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Article(id=1322904588663267638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728835200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334632315, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334632315, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334632315, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334632315, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=8, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904589095280951, articleId=1322904588663267638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Stability Control of a Large-Section Chamber in a Deep Shaft at Jinchuan No.2 Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the gradual reduction of shallow mining resources, mining is moving deeper and deeper. In order to solve the problems of difficult control of the stability of the surrounding rocks and increased support costs in large-section chamber in deep shaft, and to ensure the stable operation of the 941 m mixing plant chambers group, researches on the stability control of the surrounding rocks in large-section chambers was carried out. Multiple technical methods such as laboratory testing, numerical simulation, and field monitoring were adopted. Through comparative analysis, a reasonable construction process and support design were optimized. It is found that when the excavation of the chambers is carried out in the order of batching machine chamber, mixer chamber, and cement silo chamber, the stability of the surrounding pressure is the best. Then, an orthogonal design experiment was used to obtain the optimal support parameters as a spacing of 2 m×2 m among anchor rods, a length of 6 m for anchor cables, and a thickness of 600 mm for concrete lining. A joint support scheme consisting of anchor mesh spraying + grouting anchor rods for initial support and cast-in-place reinforced concrete + anchor cables was proposed. The on-site support results show that the deformation of the surrounding rocks is effectively controlled.

, authors=Caishou GUO, Defang WU, Ruichang ZHAO, Junde ZHANG, authorsList=Caishou GUO, Defang WU, Ruichang ZHAO, Junde ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904602970038627, articleId=1322904588663267638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=金川二矿深井大断面硐室稳定性控制研究, columnId=1226462294582936453, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着浅部开采资源的逐步减少，矿山开采逐渐走向深部。为解决深井大断面硐室围岩稳定性难以控制、支护成本加剧的问题，并保障941 m搅拌站硐室群稳定运行，开展了大断面硐室围岩稳定性控制研究。采用了实验室测试、数值模拟以及实地监测等多元技术手段，通过对比分析，优化出合理的施工工序及支护设计，发现硐室按照配料机硐室—搅拌机硐室—水泥仓硐室的次序进行开挖时围压稳定性最好。然后采用正交设计试验优选出最佳支护参数为锚杆间排距为2 m×2 m，锚索长度为6 m，混凝土衬砌厚度为600 mm，提出锚网喷+注浆锚杆初期支护和现浇钢筋混凝土+锚索构成的联合支护方案，现场支护结果表明，围岩的变形得到了有效控制。

, authors=郭彩守, 吴德芳, 赵瑞昌, 张军德, authorsList=郭彩守, 吴德芳, 赵瑞昌, 张军德, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

郭彩守（1974—），男，甘肃金昌人，高级工程师，主要从事膏体充填技术研究及管理工作。E-mail:

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郭彩守（1974—），男，甘肃金昌人，高级工程师，主要从事膏体充填技术研究及管理工作。E-mail:

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郭彩守（1974—），男，甘肃金昌人，高级工程师，主要从事膏体充填技术研究及管理工作。E-mail:

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Nonferrous Metals Engineering, 2024, 14(2):119-127., articleTitle=Optimization of supporting parameters of rock bolt in water-rich and crushing surrounding rock of underground heading roadway, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322904605465649508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904605855719781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, companyId=1322904605465649508, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=No.2 Mining Area, Jinchuan Group Nickel Cobalt Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu 737100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904605906051430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, companyId=1322904605465649508, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=金川集团镍钴股份有限公司二矿区，甘肃　金昌市　737100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322904612226867590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=plant plan of 941 m wet spray concrete batching, figureFileSmall=5tZfu2B+g+j+Gf9ehAxs5w==, figureFileBig=fX/Md9AsAT0xdE63/e/Dfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904612612743559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=图1, caption=941 m水平湿喷混凝土搅拌站平面图, figureFileSmall=5tZfu2B+g+j+Gf9ehAxs5w==, figureFileBig=fX/Md9AsAT0xdE63/e/Dfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904613468381576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic of the numerical model, figureFileSmall=OGPsEF8x5iC8JakMvGeq3Q==, figureFileBig=mvFGERH8CdfJ8BPT/4gkVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904613896200585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=图2, caption=数值模型示意, figureFileSmall=OGPsEF8x5iC8JakMvGeq3Q==, figureFileBig=mvFGERH8CdfJ8BPT/4gkVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904614261105034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison schematic diagrams of the characterized deformation increments, figureFileSmall=RUI00CAj4Te5vft8rq5p5g==, figureFileBig=mF5EBTZW+tyPHvycBArrtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904614340796811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=图3, caption=表征变形增量对比示意, figureFileSmall=RUI00CAj4Te5vft8rq5p5g==, figureFileBig=mF5EBTZW+tyPHvycBArrtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904614676341132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Cross-section support plan for mixer chamber, figureFileSmall=aecFIKhK1M5Szf8fdOn+hw==, figureFileBig=L2SaDZ8AEGqIDNPbjYhTwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904614760227213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=图4, caption=搅拌机硐室断面支护, figureFileSmall=aecFIKhK1M5Szf8fdOn+hw==, figureFileBig=L2SaDZ8AEGqIDNPbjYhTwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904615179657615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Monitoring of mixer chamber, figureFileSmall=nUPEEzkU2Bl2cEeXVa2TWQ==, figureFileBig=6Wp4RO/P3czl9qZC4ZqE2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904615523590544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=图5, caption=搅拌机硐室监测, figureFileSmall=nUPEEzkU2Bl2cEeXVa2TWQ==, figureFileBig=6Wp4RO/P3czl9qZC4ZqE2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904615930438033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The deformation of surrounding rock of chamber, figureFileSmall=J6t4S3Fw4pRldGKBXa8pew==, figureFileBig=WZOaV+mqKBMzkEiRlYuvAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904616043684242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=图6, caption=硐室围岩变形量, figureFileSmall=J6t4S3Fw4pRldGKBXa8pew==, figureFileBig=WZOaV+mqKBMzkEiRlYuvAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904616354062739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of the ore body of the Jinchuan No.2 mine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性试样编号峰值荷载/kN抗压强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比平均抗压强度/MPa平均弹模量/GPa平均泊松比
大理岩DL-1260.34133.4121.460.332125.3621.690.299
DL-2230.85117.3121.910.266
花岗岩HG-1136.7771.9112.850.13669.489.380.196
HG-252.7327.513.890.235
HG-3210.10109.0311.400.218
含辉橄榄岩GL-1202.61107.5621.400.346107.5621.400.346
二辉橄榄岩EH-1370.14194.2425.420.286174.3023.610.332
EH-2292.75154.3521.790.378
混合岩HH-1151.5582.6112.350.336109.1318.140.235
HH-2205.16111.2116.110.212
HH-3249.47133.5725.950.157
斜长角闪岩XC-1232.28123.5920.460.343123.5920.460.343
), ArticleFig(id=1322904616769298837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

金川二矿区矿岩体参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性试样编号峰值荷载/kN抗压强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比平均抗压强度/MPa平均弹模量/GPa平均泊松比
大理岩DL-1260.34133.4121.460.332125.3621.690.299
DL-2230.85117.3121.910.266
花岗岩HG-1136.7771.9112.850.13669.489.380.196
HG-252.7327.513.890.235
HG-3210.10109.0311.400.218
含辉橄榄岩GL-1202.61107.5621.400.346107.5621.400.346
二辉橄榄岩EH-1370.14194.2425.420.286174.3023.610.332
EH-2292.75154.3521.790.378
混合岩HH-1151.5582.6112.350.336109.1318.140.235
HH-2205.16111.2116.110.212
HH-3249.47133.5725.950.157
斜长角闪岩XC-1232.28123.5920.460.343123.5920.460.343
), ArticleFig(id=1322904617255838102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型序号开挖顺序
第一类Mi单独开挖①、②、③
第二类Ⅰ①→②→③
Ⅱ①→③→②
Ⅲ②→①→③
Ⅳ②→③→①
Ⅴ③→①→②
Ⅵ③→②→①
), ArticleFig(id=1322904617624936855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型序号开挖顺序
第一类Mi单独开挖①、②、③
第二类Ⅰ①→②→③
Ⅱ①→③→②
Ⅲ②→①→③
Ⅳ②→③→①
Ⅴ③→①→②
Ⅵ③→②→①
), ArticleFig(id=1322904617713017241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Deformation of the chambers under excavation alone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
硐室顶板变形/cm底板变形/cm左帮变形/cm右帮变形/cm表征变形量/cm
①21.0841.1124.5122.3528.54
②26.4539.3497.1797.6454.40
③16.8714.1442.8150.3925.87
), ArticleFig(id=1322904618048561562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

硐室单独开挖变形量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
硐室顶板变形/cm底板变形/cm左帮变形/cm右帮变形/cm表征变形量/cm
①21.0841.1124.5122.3528.54
②26.4539.3497.1797.6454.40
③16.8714.1442.8150.3925.87
), ArticleFig(id=1322904618505740699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Characterized deformation and weighted average for each chamber

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
硐室长度/m面积/m2权重围岩表征变形增量/cm
ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅥ
①9.039.940.1514.1213.2014.0413.4812.8313.52
②11.6108.940.5418.5018.3919.7520.5220.1819.11
③6.5108.940.3132.5934.7033.1234.1436.8534.94
加权平均值22.2122.6723.0423.6824.2523.18
), ArticleFig(id=1322904618908393884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各硐室围岩表征变形量及加权平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
硐室长度/m面积/m2权重围岩表征变形增量/cm
ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅥ
①9.039.940.1514.1213.2014.0413.4812.8313.52
②11.6108.940.5418.5018.3919.7520.5220.1819.11
③6.5108.940.3132.5934.7033.1234.1436.8534.94
加权平均值22.2122.6723.0423.6824.2523.18
), ArticleFig(id=1322904619336212893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Orthogonal design tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号锚杆间排距/m锚索长度/m混凝土初砌厚度/mm消耗锚杆根数耗材系数k
11×164004941.00
21×186004942.00
31×1108004943.33
41.5×1.566003511.07
51.5×1.588003511.89
61.5×1.5104003511.18
72×268002801.13
82×284002800.76
92×2106002801.42
), ArticleFig(id=1322904619730477470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

正交设计试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号锚杆间排距/m锚索长度/m混凝土初砌厚度/mm消耗锚杆根数耗材系数k
11×164004941.00
21×186004942.00
31×1108004943.33
41.5×1.566003511.07
51.5×1.588003511.89
61.5×1.5104003511.18
72×268002801.13
82×284002800.76
92×2106002801.42
), ArticleFig(id=1322904620162490783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Material parameters of anchor rod and anchor cable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支护材料弹性模量/GPa横截面积/mm2屈服强度/MPa锚固剂
外围周长/mm刚度/MPa黏结力/(N/m)
锚杆20038034594.217.510^6
锚索210855390141.417.510^6
), ArticleFig(id=1322904620556755361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

锚杆锚索材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支护材料弹性模量/GPa横截面积/mm2屈服强度/MPa锚固剂
外围周长/mm刚度/MPa黏结力/(N/m)
锚杆20038034594.217.510^6
锚索210855390141.417.510^6
), ArticleFig(id=1322904620674195874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Material parameters of anchor rod and anchor cable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案两帮收敛量/cm顶底板收敛量/cm塑性区体积/m3稳定性评价系数f
无支护36.8020.7510 652.90—
122.417.723 046.701.00
219.885.662 542.480.54
316.984.183 667.660.49
419.975.762 557.630.56
517.194.233 281.220.45
623.047.873 024.791.04
717.294.282 934.000.41
823.147.843 091.341.06
920.205.832 556.920.57
), ArticleFig(id=1322904621383033251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

锚杆锚索材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案两帮收敛量/cm顶底板收敛量/cm塑性区体积/m3稳定性评价系数f
无支护36.8020.7510 652.90—
122.417.723 046.701.00
219.885.662 542.480.54
316.984.183 667.660.49
419.975.762 557.630.56
517.194.233 281.220.45
623.047.873 024.791.04
717.294.282 934.000.41
823.147.843 091.341.06
920.205.832 556.920.57
), ArticleFig(id=1322904621903126948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Range analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目A/mB/mC/mm综合评价系数Q
方案11×164001.00
方案21×186001.08
方案31×1108001.65
方案41.5×1.566000.60
方案51.5×1.588000.86
方案61.5×1.5104001.23
方案72×268000.47
方案82×284000.80
方案92×2106000.81
K13.7302.0703.030
K22.6902.7402.490
K32.0803.6902.980
1.2430.6901.010
0.8970.9130.830
0.6931.2300.993
极差0.5500.5400.180
), ArticleFig(id=1322904622649713061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904588663267638, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

极差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目A/mB/mC/mm综合评价系数Q
方案11×164001.00
方案21×186001.08
方案31×1108001.65
方案41.5×1.566000.60
方案51.5×1.588000.86
方案61.5×1.5104001.23
方案72×268000.47
方案82×284000.80
方案92×2106000.81
K13.7302.0703.030
K22.6902.7402.490
K32.0803.6902.980
1.2430.6901.010
0.8970.9130.830
0.6931.2300.993
极差0.5500.5400.180
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金川二矿深井大断面硐室稳定性控制研究
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郭彩守 , 吴德芳 , 赵瑞昌 , 张军德
矿业研究与开发 | 深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025,45(5): 8-16
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矿业研究与开发 |深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025 , 45 (5) : 8 -16
金川二矿深井大断面硐室稳定性控制研究
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郭彩守 , 吴德芳, 赵瑞昌, 张军德
作者信息
  • 金川集团镍钴股份有限公司二矿区，甘肃　金昌市　737100
作者简介:

郭彩守（1974—），男，甘肃金昌人，高级工程师，主要从事膏体充填技术研究及管理工作。E-mail:

Stability Control of a Large-Section Chamber in a Deep Shaft at Jinchuan No.2 Mine
Caishou GUO , Defang WU, Ruichang ZHAO, Junde ZHANG
Affiliations
  • No.2 Mining Area, Jinchuan Group Nickel Cobalt Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu 737100, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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摘要
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随着浅部开采资源的逐步减少，矿山开采逐渐走向深部。为解决深井大断面硐室围岩稳定性难以控制、支护成本加剧的问题，并保障941 m搅拌站硐室群稳定运行，开展了大断面硐室围岩稳定性控制研究。采用了实验室测试、数值模拟以及实地监测等多元技术手段，通过对比分析，优化出合理的施工工序及支护设计，发现硐室按照配料机硐室—搅拌机硐室—水泥仓硐室的次序进行开挖时围压稳定性最好。然后采用正交设计试验优选出最佳支护参数为锚杆间排距为2 m×2 m，锚索长度为6 m，混凝土衬砌厚度为600 mm，提出锚网喷+注浆锚杆初期支护和现浇钢筋混凝土+锚索构成的联合支护方案，现场支护结果表明，围岩的变形得到了有效控制。

深部开采  /  大断面硐室  /  硐室群  /  数值模拟  /  围岩稳定性

With the gradual reduction of shallow mining resources, mining is moving deeper and deeper. In order to solve the problems of difficult control of the stability of the surrounding rocks and increased support costs in large-section chamber in deep shaft, and to ensure the stable operation of the 941 m mixing plant chambers group, researches on the stability control of the surrounding rocks in large-section chambers was carried out. Multiple technical methods such as laboratory testing, numerical simulation, and field monitoring were adopted. Through comparative analysis, a reasonable construction process and support design were optimized. It is found that when the excavation of the chambers is carried out in the order of batching machine chamber, mixer chamber, and cement silo chamber, the stability of the surrounding pressure is the best. Then, an orthogonal design experiment was used to obtain the optimal support parameters as a spacing of 2 m×2 m among anchor rods, a length of 6 m for anchor cables, and a thickness of 600 mm for concrete lining. A joint support scheme consisting of anchor mesh spraying + grouting anchor rods for initial support and cast-in-place reinforced concrete + anchor cables was proposed. The on-site support results show that the deformation of the surrounding rocks is effectively controlled.

Deep mining  /  Large-section chamber  /  Chambers group  /  Numerical simulation  /  Surrounding rock stability
郭彩守, 吴德芳, 赵瑞昌, 张军德. 金川二矿深井大断面硐室稳定性控制研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 8 -16 .
Caishou GUO, Defang WU, Ruichang ZHAO, Junde ZHANG. Stability Control of a Large-Section Chamber in a Deep Shaft at Jinchuan No.2 Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 8 -16 .
正文
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0　引言
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现如今大多数矿山已经完成了对浅层资源的开采，正逐渐转向深部开采[1-3]。然而受到恶劣的环境条件、复杂且不稳定的地质构造，以及采掘过程中的围岩变形等因素的影响，深部作业具有较高的风险性和难度，故深入研究和探索深部矿产资源的开发和利用，推动矿业智能化发展具有重要意义[4-7]。金川镍矿以“富”（品位高）、“大”（矿体厚大）、“深”（埋深大）、“碎”（矿岩破碎）和高应力著称，是典型的厚大难采矿体。金川二矿区的开采深度已超千米，深部开采将面临着随深度不断增大的高地应力和复杂多变的应力场的挑战。此外，围岩构成复杂多样且受到不同程度的蚀变，加之强采动影响下所导致的次生破碎岩体开挖条件，造成深埋大断面硐室群围岩控制的成本大幅增加[8-10]。因此，为了确保安全高效地采出井下矿产资源，保障深部硐室群稳定成了当务之急[11]。
以硐室群结构特征为划分依据，主要有两类典型大断面硐室群，即空间密集交错型硐室群以及平面展开布局型硐室群[12-13]。其中，金川二矿平面展开布局型硐室群以井下混凝土搅拌站为代表，为满足硐室工艺功能性需求，该类硐室群布局以平面展开分布为特点，硐室群平面覆盖面积较大，垂直空间交错少。为满足金川二矿区深部开拓湿喷支护需求，拟在941 m水平布置湿喷混凝土搅拌站硐室群，硐室开挖后，后续硐室开挖对前期已经施工完成的硐室二次破坏扰动大，且硐室群施工需布置较多的措施工程，措施工程的布置影响主体硐室群的稳定性。
由此可知，金川二矿区深部硐室群工程的主要特征有以下几点：硐室断面尺寸大，断面高宽比不均，硐室群暴露空间大；硐室数目较多，分布广泛，周围巷道的硐室分布较紧凑，稳定性受到相互影响；硐室群埋深大，工程稳定性受深部高地应力及破碎岩体工程地质条件影响；硐室群巷硐集中，各子工程开挖次序复杂，大断面硐室开挖分步工程较多，后掘工程施工对先掘工程损伤扰动大；硐室群服务周期长，受高原岩应力、采动应力及井下作业扰动等耦合作用影响，巷硐支护要求高。
基于此，本研究以金川二矿区深部941m水平湿喷混凝土搅拌站硐室群为典型研究案例，开展大断面硐室稳定性控制研究，并对湿喷混凝土搅拌站硐室群进行稳定性监测，以确保二矿区深部资源的安全高效开采，同时也可为类似工程地质条件的矿山提供一定的借鉴。
1　工程背景及矿岩体参数
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1.1　工程背景
941 m水平湿喷混凝土搅拌站包含搅拌机硐室、石子仓、砂仓、配料机硐室、水泥仓硐室、联络道及其他辅助硐室在内的12项工程，如图1所示，总计开挖量为13515.42 m3，硐室暴露空间大（搅拌站主体硐室断面16 m×7 m，走向长近25 m)，巷硐水平空间布置紧凑，巷硐交叉密集，非等高巷硐过渡段紧促，垂直空间上存在贯通。此外，941 m水平湿喷混凝土搅拌站硐室群设计标高为941 m，埋藏深度超800 m，硐室群稳定性受高地应力影响。
1.2　矿岩体参数
由前期金川地质勘探调查报告可知，矿区主要包含6种岩性的岩石，通过现场取样分别获得大理岩、花岗岩、含辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、斜长角闪岩以及混合岩的岩芯样本，随后依照岩石力学试验相关理论与方法加工成具有较高完整度的岩芯，分别进行了单轴测试，得到的力学参数见表1。
2　大硐室群施工工序研究
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941 m中段硐室群中包含3个大断面硐室，分别为搅拌机硐室、水泥仓硐室和配料机硐室，三者相邻分布，由于断面尺寸较大，硐室开挖时更容易发生破坏，危及井下工作人员生命，不同的开挖顺序对整个硐室群的稳定性造成很大的影响。因此，优化出合理的开挖顺序对硐室受力状态、提高围岩控制效果以及达到高效快速挖掘的目的有重要意义。以941m湿喷混泥土搅拌站硐室群施工为背景建立数值试验模型，根据Saint-Venant原则[14-15]，所建模型尺度宜为掘进空间的3~5倍，模型整体尺寸为100 m×120 m×100 m，共划分出22 622个节点、124 763个单元体，3个硐室断面尺寸如图2所示。为较真实地反映实际情况，模型的前后左右和底部均控制其法向位移，将由埋深高度计算所得的垂直地应力施加于上表面。
2.1　数值试验方案设计
依照941 m湿喷搅拌站硐室群中这3个硐室的实际分布情况，各硐室的尺寸大小见图2。
为得到合理的硐室施工工序，设计为两大类模拟方案（共包含9种子方案）。模拟每个硐室进行单独开挖作为第一类方案，通过模拟分析得出不同尺寸及排布位置的硐室围岩变形规律，也为后续开挖施工分析提供对照基础，3个硐室的序号为Mi，其中i=1~3，分别表示①配料机硐室、②搅拌机硐室、③水泥仓硐室；第二类方案为3个硐室按照不同顺序进行施工，包括6种方案，对应序号为Ⅰ~Ⅵ具体见表2。
2.2　评价指标
围岩表征变形量X主要用于评估围岩在受力作用下的整体变形情况，通过综合顶底板及两帮围岩变形，来判断围岩的变形程度以判断硐室稳定性，其计算如下：
式中：X表示硐室不同位置收敛变形量，取顶板正中围岩变形量为X1、底板正中围岩变形量为X2、帮部围岩变形量X3为左帮正中变形量与右帮正中变形量的平均值；n为选取的位移特征值数量，取n=3。
围岩表征变形增量ΔX则基于特征变形量的变形差值，通过对硐室单独开挖与方案下开挖的变形情况进行对比，来评估围岩的变化趋势[16-18]，计算如下：
式中，X0为硐室单独开挖时的围岩表征变形量。
以硐室稳定性评价表征增量为基础，建立分析模型，模型可由式（3）表达：
式中：Qj为硐室群围岩表征变形增量加权平均值；ΔXij为i硐室在j方案下的围岩表征变形增量；ωi为i硐室的权重。
通过比较加权平均值，得到最优施工过程。硐室的权重应该根据其体积大小来确定，以确保各方案的平衡及合理性，计算公式如下：
式中，Vi为第i个硐室的体积。
2.3　施工过程影响机制
2.3.1　第一类方案
经过模拟计算，提取各硐室单独开挖后顶底板及左右两帮的变形量，通过式(1)可以计算出各硐室的表征变形量（见表3）。由表3可得到以下结论。
（1）在第一类方案下进行单独开挖时，围岩表征变形量并非仅仅由断面面积决定，而是多方面控制的。硐室围岩的表征变形量由大到小依次为②①③，其中硐室③的表征变形量最低。
（2）受宽高比的影响硐室①底板变形高于帮部变形，另外两个硐室则相反，可知3个硐室断面宽高比越大，顶底板受到的变形越大。
（3）尽管硐室②③断面尺寸相同，但硐室②帮部变形将近1 m，破坏程度最为严重，其控制难度最大。
2.3.2　第二类方案
同理得出各方案下各硐室围岩的表征变形量，通过式(2)能够计算出不同方案下3个硐室的表征变形增量，绘制成柱状图（见图3）。
对图3中的结果进行对比分析，发现不同方案下单个硐室围岩稳定性的影响变化不大，而硐室的不同却会造成较大差别的影响，形成的规律一致，均按硐室编号排序三者扰动逐步加剧，其中硐室③受开挖影响扰动最剧烈，最大表征变形增量均超32 cm，对比单独开挖时变形量有巨大的提升，硐室①断面尺寸以及体积占比都最小，因此对整体开挖稳定性影响也最弱。
2.3.3　开挖次序综合评价
开挖工序对围岩稳定性影响差别难以通过单方面分析对比出来，于是采用加权平均值进行分析讨论。根据各硐室通径及断面面积通过式(4)计算出各自的权重，最后由式(3)计算出不同开挖次序下围岩的加权平均值，具体见表4。
加权平均值能够更加准确地反映出各开挖工序下围岩的稳定性，其数值越大说明围岩稳定性越差。由表4可知，各方案下围岩稳定性优劣排序为方案Ⅰ、方案Ⅱ、方案Ⅲ、方案Ⅵ、方案Ⅳ、方案Ⅴ，因此开挖顺序中最优为①→②→③。在方案Ⅰ下，围岩变形的加权平均值为22.21 cm，相较于稳定性最差的方案V降低了2.04 cm，对硐室③改变最大，减少了约11.56%的围岩表征变形增量值，因此合理的施工工序能够较有效地提高围岩的稳定性。然而，大型硐室并不是全断面一次开挖，通常会对硐室进行分层开挖，因此对于更加细致的施工工序还需结合现场条件进行调整。
3　围岩稳定性控制技术
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3.1　硐室支护优化设计
941 m硐室群工程原设计利用工程类比法，采用喷锚网钢筋混凝土衬砌+长锚索联合支护。由前文硐室群围岩稳定性模拟分析可知，硐室②影响最大，其搅拌机体积占比高，破坏更广，因此本文选择搅拌机硐室支护结构进行数值模拟分析，模拟简化为混凝土衬砌+锚杆索联合支护，与实际情况有所出入。研究该特定环境下的锚杆间排距A、锚索长度B及混凝土衬砌厚度C参数的最优组合，以平衡稳定性与经济性。锚杆长固定为3m，按照间排距一般不超过杆身总长的2/3的要求，间排距选取1 m×1 m、1.5 m×1.5 m、2 m×2 m；锚索间排距固定为2 m×2 m，长度选取6 m、8 m、10 m；衬砌厚度分别取400 mm、600 mm、800 mm进行三因素三水平的标准化正交试验[19]，共计9种试验方案（见表5）。
构建模型X、Y、Z方向尺寸为40 m×12 m×60 m, 并赋予摩尔-库伦本构模型，锚杆锚索均为全长锚固，由于硐室尺寸庞大、支护材料数量大，采用FLAC内置fish语言需要确定锚杆起始位置，导入过程较为冗长且易出错，于是选择dxf格式的锚杆结构文件通过import命令导入计算，支护结构具体参数见表6, 模拟符合标准收敛准则，通过模拟计算得到各试验下的综合评价系数Q, 其计算如式(5)所示，由均值判断出最优组合，以达到最佳支护效果。
式中：f为稳定性评价系数，其值为各方案得到的结果与方案1结果的比值累乘所得，数值越高越不稳定；k为耗材系数，锚杆、锚索及混凝土各耗材系数的积，计算与f类似，间接反映出实际支护材料的经济支出。
3.2　支护优化结果分析
经过模拟计算统计可得，各方案中支护后围岩两帮收敛量、顶底板收敛量及塑性区体积见表7。
由表7可知，经过支护后围岩塑性区体积减少量达到65%以上，同时顶底板控制效果明显优于两帮，说明联合支护有效地降低了冒顶与底鼓的风险，并提高了硐室的稳定性；从单方面观察可看出，方案7围岩稳定性评价系数最低，此时围岩破坏程度最小；稳定性评价系数数值与混凝土衬彻厚度成反比，3个影响因素中混凝土衬砌起到了主导作用。
为了更加直观地比较各方案下围岩稳定性改善的程度，采用极差分析法对综合评价系数进行单因素分析，结果见表8。
通过表8各因素极差值大小可知，3个影响因素的影响能力主次顺序是锚杆间排距>锚索间长度>混凝土厚度，即锚杆间排距对最优方案的影响最大；由均值~比较可知，最优组合为A3B1C2，即锚杆间排距为2 m×2 m、锚索长度为6 m、混凝土衬砌厚度为600 mm时为最佳组合方案。模拟结果显示，硐室无支护时帮部塑性区扩展范围达到约12.5 m，当联合支护锚索长度为6 m或8 m时，塑性区扩展长度均存在超出锚索支护长度的情况，故综合考虑硐室稳定性要求及结合实际工况，选择间排距为2 m×2 m的锚杆，长度调整为10 m的锚索和厚度为600 mm的混凝土进行支护。
结合现场工程地质以及模拟分析优化结果，同时参考国内外支护设计研究和施工经验，最终确定搅拌机硐室优化后的支护方案为锚网喷+注浆锚杆初期支护和现浇钢筋混凝土+锚索的联合支护，硐室整体支护是按照从上到下的顺序施工，并遵循先顶板后帮部、围岩逐步支护的原则。
初期支护结构参数如下。
（1）锚杆：Φ22 mm滚压制螺纹水泥药卷或水泥砂浆锚杆，长2.25 m，排间距为1 m，垫板采用200 mm×200 mm×10 mm和80 mm×80 mm×10 mm的两块钢板加工而成。
（2）金属网：由直径为6.5 mm的圆型钢丝线通过垂直焊接构成，网格尺寸为150 mm×150 mm。
（3）喷射混凝土：初喷混凝土厚度为100 mm，强度等级C25。
（4）注浆锚杆：采用直径×厚度=32 mm×6 mm、长3 m、排间距为2 m的无缝钢管；注浆采用风砂浆液+水泥，灰砂比为1:1，水灰比为0.65~0.80。
二次支护结构参数如下。
（1）钢筋砼：主筋采用Φ22 mm螺纹钢，间距250 mm，副筋采用Φ18 mm螺纹钢间距250 mm；为提高支护强度采用强度等级为C40的混凝土，厚度500 mm。
（2）长锚索：由3根钢绞线组成，单根长锚索规格为Φ15.2 mm，长10.0 m，末端由夹片式锚具固紧，间排距2 m×2 m，注浆采用M25水泥砂浆进行全长锚固，选用二次注浆工艺，前后两次注浆间隔时间为12 h。为使得支护整体接触更加紧密，给锚索末端施加200 kN预紧力。
（3）底板：采用素混凝土支护，厚度600 mm，强度C45。原方案采用600 mm的反底拱设计，通过有限元数值模拟分析可知，底板的底鼓效果不明显，于是采用平底结构，降低了施工的难度。
最终搅拌机硐室支护结构优化设计方案如图4所示。
3.3　现场监测分析
基于理论分析与数值模拟揭示的硐室变形破坏特征与规律，对硐室群关键薄弱区域进行长期的位移和应力变化监测，确定支护强度是否达到应有的支护标准，从而验证支护效果。其中位移监测包括围岩两帮收敛及拱顶沉降，应力监测包括围岩压力和钢筋应力等。
（1）搅拌机硐室支护体结构监测结果。应变计及钢筋应力计均安装于硐室腰间，搅拌机硐室混凝土应变、主副钢筋应力监测曲线分别如图5所示。
由图5可知，监测1年期间，硐室两帮支护体均表现为压应变，其应变值不断增加，前期应变波动较大，但最终整体趋于稳定，最大应变值达到约700 με；由于钢筋计均安设在主副筋上与帮部平行布置，其承受的应力呈现为拉应力，应力最大值最终稳定在约4 kN/m2，根据横截面积可换算成拉力约为1 kN，其大小远低于钢筋拉断力。硐室经过混凝土钢筋支护后，支护体结构趋于稳定。
（2）搅拌机硐室围岩位移监测结果。搅拌机硐室轴向每隔3 m设置一组监测断面，共分为3组断面(1#、2#、3#断面）。将硐室历时近6个月(3月3日—9月16日)的位移监测绘制成曲线，如图6所示。由图6可知，硐室在支护后约200 d内，两帮围岩最大收敛量平均值为4.9 cm，顶板最大沉降量平均值为2.63 cm，帮部变形速率后期降低至0.06 mm/d，顶板沉降速率至0.04 mm/d，根据金川矿山巷硐的收敛变形监测试验以及国内外的相关经验，可以将收敛速率随时间的变化曲线划分为3个阶段：当收敛速率大于0.25 mm/d时，处于急速变形阶段；0.1~0.25 mm/d时，处在变形减速阶段；降低至0.1 mm/d以下趋于稳定时，为稳定阶段。说明硐室在该条件下联合支护后围岩顶板及两帮得到了较好的控制，现场支护效果明显。
综合搅拌站硐室群中支护体结构稳定性及硐室顶板和帮部变形情况，941 m搅拌站硐室群采用喷锚网+注浆锚杆支护和钢筋砼+长锚索进行联合支护后，硐室整体稳定性良好，围岩得到了较好的控制。
4　结论
收起
本文以实现941 m湿喷混凝土搅拌站硐室群围岩稳定性控制为研究目标，结合采用室内试验、数值模拟和现场监测等研究手段，基于该硐室群身处的力学环境，优化出合理的施工工序，优化支护设计并提出了锚网喷+注浆锚杆初期支护和现浇钢筋混凝土+锚索构成的联合支护方案，得出以下结论。
（1）建立了941m大尺寸断面搅拌站硐室立体模型，设计了9种不同工序的开挖方案，利用表征变形量反映围岩变形特征，同时分析出不同方案下各硐室围岩表征变形增量情况，根据各方案下的加权平均值表征围岩稳定性，确定出最优开挖方案，即施工次序依次为配料机硐室、搅拌机硐室、水泥仓硐室。
（2）以941 m搅拌机硐室为研究对象，展开其支护设计的优化，通过正交试验划分出9种模拟方案，提出新的评价指标（综合评价系数Q），结合模拟及现场确认最终设计方案为选择的锚杆间排距为2 m×2 m，锚索长度为6 m和混凝土厚度为600 mm，支护方案为锚网喷+注浆锚杆初期支护和现浇钢筋混凝土+锚索构成的联合支护，且按照先顶后帮原则进行支护。
（3）为了确定出支护方案的可行性，采用混凝土应变计、钢筋应力计和数显收敛计分别对搅拌机硐室支护体结构、顶板及两帮进行应力应变监测，最终通过监测数据证明优选后的支护方案能实现对硐室稳定性的控制。

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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间：2024-10-14
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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