Article(id=1322904688756130172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722614400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334656179, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334656179, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334656179, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334656179, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=264, endPage=276, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904690429657469, articleId=1322904688756130172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Preparation of Geopolymer with Iron Ore Tailings by Thermal-Chemical Activation and its Mechanism, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the technical bottleneck of low reaction activity and limited usage of IOT (iron ore tailings) in preparation of geopolymers, IOT-based geopolymers were prepared with high-silica IOT and low-silica IOT as the main raw materials, metakaolin as the correction material and water glass as the alkali activator. The thermal-chemical activation was used to activate the activity of IOT. The XRD and SEM/EDS were used to analyze the changes in mineral composition of IOT before and after activation, and the influence of thermal chemical activation at 500 ℃ and 700 ℃ on the microstructure and structure of geopolymers was studied. The results show that the reactivity of IOT after thermal-chemical activation is significantly increased, the geopolymers have dense internal structure and the compressive strength is increased significantly. The suitable thermal-chemical activation temperature is 500 ℃. At the same thermal-chemical activation temperature, IOT with a 80 μm sieve residue of 10% exhibit the highest activity and the geopolymers prepared by them have the highest compressive strength. Compared with low-silica IOT, high-silica IOT can obtain a higher reactivity after thermal-chemical activation, and the geopolymers prepared with high-silica IOT have a higher compressive strength. Thermal-chemical activation causes partial transformation of low activity minerals in IOT, forming highly active minerals such as soluble sodium silicate and metastable amorphous substances.

, authors=Gang LIU1, 2, 3, Chenguang HU2, 3, Ruiying BAI2, 3, Qiuming LI1, Yukun AN1, 2, 3, Xiaoxin FENG2, 3, authorsList=Gang LIU, Chenguang HU, Ruiying BAI, Qiuming LI, Yukun AN, Xiaoxin FENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoxin FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904695605428635, articleId=1322904688756130172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=热-化学活化铁尾矿制备地质聚合物及其机理研究, columnId=1226462297560892399, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=选矿与资源综合利用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解决铁尾矿在制备地质聚合物时反应活性低、使用量受限的技术瓶颈,分别以高硅型铁尾矿和低硅型铁尾矿为主要原料,采用热-化学活化对其进行活性激发,然后以偏高岭土为校正材料,水玻璃为碱激发剂制备铁尾矿基地质聚合物。利用XRD和SEM/EDS等测试方法分析铁尾矿活化前后的矿物组成变化,研究了500 ℃和700 ℃热-化学活化对地质聚合物微观形貌和结构的影响。结果表明,两种铁尾矿经热-化学活化处理后的反应活性显著提高,制备的地质聚合物微观结构致密,抗压强度显著增大,较适宜的热-化学活化温度为500 ℃。80 μm筛余为10%的铁尾矿经相同的热-化学活化温度处理后活性最高,由其制备的地质聚合物的抗压强度最高;与低硅型铁尾矿相比,高硅型铁尾矿经热-化学活化后可以获得更高的反应活性,由其制备的地质聚合物抗压强度更高。热-化学活化使铁尾矿中的低活性矿物发生部分转化,形成了可溶性的硅酸钠及介稳态的不定形物质等高活性矿物。

, authors=刘刚1, 2, 3, 胡晨光2, 3, 白瑞英2, 3, 李秋明1, 安宇坤1, 2, 3, 封孝信2, 3, authorsList=刘刚, 胡晨光, 白瑞英, 李秋明, 安宇坤, 封孝信, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=封孝信, authorNote=

刘刚(1988—),男,河北保定人,博士研究生,实验师,主要从事水泥基材料和工业固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:

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封孝信(1962—),男,河北平山人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水泥基材料和工业固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:
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Chemical composition of iron ore tailings

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尾矿类型SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOK2ONa2OTiO2MnOSO3
H-IOT67.5944.32417.1094.4053.3581.4300.8280.1510.2620.246
L-IOT37.71510.33516.30520.8355.8402.4151.5850.7800.536—
), ArticleFig(id=1322904704090505712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904688756130172, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铁尾矿的化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
尾矿类型SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOK2ONa2OTiO2MnOSO3
H-IOT67.5944.32417.1094.4053.3581.4300.8280.1510.2620.246
L-IOT37.71510.33516.30520.8355.8402.4151.5850.7800.536—
), ArticleFig(id=1322904704161808881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904688756130172, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main chemical composition of metakaolin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOK2ONa2OTiO2
52.4645.620.480.160.130.150.110.88
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偏高岭土的主要化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOK2ONa2OTiO2
52.4645.620.480.160.130.150.110.88
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Density and fineness parameters of H-IOT and L-IOT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
尾矿类型密度/(kg·m–3)细度(80 μm筛余)/%比表面积/(m2·kg–1)体积平均粒径/μmD10/μm中值粒径D50/μmD90/μm
H-IOT2 80020(粗粉)23459.683.56039.80148.26
15(中粉)26348.702.69032.88118.45
10(细粉)32243.412.48029.15105.09
L-IOT2 75020(粗粉)25352.502.22028.97127.22
15(中粉)28747.251.99627.59112.06
10(细粉)37239.671.73325.7898.05
), ArticleFig(id=1322904704384106996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904688756130172, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

H-IOT 和 L-IOT 的密度和细度参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
尾矿类型密度/(kg·m–3)细度(80 μm筛余)/%比表面积/(m2·kg–1)体积平均粒径/μmD10/μm中值粒径D50/μmD90/μm
H-IOT2 80020(粗粉)23459.683.56039.80148.26
15(中粉)26348.702.69032.88118.45
10(细粉)32243.412.48029.15105.09
L-IOT2 75020(粗粉)25352.502.22028.97127.22
15(中粉)28747.251.99627.59112.06
10(细粉)37239.671.73325.7898.05
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热-化学活化铁尾矿制备地质聚合物及其机理研究
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刘刚 1, 2, 3 , 胡晨光 2, 3 , 白瑞英 2, 3 , 李秋明 1 , 安宇坤 1, 2, 3 , 封孝信 2, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 选矿与资源综合利用 2025,45(5): 264-276
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矿业研究与开发 |选矿与资源综合利用 2025 , 45 (5) : 264 -276
热-化学活化铁尾矿制备地质聚合物及其机理研究
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刘刚(1988—),男,河北保定人,博士研究生,实验师,主要从事水泥基材料和工业固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:

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刘刚(1988—),男,河北保定人,博士研究生,实验师,主要从事水泥基材料和工业固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:

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刘刚1, 2, 3 , 胡晨光2, 3, 白瑞英2, 3, 李秋明1, 安宇坤1, 2, 3, 封孝信2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 2.华北理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 3.河北省无机非金属材料重点实验室,河北 唐山市 063210
通讯作者:
封孝信(1962—),男,河北平山人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水泥基材料和工业固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

刘刚(1988—),男,河北保定人,博士研究生,实验师,主要从事水泥基材料和工业固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:

Preparation of Geopolymer with Iron Ore Tailings by Thermal-Chemical Activation and its Mechanism
Gang LIU1, 2, 3 , Chenguang HU2, 3, Ruiying BAI2, 3, Qiuming LI1, Yukun AN1, 2, 3, Xiaoxin FENG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 2.College of Material Science and Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 3.Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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为了解决铁尾矿在制备地质聚合物时反应活性低、使用量受限的技术瓶颈,分别以高硅型铁尾矿和低硅型铁尾矿为主要原料,采用热-化学活化对其进行活性激发,然后以偏高岭土为校正材料,水玻璃为碱激发剂制备铁尾矿基地质聚合物。利用XRD和SEM/EDS等测试方法分析铁尾矿活化前后的矿物组成变化,研究了500 ℃和700 ℃热-化学活化对地质聚合物微观形貌和结构的影响。结果表明,两种铁尾矿经热-化学活化处理后的反应活性显著提高,制备的地质聚合物微观结构致密,抗压强度显著增大,较适宜的热-化学活化温度为500 ℃。80 μm筛余为10%的铁尾矿经相同的热-化学活化温度处理后活性最高,由其制备的地质聚合物的抗压强度最高;与低硅型铁尾矿相比,高硅型铁尾矿经热-化学活化后可以获得更高的反应活性,由其制备的地质聚合物抗压强度更高。热-化学活化使铁尾矿中的低活性矿物发生部分转化,形成了可溶性的硅酸钠及介稳态的不定形物质等高活性矿物。

铁尾矿  /  地质聚合物  /  热-化学活化  /  抗压强度

In order to solve the technical bottleneck of low reaction activity and limited usage of IOT (iron ore tailings) in preparation of geopolymers, IOT-based geopolymers were prepared with high-silica IOT and low-silica IOT as the main raw materials, metakaolin as the correction material and water glass as the alkali activator. The thermal-chemical activation was used to activate the activity of IOT. The XRD and SEM/EDS were used to analyze the changes in mineral composition of IOT before and after activation, and the influence of thermal chemical activation at 500 ℃ and 700 ℃ on the microstructure and structure of geopolymers was studied. The results show that the reactivity of IOT after thermal-chemical activation is significantly increased, the geopolymers have dense internal structure and the compressive strength is increased significantly. The suitable thermal-chemical activation temperature is 500 ℃. At the same thermal-chemical activation temperature, IOT with a 80 μm sieve residue of 10% exhibit the highest activity and the geopolymers prepared by them have the highest compressive strength. Compared with low-silica IOT, high-silica IOT can obtain a higher reactivity after thermal-chemical activation, and the geopolymers prepared with high-silica IOT have a higher compressive strength. Thermal-chemical activation causes partial transformation of low activity minerals in IOT, forming highly active minerals such as soluble sodium silicate and metastable amorphous substances.

Iron ore tailings  /  Geopolymer  /  Thermal-chemical activation  /  Compressive strength
刘刚, 胡晨光, 白瑞英, 李秋明, 安宇坤, 封孝信. 热-化学活化铁尾矿制备地质聚合物及其机理研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 264 -276 .
Gang LIU, Chenguang HU, Ruiying BAI, Qiuming LI, Yukun AN, Xiaoxin FENG. Preparation of Geopolymer with Iron Ore Tailings by Thermal-Chemical Activation and its Mechanism[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 264 -276 .
巨量的尾矿堆存潜伏着严重的灾害,暴雨、地震、融雪、飓风等自然因素以及维修不善、结构失稳、过量存储等人为因素造成的尾矿库溃坝事故不仅危害生态环境,而且还危及人民生命与财产安全[1]。2021年3月国家发展改革委、科技部等十部门联合印发《关于“十四五”大宗固体废弃物综合利用的指导意见》,要求全面提高大宗固废资源的综合利用水平[2]。因此,铁尾矿的大规模利用势在必行。另一方面,水泥是全世界建筑行业中使用最广泛的胶凝材料[3]。据报道,全球硅酸盐水泥产量以每年9%的速度持续增长,因为水泥生产过程中释放大量温室气体,并且消耗大量资源和能源,所以水泥产业的高速发展对全球环境构成了极大的危害。据统计,每吨普通硅酸盐水泥的生产消耗能量约3.2 GJ,并且还会产生约810 kg CO2、1.0 kg SO2和2.0 kg NOx[4-5]。因此,从全球可持续发展与人类命运共同体的角度出发,亟需开发出新型绿色胶凝材料来替代普通硅酸盐水泥,以解决日益突出的环境问题。地质聚合物是一种典型的绿色建筑材料,其生产可以利用大量工业固体废弃物,并且生产过程不产生CO2和NOx[6-7]。因此,利用铁尾矿制备地质聚合物材料契合治理环境污染、建设生态文明、推动循环经济发展的国家重大战略需求。
LIGUORIB等[8]、MOGHADAMMJ等[9]指出,从理论上讲,任何含有足够SiO2和Al2O3的天然或合成材料都可以用作地质聚合过程的前驱体。LAZORENKO G等[10]、REN B等[11]、CAPASSO I等[12]总结了用于制备地质聚合物的各种尾矿的化学成分和矿物组成,结果表明,对于富含SiO2和Al2O3的工业固体废弃物,采用合适的方法均有可能制备出地质聚合物。铁尾矿的主要矿物是硅酸盐矿物或铝硅酸盐矿物,在制备地质聚合物时,地质聚合反应活性低,其使用量受到限制[11],不能大量应用,这是利用铁尾矿制备地聚合物的技术瓶颈。如果能够大幅提升铁尾矿的地质聚合反应活性,则能够大幅提高铁尾矿的使用量,并显著改善地质聚合物的性能。
为了提高铁尾矿的反应活性,许多学者开展了研究。目前利用铁尾矿制备地质聚合物等胶凝材料普遍采用的活化方法是机械活化[13-21]。一般来说,采用这种方法制备地质聚合物时要求铁尾矿的细度达到400 m2/kg以上,也有研究认为达到600~700 m2/kg较好。但是即使经过机械活化,其活性仍然较低,比如将铁尾矿磨细至比表面积达到596 m2/kg,在30%掺量下的铁尾矿粉28 d活性指数仅为68%[14];有研究结果还显示铁尾矿粉磨至一定细度后其活性具有随细度增长变化不明显的特性[16]。这主要是因为机械活化影响铁尾矿的粒径分布和比表面积等物理性质[22],对其化学反应活性的提高程度有限。还有研究表明[23-26],通过高温处理也可以改善尾矿的物理化学性质,但是当温度较低或时间较短时,尾矿内部铝硅酸盐矿物的结构转变不完全;当温度过高或时间过长时,铝硅酸盐矿物又会出现部分结晶化的现象,导致尾矿反应活性的降低[27]。比如将铁尾矿粉在1 000 ℃进行煅烧,其活性不但没有提高,反而下降了;另外将铁尾矿先在400 ℃、600 ℃、800 ℃和1 000 ℃进行热活化,再机械粉磨,结果只有400 ℃煅烧样品的活性指数稍有升高,其他温度煅烧样品的活性指数均有所降低[23]。这说明单独高温煅烧对铁尾矿活性的改善效果不明显,甚至出现负面影响。为了探讨进一步提高铁尾矿反应活性的方法,本文采用热-化学活化的方式对不同类型铁尾矿进行活性激发,并制备地质聚合物,考察影响地质聚合物抗压强度的因素,并探究其反应机理,以期解决铁尾矿大规模利用的技术瓶颈。
(1)铁尾矿。采用了高硅型和低硅型两种铁尾矿,其化学成分见表1, XRD图谱见图1。由表1可见,高硅型铁尾矿(H-IOT)的SiO2含量达到67.594%,(SiO2+Al2O3)达到71.918%;低硅型铁尾矿(L-IOT)的SiO2含量为37.715%,(SiO2+Al2O3)为48.050%。由图1(a)可以看出,H-IOT的主要矿物组成为石英、黑云母、辉石和堇青石;由图1(b)可以看出,L-IOT的主要矿物组成为石英、黑云母、钙铁石、堇青石和钙长石。
(2)水玻璃。工业级透明液体,其中SiO2含量为27.30%,Na2O含量为8.5%,密度Be/20 ℃为38.5 Be,模数为3.30。
(3)偏高岭土。中位粒径D50为0.924 μm,其主要化学成分见表2。
(4)NaOH。为分析纯化学试剂。
将H-IOT和L-IOT分别置于SM-500型试验磨中进行粉磨,制备出80 μm筛余分别为10%、15%和20%的不同类型铁尾矿粉,然后分别称取一定质量的NaOH固体和铁尾矿粉,按照NaOH:铁尾矿粉=1:2的碱固比(质量比)进行混合,混合均匀后置于石墨坩埚中,采用KJ-M1400型箱式电阻炉将铁尾矿粉分别加热至500 ℃和700 ℃,保温1 h。经热-化学活化后的物料会产生结块现象,因此,需要将物料置于研钵中研磨成细粉后使用。
以热-化学活化后的铁尾矿粉为主要原料、偏高岭土为校正材料、水玻璃为碱激发剂制备地质聚合物。其中,铁尾矿:偏高岭土=3:1(质量比),水固比为0.30,水玻璃的模数为1.5。按照配合比称取原材料,采用NJ-160A型水泥净浆搅拌机将物料搅拌均匀,成型为20mm×20 mm×20 mm的净浆试块。将成型后的试块连同模具放入水泥标准养护箱中养护(24±2)h后进行脱模;脱模后将试块在室温下养护1 d、3 d、7 d和28 d,然后测定试块的抗压强度。
(1)抗压强度测试:将养护至规定龄期的净浆试块置于压力试验机上进行破型。
(2)粒度分析:采用Mastersizer2000型激光粒度仪分析不同铁尾矿粉的粒度分布。
(3)矿物成分分析:将待测样品磨至粉末,采用D/MAX2500PC型X射线衍射仪进行XRD(X射线衍射)测试,分析样品的矿物组成。
(4)产物形貌分析:将待测样品的表面层去除,选取样品中心适宜部位进行离子溅射仪镀金处理,然后在聚焦离子束场发射扫描电子显微镜上观察地质聚合反应产物的微观形貌,并结合EDS(能量散射谱)测试,分析产物的化学组成。
H-IOT和L-IOT的密度和细度参数详见表3,其粒度分布如图2所示。由表3和图2可以看出,H-IOT和L-IOT均表现出随着80 μm筛余的减小,体积平均粒径逐渐减小,中值粒径D50也逐渐减小的规律。为了方便叙述,下文将80 μm筛余为10%、15%和20%的铁尾矿粉分别称为细粉、中粉和粗粉。
热-化学活化H-IOT制备的地质聚合物抗压强度测试结果如图3和图4所示。其中,图3为热-化学活化温度对H-IOT基地质聚合物抗压强度影响的试验结果;图4为相同热-化学温度下铁尾矿细度对H-IOT基地质聚合物抗压强度影响的试验结果。
由图3可以看出,随着热-化学处理温度的升高,H-IOT基地质聚合物的抗压强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并且未经热-化学活化的H-IOT基地质聚合物抗压强度远低于活化后的H-IOT基地质聚合物;当热-化学活化温度由500 ℃升高至700 ℃时,地质聚合物抗压强度明显下降。80 μm筛余为10%的H-IOT经500 ℃热-化学处理后制备的地质聚合物,在20 ℃条件下养护28 d后的抗压强度最高,达到了70.85 MPa,较未经热-化学活化的铁尾矿基地质聚合物抗压强度提高了约18.3倍。
由图4可以看出,随着铁尾矿的细度逐渐减小,H-IOT基地质聚合物的抗压强度整体呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,未经热-化学活化时,随铁尾矿细度的减小,地质聚合物抗压强度增大并不明显;随着热-化学处理温度升高,细粉制备地质聚合物其抗压强度明显高于中粉和粗粉制备的地质聚合物,当热-化学活化温度为500 ℃时,细粉地质聚合物较中粉和粗粉地质聚合物28 d抗压强度分别提高了32.08%和34.44%。
热-化学活化L-IOT制备的地质聚合物抗压强度测试结果如图5和图6所示。
由图5可以看出,L-IOT基地质聚合物的抗压强度随着热-化学处理温度的升高也呈现先增大后减小的趋势,未经热-化学活化的L-IOT基地质聚合物28 d抗压强度均未达到20 MPa;当热-化学活化温度由500 ℃升高至700 ℃时,地质聚合物抗压强度有所下降。80 μm筛余为10%的L-IOT经500 ℃热-化学处理后制备的地质聚合物,在20 ℃条件下养护28 d后的抗压强度为63.20 MPa,较未经热-化学活化的L-IOT基地质聚合物抗压强度提高了约3倍。
由图6可以看出,随着铁尾矿细度的减小,L-IOT基地质聚合物的抗压强度均呈现逐渐增大的趋势。未经热-化学活化时,细粉地质聚合物较中粉和粗粉地质聚合物28 d抗压强度分别提高了6.30%和18.71%;当热-化学活化温度为500 ℃时,细粉地质聚合物较中粉和粗粉地质聚合物28 d抗压强度分别提高了82.34%和80.57%;当热-化学活化温度为700 ℃时,细粉地质聚合物较中粉和粗粉地质聚合物28 d抗压强度分别提高了40.39%和54.46%。
由上述可见,铁尾矿细度和热-化学处理温度显著影响地质聚合物的抗压强度,特别是当热-化学活化温度为500 ℃时,L-IOT基地质聚合物抗压强度的提高幅度最大。
由图4和图6可以看出,当采用未经热-化学活化的铁尾矿制备地质聚合物时,L-IOT基地质聚合物的抗压强度均高于H-IOT基地质聚合物。其原因可从表3和图2中的数据分析得出,L-IOT粉的比表面积大于H-IOT粉,并且平均粒径小于H-IOT,因此L-IOT具有更高的表面活化能,其反应活性可能更高。
H-IOT经热-化学活化后制备的地质聚合物其抗压强度大于L-IOT地质聚合物,这主要是因为H-IOT中含有的大量Si物质在高温碱熔的作用下发生溶解,进而改变了铁尾矿中的矿物组成,形成新的结晶相或非晶相,使H-IOT基地质聚合反应活性提高,从而使得地质聚合物的抗压强度大幅提高。从表1可见,H-IOT属于高硅、低铝、低钙型尾矿,L-IOT属于低硅、高铝、高钙型尾矿。有研究表明[18],在理论上地质聚合物的抗压强度与SiO2的含量有直接关系,因为增加SiO2的量会增加Si—O—Si键的数量,而Si—O—Si键比Si—O—Al和Al—O—Al键更强。文献[28]和[29]表明,Al2O3对地质聚合反应有显著的促进作用,其溶解性对于制备地质聚合物至关重要,当S/A(SiO2与Al2O3的摩尔比)过低时,地质聚合物会形成多孔结构,导致抗压强度降低。热-化学活化可以显著提高铁尾矿反应活性,主要是因为NaOH在高温下可以促进铁尾矿中铝硅酸盐矿物的分解,使得大量非活性态的Si、Al转化为活性态,从而可以溶于碱性溶液,在地质聚合物的凝结硬化过程中参与聚合反应。另外,铁尾矿中含有的Ca矿物组分也会在热-化学活化过程中转化为活性态,在地质聚合反应时易形成C-A-S-H和N-A-S-H凝胶,与地质聚合物结构相互填充,形成更加致密的结构,从而提高了地质聚合物的抗压强度。文献[30]和[31]的研究结果也证实了这一观点。
随着热-化学处理温度的进一步升高,H-IOT和L-IOT基地质聚合物的抗压强度均有不同程度的降低,但是与未经热-化学活化铁尾矿制备的地质聚合物相比,其抗压强度仍明显升高。700℃热-化学活化的铁尾矿制备的地质聚合物,其抗压强度有所降低,这是因为当温度过高时,已形成的活性物质产生了重结晶[27,32],又降低了活性。
图7和图8分别为H-IOT和L-IOT经热-化学活化处理前后的照片。从图中可以看出,未经热-化学活化的两种铁尾矿的颜色均呈灰黑色,经热-化学活化后的H-IOT和L-IOT颜色为黄棕色,说明热-化学活化使铁尾矿中的矿物组成发生了变化(实际颜色见电子版)。
图9为H-IOT经热-化学活化后的XRD图谱。从图中可以看出,当热-化学活化温度为500 ℃时,铁尾矿中堇青石和辉石的衍射峰消失,石英的衍射峰明显降低,出现了硅酸钠(Na2SiO3)、硅酸镁(MgSiO3)和钠云母的衍射峰;从图9右侧的放大图可见,在2θ为25°~40°之间出现了一些漫散射的衍射峰,表示有不定形物质的存在;通过观察热-化学活化后的试样情况,发现有熔融现象,可能形成了无定形的或玻璃态的非晶态物质,说明NaOH的碱熔作用使得H-IOT中一些非活性矿物转变成了活性物质,从而提高了反应活性。当热-化学活化温度为700 ℃时,H-IOT中硅酸镁的衍射峰消失了,石英和钠云母的衍射峰又明显升高,说明某些活性物质又转化为钠云母,使其结晶程度又进一步提高,因此铁尾矿的活性有所降低;图9右侧的放大图中同样也可看出不定形物质存在。
上述试验结果说明,热-化学活化使H-IOT中的堇青石和辉石全部转化,石英和黑云母部分转化,熔解或分解生成了硅酸钠、硅酸镁和钠云母等矿物,同时还生成了不定形物质;并且随着活化温度的提高,硅酸钠和硅酸镁矿物的衍射峰强度明显增大,石英和钠云母的衍射峰先降低后升高。硅酸钠是水溶性的且无定形物质是介稳态的,因此铁尾矿的反应活性可以得到大幅提高,从而使得地质聚合物的抗压强度显著提高。
图10为L-IOT经热-化学活化后的XRD图谱。从图中可以看出,L-IOT经热-化学活化后的矿物组成发生了明显变化,当热-化学活化温度为500 ℃时,L-IOT中钙长石和钙铁石(Ca2Fe2O5)的衍射峰消失,石英、黑云母等矿物的衍射峰强度显著降低,并且出现了硅酸钠和钠云母的衍射峰。同时,从图10右侧的放大图可见,在2θ为20°~40°之间时漫散射峰增强,这说明生成了更多不定形物质;L-IOT经热-化学活化后也发生了熔融现象,说明L-IOT中某些矿物在NaOH碱熔作用下转变成了非晶态的活性物质,从而提高铁尾矿的反应活性。当热-化学活化温度为700 ℃时,L-IOT中除已有的硅酸钠和钠云母外,又出现了硅酸镁钠(Na2MgSiO4)和霞石(Na3KAlSiO4)的衍射峰。从图10右侧的放大图中也可以看出,2θ为20°~40°之间的漫散射程度降低,钠云母等的衍射峰明显增强,说明温度进一步升高使得已形成的无定形活性物质重新结晶,或又转化为新的晶体产物。
上述试验结果表明,热-化学活化使L-IOT中的钙长石和钙铁石全部转化,石英、黑云母和堇青石部分转化,熔解或分解生成了硅酸钠、硅酸镁钠、钠云母和霞石等矿物,同时还生成了不定形物质;当热-化学活化温度由500 ℃升高至700 ℃时,会促进钠云母、硅酸镁钠和霞石等结晶相的生成,以及不定形物质向晶态物质的转变,这些均不利于铁尾矿中铝硅酸盐物质的溶解,从而降低了铁尾矿的地质聚合反应活性,使地质聚合物抗压强度有所降低。
将热-化学活化后的H-IOT和L-IOT制备成地质聚合物,在20 ℃下养护28 d,然后烘干、粉磨,进行XRD分析,考察反应产物的矿物组成。图11为H-IOT和L-IOT经热-化学活化后制备的地质聚合物XRD谱图。
由图11(a)可以看出,未经热-化学活化的H-IOT制备的地质聚合物中,其XRD图谱中石英、黑云母、辉石和堇青石的衍射峰显著,说明产物中仍然存在较多未反应的原始矿物,抗压强度主要由偏高岭土的地质聚合反应产生。经热-化学活化的H-IOT制备的地质聚合物,其XRD图谱中有显著的弥散峰,说明形成了大量的无定形物质。根据地质聚合物的通常组成,这些物质应该是N−A−S−H、C−A−S−H凝胶及C−S−H凝胶。此外,还出现了方钠石(Na6Al6Si6O24),这是由于反应体系中有大量的Na2O组分所致,同时还有剩余的石英、硅酸钠和钠云母等。从右侧XRD图谱的局部放大图中还可看到,2θ在30°~45°之间时500 ℃热-化学活化的图谱中弥散峰最为显著,而700 ℃热-化学活化的图谱中剩余石英的峰更为显著,说明500 ℃热-化学活化的效果最好,这与上述的强度测定结果是一致的。
由图11(b)可以看出,未经热-化学活化的L-IOT制备的地质聚合物中,其XRD图谱中存在明显的石英、黑云母、钙铁石、堇青石和钙长石的衍射峰,说明未活化L-IOT中的矿物反应活性很低,不能充分参与地质聚合反应。经热-化学活化后L-IOT制备的地质聚合物,其矿物组成主要是反应生成的大量无定形物质、方钠石(Na6Al6Si6O24)和钙铝榴石(Ca3Al2Si3O12),以及反应剩余的石英、硅酸钠和钠云母等;从右侧XRD图谱的局部放大图中还可看到,2θ在30°~45°之间存在弥散峰,说明热-化学活化后L-IOT中的活性成分在水玻璃的作用下反应生成了无定形铝硅酸盐物质。500 ℃热-化学活化L-IOT制备的地质聚合物与700 ℃热-化学活化相比,反应产物XRD图谱中弥散峰更加显著,说明500 ℃热-化学活化对提高地质聚合物抗压强度更为有效。
综上所述,与未经热-化学活化相比,不论是H-IOT还是L-IOT,经热-化学活化后,其反应活性显著提高,形成了更多的N−A−S−H、C−A−S−H凝胶等反应产物;采用500 ℃热-化学活化铁尾矿制备的地质聚合物,其XRD图谱中的弥散峰显著增强,石英和钠云母的衍射峰明显降低,说明此温度条件下地质聚合反应程度更大,具有更好的活化效果。
将热-化学活化处理前后的H-IOT和L-IOT制备的地质聚合物在20℃条件下养护28 d,然后进行SEM/EDS测试分析,考察反应产物的微观形貌和化学组成。图12和图13分别为热-化学活化H-IOT和L-IOT制备的地质聚合物的SEM图像和EDS图谱。
由图12可以看出,未经热-化学活化的H-IOT制备的地质聚合物,反应产物主要是少量的无定形凝胶,内部有大量孔隙和较多未反应的颗粒。经过500 ℃热-化学活化的 H-IOT 制备的地质聚合物,其反应产物主要是大量的无定形的物质,结构更加致密、孔隙很少;700 ℃热-化学活化的 H-IOT 制备的地质聚合物,反应产物主要是无定形凝胶,还存在一定量的颗粒状物质;说明经过热-化学活化后的铁尾矿具有较高的反应活性,参与地质聚合反应的物质更多。对比图12(a)、(c) 和 (e) 可知,图12(a)中有大量孔隙和未反应的颗粒,图12(e) 中有较明显的和较多的颗粒状物质,而图12(c) 中颗粒状物质比较少,也比较小,而且形成了比较致密的结构。其原因是500 ℃热-化学活化的铁尾矿具有更高的活性 (见 3.1 节),更容易溶解到液相中参与地质聚合反应,使颗粒变小甚至完全溶解,并形成更多的凝胶状产物。再次说明选择热-化学活化温度为500 ℃更加适宜,制备的地质聚合物其抗压强度也更高。
由图13可以看出,未经热-化学活化的L-IOT制备的地质聚合物,反应产物主要是少量的无定形凝胶,其内部结构疏松且有较多未反应的物质。500 ℃热-化学活化的L-IOT制备的地质聚合物,其反应产物的基体结构致密并且有大量凝胶相,呈现出凝胶物质相互黏结的非均匀无定形状态。700 ℃热-化学活化的L-IOT制备的地质聚合物,其反应产物主要是较多的无定形凝胶和少量未反应的颗粒。以上分析说明温度为500 ℃时,热-化学活化可以使铁尾矿的活性大幅提高,这与3.1节中的结果是一致的。活化后的铁尾矿与碱性激发剂的反应更加充分,形成了更多的无定形凝胶相,从而使地质聚合物的抗压强度得到提高。
(1)热-化学活化能够显著提高铁尾矿的反应活性。较适宜的热-化学活化温度为500℃。
(2)在相同的热-化学活化温度下,80 μm筛余为10%的铁尾矿的活性最高,由其制备的地质聚合物的抗压强度最高。
(3)与低硅型铁尾矿相比,高硅型铁尾矿经热-化学活化后可以获得更高的反应活性,由其制备的地质聚合物抗压强度更高。
(4)热-化学活化使铁尾矿中的低活性矿物发生部分转化,形成了可溶性的硅酸钠及介稳态的不定形物质等高活性矿物。
(5)由热-化学活化的铁尾矿制备的地质聚合物,其反应产物更多,微观结构更加致密。
  • 河北省自然科学基金项目(E2021209145)
  • 河北省高校基本科研业务费项目(JQN2021001)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-03
基金
河北省自然科学基金项目(E2021209145)
河北省高校基本科研业务费项目(JQN2021001)
作者信息
    1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
    2.华北理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
    3.河北省无机非金属材料重点实验室,河北 唐山市 063210

通讯作者:

封孝信(1962—),男,河北平山人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水泥基材料和工业固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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