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Article(id=1322904701339054337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719504000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334659180, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334659180, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334659180, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334659180, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=184, endPage=191, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904701527798018, articleId=1322904701339054337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Ecological Restoration Planning Design and Practice of Abandoned Open-Pit Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Abandoned open-pit mine has caused serious damage to the ecological environment of the mining area and its surrounding areas, causing a series of problems such as geological disasters, soil erosion and landscape destruction. The ecological restoration and management of abandoned open-pit mine is not only an effective means to build green mines, but also an important way to promote the sustainable development of resource-based cities. Taking a stone mining area in Chifeng City as the research background, the damage status, existing problems and hazards of abandoned open-pit mine in this area were analyzed, and the planning ideas and management modes suitable for this area were put forward. The seven project deployments and corresponding main technical measures involved in the project implementation process were discussed in detail. The results show that the management technology of abandoned open-pit mine is difficult and the success rate of ecological restoration is low. Especially, the exposed slope and rock wall area need to increase the depth of research and management. There are various management modes for abandoned open-pit mines. It is necessary to select one or more suitable combination modes according to their site conditions and influencing factors, and connect them with local planning at all levels. The management of abandoned open-pit mine involves many treatment objectives such as mine, waste dump, slope and soil field. Its management is a complex system engineering. In planning and design, all factors should be taken into account to avoid blind management.

, authors=Xueliang LI1, 2, Fengming LI2, 3, Feng WANG1, Huijun REN3, authorsList=Xueliang LI, Fengming LI, Feng WANG, Huijun REN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904708209324307, articleId=1322904701339054337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=废弃露天采场生态恢复规划设计及实践, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

废弃露天采场对矿区及其周边的生态环境造成了严重破坏，引发了地质灾害、水土流失、景观破坏等一系列问题。开展废弃露天采场的生态恢复治理工作既是建设绿色矿山的有效手段，又是推动资源型城市可持续发展的重要途径。以赤峰市某石材开采区域为研究背景，分析了该区域废弃露天采场破坏现状、存在的问题及危害，针对性地提出了适用于该区域的规划思路与治理模式，并对工程实施过程中涉及的7项工程部署和对应的主要技术措施进行了详细探讨。结果表明：废弃露天采场治理技术难度大、生态恢复成功率低，尤其是裸露坡体及岩壁区域需要加大研究深度及治理力度；废弃露天采场治理模式多样，需根据其立地条件和影响因素选择合适的一种或多种组合模式，并与当地各级规划相衔接；废弃露天采场的治理涉及采场、废渣堆、边坡、取土场等多个治理目标，其治理是一个复杂的系统工程，规划设计时需兼顾各方面因素，避免盲目治理。

, authors=李学良1, 2, 李凤明2, 3, 王峰1, 任慧君3, authorsList=李学良, 李凤明, 王峰, 任慧君, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李学良（1985—），男，河北唐山人，博士，副研究员，主要从事开采沉陷与边坡工程方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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李学良（1985—），男，河北唐山人，博士，副研究员，主要从事开采沉陷与边坡工程方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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李学良（1985—），男，河北唐山人，博士，副研究员，主要从事开采沉陷与边坡工程方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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Ecological restoration and development and utilization mode of open-pit stope

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研究对象模式方案
山体缺口裸露型矿山生态复绿边坡生态修复
复垦利用复耕、人工林、果园、花园、苗圃等
景观改造石壁雕刻、峭壁攀岩等
旅游开发农家乐、附属旅游景点等
凹陷开采型矿山湖泊蓄水生物氧化塘、观光农业、水上娱乐等
回填利用土地回填、淤泥回填、建筑垃圾回填等
治理性开采制定规划、恢复性开采
景观改造石壁雕刻、峭壁攀岩等
旅游开发农家乐、附属旅游景点等
), ArticleFig(id=1322904713242489162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904701339054337, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

露天采场生态恢复及开发利用模式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究对象模式方案
山体缺口裸露型矿山生态复绿边坡生态修复
复垦利用复耕、人工林、果园、花园、苗圃等
景观改造石壁雕刻、峭壁攀岩等
旅游开发农家乐、附属旅游景点等
凹陷开采型矿山湖泊蓄水生物氧化塘、观光农业、水上娱乐等
回填利用土地回填、淤泥回填、建筑垃圾回填等
治理性开采制定规划、恢复性开采
景观改造石壁雕刻、峭壁攀岩等
旅游开发农家乐、附属旅游景点等
), ArticleFig(id=1322904713322180939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904701339054337, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main technical measures and time sequence arrangement

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序号治理内容治理措施具体工程时序安排
1露天采场治理回填、削坡、地形整形、整平、覆土、恢复植被土方工程、石方工程、植被工程首先实施土方工程、道路工程等，然后实施水利工程、植被工程，最后实施管护工程。
2废渣堆治理清运、地形整形、整平、恢复植被土方工程、石方工程、植被工程
3高陡边坡治理削坡、回填、地形整形、清理、整平、压实、覆土、恢复植被土方工程、石方工程、植被工程
4废弃工业场地治理拆除、清运、整平、覆土、恢复植被土方工程、石方工程、砌体工程、植被工程
5取土场治理场地回填、整平、覆土、恢复植被土方工程、石方工程、植被工程
6植被与地貌景观改善播撒草籽、修建水利设施水利工程、植被工程
7配套设施建设回填、整平、压实、恢复植被等石方工程、道路工程、植被工程、管护工程
), ArticleFig(id=1322904713410261324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904701339054337, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主要技术措施及时序安排

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序号治理内容治理措施具体工程时序安排
1露天采场治理回填、削坡、地形整形、整平、覆土、恢复植被土方工程、石方工程、植被工程首先实施土方工程、道路工程等，然后实施水利工程、植被工程，最后实施管护工程。
2废渣堆治理清运、地形整形、整平、恢复植被土方工程、石方工程、植被工程
3高陡边坡治理削坡、回填、地形整形、清理、整平、压实、覆土、恢复植被土方工程、石方工程、植被工程
4废弃工业场地治理拆除、清运、整平、覆土、恢复植被土方工程、石方工程、砌体工程、植被工程
5取土场治理场地回填、整平、覆土、恢复植被土方工程、石方工程、植被工程
6植被与地貌景观改善播撒草籽、修建水利设施水利工程、植被工程
7配套设施建设回填、整平、压实、恢复植被等石方工程、道路工程、植被工程、管护工程
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废弃露天采场生态恢复规划设计及实践
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李学良 1, 2 , 李凤明 2, 3 , 王峰 1 , 任慧君 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(5): 184-191
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (5) : 184 -191
废弃露天采场生态恢复规划设计及实践
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李学良1, 2 , 李凤明2, 3, 王峰1, 任慧君3
作者信息
  • 1.北京天玛智控科技股份有限公司，北京　101399
  • 2.煤炭科学研究总院，北京　100013
  • 3.中煤科工集团北京土地整治与生态修复科技研究院有限公司，北京　100013
作者简介:

李学良（1985—），男，河北唐山人，博士，副研究员，主要从事开采沉陷与边坡工程方面的研究工作。E-mail:

Ecological Restoration Planning Design and Practice of Abandoned Open-Pit Mine
Xueliang LI1, 2 , Fengming LI2, 3, Feng WANG1, Huijun REN3
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Tianma Intelligent Control Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101399, China
  • 2.China Coal Research Institute, Beijing 100013, China
  • 3.Beijing Institute of Land Renovation and Ecological Restoration Technology Co., Ltd., China Coal Technology and Engineering Group, Beijing 100013, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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摘要
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废弃露天采场对矿区及其周边的生态环境造成了严重破坏，引发了地质灾害、水土流失、景观破坏等一系列问题。开展废弃露天采场的生态恢复治理工作既是建设绿色矿山的有效手段，又是推动资源型城市可持续发展的重要途径。以赤峰市某石材开采区域为研究背景，分析了该区域废弃露天采场破坏现状、存在的问题及危害，针对性地提出了适用于该区域的规划思路与治理模式，并对工程实施过程中涉及的7项工程部署和对应的主要技术措施进行了详细探讨。结果表明：废弃露天采场治理技术难度大、生态恢复成功率低，尤其是裸露坡体及岩壁区域需要加大研究深度及治理力度；废弃露天采场治理模式多样，需根据其立地条件和影响因素选择合适的一种或多种组合模式，并与当地各级规划相衔接；废弃露天采场的治理涉及采场、废渣堆、边坡、取土场等多个治理目标，其治理是一个复杂的系统工程，规划设计时需兼顾各方面因素，避免盲目治理。

废弃露天采场  /  生态恢复  /  规划设计  /  技术措施

Abandoned open-pit mine has caused serious damage to the ecological environment of the mining area and its surrounding areas, causing a series of problems such as geological disasters, soil erosion and landscape destruction. The ecological restoration and management of abandoned open-pit mine is not only an effective means to build green mines, but also an important way to promote the sustainable development of resource-based cities. Taking a stone mining area in Chifeng City as the research background, the damage status, existing problems and hazards of abandoned open-pit mine in this area were analyzed, and the planning ideas and management modes suitable for this area were put forward. The seven project deployments and corresponding main technical measures involved in the project implementation process were discussed in detail. The results show that the management technology of abandoned open-pit mine is difficult and the success rate of ecological restoration is low. Especially, the exposed slope and rock wall area need to increase the depth of research and management. There are various management modes for abandoned open-pit mines. It is necessary to select one or more suitable combination modes according to their site conditions and influencing factors, and connect them with local planning at all levels. The management of abandoned open-pit mine involves many treatment objectives such as mine, waste dump, slope and soil field. Its management is a complex system engineering. In planning and design, all factors should be taken into account to avoid blind management.

Abandoned open-pit mine  /  Ecological restoration  /  Planning and design  /  Technical measure
李学良, 李凤明, 王峰, 任慧君. 废弃露天采场生态恢复规划设计及实践. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 184 -191 .
Xueliang LI, Fengming LI, Feng WANG, Huijun REN. Ecological Restoration Planning Design and Practice of Abandoned Open-Pit Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 184 -191 .
正文
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0　引言
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石材作为一种重要的建筑原材料，开采历史久远，有效支撑了我国各个阶段的基础建设。然而，石材的长期无序开采造成了土地资源损毁、原生植被破坏、生物多样性丧失等众多问题，在有些区域甚至引发了崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害，给居民的生命财产安全造成了损失。我国采石场具有总数多、体量小、分布不集中、布局欠合理等显著特点，多数采石场为便于运输建设在邻近交通线、景区、城镇的位置，且大部分采石场闭坑后未及时得到有效的恢复治理，特别是在立地条件极差的裸露岩石斜坡区域，其地质环境问题更为突出[1-3]。因此，大力开展废弃露天采场恢复治理意义重大，具有较高的现场实践价值和良好的社会生态效益。
当前，众多学者在露天采石场综合治理的相关领域开展了大量研究，徐良骥等[4]对两淮矿区的采石场遗迹地治理技术模式进行了探讨，提出了相应的复垦技术。杨冰冰等[5]在梳理采石场石壁生态修复理论及现状的基础上，分析了石料开采造成的环境破坏，给出了石壁生态修复的技术措施。王锐等[6]给出了露天采石场土地复垦适宜性评价方法，并结合实际案例进行了验证分析。杨利琴等[7]对海宁市采石场存在的生态环境问题进行深入剖析，提出了该区域采石场分类方法与生态治理模式。上述研究对于废弃露天采场的生态恢复具有一定的指导意义，然而，废弃露天采场立地条件不同，受社会、经济、人文等因素影响较为明显，造成不同区域复垦模式有所差异，尚不能形成统一且成熟的治理途径，同时现有技术还存在很多问题需要解决，如治理成本高、施工工艺复杂、治理效果可维持性差等，故当前仍需加强上述各方面的研究，以寻求科学、经济、可靠的恢复治理方法。
本文以赤峰市某石材开采区域为例，给出了该区域的废弃露天采场生态恢复规划思路与治理模式，并对治理工程部署和相应的技术措施进行了剖析，以期为类似项目的技术研发和治理实践提供参考。
1　研究区概况
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研究区位于内蒙古自治区赤峰市，由于长时间的采石活动致使原生地形地貌发生了较大改变，裸露采场、陡坡、废弃渣石堆等随处可见，环境破坏严重，当前形成的待治理面积约为4.30 km2。
地形地貌：研究区处于丘陵地带，地势呈西南高东北低的趋势，地面标高为+403.9~+488.7 m。研究区山体总体上呈“之”字形分布，山体西部多为裸露的基岩，面积相对较小，其余位置均有一定厚度的第四系松散层覆盖。
地层构造：研究区内经钻孔揭露的地层由老至新依次为侏罗系、第四系，第四系平均厚度约为5 m；该区域地质构造简单，地壳相对较为稳定。
工程与水文地质：研究区基岩多为完整性较差的硬质岩石，基岩上部由碎石土构成，总体上地层的物理力学特性较差，工程地质条件属中等复杂类型，水文地质条件较为简单。
2　露天采场破坏现状及存在的问题
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2.1　废弃露天采场破坏现状
研究区所处位置较为偏僻，位于村镇周边，各采坑位置较为分散，但总面积相对较大，采坑四周形成的边坡较陡。研究区开采活动发生在二十世纪九十年代之前，当时的个体采矿点业主现已不复存在，当前的地质环境恢复治理工作由政府来承担。露天采场存在的地质环境问题主要有地质灾害（崩塌）、土地压占（工广及废渣）、水土流失、植被破坏（挖损）、景观破坏等。
研究区自2010年起，已先后进行了两次较大规模的治理工作，但治理后地质灾害隐患（崩塌隐患点）未完全消除；削坡后形成的边坡与周边景观极不协调，回填区域边坡整形治理工作不到位，与周边地形反差明显，两期治理区之外还存在大量的废弃露天采场、废渣堆，地形地貌景观尚未完全恢复；虽然复垦了部分林地与草地，但由于树种选取不符合当地实际，成活率较低。
为了彻底解决研究区西部区域裸露的岩体断面与周边景观不协调以及东部存在的尚未治理的区域等问题，亟需开展新一轮的治理工作。
2.2　主要问题及危害
当前，研究区的地质环境问题主要为地质灾害、土地资源破坏以及地形地貌景观破坏。
（1）地质环境问题。研究区共分布16处露天采场，露天采场最大边坡高度为28 m，坡面角多介于60°~80°之间，出露地表的岩性属侏罗系上统安山岩，该类岩体稳定性较差，在外界因素的扰动下已发生劣化破坏。经现场调查发现，研究区内部分边坡已发生崩塌失稳现象，如图1所示，已发生的崩塌失稳规模较小，除边坡岩体局部破坏外，主要对邻近的天然牧草地造成了影响，整体上危害较小。当前，现场边坡仍存在崩塌隐患。
（2）土地资源破坏。研究区原地类主要为天然牧草地，由于石材的长期开采，造成土地资源挖损严重，极大地破坏了当地的生态环境，如图2所示。根据现场调查，在研究区范围内形成的露天采场有16处，废渣堆11处（均位于露天采场的周边），取土场2处，工业场地1处，高陡边坡1处，地貌景观与植被恢复区1处。
（3）地形地貌景观破坏。一方面，研究区内废矿渣、弃土等随处可见，不仅占用了土地，同时其作为研究区内主要的扬尘物源，在干燥多风季节将吸附空气中的有害物质，并降低能见度，给当地居民的正常生活和身体健康带来了极大影响。区内堆积大量的采石废矿渣，与周围景观极不协调；另一方面，由于多年的无序开采，致使山体破损严重，并形成了陡崖及采场，极大地影响了区内的地貌景观及视觉感观，如图3所示。
3　规划思路及治理模式
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3.1　规划依据及思路
针对研究区存在的各类地质环境问题，需开展专项调查，全面掌握现场实际情况。由于研究区面积较大，且地形较为复杂，为满足设计需要，首先需在研究区及周边区域进行航空摄影测量，以获得比例尺为1:2 000的地形图。然后，利用收集到的地质采矿资料、实测地形图，结合手持快速定位系统对现场进行详细调查，对已发生的矿山地质环境问题进行复测和分析，重点掌握以下内容：露天采场、废渣堆、废弃工业场地、高陡边坡等分布位置，初步确定研究区土地资源恢复治理的方向；周边主要建（构）筑物的分布与土地资源的利用状况，初步确定研究区土地资源恢复治理的方向；研究区及周边植被生长情况，初步确定适合研究区植被恢复建设的草及林木种类；历史上已治理区域的现状调查，获得治理工作经验、教训。
截至目前，研究区已实施了两期治理项目。通过治理项目的实施，一定程度上治理了地质灾害，改善了生态环境，同时也积累了宝贵的经验与教训。通过总结以往治理工程经验，结合现场实际情况，最终提出适合研究区实际情况的治理设计思路。研究区综合治理技术路线如图4所示。
需要指出的是，在治理规划设计过程中，还需充分兼顾当地市县级的城市规划建设、土地利用等现有规划，不断优化治理规划，以达到更好的治理效果，恢复研究区的生态环境[8-10]。此外，在治理实施过程中，应立足于区域地质环境条件、历史开采情况等，尽量采用成熟的技术、工艺和材料。
3.2　治理模式分析
废弃露天采场的治理可分为多种模式[11-15]，在实际治理工作中，根据现场特点可结合使用多种模式，如采用生态修复+复垦利用模式、生态复绿+旅游开发模式等。当前，国内外常见的露天采场生态恢复及开发利用模式见表1。
研究区位于城镇周边，采坑呈零星分布状，水资源相对匮乏（潜水位较低，开挖后不易积水），且周边无明显的旅游资源优势，故仅采用单一的生态复绿模式，在消除地质灾害的基础上，进行植被复绿施工，同时改善区域生态景观。
4　工程部署及技术措施
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按照因地制宜、合理规划、分步实施的基本原则，综合确定研究区工程主要包括露天采场治理、废渣堆治理、高陡边坡治理、废弃工业场地治理、取土场治理、植被与地貌景观改善、配套设施建设等7部分内容。研究区工程部署如图5所示。
4.1　露天采场治理
露天采场对地表原生植被造成的破坏是不可逆的，且采坑标高较低，多为地表水和地下水的汇集处，不利于植被的自然修复[16-17]。大型露天采场的治理是一个复杂的系统工程，需兼顾多个方面，而对于本研究来说，露天采场规模性相对较小，可采用“回填—覆土—平整—植被—管护”的方式进行治理。
研究区有露天采场16处，占地面积195 029 m2。露天采场治理时，首先对采场进行回填，回填土石方的来源主要为废渣堆、削坡产生的废石、以及周边孤立山丘消除后产生的废石。回填时，需对回填物分层进行压实，在回填的基础上结合周边地势及时进行整平、覆土及恢复植被，使研究区与周边的地形地貌景观相协调，并进行合理的管护，最终恢复被露天采场破坏的土地的基本功能。
鉴于采石破坏的表层土壤在没有人工干预的条件下短时间内不具备恢复成原生熟土的条件，故必须进行回填覆土。根据设计要求，草地覆土厚度不低于30 cm，林地覆土厚度不低于60 cm，主要治理工序为“挖装—运输—卸除—平整”。
4.2　废渣堆治理
废渣堆由采矿过程中形成的废弃物堆积而成，不仅压占了土地资源、破坏了景观，而且在雨水的淋溶作用下可能对邻近区域的土壤和地下水造成污染，同时，如果废渣堆规模过大，易引发滑坡等安全事故，故及时对其进行治理非常重要。
研究区共有废渣堆11处，占地面积75 138 m2。废渣堆的治理，主要是将废渣堆清运，并直接用于露天采场的回填，可有效改善研究区的地形地貌景观，恢复被废渣堆占用的土地的基本功能，清理后的场地需及时进行植被恢复。
废渣堆与露天采场的距离不同，治理要点也有所差异。对于邻近采场的废渣堆，采用“推运—回填—平整”的治理工序，一方面可彻底消除废渣堆，另一方面可回填采坑以消除（或缓解）地质灾害；对于远离采场的废渣堆，采用“挖装—运输—回填—平整”的治理工序，最大程度地利用废渣，以消除废渣堆所造成的土地压占和地貌景观破坏等问题。施工过程中应满足以下质量标准：
（1）废渣堆应彻底清理，原位置不留残留物，根据规划设计要求对原位置进行必要的恢复治理；
（2）在废渣回填采坑过程中需做到分层压实（一般间隔为1 m），并采取相应的措施，避免在回填过程中引发次生灾害或二次污染。
4.3　高陡边坡治理
高陡边坡的治理是露天采场治理中的重点与难点，其质量的好坏关系到整个治理工程的成败[18-19]，主要包括两方面内容：一是边坡的削坡与整形；二是边坡体的生态修复。对于露天边坡，由于所处位置以及开采水平的不同，造成边坡岩体的力学性质差异较大，治理过程中需在对边坡进行科学评价和分区的基础上，合理选择不同的治理方法。
研究区仅有1处高陡边坡，占地面积67 478 m2。对高陡边坡进行治理，主要是通过削坡、回填措施，消除研究区内高陡边坡存在的安全隐患。削坡时需重点考虑周边地形因素，实际削坡尺寸可在设计尺寸上做少许调整，尽量不出现尖角和凹坑，保持研究区治理后的地表整体协调性。
为满足覆土需求，对露天采场进行边坡削坡、修整，设计削坡后边坡角度不大于30°。清理边坡危岩体，将削坡得到的废石回填至坡体及坡底的低洼处，使露天采场的整体坡度放缓；若采场的深度大、边坡陡，同样需要进行必要的削坡处理，削坡后再进行回填复绿，在消除地质灾害的同时，确保实现有效的生态修复，并与周边景观协调。
4.4　废弃工业场地治理
工业场地在矿山的整个生产过程中发挥着不可或缺的重要作用，其对环境的破坏多表现为土地压占，闭坑后除少数根据需要留续使用外，多数在闭坑后需及时进行拆除处理[20]。一般认为，废弃工业场地修复措施较为简单，主要侧重于治理后与周边景观的协调以及相应污染源的修复治理。
研究区有废弃工业场地1处，占地面积6 585 m2。对研究区内的工业场地进行治理，首先是根据地势对工业场地进行整平、覆土及恢复植被，最终达到与周边的地形地貌景观相协调，恢复被工业场地破坏土地的基本功能。
废弃工业场地采用机械拆除法，将研究区内废弃建筑进行拆除，并将废物集中清运至垃圾场，应达到的质量要求是拆除后的场地无建筑垃圾。
4.5　取土场治理
研究区内取土场的形成主要是满足整体场地平整的需要，取土场多选在超过设计标高的位置。一方面可以为低洼处提供土源；另一方面可通过取土降低自身标高，使整体上与区域景观相协调。
研究区有取土场2处，占地面积10 889 m2。取土场是土质边坡，植被覆盖度低，对取土场进行治理，主要是通过整平后使之与周围地形相协调，满足恢复植被的要求。
土石方平衡分析是治理工作的重要环节，研究区内土石方总填方量为1 297 453 m3，总挖方量为974 164 m3，石方可实现区内自平衡，而土方需要辅以部分外运，外运土方量为323 289 m3，外运土方来源为距研究区4~5 km范围内的拟建工业园区、物流园区所要剥离的表土，土源有保障。
4.6　植被与地貌景观改善
植被与地貌景观改善主要是指在研究区范围内的土石方等工程结束后对地面、边坡体等位置进行复绿，主要涉及植被筛选、景观规划等[21]。
研究区有地貌景观与植被恢复区1处，占地面积3 924 084 m2。主要是对植被成活率低、覆盖率较低的区域采取植被补种、增加植被品种、植被优化等措施，实现该区景观的再提升。
通过植被与地貌景观改善可基本恢复原始的地形地貌，可采取播撒草籽、修建灌溉设施等措施提高植被恢复能力，使植被覆盖率更高。
调查结果显示，研究区周边多为稀树草原地带性植被。研究区范围内，阴坡较易涵养水分，植被多为榆树、松树等；阳坡涵养水分能力相对较差，植被多为草本群落；河谷等水分充足，植被以杨树为主；周边山坡绿化植物多为山杏、松树等。
4.7　配套设施建设
配套设施作为研究区治理修复的重要组成部分，包括道路、排水设施等多个子项，在满足所需功能的基础上，需将配套设施融入到整个治理的规范方案中，做到与整个方案在布局、功能、景观等方面相协调。配套工程一般不早于主体工程实施。
研究区配套设施主要包括道路工程、辅助工程以及后期管护工程。其中，道路工程主要是对原有道路进行整修，建成标准为宽4 m、厚0.5 m的碎石路面，道路两侧植树，恢复植被；辅助工程主要是在研究区内设置标志牌，标志牌建在研究区联络线出入口处，位置可根据实际治理效果进行适当调整；后期管护工程主要指涉及林地、草地的管护，管护期为3年，绿化植被后期管护内容主要包括移栽、灌溉、追肥、松土、病虫害防治等，管护工程范围为研究区的总面积。
上述各治理内容的主要技术措施及时序安排见表2，研究区治理效果剖面图如图6所示。
5　治理效果分析
收起
研究分为7个施工标段，总投资1.2 亿元，历经15个月，研究区地质环境从根本上得到了改善。整体上取得了以下3方面的治理效果：
（1）以崩塌为代表的地质灾害基本消除；
（2）由于露天采场挖损、矿山固废占用破坏的土地得到恢复治理；
（3）研究区地貌景观和生态环境得到明显改善。
研究区治理后的实际效果如图7所示。
6　结论
收起
（1）废弃露天采场对区域生态环境破坏严重，易造成地质灾害、水土流失、景观破坏等问题，对其及时进行恢复治理至关重要。在治理规划中，应在分析已有类似工程经验的基础上，综合运用生态、景观、系统工程等理论进行统一规划，同时做到与现有相关上位规划相衔接。
（2）废弃露天采场的治理模式根据空间分布、周边环境等可分为多种类型。针对研究区采场零星分布、位置偏远等实际特点，采用了单一的生态复绿模式，主要涉及采场治理、废渣堆治理、高陡边坡治理等工程，研究区治理后能够满足消除地质灾害隐患、改善地形地貌景观的目的。
（3）废弃露天采场通常所处环境恶劣，多为裸露岩体或表土覆盖层较薄，保水能力差，加之坡体温差变化大，整体上不利于植被的生长。在治理过程中，除了采用传统的回填、平整、压实等人工干预手段外，还要考虑自然修复的影响，加强集人工修复与自然修复于一体的综合修复技术研究。
（4）废弃露天采场的恢复治理是一个受控于多因素的长时间持续性工作，在治理结束后需对其进行一定时间的监测和管护，为保证治理效果，必要时可适当延长管护时间，以便形成一个可以自维持的、抗干扰能力强的生态系统。
基金
收起
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1306004)
  • 中国煤炭科工集团有限公司重点项目(2021-2-TD-ZD004)
文献
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间：2024-06-28
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-28
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1306004)
中国煤炭科工集团有限公司重点项目(2021-2-TD-ZD004)
作者信息
    1.北京天玛智控科技股份有限公司，北京　101399
    2.煤炭科学研究总院，北京　100013
    3.中煤科工集团北京土地整治与生态修复科技研究院有限公司，北京　100013
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