Article(id=1322904581784613176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729267200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334630675, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334630675, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334630675, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334630675, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=95, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904581985939769, articleId=1322904581784613176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on the Subsidence Law of Surface Road Engineering Under the Overlapping Occurrence Conditions of Quicksand Layer and Goaf, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the subsidence law of surface road engineering under the overlapping occurrence conditions of quicksand layer and goaf, taking the reconstruction and expansion project of S342 provincial road above the goaf of Dangyang gypsum mine, FLAC3D was used to study the distribution law of surface displacement under the conditions of quicksand layer, goaf and their overlapping occurrence. The influences of quicksand layer migration and goaf on the stability of surface road sections were evaluated, and a goaf treatment plan was proposed. The research results indicate that under the action of quicksand layer migration and goaf, the surface subsidence gradually decreases from the center of the goaf to the surrounding areas, and the peak subsidence is concentrated in the range of K5+617 to K5+717. The displacement and settlement in the central area of the road centerline are relatively large, showing a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing from west to east. The settlement on the north and south sides is relatively small, with the maximum surface settlement of the north, middle, and south lines of the road being 69 mm, 167 mm, and 31 mm, respectively. As the distance from the surface increases, the displacement of the overlying rock above the quicksand layer shows a decreasing trend in the central area (within a range of 100 m from K5+630 to K5+730), while the displacement in other areas shows an increasing trend. Therefore, the range of surface rock movement under the action of the goaf at the quicksand layer is defined as 100 m. The research results can provide theoretical basis for road expansion projects under the conditions of quicksand layer occurrence.

, authors=Zehui WU1, Yongxiang GE2, Luwei ZHANG2, Gaofeng REN2, 3, Xingyu TAN2, 4, Kai MA2, Yan YU5, authorsList=Zehui WU, Yongxiang GE, Luwei ZHANG, Gaofeng REN, Xingyu TAN, Kai MA, Yan YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Gaofeng REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904587002327388, articleId=1322904581784613176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=流砂层与采空区叠跨赋存条件下地表道路工程下沉规律研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究流砂层与采空区叠跨赋存条件下地表道路工程下沉规律,以当阳石膏矿采空区上省道S342改扩建工程为背景,采用FLAC3D对流砂层、采空区及二者叠跨赋存条件下的地表位移分布规律进行了研究,评价了流砂层运移与采空区对地表道路段稳定性的影响,并提出空区治理方案。研究结果表明:在流砂层运移与采空区作用下,地表沉降量由空区中心向四周逐渐减小,沉降峰值集中在K5+617~K5+717区间;道路中线中心区域位移沉降较大,自西向东呈先增大后减小的规律,南北两侧沉降较小,道路北线、中线、南线地表最大沉降量分别为69 mm、167 mm、31 mm;流砂层上方覆岩沉降量随着与地表距离的增大,中心区域(K5+630~K5+730区间100 m范围)位移量呈现减小趋势,其他区域位移量呈现增大趋势,因此流砂层空区作用下的地表岩移范围圈定为100 m。研究成果可为流砂层赋存条件下的道路扩建工程提供理论依据。

, authors=武泽惠1, 葛永翔2, 张露伟2, 任高峰2, 3, 谭星宇2, 4, 马凯2, 于燕5, authorsList=武泽惠, 葛永翔, 张露伟, 任高峰, 谭星宇, 马凯, 于燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=任高峰, authorNote=

武泽惠(2000—),女,安徽亳州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工程安全与防护。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
任高峰(1979—),男,湖北武汉人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为矿床开采理论与技术、智能开采、工程安全与风险管控。E-mail:
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武泽惠(2000—),女,安徽亳州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工程安全与防护。E-mail:

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武泽惠(2000—),女,安徽亳州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工程安全与防护。E-mail:

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Mechanical properties parameters of rock mass

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组别弹性模量/GPa抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa密度/(kg/m3)泊松比μ黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
粉砂质泥岩1.5114.142.202 4000.332.0031.45
石膏矿层0.9313.432.102 3400.441.1034.50
粉砂质泥岩1.1920.222.502 4300.261.4135.10
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岩体力学性质参数

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组别弹性模量/GPa抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa密度/(kg/m3)泊松比μ黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
粉砂质泥岩1.5114.142.202 4000.332.0031.45
石膏矿层0.9313.432.102 3400.441.1034.50
粉砂质泥岩1.1920.222.502 4300.261.4135.10
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Monitoring contents and methods for subsidence areas

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监测内容监测方法
水平位移三角网、极坐标法、交会法、GNSS测量、激光准直法等
垂直位移水准测量、三角高程测量等
裂缝监测精密测距、伸缩仪、测缝计、位移计等
建(构)筑物监测经纬仪投点法、差异沉降法、激光准直法等
), ArticleFig(id=1322904595466432960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904581784613176, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

塌陷区监测内容及方法

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监测内容监测方法
水平位移三角网、极坐标法、交会法、GNSS测量、激光准直法等
垂直位移水准测量、三角高程测量等
裂缝监测精密测距、伸缩仪、测缝计、位移计等
建(构)筑物监测经纬仪投点法、差异沉降法、激光准直法等
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流砂层与采空区叠跨赋存条件下地表道路工程下沉规律研究
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武泽惠 1 , 葛永翔 2 , 张露伟 2 , 任高峰 2, 3 , 谭星宇 2, 4 , 马凯 2 , 于燕 5
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(5): 95-103
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (5) : 95 -103
流砂层与采空区叠跨赋存条件下地表道路工程下沉规律研究
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武泽惠1 , 葛永翔2, 张露伟2, 任高峰2, 3 , 谭星宇2, 4, 马凯2, 于燕5
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 安全科学与应急管理学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 3.关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 4.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 5.华新水泥股份有限公司,湖北 武汉 430205
通讯作者:
任高峰(1979—),男,湖北武汉人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为矿床开采理论与技术、智能开采、工程安全与风险管控。E-mail:
作者简介:

武泽惠(2000—),女,安徽亳州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工程安全与防护。E-mail:

Study on the Subsidence Law of Surface Road Engineering Under the Overlapping Occurrence Conditions of Quicksand Layer and Goaf
Zehui WU1 , Yongxiang GE2, Luwei ZHANG2, Gaofeng REN2, 3 , Xingyu TAN2, 4, Kai MA2, Yan YU5
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • 2.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • 4.Changsha Institute of mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 5.Huaxin Cement Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430205, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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为研究流砂层与采空区叠跨赋存条件下地表道路工程下沉规律,以当阳石膏矿采空区上省道S342改扩建工程为背景,采用FLAC3D对流砂层、采空区及二者叠跨赋存条件下的地表位移分布规律进行了研究,评价了流砂层运移与采空区对地表道路段稳定性的影响,并提出空区治理方案。研究结果表明:在流砂层运移与采空区作用下,地表沉降量由空区中心向四周逐渐减小,沉降峰值集中在K5+617~K5+717区间;道路中线中心区域位移沉降较大,自西向东呈先增大后减小的规律,南北两侧沉降较小,道路北线、中线、南线地表最大沉降量分别为69 mm、167 mm、31 mm;流砂层上方覆岩沉降量随着与地表距离的增大,中心区域(K5+630~K5+730区间100 m范围)位移量呈现减小趋势,其他区域位移量呈现增大趋势,因此流砂层空区作用下的地表岩移范围圈定为100 m。研究成果可为流砂层赋存条件下的道路扩建工程提供理论依据。

流砂层  /  采空区  /  道路工程  /  地表沉降  /  覆岩移动

In order to study the subsidence law of surface road engineering under the overlapping occurrence conditions of quicksand layer and goaf, taking the reconstruction and expansion project of S342 provincial road above the goaf of Dangyang gypsum mine, FLAC3D was used to study the distribution law of surface displacement under the conditions of quicksand layer, goaf and their overlapping occurrence. The influences of quicksand layer migration and goaf on the stability of surface road sections were evaluated, and a goaf treatment plan was proposed. The research results indicate that under the action of quicksand layer migration and goaf, the surface subsidence gradually decreases from the center of the goaf to the surrounding areas, and the peak subsidence is concentrated in the range of K5+617 to K5+717. The displacement and settlement in the central area of the road centerline are relatively large, showing a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing from west to east. The settlement on the north and south sides is relatively small, with the maximum surface settlement of the north, middle, and south lines of the road being 69 mm, 167 mm, and 31 mm, respectively. As the distance from the surface increases, the displacement of the overlying rock above the quicksand layer shows a decreasing trend in the central area (within a range of 100 m from K5+630 to K5+730), while the displacement in other areas shows an increasing trend. Therefore, the range of surface rock movement under the action of the goaf at the quicksand layer is defined as 100 m. The research results can provide theoretical basis for road expansion projects under the conditions of quicksand layer occurrence.

Quicksand layer  /  Goaf  /  Road engineering  /  Surface subsidence  /  Overlying rock movement
武泽惠, 葛永翔, 张露伟, 任高峰, 谭星宇, 马凯, 于燕. 流砂层与采空区叠跨赋存条件下地表道路工程下沉规律研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 95 -103 .
Zehui WU, Yongxiang GE, Luwei ZHANG, Gaofeng REN, Xingyu TAN, Kai MA, Yan YU. Study on the Subsidence Law of Surface Road Engineering Under the Overlapping Occurrence Conditions of Quicksand Layer and Goaf[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 95 -103 .
闭矿并不意味着矿山灾害的结束,随着时间的推移,矿井开采遗留的潜在灾害,如矿区地层变形、矿区水系变化等仍可能引发灾害事故[1-2]。地下砂层作为一种不良地质地层,在地层变形与水系变化的共同作用下易形成流砂层。流砂层中的细粒物质在地下水或重力作用下持续流失[3-4],会在覆岩内形成离层裂隙、空腔(流砂层空区),极易导致覆盖层土体塌落,形成地表塌陷[5-8]。当阳石膏矿采用空场法开采后遗留大量采空区,其上覆流砂层形成局部空腔并引发显著的地表沉降,对拟改建的省道S342(当阳市河溶至沙洋段)道路安全造成严重威胁。因此,研究采空区与流沙层复合影响下地表道路工程下沉规律及流砂层上方覆岩移动特征,可为后续道路工程改建提供重要理论依据。
诸多学者对采空区影响下的地表岩层下沉规律开展了大量研究。贺桂成等[9-10]采用FLAC3D对石膏矿不同采场的采空区地表沉陷进行了模拟,分析了影响采空区地表沉陷的主要因素,建立了采空区地表沉陷预测的ANFIS模型。赵亮等[11]采用数值模拟的方法分析开采对岩体稳定性及地表变形的影响。吴盛才等[12]采用概率积分法预测了采空区影响下的地表移动与变形值,计算了采空区主断面上的变形曲线。陈江军等[13]选用高密度电法、激电中梯法以及地震映射法等综合物探方法对石膏矿采空区进行探测,辅以钻探工作加以验证,分析了三种物探方法在石膏矿采空区探测中的适用性和优缺点,分析结果表明,合理选用物探方法组合可有效提高勘查成果的准确性和可靠性。杨宜军等[14]将微震自动监测技术应用于石膏矿采空区地面塌陷预警,通过分析微震信号,成功发出地面塌陷的预警信息。杨锋等[15]采用现场钻探、理论分析和高密度电法分析了高速公路下覆采空区深部的覆岩破坏与浅层的扰动情况,提出了下伏采空区的治理方案。张晨等[16]基于Surpac软件平台,结合石膏矿资料构建了三维可视化模型,直观展示了石膏矿区复杂的地质条件与矿体、采空区以及地面塌陷空间分布特征。刘星辉等[17]对诱发地面塌陷的石膏矿采空区进行稳定性评价,并提出了防治方法。何伟等[18]采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法,得出矿山地下开采诱发的“三带”高度,并计算了地表沉降最大值。针对流砂层各种特性及影响,孟庆彬等[19]采用工程地质钻探与地面直流电法勘探技术,确定了流砂层的厚度与含水特征。刘平等[20]通过数值模拟对比分析,得到了流砂层对围岩变形破坏机制的影响规律。刘聪聪等[21]采用GCTS双向动三轴仪探究了郑州市深埋流砂层的动力特性,研究结果表明,深埋流砂层的动力变形过程可以分为弹性阶段、塑性变形阶段和塑性变形的发展阶段。
综上可知,现阶段关于流砂层影响上覆岩层运移及地表道路工程下沉规律的研究明显不足,特别是对于流砂层与采空区叠跨赋存条件下的地表道路工程下沉规律研究较少。因此,本文以当阳石膏矿为研究背景,采用微动探测技术确定了流砂层及采空区的空间分布,通过FLAC3D数值模拟软件分析了省道S342(当阳市河溶至沙洋段)道路的稳定性。研究揭示了流砂层上方不同深度覆岩的位移变化特征,探究了流砂层与采空区叠跨赋存条件下的地表道路工程下沉规律。研究成果可为省道S342扩建工程规划线路提供理论依据,且丰富了流砂层这种特殊地质条件下的地表移动变形规律研究。
当阳市河溶至沙洋段现有道路S342为四级公路,根据规划,该路段拟升级改造为二级公路,路线全长7.633 km。其中,河溶至沙洋段K5+517~K5+790区间穿过当阳石膏矿采空区。
近年来,当阳石膏矿采空区地质灾害频发,2017年7月,井口以北420m处发生地面塌陷;2023年6月,井口东侧约200 m及东偏北方向约250 m处居民房屋出现不同程度开裂;2023年11月,采空区周边部分居民房屋、道路出现不同程度开裂变形,影响S342道路通行。
经探查,河溶至沙洋段道路K5+517~K5+790区间经过采空区上方,且地下60 m处存在空腔,结合当地水文地质环境,认为是由于流砂层受地下水的作用,细粒物质通过覆岩内裂隙流出形成的空腔,进而引起溶蚀塌陷。
流砂层与采空区地层主要为古近系夹马槽组(E2j4),该组地层具有明显的6段沉积韵律特征。流砂层分布在第5段(E2j4e),主要以紫色含膏细粒砂岩与夹薄层粉砂质泥岩为主,结构类型为碎屑岩-石膏岩,平均厚度为48 m。采空区分布在第三段(E2j4c),主要由灰色石膏岩、紫色含膏砂岩夹云质泥岩和薄层石膏岩组成,结构类型为碎屑岩夹泥岩-石膏岩,平均厚度为30 m。
当阳石膏矿于2018年关闭,采用房柱法开采,矿体埋深为116.31 m,矿体倾角为4°,矿层厚度沿走向和倾向变化不大。矿体最大厚度为8.83 m,平均厚度为3.03 m;矿房间距为6~8 m,矿房尺寸可见6 m×6 m、4 m×8 m不等;矿柱直径为1.3~1.8 m,采空区高度为2.50 m。矿区及周边水系发育,水库众多,形态复杂,矿层与围岩由软弱一半坚硬的岩类组成,岩石强度低,稳定性差。
利用微动探测仪确定流砂层空区分布特征,探测点分布如图1所示。在S342道路东西方向上布置微动勘探测点108 个,其中复测测点9个。连成测线后,东西方向测线共9 条,南北方向测线共11 条,形成尺寸为200 m×250 m的探测网络。采用10 m直径台阵进行数据采集,采集时长为20 min,采样频率为500 Hz。为验证探测结果,布置了5 个钻孔进行钻探验证,ZK1和ZK5钻孔布置于道路K5+517~K5+617区间,ZK3钻孔布置在道路K5+717~K5+790段,ZK2、ZK4钻孔布置于道路K5+617~K5+717区间,位于道路两侧。
L6测线位于S342道路上,测线方向与道路平行;W2测线与L6号测线垂直(即垂直于道路布置),绘制W2测线与L6测线剖面面波相速度等值线图,发现测点W2-1与W2-2中间区域、测点W2-6附近以及测点W5-6与W6-6中间区域附近出现异常,如图2所示。
根据资料显示,测点W2-6附近高程15~17 m与−36~−46 m处有流砂层空洞,微动反演结果证实该处的横向波速呈现漏斗状;测点W2-1、W2-2、W2-10下方存在深度对应较好的低速异常区域,推测其为采空区破坏带所在位置;测点W5-6与W6-6中间区域高程21~22 m处有流砂层空洞,微动反演结果显示该处的横向波速呈现条带状;测点W5-6附近高程27~29 m处有流砂层空洞,微动反演结果显示该处的横向波速呈现条带状,推测其为溶蚀塌陷形成的流砂层空洞。通过微动探测技术获得了波速异常特征,为后续流砂层建模提供了依据。
基于微动探测结果确定出地下流砂层空区形态,流砂层整体存在于采空区正上方56 m至道路底下60 m区间,其中道路北侧分布范围较南侧更广。流砂层区域呈现圈椅状,南北长约140 m,东西宽约120 m,平均高度为0.6 m。当阳石膏矿流砂层空区形态及分布位置如图3所示。
采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件构建模型,并对采场开挖部分进行网格加密处理。建立的数值模型尺寸为500 m×500m×140 m(长×宽×高),模型由上至下分别为粉砂质泥岩层、流砂层、粉砂质泥岩层、石膏矿层和粉砂质泥岩层。模型共有349 575 个网格单元,278 768 个节点,具体模型如图4所示。
结合地质勘探数据,对研究区域地质情况进行单一化处理,根据室内岩石力学试验及土工试验,考虑实际地质情况,得到岩体力学性质参数,见表1。
石膏矿层开采以后,采场上覆岩层会受到较大扰动影响,而流砂层空区的形成会对围岩产生二次扰动。为研究石膏矿采动和流砂层运移对上覆岩层的影响,以采空区、流砂层及二者共同作用下的覆岩移动规律为切入点,设计了3种条件下的数值模拟方案。
方案1:仅对流砂层进行开挖,探究流砂层运移形成的空洞对地表道路工程下沉规律的影响。
方案2:仅对矿体进行开挖,探究矿体开采形成的采空区对地表道路工程下沉规律的影响。
方案3:先对矿体进行一次开挖,待应力平衡后,再开挖流砂层空洞,探究石膏矿采动和流砂层运移二者复合作用对地表道路工程下沉规律的影响。
此次石膏矿采空区模拟范围主要为S342(当阳市河溶至沙洋段)道路改扩建工程石膏矿采空区段,K5+517~K5+790区间。从道路中线往南北各100 m的边界分别称为南线和北线,如图5所示。沿道路走向布置北线、中线及南线三条监测线,通过分析各监测线的沉降变形情况,探究地下采空区对不同地区地表沉降的影响。
由图6可知,流砂层开挖后,地表最大沉降位置在道路中线流砂层中心,流砂层空区顶板沉降量为210 mm,地表沉降量为144mm。随着与流砂层中心位置距离的增加,地表沉降量逐渐降低。北线顶板沉降量为50 mm,地表沉降量为40 mm,南线距离流砂层位置更远,几乎不受流砂层空区影响。
由图7可知,流砂层运移引起的地表沉降量呈正态分布,地表沉降量自西向东先增大后减小,南北两侧沉降量小,中部沉降量大,在K5+567~K5+767区间,中线沉降量超过40 mm。
由图8可知,采空区作用下地表最大沉降位置在道路北线,采空区顶板沉降量为47 mm,地表沉降量为29mm。南线西侧、中线东侧及北线中间位置采空区顶板沉降较大,中线采空区顶板沉降量为54 mm,地表沉降量为25 mm,南线采空区顶板沉降量为68 mm,地表沉降量为22 mm。
由图9可知,采空区引起的地表沉降值呈正态分布,地表沉降量自西向东先增大后减小,道路中线与南线沉降值较小,北线沉降值最大,沉降量峰值集中在K5+617~K5+717区间。
由图10可知,在流砂层运移与采空区共同作用下,地表最大沉降位置在道路中线流砂层中心,地表沉降量为167 mm。随着与流砂层中心位置距离的增加,地表沉降量逐渐降低,北线地表沉降量为69mm,南线地表沉降量为31 mm。
由图11可知,流砂层空区与采空区共同引起的地表沉降量呈正态分布,地表位移自西向东先增大后减小,南北两侧沉降量小,中部沉降量大,沉降峰值集中在K5+617~K5+717区间。
根据不同方案数值模拟的结果,对地表位移沉降量、沉降范围和沉降规律展开分析。
由图12可知,流砂层运移与采空区共同作用下,道路北线地表沉降量较大,最大沉降量为69 mm,流砂层运移作用下的北线地表最大沉降量为40mm,采空区作用下的北线地表最大沉降量为29 mm,沉降峰值均集中在K5+717附近。
由图13可知,流砂层运移与采空区共同作用下,道路中线地表沉降量较大,最大沉降量为167 mm,流砂层作用下的道路中线地表最大沉降量为144 mm,采空区作用下的中线地表最大沉降量为25 mm,沉降峰值均集中在K5+617~K5+717区间。
由图14可知,流砂层运移与采空区共同作用下道路南线地表沉降量较大,最大沉降量为31 mm,流砂层作用下的南线地表基本无扰动,采空区作用下的南线地表最大沉降量为22 mm,沉降峰值均集中在K5+617附近。
根据以上分析可知,流砂层运移与采空区共同作用下的地表沉降量最大,沉降量为流砂层运移与采空区单独作用下的地表沉降量相加。在二者共同作用下,流砂层运移对地表沉降造成的影响比采空区大。
方案1模拟结果表明,在流砂层运移作用下,地表沉降量自西向东呈先增大后减小的趋势,南北两侧沉降量小,中部沉降量大;方案2模拟结果表明,在采空区作用下,地表沉降量自西向东同样呈先增大后减小的趋势;方案3模拟结果表明,在流砂层运移与采空区共同作用下,流砂层空区引起的地表沉降相对于采空区更为严重。
由上述分析可知,流砂层空区对地表下沉值影响较大,为研究流砂层空区对不同深度覆岩移动变化,在流砂层空区上覆岩层不同深度布置探测线,间距为20 m,分析流砂层运移作用下不同深度覆岩位移的变化规律。
由图15可知,北线覆岩最大位移位置在距离地表40 m处,位移量为55 mm。覆岩位移量自西向东先增大后减小,覆岩变化曲线峰值位于北线东侧。
由图16可知,流砂层空区上方道路中线不同深度覆岩位置量整体呈现倒“U”形曲线分布规律。道路中线覆岩最大位移位置在地表处,最大位移量为200 mm,并向东西两侧逐渐减小。K5+630~K5+730区间(100 m范围)位移量大于等于100 mm,将该区间标记为重点地表沉降关注区域。随着与地表距离的增大,流砂层上方覆岩沉降量在该区域位移量呈减小趋势,其他区域位移量呈增大趋势,因此将流砂层空区作用下地表岩移范围圈定为100 m。
由图17所知,道路南线覆岩最大位移位置在地表处,位移量为13.2 mm。覆岩位移量自西向东先增大后减小,覆岩变化曲线峰值位于南线中间。流砂层上方南线不同深度覆岩移动变化整体呈现倒“V”形曲线分布规律。
流砂层空区与采空区对道路的主要危害为空区后期塌陷及覆岩不均匀变形,导致既有道路变形产生裂缝。治理方案以地下治理为主,地表治理为辅,并对地表和道路变形进行实时监测。
针对采空区埋深较大、停采时间长以及流砂层空区不规则等问题,采用灌注填充法进行空区治理。通过向采空塌陷区灌注充填材料,充填、胶结采空区空洞及松散体,改善地层物理力学性质。在空区治理范围内,沿外围边缘布置多排梅花型帷幕孔,孔距为9 m;灌注钻孔采用梅花型布置,钻孔排距、孔间距均为15 m。按照“先中间,后周边”的施工顺序,先施工中间部位注浆孔,后施工帷幕孔。结合采空区治理工程需要,灌注时采用水泥、黏土等材料,并加入适量的水玻璃、三乙醇胺等添加剂改变浆液性能,缩短凝结时间。浆液的浓度采用由稀到浓的梯度控制,水固质量比取1∶1~1∶1.3;水灰比取3∶7、2.5∶7.5、2∶8。
在对地下空区进行注浆处理后,针对受空区影响而产生变形破坏后的道路,采取建筑措施、结构措施和地基处理措施抵抗道路变形,降低采空区残余沉降对道路的影响。具体而言,对采空区影响范围内产生大面积地面塌陷破坏的道路,采用道路重新修筑、路基回填压实、地基挖除换填等措施;对出现小面积路面沉降裂缝、块状裂缝、龟裂、坑槽等问题的现象,结合地基处理进行局部填补维修。
为判断塌陷区的稳定状态,在空区治理范围内进行地表和道路变形监测。根据监测阶段分为施工期间监测、防治效果监测和长期动态监测。
施工期间监测可判断塌陷区稳定状态,了解工程扰动等因素对塌陷区的影响,监测周期为每半个月1次;防治效果监测可了解工程实施后塌陷区的变化特征,为评价防治工程效果及工程竣工验收提供科学依据,监测周期为1 a;长期动态监测结合道路现状及后续规划,对道路及周边进行长期动态跟踪,了解塌陷区的稳定性变化特征。
变形监测的主要内容包括地表的水平位移、垂直位移、地表裂缝及建(构)筑物沉降、倾斜等[22],监测方法应符合表2的规定。
为研究流砂层运移和采空区综合影响下覆岩移动规律,本文采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对流砂层运移、采空区及二者叠跨赋存条件下的地表位移分布规律进行了研究,主要得出以下结论。
(1)流砂层空区作用下,上覆岩层形成漏斗形沉降区域,地表最大沉降量为144 mm,沉降量自空区中心向四周逐渐减小;采空区作用下,上覆岩层地表最大沉降位置在道路北线中心,最大沉降量为29mm;流砂层运移与采空区共同作用下,地表最大沉降量为167 mm,且地表沉降受流砂层影响较大。
(2)流砂层运移作用下,不同深度覆岩最大位移位置在道路中线地表处,最大位移量为200 mm,并向东西两侧逐渐减小。流砂层上方覆岩沉降量随着与地表距离的增大,中心区域(K5+630~K5+730区间100 m范围)位移量呈现减小趋势,其他区域位移量呈现增大趋势,因此流砂层空区作用下的地表岩移范围圈定为100 m。
(3)采空区治理方案采用“地下治理为主,地表治理为辅”的综合治理方案。采用灌注填充法进行空区治理,通过向空区灌注充填材料,充填、胶结采空区空洞及松散体,改善地层物理力学性质;对影响区内产生大面积破坏的道路,采用道路重新修筑、路基回填压实、地基挖除换填等措施;对地表沉降裂缝、塌陷坑槽等结合地基处理进行局部填补维修;在空区治理范围内进行地表和道路变形监测。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52174087)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-19
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52174087)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学 安全科学与应急管理学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    2.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    3.关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
    4.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    5.华新水泥股份有限公司,湖北 武汉 430205

通讯作者:

任高峰(1979—),男,湖北武汉人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为矿床开采理论与技术、智能开采、工程安全与风险管控。E-mail:
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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