负压，模型的四周设置为无流动边界，模型整体赋初始瓦斯压力。数值模拟中选用了固体力学模块、PDE模块和达西定律模块。
模型中所使用的所有参数由实验室或现场获得，见表1。
2.3　造穴直径对卸压增透的影响
寺家庄公司15号煤层具有瓦斯含量高、透气性差及煤质松软等典型难抽采煤层特征。使用机械造穴工艺对其进行卸压增透时，不同造穴尺寸将成为影响增透效果的重要参数。本研究将结合实际地质条件，利用数值模拟软件研究直径分别为200 mm、300mm、400 mm、500 mm的造穴钻孔卸压范围及有效抽采半径随时间的变化关系。
机械造穴卸压后，钻孔周围应力重新分布，不同直径造穴钻孔在施工180 d后钻孔周围的径向应力σr和切向应力σt分布如图6所示。
钻孔围岩径向应力随距钻孔中心距离的增加而增加，直至达到水平地应力；钻孔孔壁处切向应力最大达到2倍水平地应力，向深处发展切向应力逐渐降低，直至恢复到原岩应力。以径向应力达到水平地应力时距离钻孔中心的距离为机械造穴所达到的卸压半径。可以发现普通钻孔卸压范围最小，仅1.8 m；DN200 mm、DN300 mm、DN400 mm和DN500 mm造穴钻孔的卸压半径分别可以达到2 m、2.9 m、3.5 m和4.7 m，随钻孔直径增大，钻孔围岩卸压范围也呈指数增长。
不同直径造穴钻孔周围瓦斯含量随时间变化如图7所示，寺家庄公司的煤层瓦斯含量临界值为7 m3/t。因此，本研究以瓦斯含量7 m3/t为有效半径的评估标准，在模拟结果中绘制瓦斯含量为7 m3/t的等值线圈，可以直观了解不同直径造穴钻孔周围瓦斯含量衰减范围随时间的变化规律。由图7可知，随抽采时间的增长，有效抽采半径逐渐扩大，DN200 mm、DN300 mm、DN400 mm和DN500 mm造穴钻孔在抽采180 d后，其有效抽采半径可以分别达到2.43 m、3.42 m、4.17 m和5.28 m，较DN133 mm普通钻孔（180 d有效抽采半径为1.82 m)均有较大提升，卸压增透范围也更广。
通过数值模拟研究可以发现，在抽采天数相同的情况下，造穴钻孔卸压范围均不同程度小于有效抽采半径，这是由于靠近卸压范围弹性区内的部分煤层瓦斯会在自身瓦斯压力及抽采负压的双重作用下渗流到抽采管路，使得瓦斯有效抽采半径要略大于钻孔围岩卸压范围。
综上可知，理论上造穴尺寸越大，其增透效果越好。但造穴钻孔直径的增大，相应的施工经济成本、封孔工艺要求及后期维护成本等都会增高。寺家庄公司15111 工作面煤厚5.3~6.09 m，平均5.61 m在综合考虑不同直径造穴钻孔有效抽采半径和卸压范围后，发现施工DN400 mm，顺层机械造穴钻孔可有效消除工作面瓦斯抽采空白带，在确保工作面安全生产的前提下，其经济效益较高。
3　机械造穴现场试验及效果考察
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通过数值模拟研究将顺层钻孔机械造穴直径确定为400 mm。为了对DN400mm机械造穴钻孔瓦斯抽采效果进行实际考察，将在寺家庄公司15111 工作面回风巷设置试验段，分别施工普通钻孔和DN400 mm机械造穴钻孔，通过对比试验分析机械造穴钻孔的实际抽采效果。
3.1　试验方案设计
本次寺家庄公司DN400机械造穴钻孔瓦斯抽采效果考察地点选在15111　工作面回风巷2单元处，从施工的顺层钻孔中分别选取3个普通钻孔和3个造穴钻孔进行考察工作。其中普通钻孔和造穴钻孔均配备独立抽采管路，试验钻孔间隔20m以上，彼此不在有效抽采影响范围内，试验钻孔参数见表2。对各试验钻孔的瓦斯抽采体积分数和抽采流量进行为期75 d的观测。
3.2　顺层钻孔机械造穴瓦斯抽采效果分析
对接抽的普通钻孔和造穴钻孔瓦斯体积分数进行测算，结果如图8所示。在观测期间，造穴钻孔中瓦斯体积分数（见电子版本图8中蓝色标识）总体随时间呈下降趋势，其瓦斯体积分数平均值由22%降低到13%左右；而普通钻孔中瓦斯体积分数（见电子版本图8中红色标识）除第62　天突然增大后又降低外（P1与P3阀门被误关停2d，造成孔内瓦斯集聚），其瓦斯体积分数整体保持在6%左右。由此可以看出，造穴钻孔周围煤体中瓦斯解吸渗流速率明显高于普通钻孔。而造穴钻孔中瓦斯体积分数整体高于普通钻孔，且造穴钻孔平均瓦斯体积分数较普通钻孔提高了153.4%，可见造穴钻孔对煤层瓦斯抽采效果更优。
观测期间试验钻孔抽采流量测定结果如图9所示，造穴钻孔平均抽采流量是普通钻孔的2倍，在抽采负压大致相同的情况下，表明造穴钻孔单位时间内被抽出的气体越多，其抽采能力更强。此外，从图9可以看出，造穴钻孔和普通钻孔随时间呈现总体相同的变化规律，造穴钻孔的变化幅度大于普通钻孔；这种钻孔抽采量不稳定变化的主要原因是由瓦斯抽采管路负压调整造成的，而造穴钻孔抽采量受管路负压调整的影响更大，也更为敏感。
根据观测期间试验钻孔的抽采混量和抽采纯量，分别计算出不同类型钻孔抽采气体总量和抽采瓦斯量，统计结果见表3。DN400 mm造穴钻孔抽采总量约为普通钻孔的3.22倍，而抽采瓦斯量为普通钻孔的8.06倍。煤矿抽采系统以瓦斯抽采为主要目的，将抽采总量中抽采瓦斯量的占比视为有效抽采率，比率越大，表明钻孔对于煤层瓦斯的抽采效率越高，而试验区域造穴钻孔的有效抽采率高达16.03%，是普通钻孔有效抽采率的2.5倍，充分证明了机械造穴钻孔在本煤层消突方面的巨大优势。
4　结论
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（1）通过COMSOL数值模拟软件建立了符合寺家庄公司 15号煤层顺层钻孔机械造穴瓦斯抽采的流固耦合模型，理论研究表明造穴尺寸越大，其有效抽采半径和卸压范围将越大，机械造穴有良好的卸压增透效果。
（2）顺层钻孔机械造穴过程增大了煤体的暴露面积和钻孔周围煤体卸压圈范围，扩大了钻孔周围瓦斯流动场的影响范围，增大了钻孔瓦斯抽采影响半径；在抽采180 d时，DN400 mm机械造穴钻孔的有效抽采半径是普通钻孔的2.3倍。
（3）现场试验中DN400 mm机械造穴钻孔的瓦斯体积分数较普通孔提高了153.4%，抽采瓦斯量是普通钻孔的8.06倍，有效抽采率达到16.03%，是普通钻孔有效抽采率的2.5倍，证明机械造穴钻孔在本煤层消突方面具有巨大优势。
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U22A20169)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间：2024-07-05
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-05
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国家自然科学基金项目(U22A20169)
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    1.潞安化工集团寺家庄公司，山西　晋中市　045300
    2.中国矿业大学　矿业工程学院，江苏　徐州市　221116
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