Article(id=1322904691050422917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720281600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334656726, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334656726, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334656726, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334656726, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=161, endPage=174, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904691549545094, articleId=1322904691050422917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Brazilian Disc Test and Numerical Simulation of Different Inclination Cracks Based on Acoustic Emission, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence of different inclination angles of prefabricated cracks on the mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics of rock and the crack expansion mechanism and rupture mode in the process of rock rupture, the Brazilian disc test was carried out by prefabricating disc specimens with different inclination cracks. The acoustic emission technique and the extended finite element method were used to observe and analyze the rupture evolution law of rock under different inclination cracks. The results show that with the increase of inclination angle, the crack initiation position shifts from the tip of prefabricated crack to the middle, and the parameters such as rock initiation load and peak load decrease first and then increase. The analysis results of acoustic emission parameters show that the specimens show various failure modes: the specimens with medium inclination angle mainly occur shear-tensile failure, while the specimens with higher or lower inclination angle mainly occur tensile splitting failure. The cumulative ringing count, cumulative amplitude, cumulative energy and bearing capacity of acoustic emission are consistent with the change trend of prefabricated crack inclination angles. The numerical simulation results are consistent with the laboratory test results, which confirms the effectiveness of the numerical simulation method in predicting rock crack expansion. The research results are helpful to predict and control the rupture behavior of rock mass in mining, tunnel excavation and other fields in engineering operations, and provide an effective reference for solving engineering safety problems in the industry.

, authors=Qingtao ZHANG1, Wenjing KUANG2, Xiulei LI3, Chen CHEN2, Hang DIAO2, authorsList=Qingtao ZHANG, Wenjing KUANG, Xiulei LI, Chen CHEN, Hang DIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenjing KUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904701083198126, articleId=1322904691050422917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于声发射的不同倾角裂缝巴西圆盘试验及其数值模拟研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究不同预制裂缝倾角对岩石的力学特性、声发射特征及岩石破裂过程中裂缝扩展机理和破裂模式的影响,通过预制不同倾角裂缝的圆盘试件进行巴西圆盘试验,以声发射技术和扩展有限元法进行观测和分析,探究不同裂缝倾角下岩石的破裂演化规律。结果表明:随着倾角的增大,裂缝起裂位置由预制裂缝尖端向中部转移,岩石的起裂荷载、峰值荷载等参数呈先减后增的变化趋势。声发射参数分析结果表明,试件呈现多样的破坏模式,中等倾角的试件主要发生剪切-拉伸破坏,倾角较高或倾角较低的试件则以张拉劈裂破坏为主。声发射累计振铃计数、累计幅度、累计能量与承载能力随预制裂缝倾角的变化趋势一致。数值模拟结果与室内试验结果一致,证实了该数值模拟方法在预测岩石裂缝扩展方面的有效性。研究结果有助于预测和控制采矿、隧道掘进等领域的岩体在工程作业中的破裂行为,为解决行业工程安全问题提供有效参考。

, authors=张清桃1, 旷文静2, 李修磊3, 陈臣2, 刁航2, authorsList=张清桃, 旷文静, 李修磊, 陈臣, 刁航, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=旷文静, authorNote=

张清桃(1992—),男,重庆忠县人,硕士,工程师,主要从事轨道交通建设研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
旷文静(2001—),女,重庆大足人,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土力学研究。E-mail:
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张清桃(1992—),男,重庆忠县人,硕士,工程师,主要从事轨道交通建设研究。E-mail:

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张清桃(1992—),男,重庆忠县人,硕士,工程师,主要从事轨道交通建设研究。E-mail:

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Study on propagation characteristics of rock internal crack based on acoustic emission[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing Jiaotong University, 2021., articleTitle=Study on propagation characteristics of rock internal crack based on acoustic emission, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322904749896508222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=163, issue=10, pageStart=2171, pageEnd=2204, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=34, authorNames=HALL S A, SANCTIS F D, VIGGIANI G, journalName=Pure & Applied Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HALL S A, SANCTIS F D, VIGGIANI G. Monitoring fracture propagation in a soft rock (neapolitan tuff) using acoustic emissions and digital images[J]. Pure & Applied Geophysics, 2006, 163(10):2171-2204., articleTitle=Monitoring fracture propagation in a soft rock (neapolitan tuff) using acoustic emissions and digital images, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322904750194303807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=11, pageStart=81, pageEnd=88, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=35, authorNames=王远增, 万文, 赵延林, journalName=矿业研究与开发, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王远增,万文,赵延林,等.不同加载速率对预制裂隙类岩石材料的力学特性影响及声发射分析[J].矿业研究与开发,2023,43(11):81-88., articleTitle=不同加载速率对预制裂隙类岩石材料的力学特性影响及声发射分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322904750278189888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=11, pageStart=81, pageEnd=88, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=36, authorNames=WANG Yuanzeng, WAN Wen, ZHAO Yanlin, journalName=Mining Research and Development, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Yuanzeng, WAN Wen, ZHAO Yanlin, et al.Mechanical properties and acoustic emission analysis of rock-like materials with prefabricated fractures under different loading rates[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2023, 43(11):81-88., articleTitle=Mechanical properties and acoustic emission analysis of rock-like materials with prefabricated fractures under different loading rates, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322904735560377104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, awardId=2018M633627XB, language=CN, fundingSource=中国博士后基金资助项目(2018M633627XB), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322904701926253231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904701938836144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, companyId=1322904701926253231, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Chongqing Rail Transit (Group) Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400074, China), 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language=CN, label=图15, caption=室内试验和数值模拟下裂缝起裂解随倾角变化趋势, figureFileSmall=PgzPMTUEBZKnpFqOh3a0yw==, figureFileBig=Z+j7Nn+4cFinU+0lm8rR8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904730929865477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Load and displacement levels at the lowest point of r-value of specimens

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倾角/(°)rmin时间/s荷载水平/%位移水平/%
完整试件1.2213050.6157.74
02.817048.4753.05
154.526030.5742.62
301.456035.8435.30
450.525030.3040.36
602.367038.7948.65
752.937041.9744.64
904.539049.0555.13
), ArticleFig(id=1322904731730977543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试件r值最低点所处荷载、位移水平情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
倾角/(°)rmin时间/s荷载水平/%位移水平/%
完整试件1.2213050.6157.74
02.817048.4753.05
154.526030.5742.62
301.456035.8435.30
450.525030.3040.36
602.367038.7948.65
752.937041.9744.64
904.539049.0555.13
), ArticleFig(id=1322904732154602248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Percentage of crack types

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倾角/(°)剪切裂纹/%拉伸裂纹/%
完整试件3.3596.65
08.0691.94
1522.2077.80
3049.4450.56
4540.2659.74
6043.3556.65
7511.0089.00
904.8995.11
), ArticleFig(id=1322904732523701001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

裂纹类型占比

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倾角/(°)剪切裂纹/%拉伸裂纹/%
完整试件3.3596.65
08.0691.94
1522.2077.80
3049.4450.56
4540.2659.74
6043.3556.65
7511.0089.00
904.8995.11
), ArticleFig(id=1322904733022823178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Specimen parameters

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内摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/MPa泊松比分析步每步位移/mm
30500.20.001
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试件参数

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内摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/MPa泊松比分析步每步位移/mm
30500.20.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322904735040283404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Model mechanical parameters

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倾角/(°)密度/(g/cm3)弹性模量/GPa最大主应力/MPa
02.4331.6211.43
152.4324.027.73
302.5120.4511.07
452.4232.8320.62
602.4532.7419.84
752.4037.9216.74
902.3942.8711.79
), ArticleFig(id=1322904735128363790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904691050422917, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型力学参数

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倾角/(°)密度/(g/cm3)弹性模量/GPa最大主应力/MPa
02.4331.6211.43
152.4324.027.73
302.5120.4511.07
452.4232.8320.62
602.4532.7419.84
752.4037.9216.74
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基于声发射的不同倾角裂缝巴西圆盘试验及其数值模拟研究
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张清桃 1 , 旷文静 2 , 李修磊 3 , 陈臣 2 , 刁航 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(5): 161-174
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (5) : 161 -174
基于声发射的不同倾角裂缝巴西圆盘试验及其数值模拟研究
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张清桃1 , 旷文静2 , 李修磊3, 陈臣2, 刁航2
作者信息
  • 1.重庆市轨道交通(集团)有限公司,重庆 400074
  • 2.重庆交通大学 土木工程学院,重庆 400074
  • 3.重庆交通大学 河海学院,重庆 400074
通讯作者:
旷文静(2001—),女,重庆大足人,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土力学研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

张清桃(1992—),男,重庆忠县人,硕士,工程师,主要从事轨道交通建设研究。E-mail:

Brazilian Disc Test and Numerical Simulation of Different Inclination Cracks Based on Acoustic Emission
Qingtao ZHANG1 , Wenjing KUANG2 , Xiulei LI3, Chen CHEN2, Hang DIAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.Chongqing Rail Transit (Group) Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 3.College of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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为研究不同预制裂缝倾角对岩石的力学特性、声发射特征及岩石破裂过程中裂缝扩展机理和破裂模式的影响,通过预制不同倾角裂缝的圆盘试件进行巴西圆盘试验,以声发射技术和扩展有限元法进行观测和分析,探究不同裂缝倾角下岩石的破裂演化规律。结果表明:随着倾角的增大,裂缝起裂位置由预制裂缝尖端向中部转移,岩石的起裂荷载、峰值荷载等参数呈先减后增的变化趋势。声发射参数分析结果表明,试件呈现多样的破坏模式,中等倾角的试件主要发生剪切-拉伸破坏,倾角较高或倾角较低的试件则以张拉劈裂破坏为主。声发射累计振铃计数、累计幅度、累计能量与承载能力随预制裂缝倾角的变化趋势一致。数值模拟结果与室内试验结果一致,证实了该数值模拟方法在预测岩石裂缝扩展方面的有效性。研究结果有助于预测和控制采矿、隧道掘进等领域的岩体在工程作业中的破裂行为,为解决行业工程安全问题提供有效参考。

预制裂缝倾角  /  巴西圆盘试验  /  声发射  /  扩展有限元法  /  扩展机理  /  破裂模式

In order to study the influence of different inclination angles of prefabricated cracks on the mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics of rock and the crack expansion mechanism and rupture mode in the process of rock rupture, the Brazilian disc test was carried out by prefabricating disc specimens with different inclination cracks. The acoustic emission technique and the extended finite element method were used to observe and analyze the rupture evolution law of rock under different inclination cracks. The results show that with the increase of inclination angle, the crack initiation position shifts from the tip of prefabricated crack to the middle, and the parameters such as rock initiation load and peak load decrease first and then increase. The analysis results of acoustic emission parameters show that the specimens show various failure modes: the specimens with medium inclination angle mainly occur shear-tensile failure, while the specimens with higher or lower inclination angle mainly occur tensile splitting failure. The cumulative ringing count, cumulative amplitude, cumulative energy and bearing capacity of acoustic emission are consistent with the change trend of prefabricated crack inclination angles. The numerical simulation results are consistent with the laboratory test results, which confirms the effectiveness of the numerical simulation method in predicting rock crack expansion. The research results are helpful to predict and control the rupture behavior of rock mass in mining, tunnel excavation and other fields in engineering operations, and provide an effective reference for solving engineering safety problems in the industry.

Prefabricated crack inclination angle  /  Brazilian disc test  /  Acoustic emission  /  Extended finite element method  /  Expansion mechanism  /  Rupture mode
张清桃, 旷文静, 李修磊, 陈臣, 刁航. 基于声发射的不同倾角裂缝巴西圆盘试验及其数值模拟研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 161 -174 .
Qingtao ZHANG, Wenjing KUANG, Xiulei LI, Chen CHEN, Hang DIAO. Brazilian Disc Test and Numerical Simulation of Different Inclination Cracks Based on Acoustic Emission[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 161 -174 .
在自然界中,岩石通常具有非均质特性,其内部结构存在孔洞、缝隙以及节理等不连续性特征,对地下工程如隧道掘进、煤矿开采以及其他工程施工产生了深远的影响。鉴于此,探究岩石材料的力学行为,尤其是其裂纹扩展机制,已成为国内外学者的研究重点之一[1-2]。
为探究裂纹的起裂、发展和贯通机制,众多学者已通过室内试验开展了岩石的破坏机制探究[3],CHEN等[4]分析了不同受荷冲击速度与弧压角等条件下岩石的裂纹发展规律,结果表明,冲击速度直接影响岩石的破裂模式,同时,载荷的角度对试件的局部应力场有显著影响。冯若琪等[5]利用压缩试验探究了多种预制裂缝倾角下半圆盘试件的裂纹扩展过程,结果表明,Ⅰ型断裂及其相关的应力强度因子随起裂角度的增加而显著降低,与此同时,Ⅱ型断裂的发生率及其应力强度因子和T应力呈上升趋势。王二博等[6]进行了含不同裂隙倾角的岩石材料的单轴压缩试验,观察到裂隙的存在显著影响了岩石试样的能量储存极限,研究结果表明,裂隙结构不仅降低了岩石的弹性能量储存能力,还促进了在达到峰值应力时的能量耗散过程。这种现象表明裂隙的角度和分布对岩石的力学性能和破坏行为有着直接的影响。
岩石受力断裂过程中伴随声发射现象,其产生的声波携带了详细的岩石破裂特征信息,对这些声发射信号进行深入分析有助于揭示岩石断裂的时空动态过程及其机理[7]。刘希灵等[8]基于声发射技术进行单轴压缩试验和灰岩巴西劈裂试验,研究两种加载模式下岩石在不同阶段的b值变化情况,揭示了两种加载模式下岩石声发射b值特性及其大小取决于岩石破裂面的结构组成和破坏方式。张凯等[9]利用损伤试样开展单轴加载试验,分析试样损伤程度与波速关系及声发射演化规律,结果表明,岩石的损伤程度不同,其声发射响应机制有所区别。赵兴东等[10]通过声发射定位技术及盖格尔定位算法并结合试验,研究不同预制裂隙受压破裂过程中裂纹演化进程和破裂机制。
近年来,学者们通过数值预测为工程设计和实践提供理论支撑,扩展有限元法(XFEM)能够充分发挥有限元的优势,精确反映裂纹发展过程,其优势在于无需考虑不连续性的生成,便可对各种模型进行数值模拟。李盛等[11]为探明温缩应力-交通荷载作用下Top-Down裂缝疲劳扩展机理,采用XFEM和修正的 Paris公式,以实体工程观测结果为辅助,建立 Top-Down裂缝疲劳模型,研究成果为沥青面层裂缝开裂机理提供了理论指导。DENG等[12]提出一种基于裂纹前沿富集的扩展有限元法进行裂纹建模,通过结合Heaviside函数和阶跃函数模拟单元(包括裂纹尖端或前部)中位移的不连续性。上述研究受限于试验条件和样本尺寸,无法准确反映岩石的自然状态。声发射分析对数据处理和解释有较高的技术要求,且会受到环境噪音的影响。而数值模拟对模型的精确度和适用范围有依赖,在处理极端条件或非常规裂纹时存在局限性。因此,单独使用这 3种方法进行研究,研究结果会出现较大偏差。
目前,国内外许多学者采用间接试验方法对材料力学特性进行了研究[13-18]。在这些试验中,巴西圆盘试验能对材料的力学特性、岩石裂纹破坏规律进行研究且试验简便,故而被广泛应用[19-22]。因此,本文预制不同倾角的含有裂缝的花岗岩巴西圆盘试件,对其开展声发射试验,利用扩展有限元法模拟裂纹演化进程,通过试验和数值模拟相结合的方式,研究不同预制裂缝倾角下岩体的力学特性、声发射特征,揭示岩体破裂过程中裂隙扩展贯通的形貌特征与规律,试验与模拟结果相互论证以提高研究内容的准确性。
本文自制含有预制裂缝的巴西圆盘试件,试件加工尺寸为Φ55 mm×20mm,端面打磨后采用高压水刀切割法预制裂缝。根据裂缝与加载方向的夹角编号,夹角在0°~90°之间每隔15°依次编号,同一倾角下做4个平行试样。
试验采用无垫条法巴西圆盘试验,按预先设置好的角度摆放试件,进行0.15 kN预加载,避免声发射信号被初始加载接触而产生噪音干扰;待预加载流程完成后,进行仪器清零操作。采用位移控制加载,加载速度为0.001 mm/s,待主裂缝产生及岩石不再持力时终止测试。
图1为不同倾角裂缝下试件受压破坏形态,红线为裂缝发展路线(颜色标识见电子版),随着预制裂缝倾角的改变,试件破坏形态发生相应改变。完整试件呈现出中部贯穿破坏模式,0°~60°倾角预制裂缝裂纹均起始于预制裂缝的上部尖端,75°~90°倾角预制裂缝裂纹起始位置由预制裂缝尖端变化至预制裂缝中部。试件预制裂缝倾角从0°变化至60°时,试件主要表现为由预制裂缝尖端的张拉翼裂纹向剪切翼裂纹复合张拉翼裂纹过渡;当倾角大于75°时,试件起裂位置逐步向预制裂缝中部靠拢,表现为拉剪裂纹结合张拉裂纹。
裂纹起裂角β随裂缝倾角α的变化趋势如图2所示。由图2可知,随着预制裂缝倾角α的增大,裂纹起裂角β也随之增大,反映出预制裂缝倾角对岩石试件裂纹的形成、扩展和最终破坏形态有着决定性的影响[23]。
试件的荷载-位移曲线如图3所示,含有预制裂缝试件的峰值荷载均小于完整试件,完整试件破坏呈现出典型的岩石脆性破坏特性,其荷载-位移曲线呈现明显的“台阶”状衰减。而预制裂缝试件以脆性破坏为主,在裂缝倾角从0°增至45°的过程中,峰值荷载变化不明显,趋势较为平稳。然而,当裂缝倾角从45°增至90°时,峰值荷载出现显著变化,表明裂缝倾角显著影响了试件的开裂模式和内部受力状态,裂缝倾角对试件破裂形态与破坏发生位置有较大影响。
本研究采用包含6个探头的多通道声发射检测系统对声发射源进行精确监测和定位。试件声发射定位结果如图4所示。通过详细的声发射定位分析,发现声发射活动主要集中在预制裂缝的两侧。这一观察结果表明,岩石的破裂通常从内部中部开始,并逐渐向上下两端扩展。
(1)声发射能量分析。
利用声发射试验所得出的声发射参数绘制了声发射能量特征曲线,如图5所示。在加载前中期,试件的微裂纹和孔隙逐渐压缩,声发射能量较低,未观察到明显的能量突增。当荷载达到峰值时,所有试件的能量突增。脆性破坏特征明显的试件的最大能量出现在峰值荷载处,而倾角α>45°的试件,峰后荷载曲线显示出不完全的脆性断裂,最大能量一般出现在荷载显著下降之处,伴随着荷载的突降,能量出现突增,这表明荷载增加和能量突增并非总是正相关,而是与是否出现主断裂面有关。
图6为圆盘试件累计声发射能量统计结果。呈现脆性破坏试件的累计声发射能量为突增型,而未呈现脆性破坏试件(峰后荷载经历波动)的累计声发射能量表现出持续的台阶上升状态。倾角较高(75°、90°)或倾角较低(0°、15°)的试件的累计声发射能量均超过了中等倾角(30°、45°、60°)的试件。由于倾角差异,试件呈现出多样的破坏模式:中等倾角的试件主要发生剪切-拉伸破坏,而倾角较高或倾角较低的试件则以张拉劈裂破坏为主。综上可知,张拉劈裂破坏相较于剪切-拉伸破坏释放更多的声发射能量,预制裂缝倾角对试件主断裂面形成及其破坏模式有显著影响,而在0°倾角下累计声发射能量最高,原因在于峰后荷载的多次急剧下降和能量的突增,这也反映出岩石即使在不完全断裂的情况下,也能导致大量能量释放。
(2)声发射幅度分析。
图7为预制倾角裂缝圆盘试件的声发射幅度特征曲线。
由图7可知,在加载的初期,所有试件均经历了一个没有声发射活动的初始静默期。在随后的加载过程中,声发射事件相对较少且分布稀疏,尤其是大于40 dB的声发射事件在初期受压阶段较为罕见。然而,当荷载逼近最大值时,声发射活动显著增多且幅度增加,这暗示着试件内部的微小裂缝正在逐步发展为可观测的宏观裂纹,并在不稳定的条件下扩展。在此环境下,声发射信号最为频繁,且在峰值荷载点达到最大幅度。随着荷载的减小,由于岩石内部颗粒间的持续摩擦,声发射信号的幅度仍旧维持在60 dB以上,表明裂缝扩展仍在进行中。所有试件的累计声发射幅度总体上表现为持续上升趋势,尤其在加载中期,累计幅度上升速率加快。
累计声发射幅度统计结果如图8所示。由图8可知,倾角为0°和15°时,累计声发射幅度随倾角的增加呈现下降趋势,当倾角逐渐增大至30°以上时,累计声发射幅度也随之增加,表明在受压破坏过程中,试件的累计声发射幅度随承载能力的增加而增大。而完整圆盘试件的累计声发射幅度最大,这与其承受压力的时间较长以及内部微裂隙或颗粒间摩擦碰撞频繁有关。
(3)声发射振铃计数分析。
图9为声发射振铃计数特征曲线。由图9可知,在试件的前中期加载阶段,由于试件原有微裂隙的闭合和新裂隙的初步发展,产生的声发射信号较稀疏,所以各试件的声发射振铃计数均较低。随着试验的进行,当荷载处于近似呈线性增长阶段时,声发射振铃计数并未出现明显的波动。然而,在接近峰值荷载的阶段,声发射活动显著增强,振铃计数急剧增加,通常达到最大值(4 000~5 500)。在荷载达到峰值后,尽管振铃计数急剧下降,但在荷载波动情况下,振铃计数也在一定区间范围内波动,并且每次荷载突降均伴随着振铃计数的显著增加。这一观察表明,声发射振铃计数特征是一种反映岩石内部损伤程度的有效指标,为理解裂缝扩展提供了重要信息。
图10 为累计声发射振铃计数统计结果。
由图10可知,15°~90°预制裂缝倾角的累计振铃计数明显小于完整试件和0°倾角试件,这是因为在达到峰值荷载后试件破裂模式会显著影响声发射振铃计数,峰后荷载迅速下降,呈现脆性破坏试件的累计振铃计数明显小于峰后荷载呈台阶状相对缓和下降的试件。结合上文分析可知,试件声发射累计振铃计数、累计能量、累计幅度随预制裂缝倾角的增大呈先降低后升高的变化趋势一致,且累计振铃计数随试件承载能力的增加而增大,试件累计振铃计数受峰后荷载试件破裂模式和承载能力的共同影响。
上述声发射基本参数的分析虽然在一定程度上反映了岩石破裂模式,但在岩石裂纹演化进程分析方面存在一定局限性。HALL等[24]提出用新的特征参数r值(声发射累计撞击数与声发射累计能量的比值为r值)来深入分析试件在受压破坏过程中的声发射特征,r值的计算公式如式(1)所示。r值能反映试件在整个试验过程中声发射能量集中程度,进一步可得出裂纹演化的规律。
式中:为每间隔10 s的声发射累计撞击数;为每间隔10s的声发射累计能量。
图11为不同倾角试样r值与荷载随时间的变化曲线。由图11可知,试件在加载的前中期,声发射r值呈波浪式增加,随施加荷载的增大,r值迅速跌至最小值,到达峰后荷载后,r值维持在最低水平。初期上升阶段,岩石内部天然微裂纹被逐步压密,此时有大量低能量声发射事件产生,随着加载的进行,微裂纹扩展形成大裂纹,会产生部分高能量声发射事件,随后到达峰值荷载,显示出裂纹演化的最终阶段。
试件r值最低点(rmin)所处荷载、位移水平情况见表1。由表1可知,随预制裂缝倾角的增大,特征参数r值最低点出现的时间、荷载水平和位移水平先减小后增大。r值最低点标志着主破裂孕育起始点。试验结果显示,随着裂缝倾角的增大,引发裂缝的荷载需求先降低后升高,其中45°倾角所需的压缩荷载最少,这表明在相同的外力作用下,该倾角的试件最容易产生裂纹。进一步分析15°~60°倾角的试件时发现,这些试件r值最低点荷载水平普遍位于30%~40%之间,相较于其他倾角,荷载水平明显偏低;在此倾角区间内,试件主要受剪切和张拉作用发生破坏,这种破坏模式与起裂方式紧密相关,进而证实了主破裂的形成受到裂缝倾角的显著影响。
在外部加载条件下,能量的积聚最终在岩石内部以裂纹的形式得以释放,最终产生的裂纹模式将决定岩样的最终破坏模式。其中拉伸或翼形裂纹、剪切或次级裂纹为主要的裂纹模式[25]。为探究预制裂缝倾角对岩石破坏断裂模式是否产生影响,绘制各预制裂缝倾角试件破裂后归一化RA−AF分布图,如图12所示。按照RA−AF分布整理了不同预制裂缝倾角下拉伸和剪切裂纹在总裂纹中的占比,见表2。由图12和表2可知,试件破裂模式先以拉伸破坏为主,再随倾角的增大逐渐转变为拉剪复合式破坏,当试件倾角超过75°后,破坏模式又以张拉破坏为主,这表明大倾角裂缝可促进岩石的张拉破坏作用,该破坏模式与室内试验结果相吻合,验证了室内试验结果的准确性。
扩展有限元法可有效模拟脆性岩石裂纹演化规律,在模拟裂纹扩展和计算应力、应变场方面具有显著优势。本文将最大主应力准则同该数值模拟方法相结合,且为简化建模过程编写了Python脚本,并与实验室结果进行对比分析,以探讨预制裂缝倾角对裂纹产生和扩展的影响。
试件参数和模型力学参数分别见表3和表4。
本文使用有限元软件构建了一个巴西圆盘模型,其预制裂缝倾角为30°,直径为55 mm,中央裂缝的宽度和长度分别为1.5 mm和25 mm,裂缝的两端设计为半径为1.5 mm的半圆形。在网格划分上,模型采用了CPS4R单元,以确保计算精度。特别在裂缝附近进行了密集的网格布局,每0.2 mm设置一个节点,而模型的整体网格密度则是每2 mm设置一个节点,共分为5 959个单元。模型的详细网格划分如图13所示。这种精细的网格设计有助于更准确地模拟和分析裂缝发展过程中的应力分布和动态响应。
图14为裂纹起裂和扩展时最大主应力云图。由图14可知,在预制裂缝倾角低于60°的巴西圆盘试件中,裂缝通常首先在尖端处开始起裂。起裂位置随预制裂缝倾角的增大逐渐向裂缝的中心区域迁移。对于倾角较小的试件,裂缝尖端由于荷载集中的作用,主应力较早达到起裂的临界值。而倾角较大的试件,裂缝中心处主应力集中,引发新裂纹的形成。这些新生裂纹始于裂缝尖端,并在外力作用下,沿对称的路径向荷载方向扩展。尽管裂缝的扩展速度和方向保持一致,裂缝的曲率变化较小,但随着预制裂缝倾角的增加,裂缝的起裂角度呈现出明显的变化,揭示了裂缝扩展机制与裂缝倾角之间的密切关系。
根据模拟结果可知,裂纹起裂角β与预制裂缝倾角α呈正相关,α增大,β也随之增大,在α>60°后,起裂位置由预制裂缝尖端转变至中部,此时新生裂缝起裂的扩展与预制裂缝的夹角达到90°。结合以上试验结果,绘制室内试验和数值模拟下裂缝起裂角随倾角的变化趋势,如图15所示。由图15可知,数值模拟结果与室内试验结果高度吻合,扩展有限元法能有效模拟巴西圆盘试验,并准确反映预制裂缝倾角对裂纹扩展过程的影响。
本文探讨了预制裂缝倾角对巴西圆盘试件破裂行为的影响,采用声发射检测技术和扩展有限元法进行了综合分析,得出的主要结论如下。
(1)圆盘试件在受压过程中,随预制裂缝倾角的增加,裂纹起裂位置由裂缝尖端逐步向中部移动,破坏开裂类型以拉伸劈裂为主。随着预制裂缝倾角α的增大,起裂荷载、峰值荷载以及弹性模量的变化趋势均先减后增,而试件裂纹起裂角β随之增大。
(2)声发射分析结果表明,岩石的破裂通常从中部开始,并逐渐向上下两端扩展,荷载增加和能量突增并非总是正相关,而是与是否出现主断裂面有关。在加载初期,所有试件均经历了一个没有声发射活动的初始静默期,在随后的加载过程中,声发射事件相对较少且分布稀疏。试件呈现多样的破坏模式,中等倾角的试件主要发生剪切-拉伸破坏,而倾角较高或倾角较低的试件则以张拉劈裂破坏为主。试件开始断裂,主断裂面形成,张拉劈裂破坏相较于剪切-拉伸破坏释放更多的声发射能量,预制裂缝倾角对试件主断裂面形成及其破坏模式有显著影响,在0°倾角下累计声发射能量较高,原因在于峰后荷载的多次急剧下降和能量的突增,这也反映出岩石即使在不完全断裂的情况下,也能导致大量能量释放。声发射累计振铃计数、累计幅度、累计能量与承载能力随预制裂缝倾角的变化趋势一致,且均受峰后荷载试件破裂模式和承载能力共同影响。
(3)声发射r值变化趋势对应于岩石受压破坏过程的3个阶段,初期上升阶段,岩石内部天然微裂纹被逐步压密,此时有大量低能量声发射事件产生,随着加载进行,微裂纹扩展形成大裂纹,会产生部分高能量声发射事件,随后到达峰值荷载,显示出裂纹演化的最终阶段。通过对RA-AF值进行分析,试件破裂模式先以拉伸破坏为主,再随倾角的增大逐渐转变为拉剪复合式破坏,当试件倾角超过75°后,破坏模式又以张拉破坏为主,这表明大倾角裂缝可促进岩石的张拉破坏作用,该破坏模式与室内试验结果相吻合,验证了室内试验结果的准确性。
(4)数值模拟所得结果同室内试验结果基本吻合,表明了扩展有限元法能有效模拟巴西圆盘试验,并准确反映预制裂缝倾角对裂纹扩展过程的影响。
  • 中国博士后基金资助项目(2018M633627XB)
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-07
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中国博士后基金资助项目(2018M633627XB)
作者信息
    1.重庆市轨道交通(集团)有限公司,重庆 400074
    2.重庆交通大学 土木工程学院,重庆 400074
    3.重庆交通大学 河海学院,重庆 400074

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旷文静(2001—),女,重庆大足人,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土力学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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