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Article(id=1322904556266455516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721232000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334624591, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334624591, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334624591, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334624591, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=34, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904556471976413, articleId=1322904556266455516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Design and Optimization of Open-Pit to Underground Mining Method in Sijiaying Iron Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problems faced by the selection of mining methods in the process of open-pit to underground mining in Sijiaying Iron Mine, based on the complex deposit occurrence characteristics of the mining area and the mining technical conditions of the mining surface environment, the stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method and the sublevel open-stope subsequent filling mining method were proposed, and the traditional staggered arrangement of ore transportation was optimized. The results show that the mining method of combined mining of scraper and pit truck in stage can effectively shorten the transportation distance of scraper and improve the transportation efficiency. When the stage height of the optimized mining method is 60 m, the height of the chute in the mining area is reduced by 30 m, and the number of chutes in the panel area is reduced from 6 to 2, which reduces the amount of preparation work and reduces the mining cost. The key problems that should be paid attention to in the selection and implementation of mining methods in this mining area are pointed out, in order to provide a guidance for the open-pit to underground mining work in Sijiaying Iron Mine.

, authors=Hua LI1, Yilin TIAN2, Jingwu QIN1, Zengxiang LU3, Xinrong WANG3, authorsList=Hua LI, Yilin TIAN, Jingwu QIN, Zengxiang LU, Xinrong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zengxiang LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904559387017704, articleId=1322904556266455516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=司家营铁矿露天转地下采矿方法设计与优化, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对司家营铁矿区由露天转地下开采过程中采矿方法选择所面临的难题，基于矿区复杂的矿床赋存特征与开采地表环境等开采技术条件，提出了阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法和分段空场嗣后充填采矿法，并对矿石运输的传统错段式布置进行优化。结果表明：采用阶段内铲运机与坑内卡车联合出矿的采矿方法，有效缩短了铲运机的运输距离，提高了运输效率；优化后采矿方法的阶段高度为60 m时，采区溜井高度降低了30 m，盘区内的溜井数量由原设计的6条减少至2条，减少了采准工程量，降低了采矿成本。指出了该矿区采矿方法选择与实施过程中应关注的重点问题，以期为司家营铁矿开展的露天转地下开采工作提供指导。

, authors=李华1, 田益琳2, 秦敬武1, 路增祥3, 王薪荣3, authorsList=李华, 田益琳, 秦敬武, 路增祥, 王薪荣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=路增祥, authorNote=

李华（1983—），男，河北易县人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事金属矿床开采方面的设计与研究。E-mail:

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路增祥（1965—），男，陕西富平人，博士，教授，主要从事金属矿床地下开采方面的教学与研究。E-mail:
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李华（1983—），男，河北易县人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事金属矿床开采方面的设计与研究。E-mail:

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李华（1983—），男，河北易县人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事金属矿床开采方面的设计与研究。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=021OQ/yVKUkNYUSZIm6Ydw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904564361462301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904556266455516, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of orebody occurrence

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矿体分类占比/%平均厚度/m平均倾角/(°)
极厚大矿体59.83111.531.9
厚矿体23.2934.129.2
中厚矿体15.8312.931.5
薄矿体1.053.733.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322904564436959774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904556266455516, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿体赋存的基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿体分类占比/%平均厚度/m平均倾角/(°)
极厚大矿体59.83111.531.9
厚矿体23.2934.129.2
中厚矿体15.8312.931.5
薄矿体1.053.733.2
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司家营铁矿露天转地下采矿方法设计与优化
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李华 1 , 田益琳 2 , 秦敬武 1 , 路增祥 3 , 王薪荣 3
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(5): 34-41
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (5) : 34 -41
司家营铁矿露天转地下采矿方法设计与优化
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李华1 , 田益琳2, 秦敬武1, 路增祥3 , 王薪荣3
作者信息
  • 1.河北钢铁集团矿业有限公司，河北　唐山市　063000
  • 2.河北钢铁集团滦县司家营铁矿有限公司，河北　唐山市　063701
  • 3.辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院，辽宁　鞍山市　114051
通讯作者:
路增祥（1965—），男，陕西富平人，博士，教授，主要从事金属矿床地下开采方面的教学与研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

李华（1983—），男，河北易县人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事金属矿床开采方面的设计与研究。E-mail:

Design and Optimization of Open-Pit to Underground Mining Method in Sijiaying Iron Mine
Hua LI1 , Yilin TIAN2, Jingwu QIN1, Zengxiang LU3 , Xinrong WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Hebei Iron and Steel Group Mining Co., Ltd., Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
  • 2.Luanxian Sijiaying Iron ore Co., Ltd., Hebei Iron and Steel Group, Tangshan, Hebei 063701, China
  • 3.School of Mining Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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摘要
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针对司家营铁矿区由露天转地下开采过程中采矿方法选择所面临的难题，基于矿区复杂的矿床赋存特征与开采地表环境等开采技术条件，提出了阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法和分段空场嗣后充填采矿法，并对矿石运输的传统错段式布置进行优化。结果表明：采用阶段内铲运机与坑内卡车联合出矿的采矿方法，有效缩短了铲运机的运输距离，提高了运输效率；优化后采矿方法的阶段高度为60 m时，采区溜井高度降低了30 m，盘区内的溜井数量由原设计的6条减少至2条，减少了采准工程量，降低了采矿成本。指出了该矿区采矿方法选择与实施过程中应关注的重点问题，以期为司家营铁矿开展的露天转地下开采工作提供指导。

露天矿  /  地下开采  /  采矿方法  /  空场嗣后充填采矿法

Aiming at the problems faced by the selection of mining methods in the process of open-pit to underground mining in Sijiaying Iron Mine, based on the complex deposit occurrence characteristics of the mining area and the mining technical conditions of the mining surface environment, the stage open-stope subsequent filling mining method and the sublevel open-stope subsequent filling mining method were proposed, and the traditional staggered arrangement of ore transportation was optimized. The results show that the mining method of combined mining of scraper and pit truck in stage can effectively shorten the transportation distance of scraper and improve the transportation efficiency. When the stage height of the optimized mining method is 60 m, the height of the chute in the mining area is reduced by 30 m, and the number of chutes in the panel area is reduced from 6 to 2, which reduces the amount of preparation work and reduces the mining cost. The key problems that should be paid attention to in the selection and implementation of mining methods in this mining area are pointed out, in order to provide a guidance for the open-pit to underground mining work in Sijiaying Iron Mine.

Open-pit mine  /  Underground mining  /  Mining method  /  Open-stope subsequent filling mining method
李华, 田益琳, 秦敬武, 路增祥, 王薪荣. 司家营铁矿露天转地下采矿方法设计与优化. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 34 -41 .
Hua LI, Yilin TIAN, Jingwu QIN, Zengxiang LU, Xinrong WANG. Design and Optimization of Open-Pit to Underground Mining Method in Sijiaying Iron Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 34 -41 .
正文
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0　引言
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采矿方法的合理选择与应用，是露天转地下开采矿山实现资源安全高效回采的重要研究内容之一[1]。随着国内外露天转地下开采矿山数量的不断增加，研究适合于露天转地下开采的采矿方法及其结构参数，已成为矿业科技工作者的主要研究方向。龚永超等[2]针对某铁矿采用分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填法采矿过程中发生的顶板垮塌问题，采用技术经济分析与数值模拟相结合的方法，对该矿的采矿方法与采场结构参数进行了优化研究与应用，取得了良好的经济效益与应用效果。AYESHA等[3]基于二元球形模糊语言集，提出了一种新的多目标优化比率，分析了全乘法的采矿方法选择对策，并通过对开阳磷矿开采方法选择的数值算例，验证了该对策的适用性和真实性。田昌进等[4]采用KLEE法对某急倾斜薄矿脉钨矿采矿方法的选择进行了研究，通过定量化计算确定各评价指标的权重，得到各采矿方法的最终得分，确定出该矿山最合适的采矿方法。王丹华等[5]通过考虑评价指标在采矿方法选择中的公平性和客观性，建立了基于贝叶斯公式的采矿方法优选的评价模型，并将该模型用于案例矿山的采矿方法选择中，取得了较好的效果。路燕泽等[6]针对某铁矿复杂采场矿岩强度低、易坍塌的风险，在矿山岩体力学研究的基础上，采用Mathew稳定图表法和数值模拟方法，确定了该矿合理的采矿方法结构参数和回采方案。罗来和等[7]利用FLAC3D数值模拟软件研究了贵州簸箕田金矿3种采矿法的最优采场结构参数。李加州等[8]将层次分析法与逼近理想解排序法相结合，提出了基于AHP-TOPSIS模型的采场结构参数优选方法与综合评判模型。
综上可知，针对即将由露天转地下开采的矿山，从安全上可靠、技术上可行、经济上合理和环保上允许4个方面[9]研究适宜的采矿方法，具有重要的研究意义。司家营铁矿区是河北钢铁集团的重点铁矿山，经过十几年的露天开采，已进入深凹露天矿开采阶段，露天转地下开采的相关研究也迫在眉睫。本文基于司家营铁矿区的矿床赋存特征和开采环境，对矿区由露天转入地下开采的采矿方法进行深入研究，以期为该矿区从露天转地下开采的转型设计与研究提供指导。
1　矿区资源及其赋存特征
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1.1　矿体赋存特征
司家营铁矿床为冀东地区典型的“鞍山式”沉积变质铁矿床，受背形和南北向断裂构造控制。矿区内4条主要矿体呈平行带状排列，走向近南北，走向长约为4 km，倾向西，倾角为40°~50°。受不同程度区域变质作用和变质铁硅建造影响，司家营铁矿床及其围岩呈现出层状、似层状和透镜状结构[10]。矿体由多层矿组成，夹石厚度不等，使矿体在走向和倾向上呈现出明显的分枝复合现象[11]。
司家营铁矿区的矿体赋存特征按矿体厚度可分为薄矿体(<5m)、中厚矿体(5~20 m)、厚矿体(20~50 m)、极厚大矿体(>50 m)4类矿体，其中矿体的平均倾角为30°，呈现出典型的缓倾斜矿体特征。该矿区矿体赋存的基本特征见表1。
图1为司家营铁矿床两个典型的勘探线剖面图，从图中可以看出该矿区矿床的赋存状况。
1.2　矿床开采技术条件与开采现状
1.2.1　开采技术条件
司家营铁矿床的矿石类型有赤铁石英岩和磁铁石英岩两类。矿体顶底板围岩为黑云变粒岩、二云变粒岩和混合岩化变粒岩，岩石普氏硬度为8~12，矿石普氏硬度为12~14，矿体与围岩均较坚硬。
滦河位于矿区东侧1 km左右，新河流经矿区东缘，其流量为34~100m3/s。季节性河流经矿区西部边缘，雨后流量达6.25 m3/s。矿区地表水系发育。矿坑主要充水源为大气降水和区域地下径流的侧向补给，地下水主要源于长城系石英砂岩构造裂隙承压水及第四系地下水，另外有新河的渗入补给。矿床水文地质条件中等。
平-青-乐公路与露天矿坑紧邻，且位于矿体上盘，矿区西侧地表也存在一些建构筑物。矿区及周围目前无较大污染源。该矿的采选及居民生产生活对地下水及大气有轻度污染。
综上，矿区水文地质条件、工程地质条件中等，矿床开采技术条件为Ⅲ-3型，环境地质条件复杂。
1.2.2　矿床开采现状
司家营铁矿区露天开采之初，以N18勘探线为界，划分为南北两个采区，即司家营采场和研山采场。经过几十年的露天开采，截至2021年10月末，已形成南北长近3　000m、东西宽约1 600 m的露天采坑，其中南部采区下降深度已达到−221 m标高，北部采区略深，达到−226 m标高。目前矿山年采剥总量达到105×106 t/a，其中采矿量为25×106 t/a，岩石剥离量为80×106 t/a。
司家营采场各水平生产的矿石均由自卸汽车沿采场西帮临时道路运出采场，运至采场南帮外地表固定破碎站，破碎后的矿石通过胶带运输系统运往司家营选厂。而研山采场各水平生产的矿石，也采用自卸汽车沿采场东帮固定道路运出采场，运至研山采场北帮外地表矿石半移动破碎站，破碎后的矿石通过胶带运输系统运往研山选厂。
2　采矿方法选择与优化
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司家营矿区矿体赋存特征复杂多变，矿体倾角较缓，临近露天矿坑周边又有公路与河流经过，分布有较多的民用建筑，选择的采矿方法应能对不同类型的矿体实现有效回采，且不会对矿山安全生产与经济效益产生较大影响[12-14]。同时，还要满足“安全上可靠、技术上可行、经济上合理和环保上允许”的要求。
2.1　采矿方法设计方案
目前，空场嗣后充填采矿法在地下铁矿山开采中应用较为广泛，该方法能实现资源的高效利用，同时由于充填技术的配套应用，使该方法对于采空区塌陷和地表沉降也能够起到有效的抑制作用[15-16]。根据司家营铁矿区矿体赋存特征，空场嗣后充填采矿法适用于开采中厚以上矿体，其最小平均厚度为12.9 m。而极厚矿体的平均厚度达111.5m，矿区内矿体的走向长度达4 000 m。基于矿区的开采环境，适宜于该矿区露天转地下开采的采矿方法只能是各种充填采矿法。
因此，为提高矿山地下开采能力，针对司家营铁矿区矿体的不同赋存特征，提出了阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法和分段空场嗣后充填采矿法，分别应用于极厚大、厚及中厚矿体的开采。而对于薄矿体，由于其控制程度较低，待生产探矿过程中提高储量级别后另行考虑。
2.1.1　极厚大矿体回采方案
针对极厚大矿体，采用阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法。采场采取盘区开拓方式，盘区垂直矿体走向布置，长120 m，高60m，宽度为矿体厚度。盘区内一步骤和二步骤采场垂直矿体走向间隔布置，矿块尺寸相同，矿块长为矿体厚度，矿块宽20 m，高60 m。在矿体下盘设一条矿石溜井，同时在矿体上盘和下盘各设一条回风天井。
阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法的采场结构如图2所示。
2.1.2　厚及中厚矿体回采方案
对于厚及中厚矿体的回采，设计了两种分段空场嗣后充填采矿法。两种方法的一步骤采场和二步骤采场的矿块布置均沿矿体走向方向间隔布置，每隔240 m在矿体下盘设一条矿石溜井，同时在上盘设一条回风天井。
回采厚矿体时，矿块垂直于矿体，一步骤采场和二步骤采场的矿块尺寸相同，矿块长为矿体厚度，矿块宽20m，阶段高度为60 m，分段高度为30 m；回采中厚矿体时，矿块沿矿体走向布置，一步骤采场和二步骤采场的矿块尺寸相同，矿块长60 m，宽为矿体厚度，分段高度为30 m。
图3为分段空场嗣后充填采矿法的采场基本结构布置及其主要参数。
2.2　采矿方法优化
从图2和图3可以明显看出，该矿选择的阶段（分段）空场嗣后充填采矿法，能够有效实现司家营矿区露天转地下的安全高效开采，但仍存在优化空间，主要表现如下。
（1）针对传统的阶段(分段)空场嗣后充填采矿法，矿石的阶段运输系统采用错段式布置，有利于矿山采用阶段有轨运输方式。但错段式布置增加了采区溜井的高度，不利于降低溜井内矿岩运动对溜井井壁的冲击与磨损程度[17]。
（2）铲运机在出矿巷道铲取矿石后，需通过较长距离的运输，到采区溜井上口卸载，铲运机的运输距离较长，不利于提高铲运机的作业效率。为解决这一问题，实际操作中通常采取密集布置采区溜井的方法，以降低铲运机的运输距离，提高铲运机的作业效率，但又增加了采区溜井的数量，不利于降低采准工程量。
因此，可对错段式布置的阶段（分段）空场嗣后充填采矿法进行优化。优化后的两种采矿方法分别如图4和图5所示。
从图4和图5可以看出，优化后的采矿方法实现了如下效果：
（1）针对阶段（分段）空场嗣后充填采矿法，通过对比分析图2和图4、图3与图5，阶段高度为60 m时，得到优化后采矿方法设计方案中溜井高度降低了30 m；
（2）针对阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法，同一阶段内采区溜井的布设数量由图2中的6条减少至图4中的2条。
（3）优化后的阶段(分段)空场嗣后充填采矿法改变了矿石运输的方式。通过铲运机运输矿石至卡车装矿点后，由卡车转运并卸入采区溜井。
由此可知，优化后的采矿方法有效降低了采区溜井高度，弱化了卸矿对溜井井壁的冲击；有效减少了采准工程布置，降低了采矿综合成本；改变错段式布置方式后，采用铲运机与坑内卡车的联合出矿方式，可使采区溜井布置在下盘围岩中，能够减少采区溜井的数量，同时利用下盘围岩强度较高、整体性较好的特点，提高溜井的使用寿命。
2.3　回采出矿与充填工作
2.3.1　回采
采用阶段(分段)空场嗣后充填采矿法采矿时，一般先回采一步骤采场，并对一步骤采空区进行充填，待充填体强度达到设计强度后，再回采二步骤采场。极厚大矿体采用阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法回采时，采用大直径深孔侧向崩矿方式，提高了采矿出矿能力；进行二步骤回采时，临近一步骤采场充填体的炮孔布置采取适当加密炮孔、减少孔内装药和孔内微差起爆等手段，弱化爆破振动对充填体的破坏，提高人工矿柱的自稳能力。
厚及中厚矿体采用分段空场嗣后充填采矿法回采时，采用上向扇形孔爆破落矿。同样，进行二步骤采场矿房的回采时，需注意加强对人工矿柱的保护，降低爆破对其产生的破坏。
2.3.2　出矿
采用铲运机与坑内卡车联合的出矿方案，6 m3的铲运机在出矿巷道铲取矿石后，在图4所示的装载点向坑内卡车进行装载。通过坑内卡车将矿石运输至采区溜井进行卸载，缩短了铲运机的运输距离；坑内卡车可实现较长距离的运输，能够使采区溜井的布置相对集中，有效减少了采区溜井的数量，也有利于减少下部阶段集中运输时的装矿点数量。
2.3.3　充填工作
一步骤采场矿房出矿结束后，封闭采空区，按1:8（胶固粉：尾矿）的质量比为配比制备充填料浆，对采空区实施胶结充填。充填结束养护28 d后，开展二步骤采场矿房的回采工作。
二步骤采场矿房充填时，矿房底部5~8m及顶部各5 m范围均采用配比为1:8的充填料浆进行胶结充填，其他地方则采用配比为1:20的充填料浆进行低强度胶结充填。
充填过程中，无论是一步骤采空区还是二步骤采空区，均需保证良好的充填接顶效果，以提高充填体对围岩变形的抑制能力与效果。
3　采矿方法实施时需注意的问题
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司家营铁矿区露天转地下采矿方法优化后，仍需在采矿方法结构参数、采场布置及回采顺序、落矿方式、充填体强度、充填接顶率、地表沉降综合控制等几个方面加强研究并采取相应措施，以提高采矿方法的适应性。
（1）采矿方法结构参数。以确保回采安全为前提，研究盘区和采矿方法结构参数，一步骤采场人工矿柱在二步骤采场矿房回采期间的稳定性，采场底柱矿量回采率，以及底柱回采时对一、二步骤采场充填体的影响。
（2）采场布置与回采顺序。不同的回采顺序对于维护采场地压、确保回采安全和控制地表沉降产生不同的影响[14-16]。研究采场布置和盘区回采顺序对地压和地表沉降的影响规律，可为司家营矿区地表变形预测与控制、矿山安全生产提供指导。
（3）落矿方式。矿山进入正常生产循环后，一、二步骤采场的生产能力各占矿山生产能力的50%，一步骤采场尚好，但二步骤采场周边与一步骤采场的充填体相连，若按一步骤采场的落矿方式进行爆破落矿，会对一步骤采场的人工矿柱产生强烈的冲击破坏，影响到人工矿柱的稳定性，进而影响二步骤采场的采出矿效果。因此，需根据二步骤采场的环境，研究合适的落矿方式，达到既能提高采场采出矿效果与质量，又能减弱爆破破坏人工矿柱的目的。
（4）充填体强度。在满足人工矿柱强度要求的前提下，寻求适合矿山嗣后充填采矿法的充填材料配比，以降低一步骤采场胶结充填料浆的使用量，达到降低矿山生产成本、提高生产效益的目的。空场嗣后充填采矿法中，一步骤采场形成的胶结充填体充当了二步骤采场的人工矿柱。二步骤采场采矿过程中，人工矿柱的自稳性及其抵抗爆破冲击的能力，直接影响二步骤采场能否顺利安全高效回采。此外，人工矿柱的强度大小与采空区的稳定性成正相关，但单纯提高胶凝材料掺量将显著增加生产成本。因此，应从充填材料粒级组成、胶凝材料、配比、料浆浓度、充填工艺和接顶方法等多角度进行研究，寻求最佳组合方式，达到既能提高强度又能降低成本的目的。
（5）充填接顶率。在露天转地下开采的工程地质条件下，司家营铁矿区面临着地下开采引起的地表沉降难题，充填接顶率[15-16]是控制地压和围岩变形、有效抑制地表沉降的重要手段之一。充填接顶率较低时，容易使人工矿柱处于不均匀的受力状态，从而产生应力集中现象，最终导致支护体系功能失效。目前采用空场嗣后充填采矿法的矿山多数都存在充填接顶率不高的问题[17-20]。因此，针对采用此类采矿方法，特别是采场结构参数较大的矿山，必须重点研究与充填接顶相关的充填工艺技术、采场结构布置形式，以提高充填接顶率。
（6）地表沉降综合控制措施。司家营矿区开采过程中，采取综合措施控制地表沉降，防止对以平-青-乐公路为代表的地表建构筑物造成重大影响，是该矿区露天转地下开采的重点研究内容。因此，采矿方法的选择与研究过程中必须重点考虑地表沉降的控制问题与综合控制措施。
4　结论
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（1）本文以司家营铁矿露天转地下开采工程为研究对象，基于矿体赋存特征、开采技术条件与环境条件，针对该矿区从露天转地下开采过程中的需解决的采矿方案选择问题，结合矿体的赋存特征，对矿区露天转地下开采可行性研究阶段提出的采矿方法进行了优化。
（2）基于传统阶段(分段)空场嗣后充填采矿法的错段式布置方案，提出了一种有利于实现矿山地下开采无轨运输的空场崩落嗣后充填采矿法。该方法能够有效降低采区溜井高度，使溜井的高度由60 m降至30m，弱化了卸矿对溜井井壁的冲击，有利于提高采区溜井的服务寿命。
（3）优化后的采矿方法采用铲运机与坑内卡车联合运输出矿，有效缩短了铲运机的运输距离，减少了采区溜井的数量，盘区内的采区溜井数量由6条减少至2条。
（4）明确了矿区由露天转地下采矿方法实施前后，仍需不断深入探索与研究主要方向与具体内容，以期为采矿方法的选择和优化提供指导，进而提高采矿方法对该矿区特殊环境下资源开采的适应性和效率。
基金
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  • 河钢集团重点科技项目(HG2023215)
文献
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间：2024-07-18
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-18
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河钢集团重点科技项目(HG2023215)
作者信息
    1.河北钢铁集团矿业有限公司，河北　唐山市　063000
    2.河北钢铁集团滦县司家营铁矿有限公司，河北　唐山市　063701
    3.辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院，辽宁　鞍山市　114051

通讯作者:

路增祥（1965—），男，陕西富平人，博士，教授，主要从事金属矿床地下开采方面的教学与研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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