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Article(id=1322904566353768645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334626996, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334626996, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334626996, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334626996, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=72, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904568132153542, articleId=1322904566353768645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Experimental Study of Coal Mine Backfill Materials Prepared from Cement and Circulating Fluidized Bed Fly Ash, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of low comprehensive utilization rate of circulating fluidized bed fly ash (CFBFA), coal mine backfill materials were prepared by adding a small amount of cement with CFBFA as the main raw material. The differences in physical and chemical properties between CFBFA and fly ash were compared. On this basis, the control variable method was used to explore the effects of mass concentration, cement dosage and synergist dosage on the fluidity, bleeding rate and compressive strength of backfill materials. In addition, the optimal mix proportion was selected and engineering test was carried out based on a coal mine filling project in Shanxi. The experimental results show that the CFBFA requires a large amount of water and has a high activity. The mass concentration and cement dosage are the key factors affecting the performance of the backfill materials. The higher the mass concentration, the worse the flowability of the filling slurry, the lower the bleeding rate, and the higher the strength of the filling body. The higher the cement dosage, the better the flowability and bleeding rate of the filling slurry, and the higher the strength of the filling body. Without the addition of synergist, the mass concentration is below 0.555, and the cement dosage is 200 kg/m3, the filling slurry meets the design requirements of flowability no more than 20 s and 28 day compressive strength no less than 3.0 MPa. However, the bleeding rate is greater than 2%, which does not meet the design requirements. The synergist can significantly improve the flowability of the filling slurry, reduce the bleeding rate, and reduce the cement dosage by up to 90 kg/m3. The suitable dosage of synergist is 5.0 kg/m3. Engineering tests have shown that the addition of synergists significantly improves the mixability and pumpability of the filling slurry. The flowability, bleeding rate, and compressive strength of the filling material prepared on site with a mass concentration of 0.595, cement dosage of 120 kg/m3, and synergist dosage of 5.0 kg/m3 can meet the engineering design requirements.

, authors=Peng GAO1, Dongliang WU2, Shitao YU1, Wenzheng MEI3, Zhiqing QIN4, Mingkai ZHOU3, authorsList=Peng GAO, Dongliang WU, Shitao YU, Wenzheng MEI, Zhiqing QIN, Mingkai ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mingkai ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904569897955545, articleId=1322904566353768645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=水泥-固硫灰煤矿充填材料试验研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解决循环流化床锅炉固硫灰(CFBFA)综合利用率低的问题，以固硫灰为主材，添加少量水泥制备煤矿充填材料。对比研究了固硫灰与普通粉煤灰的物理化学特性差异，在此基础上，采用控制变量法探讨了质量浓度、水泥用量和增效剂用量对水泥-固硫灰充填料浆流动性、泌水率和充填体抗压强度的影响规律，优选配合比并依托山西某煤矿充填工程进行了工程试验。试验结果表明：固硫灰需水量大、活性高，配制的充填材料性能主要受质量浓度和水泥用量影响，质量浓度越高，充填料浆流动性越差、泌水率越低，充填体强度越高；水泥用量越高，充填料浆流动性越好、泌水率越高，充填体强度越高；不添加增效剂，质量浓度低于0.555，水泥用量为200 kg/m3时，充填料浆满足流动度≤20 s,28 d抗压强度≥3.0 MPa的设计要求，但泌水率均大于2%，不满足设计要求；增效剂能够显著提高充填料浆流动性、降低泌水率，并最高减少水泥用量90 kg/m3，适宜的增效剂掺量为5.0 kg/m3。工程试验表明，添加增效剂后，充填料浆易拌性和易泵性明显提高，按质量浓度0.595、水泥用量120 kg/m3、增效剂用量5.0 kg/m3的配合比在充填站现场配制的充填料浆的流动性、泌水率和充填体抗压强度满足工程设计要求。

, authors=高鹏1, 毋东良2, 喻世涛1, 梅文政3, 秦志庆4, 周明凯3, authorsList=高鹏, 毋东良, 喻世涛, 梅文政, 秦志庆, 周明凯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周明凯, authorNote=

高鹏（1994—），男，内蒙古乌兰察布人，硕士，工程师，主要从事工业固废建材资源化利用研究。E-mail:

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周明凯（1964—），男，湖南长沙人，博士，教授，主要从事道路桥梁材料及工业废弃物综合利用方面的研究。E-mail:
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高鹏（1994—），男，内蒙古乌兰察布人，硕士，工程师，主要从事工业固废建材资源化利用研究。E-mail:

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高鹏（1994—），男，内蒙古乌兰察布人，硕士，工程师，主要从事工业固废建材资源化利用研究。E-mail:

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Main chemical composition of CFBFA and fly ash

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材料SiO2Al2O3SO3Fe2O3CaOTiO2K2OMgO
固硫灰42.0131.574.675.805.371.370.910.74
粉煤灰51.4627.940.484.603.540.962.130.72
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固硫灰和粉煤灰主要化学成分

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材料SiO2Al2O3SO3Fe2O3CaOTiO2K2OMgO
固硫灰42.0131.574.675.805.371.370.910.74
粉煤灰51.4627.940.484.603.540.962.130.72
), ArticleFig(id=1322904577443508507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904566353768645, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Water demand ratio and activity index of CFBFA and fly ash

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材料名称需水量比/%强度活性指数/%
7 d 龄期28 d 龄期
固硫灰1326584
粉煤灰1025668
), ArticleFig(id=1322904577539977500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904566353768645, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

固硫灰和粉煤灰的需水量比和强度活性指数

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材料名称需水量比/%强度活性指数/%
7 d 龄期28 d 龄期
固硫灰1326584
粉煤灰1025668
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Mix proportion of tests

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编号质量浓度原料用量/(kg·m–3)
水泥固硫灰水增效剂
A10.5652006636650
A20.565180682663
A30.565160701663
A40.555200641674
A50.555180659673
A60.555160678672
A70.545200618683
A80.545180637682
A90.545160678672
B10.5951208086323.0
B20.5951208086323.5
B30.5951208086324.0
B40.5951208086324.5
B50.5951208086325.0
B60.5951208086325.5
C10.5951308006335.0
C20.595120808632
C30.595110818632
C40.585130788638
C50.585120785642
C60.585110806637
C70.575130776642
C80.575120761651
C90.575110795642
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试验配合比

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编号质量浓度原料用量/(kg·m–3)
水泥固硫灰水增效剂
A10.5652006636650
A20.565180682663
A30.565160701663
A40.555200641674
A50.555180659673
A60.555160678672
A70.545200618683
A80.545180637682
A90.545160678672
B10.5951208086323.0
B20.5951208086323.5
B30.5951208086324.0
B40.5951208086324.5
B50.5951208086325.0
B60.5951208086325.5
C10.5951308006335.0
C20.595120808632
C30.595110818632
C40.585130788638
C50.585120785642
C60.585110806637
C70.575130776642
C80.575120761651
C90.575110795642
), ArticleFig(id=1322904577800024351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904566353768645, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Engineering tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号配合比流动度/s泌水率/%电流/A泵送管压/MPa28 d抗压强度/MPa
质量浓度水泥/(kg/m3)增效剂/(kg/m3)
ZS00.5652000.0224.5582.53.11
ZS10.5951105.0190.7452.03.21
), ArticleFig(id=1322904577875521824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904566353768645, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

工程试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号配合比流动度/s泌水率/%电流/A泵送管压/MPa28 d抗压强度/MPa
质量浓度水泥/(kg/m3)增效剂/(kg/m3)
ZS00.5652000.0224.5582.53.11
ZS10.5951105.0190.7452.03.21
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水泥-固硫灰煤矿充填材料试验研究
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高鹏 1 , 毋东良 2 , 喻世涛 1 , 梅文政 3 , 秦志庆 4 , 周明凯 3
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(5): 72-78
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (5) : 72 -78
水泥-固硫灰煤矿充填材料试验研究
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高鹏1 , 毋东良2, 喻世涛1, 梅文政3, 秦志庆4, 周明凯3
作者信息
  • 1.长治市武理工工程技术研究院，山西　长治市　046004
  • 2.山东康格能源科技有限公司，山东　济南　250101
  • 3.武汉理工大学 材料科学与工程学院，湖北　武汉　430070
  • 4.山西卓越水泥有限公司，山西　长治市　047500
通讯作者:
周明凯（1964—），男，湖南长沙人，博士，教授，主要从事道路桥梁材料及工业废弃物综合利用方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

高鹏（1994—），男，内蒙古乌兰察布人，硕士，工程师，主要从事工业固废建材资源化利用研究。E-mail:

Experimental Study of Coal Mine Backfill Materials Prepared from Cement and Circulating Fluidized Bed Fly Ash
Peng GAO1 , Dongliang WU2, Shitao YU1, Wenzheng MEI3, Zhiqing QIN4, Mingkai ZHOU3
Affiliations
  • 1.Changzhi Engineering Technology Institute of Wuhan University of Technology, Changzhi, Shanxi 046004, China
  • 2.Shandong Kangge Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
  • 3.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • 4.Shanxi Excellent Cement Co., Ltd., Changzhi, Shanxi 047500, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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摘要
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为了解决循环流化床锅炉固硫灰(CFBFA)综合利用率低的问题，以固硫灰为主材，添加少量水泥制备煤矿充填材料。对比研究了固硫灰与普通粉煤灰的物理化学特性差异，在此基础上，采用控制变量法探讨了质量浓度、水泥用量和增效剂用量对水泥-固硫灰充填料浆流动性、泌水率和充填体抗压强度的影响规律，优选配合比并依托山西某煤矿充填工程进行了工程试验。试验结果表明：固硫灰需水量大、活性高，配制的充填材料性能主要受质量浓度和水泥用量影响，质量浓度越高，充填料浆流动性越差、泌水率越低，充填体强度越高；水泥用量越高，充填料浆流动性越好、泌水率越高，充填体强度越高；不添加增效剂，质量浓度低于0.555，水泥用量为200 kg/m3时，充填料浆满足流动度≤20 s,28 d抗压强度≥3.0 MPa的设计要求，但泌水率均大于2%，不满足设计要求；增效剂能够显著提高充填料浆流动性、降低泌水率，并最高减少水泥用量90 kg/m3，适宜的增效剂掺量为5.0 kg/m3。工程试验表明，添加增效剂后，充填料浆易拌性和易泵性明显提高，按质量浓度0.595、水泥用量120 kg/m3、增效剂用量5.0 kg/m3的配合比在充填站现场配制的充填料浆的流动性、泌水率和充填体抗压强度满足工程设计要求。

固硫灰  /  充填材料  /  流动性  /  泌水率  /  抗压强度

In order to solve the problem of low comprehensive utilization rate of circulating fluidized bed fly ash (CFBFA), coal mine backfill materials were prepared by adding a small amount of cement with CFBFA as the main raw material. The differences in physical and chemical properties between CFBFA and fly ash were compared. On this basis, the control variable method was used to explore the effects of mass concentration, cement dosage and synergist dosage on the fluidity, bleeding rate and compressive strength of backfill materials. In addition, the optimal mix proportion was selected and engineering test was carried out based on a coal mine filling project in Shanxi. The experimental results show that the CFBFA requires a large amount of water and has a high activity. The mass concentration and cement dosage are the key factors affecting the performance of the backfill materials. The higher the mass concentration, the worse the flowability of the filling slurry, the lower the bleeding rate, and the higher the strength of the filling body. The higher the cement dosage, the better the flowability and bleeding rate of the filling slurry, and the higher the strength of the filling body. Without the addition of synergist, the mass concentration is below 0.555, and the cement dosage is 200 kg/m3, the filling slurry meets the design requirements of flowability no more than 20 s and 28 day compressive strength no less than 3.0 MPa. However, the bleeding rate is greater than 2%, which does not meet the design requirements. The synergist can significantly improve the flowability of the filling slurry, reduce the bleeding rate, and reduce the cement dosage by up to 90 kg/m3. The suitable dosage of synergist is 5.0 kg/m3. Engineering tests have shown that the addition of synergists significantly improves the mixability and pumpability of the filling slurry. The flowability, bleeding rate, and compressive strength of the filling material prepared on site with a mass concentration of 0.595, cement dosage of 120 kg/m3, and synergist dosage of 5.0 kg/m3 can meet the engineering design requirements.

CFBFA  /  Backfill material  /  Fluidity  /  Bleeding rate  /  Compressive strength
高鹏, 毋东良, 喻世涛, 梅文政, 秦志庆, 周明凯. 水泥-固硫灰煤矿充填材料试验研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 72 -78 .
Peng GAO, Dongliang WU, Shitao YU, Wenzheng MEI, Zhiqing QIN, Mingkai ZHOU. Experimental Study of Coal Mine Backfill Materials Prepared from Cement and Circulating Fluidized Bed Fly Ash[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 72 -78 .
正文
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0　引言
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循环流化床(CFB)锅炉发电技术因可利用煤矸石、煤泥等低热值燃料发电而在我国得到了广泛应用[1]，CFB锅炉采用炉内喷钙进行脱硫，由此产生的除尘灰又名固硫灰（CFBFA）。我国每年产出固硫灰2.8　亿t，综合利用率低，处理方式主要以填埋、堆存为主，不仅占用土地，而且污染环境[2]。
固硫灰具有较高活性，可作为混合材料掺配于水泥中，但由于固硫灰需水量大、硫钙含量高，用量不宜过高。GLINICKI等[3]研究发现固硫灰中无定型的偏高岭石组分具有较高的火山灰活性；CHEN等[4]定量检测发现固硫灰的28 d活性指数可达85.4%。但固硫灰颗粒表面粗糙，疏松多孔，需水量大，对浆体流动性影响较大，同时固硫灰中f-CaO和SO3含量较高，易导致水泥基体出现局部膨胀，引起安定性不良，所以固硫灰在水泥中的用量不宜超过25%[5-9]。
煤矿注浆材料对用水量和膨胀性要求较低，可以大量使用固硫灰，目前已有相关的研究与应用。肖杰等[10]使用固硫灰与钢渣混合制备注浆材料，发现以固硫灰为主材的多元固废注浆材料具备替代水泥基注浆材料的可行性。徐冬杰等[11]以水泥和固硫灰配制了具有微膨胀性的注浆材料，并在公路下伏煤矿采空区进行了应用。但单一途径利用难以解决固硫灰排量巨大的问题，仍需开辟新的规模化利用途径。
为了解决“三下”压煤开采与采后地表沉降问题，充填开采工艺在煤矿开采领域迅速普及，充填过程中需要使用大量充填材料[12]。目前煤矿用的充填材料主要为水泥、粉煤灰、胶结煤矸石，从充填目的来看，充填材料与注浆材料类同，均要求高流态，不同的是充填对材料泌水性和强度要求更高。只要性能达到要求，不加入煤矸石骨料也可行。
基于此，本文以循环流化床固硫灰为主要原料，加入少量水泥和增效剂制备煤矿充填材料。在揭示固硫灰物理化学特性的基础上，探究质量浓度和水泥用量对充填料浆流动性、泌水率与充填体抗压强度的影响规律，通过增效剂改善料浆性能，提出满足工程设计要求的水泥-固硫灰充填材料配合比，并依托吕梁某煤矿开展充填工程应用。本文将固硫灰应用于充填材料，在为固硫灰提供新的资源化利用途径的同时，也为煤矿充填工程扩宽了充填原材料来源，为充填材料低碳、低成本配制提供了技术方向。
1　试验部分
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1.1　试验原料
试验用循环流化床固硫灰来自山西某煤矸石发电厂。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线荧光光谱(XRF)检测固硫灰颗粒表面形貌(见图1)和化学成分(见表1)，依据《用于水泥和混凝土中的粉煤灰》(GB/T 1596—2005)测试了固硫灰的需水量比和强度活性指数，并与普通电厂粉煤灰进行对比，试验结果见表2。
分析图1可以看出，固硫灰和粉煤灰颗粒形貌存在较大差异。固硫灰颗粒形状不规则，大都呈多面体，表面粗糙且结构疏松；粉煤灰颗粒形状多呈球形且表面光滑，这是导致固硫灰需水性高于粉煤灰的主要原因。由表2可知，固硫灰需水量比较粉煤灰提高30个百分点。除此之外，固硫灰与粉煤灰的火山灰活性也存在较大差异，固硫灰的7 d、28 d强度活性指数分别为65%、84%，较同龄期普通粉煤灰分别提高9个百分点和16个百分点，这是因为固硫灰的形成温度约850~950 ℃，煤矸石、煤泥中的黏土质矿物在此温度下会转化为低结晶度的偏高岭石[13-14]。
试验采用P⋅O42.5水泥，3 d抗压强度为27 MPa,28 d抗压强度为58 MPa，比表面积为364 kg/m3。试验用增效剂为充填专用外加剂。
1.2　充填材料配合比设计
1.2.1　配合比设计关键参数
水泥-固硫灰充填材料主要由水泥、固硫灰和水配制而成，这与水泥-粉煤灰浆类似，其配合比设计一般使用体积法，各原材料单位体积充填材料用量存在式(1)所示的关系；充填料浆工作性能与质量浓度相关性很高，而质量浓度与原材料单位体积用量存在如式(2)所示的关系。
式中：mc为单位立方充填材料中水泥用量；mf为单位立方充填材料中粉煤灰用量；mw为单位立方充填材料中用水量；ρc为水泥表观密度；ρf为粉煤灰表观密度；ρw为水表观密度；p为充填材料质量浓度。
综合式(1)和式(2)可以看出，在给定质量浓度和水泥用量这两个参数后，粉煤灰用量和用水量可由式(3)和式(4)计算得出。因此，本文将质量浓度和水泥用量作为充填材料配合比设计的关键参数。经检测，ρc、ρf、ρw分别为3　000kg/m3、2 470 kg/m3、1 000 kg/m3。
1.2.2　研究思路与试验方案
首先研究质量浓度和水泥用量对充填料浆流动性、泌水率和充填体抗压强度的影响，并探究不掺增效剂时，充填料浆适宜的质量浓度范围和水泥用量。然后固定质量浓度和水泥用量，研究增效剂掺量对充填材料性能的影响[15]。基于增效剂对充填材料性能的改善作用，选取适宜的增效剂掺量，探究增效剂作用前后，充填料浆适宜的质量浓度范围和水泥用量的变化。
基于上述研究思路，试验配合比主要分为三组：A组，不掺增效剂，设置质量浓度分别为0.565, 0.555, 0.545，各质量浓度下水泥用量分别为200 kg/m3，180kg/m3和160 kg/m3；B组，固定质量浓度0.595，水泥用量为120 kg/m3，分别掺入增效剂3.0~5.5 kg/m3，用量以0.5 kg/m3递增；C组，固定增效剂掺量为5.0 kg/m3，质量浓度分别为0.595, 0.585, 0.575，各质量浓度下水泥用量分别为130 kg/m3，120 kg/m3和110 kg/m3，配合比详见表3。依据表3中的配合比制备充填材料，检测料浆流动性、泌水率和充填体抗压强度。
1.3　充填材料性能表征与检测方法
1.3.1　流动性
流动性是评价充填料浆在管道中泵送与在井下扩展流动的核心指标。依据《金属非金属矿山充填工程技术标准》(GB/T 51450—2022)，含有粗骨料充填材料的流动性宜采用混凝土材料常用的坍落度表征，而对于尾砂等细集料的充填浆体，可以采用扩展度表征流动性；对于流动状态类似于灰浆的灌浆材料，一般参照《公路工程水泥及水泥混凝土试验规程》(JTG 3420—2020)，采用倒锥法，记录料浆完全从锥形桶中流出的时间为流动度以表征流动性，流动度越小，流动性越好。
固硫灰与普通煤灰差异较大，为探究适合于水泥固硫灰充填料浆流动性的表征方法，固定水泥用量为120 kg/m3，增效剂掺量为4.2kg/m3，配置了质量浓度范围为0.600~0.575、递增量为0.005的系列质量浓度充填料浆，分别采用坍落度、扩展度和倒锥法三种方法测试其流动性，其中针对浆体不含粗骨料的特点，坍落度和扩展度测试时所用坍落度筒较标准筒二维尺寸等比缩小到70%，流动性试验结果如图2所示。
分析图2可以看出，流动性充填料浆在质量浓度区间内均能自流平，坍落度随充填料浆质量浓度降低，增长幅度很小，相对极差仅18%。扩展度在高质量浓度区间(0.600~0.585)随质量浓度降低有明显增长，当质量浓度降低于0.585时，扩展度变化很小，这说明扩展度仅适用于低流动性下充填料浆的流动性指标，具有一定的局限性。倒锥法流动度在整个质量浓度区间内与质量浓度呈线性相关，且相对极差大，数据离散程度大。可见，倒锥法流动度测试范围更广，精度更高，适宜作为水泥-固硫灰充填料浆的流动性评价方法。
1.3.2　泌水率
泌水率是影响充填体接顶效果的重要因素，充填浆体硬化过程中产生的泌水层过大会形成空区，造成接顶不良。《金属非金属矿山充填工程技术标准》(GB/T 51450—2022)要求充填材料的泌水率是泌水质量与总水量之比，实际上从泌水对接顶影响的角度来分析，泌水层体积与充填料浆总初始体积之比更为重要。为此，水泥-固硫灰充填料浆泌水率参考《公路工程水泥及水泥混凝土试验规程》(JTG 3420—2020)中水泥浆体自由泌水率试验方法，将充填料浆密封静置2 h后，以泌水层体积与充填料浆总初始体积的比值进行表征。
1.3.3　抗压强度
抗压强度是评价充填体对顶板支撑力大小的重要指标。水泥-固硫灰充填材料原料中无粗骨料，与水泥砂浆类似，故参考《建筑砂浆基本性能试验方法标准》（JGJ/T 70—2009)，将浆体制备成尺寸为70.7 mm×70.7mm×70.7 mm的充填体试件，置于(20±2) ℃、相对湿度≥90%的环境下养护，采用YAW-300.10S型恒定加载水泥抗折抗压试验机，以0.2 kN/s恒定加载速度测定其28 d抗压强度。
依据以上性能表征方法并结合具体工程要求，充填料浆的流动度应不高于20 s，泌水率宜不高于2%，充填体28 d抗压强度应不低于3.0 MPa。
2　试验结果与分析
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2.1　质量浓度和水泥用量对充填材料性能的影响（不掺增效剂）
图3显示了不掺增效剂时，质量浓度和水泥用量对充填料浆流动性、泌水率和充填体抗压强度的影响。图3(a)中，A3（质量浓度0.565，水泥160 kg/m3）和A6（质量浓度0.555，水泥160kg/m3）流动性过差，浆体无法从倒锥桶中完全流出，因此无数据。
从图3可以看出，随着质量浓度增高，流动度增大，流动性变差，泌水率降低，28 d抗压强度提高；随着水泥用量增加，料浆流动性变好，泌水率升高，28 d抗压强度提高。
当水泥用量达到200 kg/m3，充填体28 d抗压强度可达3.5 MPa左右，但质量浓度不高于0.555时，才可满足流动度≤20 s的要求，此时料浆泌水率远高于2.0%，最小值为6.1%。这是因为固硫灰需水量大，需降低质量浓度才能使料浆流动性达到泵送要求，但用水量增大导致料浆泌水率升高，且充填体抗压强度与质量浓度成正相关，为保证强度，需维持200 kg/m3的高水泥用量。
2.2　增效剂掺量对充填材料性能的影响
图4显示了质量浓度0.595和水泥用量120 kg/m3条件下，增效剂掺量对充填料浆流动性、泌水率和充填体抗压强度的影响。
由图4可以看出，随着增效剂掺量的增加，充填料浆流动度显著降低，流动性明显提升，泌水率无明显变化。当增效剂掺量达到5.0 kg/m3，各性能指标变化均趋于平缓。增效剂掺量为5.0 kg/m3时，浆体流动度为18 s，泌水率为1.88%，28 d抗压强度为3.4 MPa，满足工程设计要求。可见，掺入增效剂后，可在高质量浓度下配置出高流动性、低泌水率的充填料浆，且在提高质量浓度和激发固硫灰活性的双重作用下，同强度时，充填材料水泥用量可从200 kg/m3降低至120 kg/m3。
2.3　质量浓度和水泥用量对充填材料性能的影响（掺入增效剂）
图5显示了增效剂掺量为5.0 kg/m3时，质量浓度和水泥用量对充填料浆流动性、泌水率和充填体抗压强度的影响。
从图5可以看出，掺入增效剂后，充填材料性能随质量浓度和水泥用量改变的变化规律与掺入前一致，但充填材料技术经济效益明显提升。首先，水泥用量大幅降低，120~130 kg/m3用量下，28 d强度均高于3.0 MPa，质量浓度为0.595时，水泥用量可降低至110 kg/m3；其次，流动性明显提升，在质量浓度0.575~0.595范围内，不同水泥用量下充填料浆流动度均可满足低于20s的要求；同时，泌水率大幅下降，质量浓度为0.595时，110~130 kg/m3水泥用量下，泌水率均满足要求，质量浓度为0.585时，110~120 kg/m3水泥用量下，泌水率均可满足要求。总体而言，质量浓度0.595时、水泥用量110 kg/m3，或质量浓度0.585时、水泥用量120 kg/m3，制备的充填料浆各性能指标均满足要求。
3　工程应用
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为论证水泥-固硫灰充填材料的工程应用效果，在山西吕梁某煤矿充填站进行工程试验。试验设计两组配合比：ZS0，质量浓度0.565、水泥用量200 kg/m3、不掺增效剂；ZS1，质量浓度0.595、水泥用量110kg/m3、掺5.0 kg/m3增效剂。
试验过程中，从搅拌机内取出充填料浆，测试流动度、泌水率和充填体28 d抗压强度，同时记录搅拌机工作电流，泵送管压等施工关键参数。搅拌机工作电流越小，表明料浆越易搅拌，泵送管压越小，表明料浆越易泵送。工程试验结果见表4。
分析表4可以看出，工程试验结果与实验室一致，不掺增效剂、水泥用量200 kg/m3与掺增效剂、水泥用量110 kg/m3时28 d抗压强度基本一致，但掺入增效剂的充填料浆流动度和泌水率均显著降低，流动度由22 s下降至19 s，泌水率由4.5%下降至0.7%。此外，搅拌机工作电流和泵送管压均显著下降，这表明加入增效剂后，充填料浆的易拌性和易泵性均大幅提升，这有利于提高施工效率。
4　结论
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（1）固硫灰与普通粉煤灰相比，具有需水量大、活性高的特点。水泥固硫灰充填材料可参考《公路工程水泥及水泥混凝土试验规程》（JTG 3420—2020），采用倒锥法流动度表征流动性，以体积泌水率表征泌水性，并参考《建筑砂浆基本性能试验方法标准》（JGJ/T 70—2009)进行抗压强度的测定。
（2）水泥固硫灰充填料浆性能主要受质量浓度和水泥用量的影响。质量浓度越高，充填料浆流动性越差，泌水率越低，抗压强度越高；水泥用量越高，料浆流动性越好，泌水率越高，抗压强度越高。不掺增效剂，质量浓度低于0.555，水泥用量200 kg/m3时可满足流动度≤20s、28 d抗压强度≥3.0 MPa的要求，但泌水率最低6.1%，不满足泌水率≤2%的设计要求。
（3）增效剂能够显著改善充填料浆的流动状态，降低泌水率，并减少同强度下水泥用量。增效剂适宜掺量为5.0 kg/m3，同强度下，泌水率可降低至2%以下，且水泥用量最高可减少90 kg/m3。增效剂掺量5.0 kg/m3，质量浓度0.595，水泥用量仅需110 kg/m3，充填料浆流动性、泌水率和充填体抗压强度满足设计要求。
（4）工程应用结果表明，按照质量浓度0.595、水泥用量110 kg/m3、增效剂掺量5.0 kg/m3，制备的充填料浆易于搅拌与泵送，流动性、泌水率和强度指标符合工程设计要求，这为固硫灰在充填材料中的应用奠定了基础。
基金
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  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2022B016)
文献
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间：2024-06-24
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-24
基金
中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2022B016)
作者信息
    1.长治市武理工工程技术研究院，山西　长治市　046004
    2.山东康格能源科技有限公司，山东　济南　250101
    3.武汉理工大学 材料科学与工程学院，湖北　武汉　430070
    4.山西卓越水泥有限公司，山西　长治市　047500

通讯作者:

周明凯（1964—），男，湖南长沙人，博士，教授，主要从事道路桥梁材料及工业废弃物综合利用方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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