Article(id=1322904569642091078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721836800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334627781, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334627781, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334627781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334627781, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=175, endPage=183, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904569843417671, articleId=1322904569642091078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Shaking Table Test of Drainage Well in Tailings Pond, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Drainage well is an important safety facility in tailings pond, its stability is related to the safety of tailings pond. Based on the similarity principle, the dynamic response characteristics and variation law of the drainage wells in tailings pond under different seismic accelerations and different buried depths were systematically studied by shaking table test. The results show that when the peak seismic acceleration increases from 0.315g to 1.5g, the acceleration amplification coefficient in the drainage wellbore increases first and then decreases, and the well wall gradually changes from elasticity to elastoplasticity, and the stiffness gradually decays. Under the action of 1.5g peak seismic acceleration, the maximum relative displacement of the drainage well under the full-buried condition is 0.967 mm, which is much smaller than that under the non-buried condition of 5.295 mm, indicating that under the action of seismic, the tailings around the drainage well play a stabilizing role in the drainage wellbore, and the seismic performance of the drainage well is improved. In the process of increasing the peak seismic acceleration from 0.315g to 1.5g, the first-order frequency of the drainage well under the non-buried, semi-buried and full-buried conditions decreases by 29.17%, 27.05% and 22.74%, respectively compared with the initial natural frequency, and the stiffness of the drainage well degrades fastest under the non-buried condition. Under the action of seismic, the strain peaks at different positions in the wellbore are positively correlated with the peak seismic acceleration. The maximum strain value appears at the bottom of the drainage well, indicating that it is most vulnerable to vibration damage. The seismic performance of the bottom of the drainage well should be enhanced in the design.

, authors=Jiani ZHU1, 2, Yao WANG1, 2, Zuoan WEI1, 2, Ting LU1, 2, Yonghao YANG3, Xueyi ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Jiani ZHU, Yao WANG, Zuoan WEI, Ting LU, Yonghao YANG, Xueyi ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zuoan WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904575061131884, articleId=1322904569642091078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=尾矿库排水井的振动台试验研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

排水井作为尾矿库的重要安全设施,其结构稳定性直接关系到尾矿库的整体安全。基于相似性原理,采用振动台试验系统地研究尾矿库排水井在不同地震加速度和不同埋置深度工况下的动力响应特性和变化规律。研究结果表明:地震加速度峰值从0.315g增大到1.5g的过程中,排水井筒中的加速度放大系数呈先增大后减小的趋势,井壁由弹性逐渐向弹塑性转变,且刚度逐渐衰减;在1.5g地震加速度峰值作用下,排水井在全埋工况下的最大相对位移为0.967 mm,远小于不埋工况下排水井的最大相对位移5.295 mm,说明在地震作用下,排水井周围的尾矿对排水井筒起到稳固作用,排水井的抗震性能提高;地震加速度峰值从0.315g增大到1.5g的过程中,排水井在不埋、半埋和全埋工况下的一阶频率较初始自振频率分别下降了29.17%、27.05%、22.74%,排水井的刚度在不埋工况下退化最快;在地震作用下,井筒中不同位置的应变峰值与地震加速度峰值成正相关,最大应变值出现在排水井的底部,说明此处最易被震动破坏,在设计中应该提高排水井的底部抗震性能。

, authors=朱佳妮1, 2, 王瑶1, 2, 魏作安1, 2, 路停1, 2, 杨永浩3, 张雪怡1, 2, authorsList=朱佳妮, 王瑶, 魏作安, 路停, 杨永浩, 张雪怡, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=魏作安, authorNote=

朱佳妮(2000—),女,湖南湘潭人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿山安全。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
魏作安(1965—),男,江西安义人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为金属矿山开采、尾矿库治理等。E-mail:
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朱佳妮(2000—),女,湖南湘潭人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿山安全。E-mail:

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Dimensions and similarity relation expressions of main physical quantities in the quality system

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物理量量纲相似关系表达式相似比
长度L[L]S11/30
位移D[L]S11/30
应变ε[1]11
弹性模量E[ML–1T–2]Sσ1/4
应力σ[ML–1T–2]Sσ1/4
泊松比μ[1]无量纲常量1
质量密度ρ[ML–3]Sρ2
质量m[M] 1/13 500
力F[MLT–2] 1/3 600
弯矩M[ML2T–2] 1/108 000
速度[LT–1] 0.35
加速度[LT–2] 3.75
周期T[T] 0.094
), ArticleFig(id=1322904583005143736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904569642091078, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要物理量在质量系统中对应的量纲及相似关系表达式

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物理量量纲相似关系表达式相似比
长度L[L]S11/30
位移D[L]S11/30
应变ε[1]11
弹性模量E[ML–1T–2]Sσ1/4
应力σ[ML–1T–2]Sσ1/4
泊松比μ[1]无量纲常量1
质量密度ρ[ML–3]Sρ2
质量m[M] 1/13 500
力F[MLT–2] 1/3 600
弯矩M[ML2T–2] 1/108 000
速度[LT–1] 0.35
加速度[LT–2] 3.75
周期T[T] 0.094
), ArticleFig(id=1322904583080641209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904569642091078, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Loading schemes of shaking table test of drainage well

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试验编号位置情况地震影响调整前加速度峰值调整后加速度峰值
1不埋白噪声0.075g0.075g
2多遇地震0.07g0.315g
3白噪声0.075g0.075g
4设防地震0.2g0.9g
5白噪声0.075g0.075g
6罕遇地震0.4g1.5g
7白噪声0.075g0.075g
8半埋白噪声0.075g0.075g
9多遇地震0.07g0.315g
10白噪声0.075g0.075g
11设防地震0.2g0.9g
12白噪声0.075g0.075g
13罕遇地震0.4g1.5g
14白噪声0.075g0.075g
15全埋白噪声0.075g0.075g
16多遇地震0.07g0.315g
17白噪声0.075g0.075g
18设防地震0.2g0.9g
19白噪声0.075g0.075g
20罕遇地震0.4g1.5g
21白噪声0.075g0.075g
), ArticleFig(id=1322904583151944378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904569642091078, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

排水井振动台试验加载方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号位置情况地震影响调整前加速度峰值调整后加速度峰值
1不埋白噪声0.075g0.075g
2多遇地震0.07g0.315g
3白噪声0.075g0.075g
4设防地震0.2g0.9g
5白噪声0.075g0.075g
6罕遇地震0.4g1.5g
7白噪声0.075g0.075g
8半埋白噪声0.075g0.075g
9多遇地震0.07g0.315g
10白噪声0.075g0.075g
11设防地震0.2g0.9g
12白噪声0.075g0.075g
13罕遇地震0.4g1.5g
14白噪声0.075g0.075g
15全埋白噪声0.075g0.075g
16多遇地震0.07g0.315g
17白噪声0.075g0.075g
18设防地震0.2g0.9g
19白噪声0.075g0.075g
20罕遇地震0.4g1.5g
21白噪声0.075g0.075g
), ArticleFig(id=1322904583227441851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904569642091078, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Reciprocal ofinterlayer displacement angle of drainage well model (1/θ)

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加载工况层级0.315g0.9g1.5g
不埋第一层1 945.5476.2454.5
第二层1 529.1256.4277.8
第三层5 291.08 333.3100.0
半埋第一层1 960.81 666.7200.0
第二层1 538.52 500.01 000.0
第三层5 555.61 030.91 369.9
全埋第一层3 076.94 255.3769.2
第二层2 857.1909.11 190.5
第三层1 282.11 111.1847.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322904583294550716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904569642091078, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

排水井模型层间位移角倒数(1/θ)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加载工况层级0.315g0.9g1.5g
不埋第一层1 945.5476.2454.5
第二层1 529.1256.4277.8
第三层5 291.08 333.3100.0
半埋第一层1 960.81 666.7200.0
第二层1 538.52 500.01 000.0
第三层5 555.61 030.91 369.9
全埋第一层3 076.94 255.3769.2
第二层2 857.1909.11 190.5
第三层1 282.11 111.1847.4
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尾矿库排水井的振动台试验研究
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朱佳妮 1, 2 , 王瑶 1, 2 , 魏作安 1, 2 , 路停 1, 2 , 杨永浩 3 , 张雪怡 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(5): 175-183
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (5) : 175 -183
尾矿库排水井的振动台试验研究
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朱佳妮1, 2 , 王瑶1, 2, 魏作安1, 2 , 路停1, 2, 杨永浩3, 张雪怡1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.重庆大学 煤矿灾害动力学与控制全国重点实验室,重庆 400044
  • 2.重庆大学 资源与安全学院,重庆 400044
  • 3.重庆交通大学 山区桥梁及隧道工程国家重点实验室,重庆 400074
通讯作者:
魏作安(1965—),男,江西安义人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为金属矿山开采、尾矿库治理等。E-mail:
作者简介:

朱佳妮(2000—),女,湖南湘潭人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为矿山安全。E-mail:

Study on Shaking Table Test of Drainage Well in Tailings Pond
Jiani ZHU1, 2 , Yao WANG1, 2, Zuoan WEI1, 2 , Ting LU1, 2, Yonghao YANG3, Xueyi ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
  • 2.School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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排水井作为尾矿库的重要安全设施,其结构稳定性直接关系到尾矿库的整体安全。基于相似性原理,采用振动台试验系统地研究尾矿库排水井在不同地震加速度和不同埋置深度工况下的动力响应特性和变化规律。研究结果表明:地震加速度峰值从0.315g增大到1.5g的过程中,排水井筒中的加速度放大系数呈先增大后减小的趋势,井壁由弹性逐渐向弹塑性转变,且刚度逐渐衰减;在1.5g地震加速度峰值作用下,排水井在全埋工况下的最大相对位移为0.967 mm,远小于不埋工况下排水井的最大相对位移5.295 mm,说明在地震作用下,排水井周围的尾矿对排水井筒起到稳固作用,排水井的抗震性能提高;地震加速度峰值从0.315g增大到1.5g的过程中,排水井在不埋、半埋和全埋工况下的一阶频率较初始自振频率分别下降了29.17%、27.05%、22.74%,排水井的刚度在不埋工况下退化最快;在地震作用下,井筒中不同位置的应变峰值与地震加速度峰值成正相关,最大应变值出现在排水井的底部,说明此处最易被震动破坏,在设计中应该提高排水井的底部抗震性能。

尾矿库  /  排水井  /  振动台试验  /  动力响应特征  /  地震加速度  /  相似原理

Drainage well is an important safety facility in tailings pond, its stability is related to the safety of tailings pond. Based on the similarity principle, the dynamic response characteristics and variation law of the drainage wells in tailings pond under different seismic accelerations and different buried depths were systematically studied by shaking table test. The results show that when the peak seismic acceleration increases from 0.315g to 1.5g, the acceleration amplification coefficient in the drainage wellbore increases first and then decreases, and the well wall gradually changes from elasticity to elastoplasticity, and the stiffness gradually decays. Under the action of 1.5g peak seismic acceleration, the maximum relative displacement of the drainage well under the full-buried condition is 0.967 mm, which is much smaller than that under the non-buried condition of 5.295 mm, indicating that under the action of seismic, the tailings around the drainage well play a stabilizing role in the drainage wellbore, and the seismic performance of the drainage well is improved. In the process of increasing the peak seismic acceleration from 0.315g to 1.5g, the first-order frequency of the drainage well under the non-buried, semi-buried and full-buried conditions decreases by 29.17%, 27.05% and 22.74%, respectively compared with the initial natural frequency, and the stiffness of the drainage well degrades fastest under the non-buried condition. Under the action of seismic, the strain peaks at different positions in the wellbore are positively correlated with the peak seismic acceleration. The maximum strain value appears at the bottom of the drainage well, indicating that it is most vulnerable to vibration damage. The seismic performance of the bottom of the drainage well should be enhanced in the design.

Tailings pond  /  Drainage well  /  Shaking table test  /  Dynamic response characteristic  /  Seismic acceleration  /  Similarity principle
朱佳妮, 王瑶, 魏作安, 路停, 杨永浩, 张雪怡. 尾矿库排水井的振动台试验研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 175 -183 .
Jiani ZHU, Yao WANG, Zuoan WEI, Ting LU, Yonghao YANG, Xueyi ZHANG. Study on Shaking Table Test of Drainage Well in Tailings Pond[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 175 -183 .
我国现有尾矿库约8 000座,总量居世界第一[1]。尾矿库事故在世界93种灾害中排第18位[2]。尾矿库溃坝是导致尾矿库灾害事故的主要原因,其次为排水系统破损导致的事故,占比约为18%[3]。例如,2020年3月28日,黑龙江省伊春鹿鸣矿尾矿库4号排水井倒塌,导致尾矿和尾水通过排水隧道泄漏进入下游河道,造成了下游河流和周边土壤严重污染,有约6.8 万人的用水受到了影响[4];2021年4月16日,乌拉特前旗西沙德盖钼业有限责任公司尾矿库排水井拱板脱落,导致约30 万 m3尾砂和尾水外泄[5]。据统计,尾矿库失事的各种诱发因素中,地震破坏高居第二位[6]。地震不仅会导致尾矿库溃坝失稳,还会造成尾矿库内的排水构筑物产生裂缝、错动、倒塌等破坏[7]。因此,对尾矿库排水井在地震作用下的稳定状态进行分析具有重要意义[8-10]。
针对尾矿库排水构筑物的设计,国家有相应的技术规范。针对尾矿库排水构筑物的稳定性研究,甘海阔等[11]利用受力模型分析了典型事故案例中排水井的受力状态以及构筑物的承载情况,得出了加强拱板填缝质量可以有效改善构筑物的稳定性。戴海旭[12]对排水井所受风荷载进行计算和分析,为排水井结构的设计提供了依据。LIU等[13]设计了一种新型排水井模型,该模型能有效降低渗流压力、减小潜流面等,能改善尾矿库的渗流稳定性。
振动台模型试验是目前研究构筑物抗震性能最直接、准确的试验手段。云高杰等[14]建立了1:220全桥结构试验模型,揭示了流水压力对桥梁动力特性的影响。安军海等[15]开展了近远场地震动作用下盾构扩挖地铁车站结构的振动台试验,给出了砂土地基中盾构扩挖车站结构的地震损伤演化机制。ZHANG等[16]开展了1:40的新型斜拱弯梁异形拱桥振动台模型试验,探明了其在El-Centro波、Taft波和人工波激励下的地震响应特征。KIM等[17]采用振动台试验研究了石塔结构的抗震性能,揭示了柱基类型对结构响应的影响。
目前,有关尾矿坝稳定性分析及灾变防治技术的研究已较为成熟,且形成了一套有效的尾矿坝隐患防治技术[18-19]。尾矿库排水构筑物主要侧重于泄流能力的计算分析,但对于其稳定性的研究较少[20-21]。我国位于世界两大主要地震带——亚欧地震带和环太平洋地震带的交汇处,地震风险较高,有关地震作用下尾矿库排水构筑物的受力状态及抗震性能的研究比较缺乏。本文以小打鹅尾矿库排水井为工程背景,探究不同地震加速度和埋置深度下排水井的动力响应特性及变化规律。研究成果可为尾矿库排水井的抗震设计及日常安全生产管理提供借鉴。
尾矿库排水井受力较为复杂,依据参考文献[22],采用以量纲和谐为核心的量纲分析法,选取3个可控相似常数,进而确定其余主要物理量的相似常数。采用低弹性模量以及高密度材料作为制作排水井模型的材料,采用添加适量配重的人工质量模型,基于Buckingham π定理,选取长度L、弹性模量E、密度ρ3个物理量作为可控相似常数。例如,原型排水井高25 m,则排水井模型根据相似比1/30可得模型排水井高度为0.83 m。根据量纲分析法确定排水井在地震作用下的动力特性。主要物理量在质量系统中对应的量纲以及相关相似关系表达式见表1。
本次振动台试验的几何相似比为1:30。可确定排水井模型的高度为0.83 m,外径为0.117 m,内径为0.093 m。根据表1中长度相似比和密度相似比,选用微粒混凝土以及20号和30号镀锌铁丝制作排水井模型,微粒混凝土的配比为PC42.5水泥:重晶石砂粗骨料:重晶石砂细骨料:水=1:2.43:4:1.3,锯末尾矿中锯末与尾矿的质量比为1:8。为使排水井模型能够固定在振动台台面上,且能充分还原原型排水井插入基岩的作用,排水井模型的制作分为井身和底座两个部分,且均使用相同的材料和配比。
排水井模型制作流程如图1所示。在制作排水井井身时,使用透明亚克力圆管作为外模,高密度圆柱体聚苯乙烯泡沫作为内膜,在浇筑微粒混凝土之前,先把泡沫内膜切割成合适的尺寸,绑扎排水井模型内部的钢筋笼,分别将内模、外模和钢筋笼固定好,用配置好设定配比的微粒混凝土进行分层浇筑,浇筑时用橡皮锤敲击,振捣密实,直到浇筑达到目标高度。静置24 h后进行脱模,并恒温恒湿养护28 d。
采用R148a水平单向电液伺服振动台系统,台面尺寸为3 m×3 m,额定载重为10 t,加载频段为0~50 Hz,沿水平向空台最大驱动加速度可达2.4g,在额定试件质量下的最大驱动加速度为1.5g,水平向最大驱动速度为1.0 m/s,倾覆力矩为300 kN/m。
在振动台试验中,模型箱是研究地震作用下埋地构筑物动力特性和地震响应的主要试验装置。本文选用刚性模型箱,根据排水井模型尺寸、振动台输入加速度大小及振动台台面大小,设计的模型箱尺寸为长×宽×高=40 cm×40 cm×100 cm。模型箱整体采用Q235钢材,刚度和稳定性符合要求,通过底面预留的螺栓孔与振动台固定。
刚性模型箱的箱体边界会对输入地震波产生反射,从而引发边界效应[23]。因此,设置了3种边界处理措施来改善模型箱的边界效应。第一种是设置滑动边界,在平行于振动方向(沿模型箱长度方向)两侧铺上聚氯乙烯薄膜,并涂润滑油,以减小锯末尾矿与侧壁的摩擦力;第二种是设置摩擦边界,为使模型箱中的锯末尾矿底部与振动台台面同步振动,在模型箱底面铺设一层砂纸,增大锯末尾矿与模型箱底面之间的摩擦力;第三种是在垂直于振动方向的两侧铺设一定厚度的聚苯乙烯泡沫板,以改善模型箱侧壁对地震波的反射作用,且泡沫消能系数β为2%~4%时,对边界效应的影响最小。本文采用的聚苯乙烯泡沫板内衬的厚度为1.6 cm。
为得到地震作用下排水井的动力响应特征,选用电容式单向加速度传感器(量程10g)和电阻应变片(尺寸为5 mm×3 mm)作为量测元器件来获取振动台试验过程中需要的各物理量数值。
考虑到排水井模型破坏时可能出现的薄弱位置,振动台试验共布置了8个加速度传感器和8个应变片测点(见图2(a)),各测点布置及编号的具体情况如图2(b)所示,其中加速度测点A1-28、A2-25、A3-26、A4-27沿排水井高度均匀布置,分别位于排水井模型0 cm、28 cm、56 cm、83 cm高度处,为了修正振动台台面实际输出地震波加速度与振动台输入地震波加速度之间的误差,在振动台台面布置了一个加速度测点A0,用来测量台面加速度响应值。A1-22、A2-24、A3-29是埋设于锯末尾矿中的加速度测点,与A1-28、A2-25、A3-26三个加速度测点分别对应于同一水平面。在排水井模型外壁的左右两侧分别布置了8个测点(编号为S1~S8),沿振动方向两侧均匀布置,与加速度测点分别位于同一水平位置处。
选择发生在小打鹅尾矿库所在地区附近的鲁甸地震的地震波(简称为鲁甸波)作为本次振动台试验的输入地震波,地震波持续时间为20 s。库区地震设防烈度为8度,根据《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011—2010)[24],8度设防烈度的库区多遇地震、设防地震和罕遇地震加速度峰值分别为0.07g、0.20g、0.40g。根据相似关系计算,得到加速度峰值(PGA)为0.315g、0.9g和1.5g,持时调整为1.72 s。调整后鲁甸波加速度时程曲线如图3所示。
振动台试验是一个损伤积累不可逆的过程。依据排水井在尾矿库中实际的存在情况(见图4),考虑3种埋置工况,分别为不埋(井身不被尾矿覆盖)、半埋(井身一半被尾矿覆盖)和全埋(井身全部被尾矿覆盖)。试验布置情况如图5所示,排水井安装于振动台台面中心位置,使其质心位于振动台台面中心,分别依次施加加速度峰值为0.315g、0.9g和1.5g的地震波。
整个排水井振动台的试验方案见表2,振动台试验过程按照1~21依次进行编号。每次加载前输入0.075g大小的白噪声进行扫频,从而获得排水井模型的自振频率,以便观察排水井模型在试验过程的刚度退化情况。
采用DHDAS动态信号采集分析系统得到排水井模型在各个测点和振动台台面的加速度响应信号,经过处理得到3种埋置工况下排水井模型各测点的加速度放大系数,如图6所示。从图6中可以看出,无论哪种埋置方式,加速度放大系数皆随着排水井高度的增加呈现出非线性增大的变化趋势,且增加幅度与地震加速度峰值呈现正相关的变化趋势。排水井模型底部测点A4-27的加速度放大系数最小,表明加速度响应信号十分微弱,这是因为模型底部测点附近土体的上覆土层和周围土层压力较大,受到的约束作用大。加速度峰值由0.315g增大到0.9g时,排水井整体的加速度放大系数增大,但此过程中排水井筒处于弹性阶段,加速度放大系数随着地震加速度峰值的增大而不断增大;当加速度继续由0.9g增大到1.5g时,加速度放大系数开始减小。究其原因,是因为排水井出现损伤,且损伤逐渐积累,刚度退化,排水井筒由弹性阶段转为弹塑性阶段。
对比排水井在3种工况下的测试结果,当加速度峰值由0.315g增大至1.5g时,全埋工况下整体加速度放大系数变化幅值最小,半埋工况次之,不埋工况最大。由此可知,尾矿能减缓地震对排水井的不利影响,其稳固性主要体现在以下两个方面:一是减少了排水井的惯性作用;二是有效降低了排水井的加速度反应。
排水井不同位置的位移是由加速度传感器得到的加速度数据二次积分求得。通过二次积分后得到的位移减去振动台台面的位移,求出排水井的相对位移,更能直观地分析排水井的位移响应。图7为排水井分别在3种工况及3个不同地震加速度峰值作用下各加速度测量点的相对位移。
随着地震加速度峰值的增大,排水井的相对位移响应逐渐增大,但在不同埋置工况下的增大程度存在差异。在不埋工况下,排水井在0.315g地震加速度峰值作用时整体相对位移由图7可知,仅为0.441 mm。在0.9g和1.5g地震加速度峰值作用下位移增幅加大,排水井最高点的相对位移较0.315g分别增加了183.76%和1 100.68%,且排水井在1.5g地震加速度峰值作用下,其最大相对位移达到了5.295 mm,此时排水井出现了较大的结构损伤;在1.5g地震加速度峰值作用下,半埋工况和全埋工况下排水井的最大相对位移分别为2.270 mm和0.967 mm,远小于不埋工况下排水井的最大相对位移,因此,排水井在周围锯末尾矿的作用下位移响应会减弱,这是因为尾矿对排水井有固定作用,限制了排水井的移动。
最大层间位移角可以用于研究构筑物损伤状态和抗倒塌能力。将排水井按照测点分布位置分为3层,第一层的高度范围为0~28 cm,第二层的高度范围为28~56 cm,第三层的高度范围为56~83 cm。各级加载工况下排水井的层间位移角的倒数()见表3,无论排水井处于何种埋置工况,排水井的层间位移角均随着地震加速度峰值的增加而增大,排水井的刚度随着地震加速度峰值的加大而逐渐开始退化。排水井在0.315g地震加速度峰值作用下,层间位移角均小于钢筋混凝土框架结构的弹性层间位移角限值1/550,表明排水井整体完好,处于弹性状态;在0.9g地震加速度峰值作用下,排水井处于不埋工况时,其最大层间位移值为1/256.4,超过弹性层间位移角限值,表明排水井开始出现塑性应变,局部出现了损伤;当加载地震加速度峰值达到1.5g时,处于不埋工况下的排水井层间位移角进一步增大,层间位移角的最大值为1/100,小于规范中的弹塑性层间位移角限值,表明排水井在1.5g时仍具有的良好抗震性能。
排水井的自振频率和阻尼比特性如图8所示。由图8可知,在3种工况下,排水井的自振频率均随着输入地震加速度峰值的增大而减小,而排水井的阻尼比随着输入地震加速度峰值的增大而增大,说明排水井在地震作用下产生了一定程度的变形与损伤。在地震加速度峰值从0.315g增大到1.5g的过程中,排水井在3种埋置工况下的一阶频率较初始自振频率分别下降了29.17%、27.05%、22.74%,排水井在不埋工况下的自振频率减小程度最大,刚度退化更快,损伤积累程度更严重,破坏的可能性最大,这与排水井的位移变化规律相一致。
相同工况下,排水井的一阶自振频率均小于二阶频率。相同地震加速度峰值下不同埋置工况的排水井自振频率存在差异,全埋工况下,排水井的自振频率最大,这是因为在全埋工况下,周围锯末尾矿对排水井具有完全嵌固作用,提高了排水井的抗弯刚度,导致排水井在地震波作用下的振动周期缩短,自振频率变大。
以测点S1、S2、S3、S4的应变峰值来分析排水井的应变响应。排水井在各工况下沿井身高度的应变变化规律如图9所示。从图9可以看出,在地震作用下,排水井在不同埋置工况下的应变峰值呈现相似的变化规律,应变峰值在底部最大,且随着排水井的高度而减小,说明排水井模型底部属于地震作用的最强烈部位,容易发生破坏。随着地震加速度峰值的增大,排水井的应变峰值也随之增大;排水井的应变峰值在全埋和半埋工况下均小于不埋工况,说明周围尾矿的约束会减缓排水井的变形,从而增强排水井的抗震性能。
通过尾矿库排水井的振动台试验,探究了在不同加速度峰值、不同埋置深度工况下排水井的动力响应特征,得到以下主要结论。
(1)排水井的加速度放大效应随着排水井高度的增加而增大,加速度放大系数随着输入加速度峰值的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,排水井刚度则会逐渐退化。全埋工况下排水井刚度退化程度最低,具有更好的抗震性能。周围尾矿的加速度放大系数则随着地震加速度峰值的增加先增大后减小,与结构响应一致。
(2)周围尾矿对排水井的稳固作用,使得排水井在全埋工况下的相对位移最小。层间位移角的结果显示,排水井在0.9g加速度峰值作用下会逐渐发生塑性破坏。
(3)排水井的自振频率随着输入地震加速度峰值的增大而减小;阻尼比随着地震加速度峰值的增加而增大。在不埋工况下,排水井的刚度退化较快,损伤累积的程度加剧,破坏的风险相应提高。
(4)排水井的最大应变值与地震加速度峰值成正相关,最大应变值从排水井顶部到底部逐渐增大,说明排水井底部承受的地震作用力最大,最容易发生破坏。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52304124)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金项目(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0497)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-25
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52304124)
重庆市自然科学基金项目(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0497)
作者信息
    1.重庆大学 煤矿灾害动力学与控制全国重点实验室,重庆 400044
    2.重庆大学 资源与安全学院,重庆 400044
    3.重庆交通大学 山区桥梁及隧道工程国家重点实验室,重庆 400074

通讯作者:

魏作安(1965—),男,江西安义人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为金属矿山开采、尾矿库治理等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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