Article(id=1322904599333581292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721491200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334634859, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334634859, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334634859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334634859, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=104, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904599778177517, articleId=1322904599333581292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Optimized Study on the Support Scheme of Trapezoidal Roadway in a Certain Mine of Toksun, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issues of instability, difficulty in support, and high support costs during the excavation of trapezoidal roadways, a support scheme for the roadway of 105 working face was proposed using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation methods, with a research background in a certain mine in Toksun. The support effect was verified using measured data. The research results indicate that under the existing support conditions, the mining pressure behavior of the 104 working face roadway is not obvious, the surrounding rock stability is stable, and there is no significant delamination phenomenon. On this basis, support scheme can be provided to the 105 working face. Compared with the theoretical analysis values, there is a certain optimization space for the existing support scheme, which can be optimized for design. The optimized support scheme has reduced the control strength of roof and two sides of the roadway, but the support cost has decreased by 32.5%. On-site application shows that during the roadway excavation, the deformation of the roof, the low side and the high side is relatively small, the maximum displacement are 19.6 mm, 21.2 mm, and 26.8 mm, respectively. During the mining period of the working face, the roadway and surrounding rocks of the working face are relatively stable, with no occurrence of high-energy microseismic events. The optimized support scheme can meet the safety requirements of roadway excavation and mining of the working face.

, authors=Lingjin HUANG1, Weiming GUAN1, Minghong LIU2, Zengfeng LI2, Xuewei ZHANG1, Yingyuan WEN1, authorsList=Lingjin HUANG, Weiming GUAN, Minghong LIU, Zengfeng LI, Xuewei ZHANG, Yingyuan WEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weiming GUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904605956387364, articleId=1322904599333581292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=托克逊某矿梯形巷道支护方案优化研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决梯形巷道掘进期间易失稳、支护困难以及支护成本高的问题,以托克逊某矿为研究背景,运用理论分析、数值模拟方法提出105工作面巷道的支护方案,并运用实测数据对支护效果进行验证。研究结果表明:现有支护条件下,104工作面巷道矿压显现不明显,围岩稳定性较好,没有产生大幅度离层现象,可在此基础上对105工作面进行支护;通过与理论分析值相比较,现有支护方案存在一定的优化空间,可对其进行优化设计;优化后的支护方案对巷道顶板及两帮控制强度有所减弱,但支护成本降低了32.5%;现场应用情况表明,巷道掘进期间顶板、低帮和高帮变形量较小,最大位移量分别为19.6 mm、21.2 mm和26.8 mm;工作面回采期间,巷道及工作面围岩比较稳定,无大能量微震事件的发生,优化后的支护方案能够满足巷道掘进以及工作面回采的安全要求。

, authors=黄令金1, 管伟明1, 刘明洪2, 李增峰2, 张雪卫1, 温颖远1, authorsList=黄令金, 管伟明, 刘明洪, 李增峰, 张雪卫, 温颖远, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=管伟明, authorNote=

黄令金(1999—),男,山东济宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山安全和充填开采等方向的研究工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
管伟明(1981—),男,山东青岛人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山压力控制、充填开采等方向的科研及教学工作。E-mail:
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黄令金(1999—),男,山东济宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山安全和充填开采等方向的研究工作。E-mail:

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黄令金(1999—),男,山东济宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山安全和充填开采等方向的研究工作。E-mail:

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keyword=支护效果), Keyword(id=1322904609483797072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=优化设计), Keyword(id=1322904609542517329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=矿压显现), Keyword(id=1322904609605431890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=数值模拟)], refs=[Reference(id=1322904613137035903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=1, issue=null, pageStart=261, pageEnd=277, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=KANG Hongpu, journalName=International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KANG Hongpu. 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caption=Deformation curves of roof and two sides during the roadway excavation, figureFileSmall=z57kStw9Yuxb+aD/eK74AA==, figureFileBig=69kZmYlOFDspTc8WvN6KjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904611476091498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=CN, label=图12, caption=巷道掘进期间顶板及两帮变形曲线, figureFileSmall=z57kStw9Yuxb+aD/eK74AA==, figureFileBig=69kZmYlOFDspTc8WvN6KjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904611539006059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Distribution characteristics of microseismic energy and frequency during the mining period of 105 working face, figureFileSmall=Kzh/2MS6R9WkjbjFymfELg==, figureFileBig=JtZ+xt3PKcESg2E1UkqbOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904611606114924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=CN, label=图13, 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Lithology of mine strata

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层图例岩层厚度/m岩性描述
粗砂岩32灰白色,坚硬,粗粒砂状结构。
砂砾岩8灰白色,坚硬,不等砂砾结构,成分以石英、长石为主。
粉砂岩45深灰色,粉砂状结构,泥质胶结。
细砂岩15灰色,坚硬,细粒砂状结构。
粉砂岩17深灰色,粉砂状结构,泥质胶结。
砂砾岩25灰白色,坚硬,不等砂砾结构,成分以石英、长石为主。
粉砂岩6深灰色,粉砂状结构,泥质胶结。
3煤层6黑色,沥青光泽,平坦状断口,半亮型煤。
粉砂岩4深灰色,粉砂状结构,泥质胶结。
砂砾岩9灰白色,坚硬,不等砂砾结构,成分以石英、长石为主。
), ArticleFig(id=1322904611899716208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿井地层岩性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层图例岩层厚度/m岩性描述
粗砂岩32灰白色,坚硬,粗粒砂状结构。
砂砾岩8灰白色,坚硬,不等砂砾结构,成分以石英、长石为主。
粉砂岩45深灰色,粉砂状结构,泥质胶结。
细砂岩15灰色,坚硬,细粒砂状结构。
粉砂岩17深灰色,粉砂状结构,泥质胶结。
砂砾岩25灰白色,坚硬,不等砂砾结构,成分以石英、长石为主。
粉砂岩6深灰色,粉砂状结构,泥质胶结。
3煤层6黑色,沥青光泽,平坦状断口,半亮型煤。
粉砂岩4深灰色,粉砂状结构,泥质胶结。
砂砾岩9灰白色,坚硬,不等砂砾结构,成分以石英、长石为主。
), ArticleFig(id=1322904611991990897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of the cross-section of 104 working face roadway

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支护方式巷道净宽/m巷道净高/m净断面积/m2掘进断面积/m2铺设设备
锚网索5.83.921.2822.62带式输送机
), ArticleFig(id=1322904612054905458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

104 工作面巷道断面特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支护方式巷道净宽/m巷道净高/m净断面积/m2掘进断面积/m2铺设设备
锚网索5.83.921.2822.62带式输送机
), ArticleFig(id=1322904612126208627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mechanical parameters of the rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/(kg/m3)体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
砂砾岩2 70015.4013.2012.86.835
粉砂岩2 50010.208.471.93.532
3煤层1 4001.671.491.82.026
), ArticleFig(id=1322904612205900404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

岩层力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/(kg/m3)体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
砂砾岩2 70015.4013.2012.86.835
粉砂岩2 50010.208.471.93.532
3煤层1 4001.671.491.82.026
), ArticleFig(id=1322904612289786485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Parameters of the optimized support scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料直径/mm长度/mm间距/mm排距/mm锚固长度/mm
锚杆22.02 8001 0001 0001 000
锚索21.66 0001 6003 0002 000
), ArticleFig(id=1322904612365283958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

优化支护方案参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料直径/mm长度/mm间距/mm排距/mm锚固长度/mm
锚杆22.02 8001 0001 0001 000
锚索21.66 0001 6003 0002 000
), ArticleFig(id=1322904612453364343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of support effect of support schemes before and after optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案支护位置锚杆间排距/mm锚索间排距/mm锚杆数量/根锚索数量/根变形控制量/mm
现有方案顶板800×8001 400×2 400825.9
低帮304.6
高帮505.6
优化方案顶板1 000×1 0001 600×3 000624.1
低帮304.3
高帮404.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322904612528861816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

优化前后支护方案支护效果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案支护位置锚杆间排距/mm锚索间排距/mm锚杆数量/根锚索数量/根变形控制量/mm
现有方案顶板800×8001 400×2 400825.9
低帮304.6
高帮505.6
优化方案顶板1 000×1 0001 600×3 000624.1
低帮304.3
高帮404.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322904612612747897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of support costs of support schemes before and after optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案单排锚杆成本/元锚杆排数单排锚索成本/元锚索排数总成本/元巷道总长度/m每米支护成本/元
现有方案7361 000420333875 8608001 094.8
优化方案598800420267590 540800738.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322904612692439674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

优化前后支护方案成本对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案单排锚杆成本/元锚杆排数单排锚索成本/元锚索排数总成本/元巷道总长度/m每米支护成本/元
现有方案7361 000420333875 8608001 094.8
优化方案598800420267590 540800738.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322904612759548539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Support scheme for 105 working face roadways

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料材质布置方式直径/mm长度/mm间排距/mm锚固长度/mm
锚杆无纵肋螺纹钢矩形22.02 8001 000×1 0001 000
锚索钢绞线二一二五花布置21.66 0001 600×3 0002 000
), ArticleFig(id=1322904612830851708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904599333581292, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

105工作面巷道支护方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料材质布置方式直径/mm长度/mm间排距/mm锚固长度/mm
锚杆无纵肋螺纹钢矩形22.02 8001 000×1 0001 000
锚索钢绞线二一二五花布置21.66 0001 600×3 0002 000
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托克逊某矿梯形巷道支护方案优化研究
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黄令金 1 , 管伟明 1 , 刘明洪 2 , 李增峰 2 , 张雪卫 1 , 温颖远 1
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(5): 104-112
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (5) : 104 -112
托克逊某矿梯形巷道支护方案优化研究
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黄令金1 , 管伟明1 , 刘明洪2, 李增峰2, 张雪卫1, 温颖远1
作者信息
  • 1.新疆大学 地质与矿业工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 2.托克逊县雨田煤业有限责任公司,新疆 吐鲁番市 838100
通讯作者:
管伟明(1981—),男,山东青岛人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山压力控制、充填开采等方向的科研及教学工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

黄令金(1999—),男,山东济宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山安全和充填开采等方向的研究工作。E-mail:

Optimized Study on the Support Scheme of Trapezoidal Roadway in a Certain Mine of Toksun
Lingjin HUANG1 , Weiming GUAN1 , Minghong LIU2, Zengfeng LI2, Xuewei ZHANG1, Yingyuan WEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China
  • 2.Toksun County Yutian Coal Industry Co., Ltd., Turpan, Xinjiang 838100, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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为解决梯形巷道掘进期间易失稳、支护困难以及支护成本高的问题,以托克逊某矿为研究背景,运用理论分析、数值模拟方法提出105工作面巷道的支护方案,并运用实测数据对支护效果进行验证。研究结果表明:现有支护条件下,104工作面巷道矿压显现不明显,围岩稳定性较好,没有产生大幅度离层现象,可在此基础上对105工作面进行支护;通过与理论分析值相比较,现有支护方案存在一定的优化空间,可对其进行优化设计;优化后的支护方案对巷道顶板及两帮控制强度有所减弱,但支护成本降低了32.5%;现场应用情况表明,巷道掘进期间顶板、低帮和高帮变形量较小,最大位移量分别为19.6 mm、21.2 mm和26.8 mm;工作面回采期间,巷道及工作面围岩比较稳定,无大能量微震事件的发生,优化后的支护方案能够满足巷道掘进以及工作面回采的安全要求。

梯形巷道  /  支护效果  /  优化设计  /  矿压显现  /  数值模拟

To address the issues of instability, difficulty in support, and high support costs during the excavation of trapezoidal roadways, a support scheme for the roadway of 105 working face was proposed using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation methods, with a research background in a certain mine in Toksun. The support effect was verified using measured data. The research results indicate that under the existing support conditions, the mining pressure behavior of the 104 working face roadway is not obvious, the surrounding rock stability is stable, and there is no significant delamination phenomenon. On this basis, support scheme can be provided to the 105 working face. Compared with the theoretical analysis values, there is a certain optimization space for the existing support scheme, which can be optimized for design. The optimized support scheme has reduced the control strength of roof and two sides of the roadway, but the support cost has decreased by 32.5%. On-site application shows that during the roadway excavation, the deformation of the roof, the low side and the high side is relatively small, the maximum displacement are 19.6 mm, 21.2 mm, and 26.8 mm, respectively. During the mining period of the working face, the roadway and surrounding rocks of the working face are relatively stable, with no occurrence of high-energy microseismic events. The optimized support scheme can meet the safety requirements of roadway excavation and mining of the working face.

Trapezoidal roadway  /  Support effect  /  Optimized design  /  Mining pressure behavior  /  Numerical simulation
黄令金, 管伟明, 刘明洪, 李增峰, 张雪卫, 温颖远. 托克逊某矿梯形巷道支护方案优化研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 104 -112 .
Lingjin HUANG, Weiming GUAN, Minghong LIU, Zengfeng LI, Xuewei ZHANG, Yingyuan WEN. Optimized Study on the Support Scheme of Trapezoidal Roadway in a Certain Mine of Toksun[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 104 -112 .
我国煤矿巷道掘进量巨大,大部分为煤巷和半煤岩巷,且掘进量呈持续增长态势[1]。锚杆(索)支护技术因其环境适应性强、掘进效率高、劳动强度低、支护强度高、成本低等优势,已成为我国煤矿巷道支护的主要技术[2-3]。巷道开挖会打破围岩的初始应力平衡,导致应力重新分布和围岩变形失稳,因此,有效的锚杆支护对于维持巷道稳定性至关重要。目前,锚杆支护技术完成了从被动刚性支护到主动柔性支护,从低强度支护到高预应力、强力支护的转变,其在煤矿巷道支护工程中的实用性和高效性已得到了充分验证[4-6]。
众多学者对巷道支护方案进行了研究,纪海玉等[7]基于预应力锚注工艺提出了3种联合支护方案,并通过对比分析选取了最佳支护方案,使巷道围岩得到了有效控制。张纯旺等[8]以河曲磁窑沟矿为研究背景,借助理论分析和数值模拟以及现场施工经验,确定了合理有效的支护方案,取得了较好的支护效果。林继凯等[9]、余永强等[10]、曾明胜[11]通过分析巷道围岩应力分布特征及变形规律提出了相应的支护技术和方案,有效控制了巷道变形,提高了巷道稳定性。左建平等[12]对不同矿井巷道破坏案例进行了调研,分析了巷道受力特征和应力分布规律,并据此提出了等强支护模型,对巷道围岩控制提供了理论指导。刘超等[13]、张杰等[14]、张明磊等[15]、单梁等[16]、吴昕[17]针对巷道支护问题,运用多种方法优化支护参数,并将优化后的支护方案应用于实践,均取得了较为理想的支护效果。马念杰等[18]基于巷道围岩应力环境,分析围岩塑性区的力学机制和形态特征,提出了可接长锚杆支护技术,并通过实践验证了其支护效果。
经前期调研发现,托克逊某矿105工作面巷道掘进时动压显现现象明显,给巷道的支护和维修带来了巨大的挑战。矿井煤层顶板多为坚硬岩层,开采后不易破断且易积聚能量,受采动影响应力集中,易诱发事故,严重威胁井下安全开采。因此,为保证巷道围岩稳定,亟需对105工作面巷道进行合理的支护设计,提出切实可行的支护方案以保证井下安全开采。
托克逊某矿位于托克逊县克尔碱矿区,该区域资源丰富,是重要的煤炭生产基地。井田可采煤层共4层,目前主采3煤层,煤层局部含夹矸层。煤层结构简单,属全区可采稳定型煤层,顶板主要以灰白色砂砾岩、粉砂岩为主,且多为坚硬岩层;底板为深灰色至灰黑色粉砂岩、炭泥岩。该矿井地层岩性见表1。
3 煤层共划分为两个采区,分别为一采区和二采区。105工作面位于一采区中部,其上侧和下侧分别与 104 工作面和 106 工作面相邻,煤层可采厚度约为6 m,属于缓倾斜煤层,煤层埋深为500 m。工作面及巷道布置如图1 所示。
104工作面运输巷和回风巷断面均为梯形,巷道断面参数见表2。
104 工作面巷道采用锚网索的联合支护方式,其中锚杆的规格为Φ22 mm×2 800 mm,间排距为800 mm×800 mm,锚固长度为1 000 mm;锚索的规格为Φ21.6 mm×6 000 mm,间排距为1 400 mm×2 400 mm,锚固长度为2 000 mm。104工作面巷道锚网索布置如图2所示。
104 工作面采用ZY10800/26/55D型支架支护工作面顶板,采用ZT12800/25/50D型过渡支架支护工作面两端头。为了动态追踪并深入了解工作面在回采过程中支架工作阻力的波动情况,对其进行现场监测。工作面共有液压支架114架(编号1~114号),为使监测数据具有代表性,前111号自1号开始,每10号监测1架,共计监测12架。2023年5月至6月工作面支架压力监测数据汇总如图3所示。
由图3可以看出,104工作面支架日最大压力均值约为27.74 MPa, 5月21日71号支架工作阻力达到最大值,为38.6 MPa。支架日最小压力均值约为18.47 MPa。总体来看,液压支架的工作阻力较为平稳,并且在巷道两端的支架最大压力处于较低水平,说明巷道整体较为稳定,支护效果较好,没有发生大范围矿压显现现象。
采用顶板离层仪监测巷道顶板位移。在巷道内以固定间隔布置7个测点,监测顶板深部与浅部在一定时间内的位移量。监测结果显示,各测点位置的顶板均出现不同程度的位移,其中4号测点的位移数据较为显著(见图4),顶板深部位移量为0.8 mm,顶板浅部位移量为3.0mm,总体位移量较小,说明现有支护方案的支护强度较高,满足巷道支护要求。
对105 工作面巷道稳定性进行数值模拟分析,采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件模拟105工作面巷道开挖后的应力、位移变化规律以及塑性区发育情况。根据现场地质条件对模型进行适当简化,模型长×宽×高为60m×4 m×50 m,数值模型如图5所示,岩层力学参数见表3。
在模型两侧分别留设一定宽度的煤柱,避免模拟过程受边界条件的影响。模型顶部设置为自由边界并施加相应荷载,模拟主要按照以下步骤进行:
(1)在垂直方向上设置重力加速度,模拟运算过程中采用摩尔-库伦准则,并进行初始应力平衡;
(2)按照实际尺寸开挖巷道,计算至再次达到应力平衡状态。
巷道开挖后,围岩应力会重新分布,稳定后的垂直应力分布情况如图6所示。由图6可知,巷道顶部和底部受到应力较小,总体呈现出一种三角形的应力分布模式,这一应力分布特征是造成顶板垮落和巷道底鼓的关键因素;巷道两帮应力集中程度较高,分别达到了11.49 MPa和10.40MPa,特别是在4个肩角位置,应力集中程度更为突出,受到采动影响时,容易造成岩体的断裂和屈服,进而影响巷道的稳定性。
巷道开挖后围岩位移云图如图7所示。由图7(a)可知,巷道顶底板的垂直位移并非呈对称分布,顶板位移量较大,最高可达2.74 cm,底板位移量相对较小,最大位移量为0.6cm。由图7(b)可知,巷道两帮的水平位移总体呈上下对称分布,由于高度的不同,左帮位移量稍小于右帮,最大位移量分别为1.95 cm和2.38 cm。
塑性区发育是影响巷道稳定性的重要因素[19],巷道开挖后围岩塑性区发育情况如图8所示。从图8可以看出,受到开挖影响,巷道周围岩体发生不同程度的剪切破坏,顶底板区域塑性区范围较大,巷道两帮塑性区范围相对较小,塑性区最大发育长度均小于2.5 m。巷道开挖诱发围岩产生塑性区具有工程必然性,针对深部高应力巷道,该力学行为具有双重意义:既要通过塑性破坏释放岩体内部能量,又要控制其发育程度以维持结构稳定性。因此,在巷道开挖过程中,可采取有效的措施防止剪切破坏的发生,以确保巷道的安全稳定。
综上所述,为了提升巷道围岩的稳定性,保障矿井施工环境安全,对巷道进行适当的支护十分必要。巷道支护需要强调支护方案在时间和空间上的协同配合,以形成有效的支护结构[20],因此需要对不同的锚杆支护参数进行分析并进行现场验证,从而根据最终效果确定最优的巷道支护方案。
合理的支护参数是维持巷道稳定性的重要保障。由上述分析可知,104工作面巷道现有支护方案支护效果较好,有利于巷道保持安全稳定。105工作面与104工作面巷道断面一致且地质条件相似,因此,可将104工作面巷道支护方案用于105工作面运输巷和回风巷。现对105工作面巷道稳定性进行数值模拟分析。105工作面回采巷道断面净宽为5.8 m,净高为3.9m,根据现有支护方案,从锚杆长度和锚杆间排距两个方面对巷道支护参数的可靠性进行检验。
(1)锚杆长度可靠性分析。锚杆长度计算公式如下:
式中:L为锚杆长度,m;k为安全系数,一般取1.5[21];L1为锚杆外露长度,一般取0.1 m;L2为锚杆打入稳定岩层的长度,按照经验值取0.4 m[21];H为冒落拱高度,m;B为巷道宽度,m;f为普式系数,经过现场勘察数据查表得出f=3。
根据实际情况将各参数代入公式(1)和公式(2)可得L=1.95 m。
(2)锚杆间排距可靠性分析。锚杆间排距计算公式如下:
式中:a为锚杆的间排距,m;Q为设计锚固力,取70 kN;γ为岩层容重,取25 kN/m3。
将以上参数代入公式(3)可得a=1.4 m。
通过以上分析可得,现有支护方案的锚杆长度为2.8 m,大于理论计算长度1.95 m;现有支护方案的锚杆间排距为0.8 m,小于理论计算的1.4 m。因此,现有支护方案可以满足巷道支护要求,能够维持巷道安全稳定。但通过理论分析可以发现,当前支护方案支护强度偏大,可在现有支护条件上进行优化设计,以在维持巷道稳定性的基础上降低支护成本。
图9为105工作面巷道支护效果。由图9可以看出,采用现有支护方案对巷道进行支护后,围岩塑性区范围有一定程度的减小,说明该支护方式对巷道周围岩体起到了一定的保护作用,可以降低巷道开挖对围岩产生的破坏。顶板位移量由支护前的2.74 cm降低至支护后的2.15cm,巷道两帮的位移量由支护前的1.95 cm和2.38 cm降低至支护后的1.49 cm和1.82 cm,均存在一定程度的减小。因此,现有支护方案可使巷道保持安全稳定,但是支护方式较为保守,存在一定的优化空间,可在满足安全的前提下对其进行优化设计。
巷道仍采用锚网索联合支护方式,优化后的支护方案参数见表4。相较于现有支护方案,优化支护方案锚杆及锚索长度未发生改变,分别为2 800mm和6 000 mm;锚杆的间排距优化为1 000 mm×1 000 mm,锚索的间排距优化为1 600 mm×3 000 mm。
对优化支护方案进行数值模拟分析,所得的支护效果如图10所示。由图10可知,巷道围岩塑性区范围相较于现有支护方案有所增加,但锚固段位于未破坏的稳定岩体中,依然可以发挥较好的支护效果,提高巷道周围岩体的稳定性。巷道顶板的位移量为2.33 cm, 相较于现有方案增加了1.8 mm, 巷道两帮的位移量分别为1.52 cm和1.95 cm, 相较于现有方案分别增加了0.3 mm和1.3 mm。综上所述,两种支护方案的支护效果相差不大,优化后的支护方案仍可保证巷道稳定,可为矿井安全生产提供可靠保障。
表5为优化前后支护方案的支护效果对比。经过对比发现,现有方案和优化方案均可对巷道顶板及两帮变形进行一定控制,但由于优化后的方案间排距及锚杆数量发生了变化,所产生的控制效果不及现有方案。优化支护方案对巷道顶板变形的控制量由现有方案的5.9 mm降低至4.1mm,对低帮变形的控制量由4.6 mm降低至4.3 mm,对高帮变形的控制量由5.6 mm降低至4.3 mm,但总体巷道变形量较小,支护情况良好。
表6为优化前后支护方案成本对比。由表6可以看出,现有方案的支护总成本约为87.6 万元,平均每米支护成本为1 094.8 元;优化方案的总成本约为59.1 万元,平均每米支护成本为738.2 元,支护总成本相较于现有方案降低32.5%。总体来看,优化方案不仅可以保证巷道的稳定性,而且相较于现有方案具有较高的经济效益。
105 工作面巷道的支护方案见表7。
巷道顶、帮部均铺设12#菱形金属网进行护表,锚网长×宽为11 000 mm×1 900 mm,网孔规格为50 mm×50 mm;搭接长度不小于100 mm,并用14#双股铁丝双边联接,每个联接点之间的距离不得大于200 mm;锚索按照防冲要求挂好锚索托盘护网,并使用树脂锚固剂对锚杆(索)进行锚固。105工作面巷道支护布置如图11所示。
为检验优化后的支护方案对巷道围岩变形的控制效果,在巷道掘进过程中对巷道顶板及其两帮每7 d进行一次变形监测,共监测7次。同时,为检验工作面回采过程中的支护效果,对105 工作面回采期间的微震监测数据进行分析。
基于现场实测数据,得到巷道掘进期间围岩变形曲线如图12所示。从图12可以看出,顶板及两帮在28 d之前变形速率较大,为变形发展阶段;28d之后变形趋于平稳,为变形稳定阶段。总体来看,顶板最大位移量为19.6 mm,低帮最大位移量为21.2 mm,高帮最大位移量为26.8 mm,变形均在可控范围内,说明优化后的支护方案可以有效控制巷道围岩变形。
合理有效的支护方式有利于围岩稳定,可以防控大能量微震事件的发生,对井下的安全开采起到至关重要的作用[22-24]。105工作面回采过程中的微震监测数据如图13所示。由图13可知,工作面回采期间单日累计微震能量最大值不超过1×105 J,单日平均微震频次为7.4个,单日平均微震能量为4 982.6 J,均处于较低水平。微震能量占比数据显示,微震事件的能量主要集中在0~10 J,大能量微震事件占比较小,说明优化后的支护方案能有效维护巷道及工作面的稳定,减少矿压显现现象,满足回采时的安全要求。
图14为优化支护方案现场支护效果。由图14可知,现场支护情况良好,无大面积片帮、冒顶现象,巷道两帮及顶板无明显变形,说明优化后的支护方案在维持岩体稳定性方面起到了显著的效果,可以提高巷道的使用时限,为井下安全开采提供了有利条件。
(1)分析105工作面巷道开挖后围岩应力、位移及塑性区发育特征,发现巷道两帮特别是肩角位置处,应力集中程度较为突出,受周围采动影响容易发生破坏,且巷道四周产生了不同程度剪切破坏和位移变形。
(2)现场实测数据显示,现有支护方案下104工作面巷道矿压显现不明显,围岩变形量较小,可在该工作面基础上对105工作面巷道进行支护设计。现有支护方案锚杆长度和间排距分别为2.8 m和0.8 m,优于理论计算得到的1.95 m和1.4 m,可对其在安全范围内进行优化设计。
(3)对比分析现有支护方案和优化支护方案,结果表明:优化后的支护方案对巷道支护效果较现有支护方案有所降低,但支护总成本由87.6 万元降低到59.1 万元。现场应用情况表明,采用优化后的支护方案,巷道掘进期间围岩变形量较小,顶板、低帮和高帮的最大位移量仅为19.6 mm、21.2 mm和26.8 mm,工作面回采期间没有发生大能量微震事件,说明优化后的支护方案支护参数合理,能够满足巷道掘进以及工作面回采的安全要求。
  • 新疆天山英才青年拔尖科技创新人才培养项目(2023TSYCCX0081)
  • 新疆吐鲁番市重点研发专项项目(2023007)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-21
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新疆天山英才青年拔尖科技创新人才培养项目(2023TSYCCX0081)
新疆吐鲁番市重点研发专项项目(2023007)
作者信息
    1.新疆大学 地质与矿业工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
    2.托克逊县雨田煤业有限责任公司,新疆 吐鲁番市 838100

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管伟明(1981—),男,山东青岛人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山压力控制、充填开采等方向的科研及教学工作。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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