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Article(id=1322904554781679823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737475200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334624237, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334624237, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334624237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334624237, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=57, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904555620540624, articleId=1322904554781679823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research on the Proportion and Application of Filling Cementitious Materials Based on Metallurgical Solid Waste, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of large solid waste reserves and high processing costs in Western Mining Group Co., Ltd., in order to achieve the reuse of solid waste and reduce the filling cost of mines, Xitieshan and Bolun Mining were selected as test objects. Through indoor and on-site industrial tests, researches were conducted on the proportion and application of filling cementitious materials based on industrial metallurgical solid waste replacing the cement. The results show that Xitieshan uses the new type of solid waste based cementitious material to fill the first and second step mining stope of the mine. The 28-day strength of filling under the two proportioning schemes is 2.5 MPa and 1.1 MPa, respectively. The annual consumption of solid waste is 14 625 t, saving the filling costs of 2.036 1 million yuan. Bolun Mining adopts the new formula to treat the filling layer, and 28-day strength of the filling body is 0.99 MPa. The annual consumption of solid waste is 5 623 t, increasing the filling cost by 43 240 yuan. Through the utilization of solid waste resources, Western Mining Group Co., Ltd. can process 20 248 t of solid waste throughout the year, saving the filling costs of 1.603 7 million yuan.

, authors=Shuguang CAI1, Chendi ZHU2, Zhouyun FU2, authorsList=Shuguang CAI, Chendi ZHU, Zhouyun FU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chendi ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904561454817494, articleId=1322904554781679823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=冶金固废基充填胶凝材料配比及其应用研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对西部矿业集团有限公司固废物储存量大、处理成本高的问题，为实现固废物的再利用，同时降低矿山采空区充填成本，以锡铁山及博伦矿业为试点对象，通过室内试验和现场工业试验，开展了基于工业冶炼固废物替代水泥的充填胶凝材料配比及应用研究。研究结果表明：锡铁山采用新型固废基胶凝材料对矿山一、二步骤采场进行充填，两种配比方案下的28 d充填体强度分别为2.50 MPa和1.10 MPa，全年可消耗固废物14 625 t，节约充填成本203.61 万元；博伦矿业采用新配方对充填层进行处理，充填体28 d强度为0.99 MPa，全年可消耗固废物5 623 t，增加充填成本43.24 万元；西部矿业集团有限公司通过固废资源化利用，全年可处理固废20 248 t，节约充填成本160.37 万元。

, authors=蔡曙光1, 朱晨迪2, 符洲云2, authorsList=蔡曙光, 朱晨迪, 符洲云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱晨迪, authorNote=

蔡曙光（1973—），男，甘肃庄浪人，硕士，正高级工程师，主要从事矿山采矿技术研究工作。E-mail:

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朱晨迪（1992—），男，河南南阳人，硕士，工程师，主要从事矿山采矿工艺技术研究工作。E-mail:
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蔡曙光（1973—），男，甘肃庄浪人，硕士，正高级工程师，主要从事矿山采矿技术研究工作。E-mail:

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蔡曙光（1973—），男，甘肃庄浪人，硕士，正高级工程师，主要从事矿山采矿技术研究工作。E-mail:

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Mining Research and Development, 2024, 44(6):112-120., articleTitle=Research on the cementitious properties and fiber reinforced effect of full tailings solid waste-based filling materials, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322904579465158927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, awardId=2023YFC2907404, language=CN, fundingSource=“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322904563505832152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904563950428377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, companyId=1322904563505832152, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Western Mining Co., Ltd., Xining, Qinghai 810023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904563979788506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, companyId=1322904563505832152, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西部矿业股份有限公司，青海　西宁　810023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322904564382441691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904564755734748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, companyId=1322904564382441691, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Changsha Institute of mining Research Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904564776706269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, companyId=1322904564382441691, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司，湖南　长沙　410012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322904572901073145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Statistics of solid waste output and disposal of smelting units in the company, figureFileSmall=h09Ljg/7uhlNK7S5f1ko8A==, figureFileBig=8O2ZCLBbkBOSEeLSUK3wZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904573240811770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=CN, label=图1, caption=公司冶炼单位固废产出及处置量统计, figureFileSmall=h09Ljg/7uhlNK7S5f1ko8A==, figureFileBig=8O2ZCLBbkBOSEeLSUK3wZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904573718962427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The uniaxial compressive strength of specimens under different proportions, figureFileSmall=hVIbIDHWDJXLYtV2r9ezJw==, figureFileBig=O6JHHlcL5mW0PPH1rd+ieg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904574029340924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同配比下试件单轴抗压强度, figureFileSmall=hVIbIDHWDJXLYtV2r9ezJw==, figureFileBig=O6JHHlcL5mW0PPH1rd+ieg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904574109032701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Indoor test schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
企业方案材料构成及占比胶砂比
锡铁山原配比100%水泥1:6
配比115%水泥+75%钢渣微粉+5%返灰+5%氟石膏渣1:6
配比217.5%水泥+52.5%钢渣微粉+20%粉煤灰+10%返石返灰1:6
配比317.5%水泥+20%水淬渣+32.5%钢渣微粉+30%粉煤灰1:6
博伦矿业原配比100%水泥1:10
配比150%水淬渣+15%选铜尾渣+10%氟石膏渣+25%水泥1:8
配比240%水淬渣+20%选铜尾渣+15%氟石膏渣+25%水泥1:16
), ArticleFig(id=1322904574515880191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

室内试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
企业方案材料构成及占比胶砂比
锡铁山原配比100%水泥1:6
配比115%水泥+75%钢渣微粉+5%返灰+5%氟石膏渣1:6
配比217.5%水泥+52.5%钢渣微粉+20%粉煤灰+10%返石返灰1:6
配比317.5%水泥+20%水淬渣+32.5%钢渣微粉+30%粉煤灰1:6
博伦矿业原配比100%水泥1:10
配比150%水淬渣+15%选铜尾渣+10%氟石膏渣+25%水泥1:8
配比240%水淬渣+20%选铜尾渣+15%氟石膏渣+25%水泥1:16
), ArticleFig(id=1322904574838841601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Strength requirements for cementitions materials

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充填类型7 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa
打底或浇面≥1.0≥2.0
一步骤采场空区充填≥0.6≥1.0
二步骤采场空区充填及嗣后充填≥0.3≥0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322904574931116290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

胶凝材料强度要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
充填类型7 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa
打底或浇面≥1.0≥2.0
一步骤采场空区充填≥0.6≥1.0
二步骤采场空区充填及嗣后充填≥0.3≥0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322904575241494787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The results of field filling test in Xitieshan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶凝材料配比方案位置3 d强度/MPa7 d强度/MPa14 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa
配比1井上0.301.262.153.75
井下0.150.701.002.50
配比3井上0.250.701.051.31
井下0.130.550.801.10
100%水泥井下0.461.311.932.89
), ArticleFig(id=1322904575371518213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锡铁山现场充填试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶凝材料配比方案位置3 d强度/MPa7 d强度/MPa14 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa
配比1井上0.301.262.153.75
井下0.150.701.002.50
配比3井上0.250.701.051.31
井下0.130.550.801.10
100%水泥井下0.461.311.932.89
), ArticleFig(id=1322904577342841094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The results of field filling test in Bolun Mining

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶凝材料配比方案位置3 d强度/MPa7 d强度/MPa14 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa
配比1井下0.160.691.181.88
配比2井下0.110.360.770.99
100%水泥井下0.511.101.842.57
), ArticleFig(id=1322904577485447431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

博伦矿业现场充填试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胶凝材料配比方案位置3 d强度/MPa7 d强度/MPa14 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa
配比1井下0.160.691.181.88
配比2井下0.110.360.770.99
100%水泥井下0.511.101.842.57
), ArticleFig(id=1322904578185896200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Cost comparison of solid waste cementitious material and cement in Xitieshan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰砂比密度/(g/cm3)质量浓度/%胶凝材料用量/(kg/m3)尾砂用量/kg到场单价/(元/t)胶凝材料费用/(元/m3)充填材料费用差值/(元/m3)
1:6(配比1)1.83702141 09839584.330.61
1:6(配比3)1.83702141 09830965.97–17.75
1:6(水泥)1.84702141 10439083.720.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322904578617909514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

锡铁山固废胶凝材料与水泥成本对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰砂比密度/(g/cm3)质量浓度/%胶凝材料用量/(kg/m3)尾砂用量/kg到场单价/(元/t)胶凝材料费用/(元/m3)充填材料费用差值/(元/m3)
1:6(配比1)1.83702141 09839584.330.61
1:6(配比3)1.83702141 09830965.97–17.75
1:6(水泥)1.84702141 10439083.720.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322904578714378509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Cost comparison of solid waste cementitious material and cement in Bolun Mining

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰砂比密度/(g/cm3)质量浓度/%胶凝材料用量/(kg/m3)尾砂用量/kg到场单价/(元/t)胶凝材料费用/(元/m3)充填材料费用差值/(元/m3)
1:16(配比2)2.1578991 49064563.635.70
1:10(水泥)2.15781521 52438057.930.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322904579121225998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904554781679823, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

博伦矿业固废胶凝材料与水泥成本对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰砂比密度/(g/cm3)质量浓度/%胶凝材料用量/(kg/m3)尾砂用量/kg到场单价/(元/t)胶凝材料费用/(元/m3)充填材料费用差值/(元/m3)
1:16(配比2)2.1578991 49064563.635.70
1:10(水泥)2.15781521 52438057.930.00
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冶金固废基充填胶凝材料配比及其应用研究
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蔡曙光 1 , 朱晨迪 2 , 符洲云 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(5): 57-62
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (5) : 57 -62
冶金固废基充填胶凝材料配比及其应用研究
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蔡曙光1 , 朱晨迪2 , 符洲云2
作者信息
  • 1.西部矿业股份有限公司，青海　西宁　810023
  • 2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司，湖南　长沙　410012
通讯作者:
朱晨迪（1992—），男，河南南阳人，硕士，工程师，主要从事矿山采矿工艺技术研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

蔡曙光（1973—），男，甘肃庄浪人，硕士，正高级工程师，主要从事矿山采矿技术研究工作。E-mail:

Research on the Proportion and Application of Filling Cementitious Materials Based on Metallurgical Solid Waste
Shuguang CAI1 , Chendi ZHU2 , Zhouyun FU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Western Mining Co., Ltd., Xining, Qinghai 810023, China
  • 2.Changsha Institute of mining Research Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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摘要
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针对西部矿业集团有限公司固废物储存量大、处理成本高的问题，为实现固废物的再利用，同时降低矿山采空区充填成本，以锡铁山及博伦矿业为试点对象，通过室内试验和现场工业试验，开展了基于工业冶炼固废物替代水泥的充填胶凝材料配比及应用研究。研究结果表明：锡铁山采用新型固废基胶凝材料对矿山一、二步骤采场进行充填，两种配比方案下的28 d充填体强度分别为2.50 MPa和1.10 MPa，全年可消耗固废物14 625 t，节约充填成本203.61 万元；博伦矿业采用新配方对充填层进行处理，充填体28 d强度为0.99 MPa，全年可消耗固废物5 623 t，增加充填成本43.24 万元；西部矿业集团有限公司通过固废资源化利用，全年可处理固废20 248 t，节约充填成本160.37 万元。

胶凝材料  /  冶炼固废  /  充填体强度  /  固废资源化利用  /  经济性评价

Aiming at the problem of large solid waste reserves and high processing costs in Western Mining Group Co., Ltd., in order to achieve the reuse of solid waste and reduce the filling cost of mines, Xitieshan and Bolun Mining were selected as test objects. Through indoor and on-site industrial tests, researches were conducted on the proportion and application of filling cementitious materials based on industrial metallurgical solid waste replacing the cement. The results show that Xitieshan uses the new type of solid waste based cementitious material to fill the first and second step mining stope of the mine. The 28-day strength of filling under the two proportioning schemes is 2.5 MPa and 1.1 MPa, respectively. The annual consumption of solid waste is 14 625 t, saving the filling costs of 2.036 1 million yuan. Bolun Mining adopts the new formula to treat the filling layer, and 28-day strength of the filling body is 0.99 MPa. The annual consumption of solid waste is 5 623 t, increasing the filling cost by 43 240 yuan. Through the utilization of solid waste resources, Western Mining Group Co., Ltd. can process 20 248 t of solid waste throughout the year, saving the filling costs of 1.603 7 million yuan.

Cementitious material  /  Metallurgical solid waste  /  Filling strength  /  Solid waste reclamation utilization  /  Economic evaluation
蔡曙光, 朱晨迪, 符洲云. 冶金固废基充填胶凝材料配比及其应用研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 57 -62 .
Shuguang CAI, Chendi ZHU, Zhouyun FU. Research on the Proportion and Application of Filling Cementitious Materials Based on Metallurgical Solid Waste[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 57 -62 .
正文
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0　引言
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受国家及企业经济发展需求推动，绿色、低成本、高效发展已成为工业及矿山企业的必然选择[1]。对于大型工业集团，通过协调处理内部工业副产物及废弃物，将原本需要外运处置的工业冶炼固废物内化于自身矿山地压控制之中，在降低企业生产成本的同时实现矿山绿色生产。这一模式对我国工业产业及矿山企业实现内部资源循环利用和可持续发展具有重要意义[2-4]。
在利用工业固废材料取代水泥材料进行矿山充填方面，诸多学者进行了大量的研究[5-9]。刘龙等[10]基于云南某铜矿有害尾矿废物研制固废胶凝材料，并将其应用于采空区充填，实现了尾矿的无害化处理。孙伟吉[11]针对传统膏体充填成本过高的问题，研发基于镁渣的新型绿色环保胶凝材料并成功应用于麻黄梁煤矿示范工程。华磊等[12]用原状固废替代粉状胶凝材料，简化了某铁矿胶凝材料制备流程，降低了充填成本。朱庚杰等[13]通过D-optimal方法研究了矿渣基配比与充填体强度的关系，获取最佳工业固废掺量，并研究了该类充填体的强度上升机制。刘龙等[14-15]研究了胶凝材料配比与充填体的强度关系，通过调整新型胶凝材料原料配比，为张庄铁矿井下高效低成本充填提供了最佳方案。
本文以西部矿业集团有限公司（简称西部矿业集团）内部产出的矿渣、铅渣、选铜尾渣等工业固体废弃物为研究对象，通过室内试验分析这些固体废弃物用于制备矿山充填胶凝材料的适宜配比，并通过现场工业试验进行验证。基于试验结果，选择最优配比方案，对2025年固废处理量及矿山充填成本进行综合评价分析。
1　工程背景
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目前，西部矿业集团各冶炼单位和化工企业每年产出一般固废共计约82　万 t，固废产出及处理量统计如图1所示。经研究，可作为充填胶凝材料的固废量约为48 万 t，其中29 万 t可通过外销处理，剩余19 万 t需通过其他方式进行处理，给公司带来了较大的环保压力。通过研究固废基充填材料特性及参数[16-18]，并充分利用现有固废资源，可大幅降低固废处理成本，缓解企业环保压力。
为推进西部矿业集团内部工业固体废弃物的大规模资源化利用，打造循环经济新的增长点，有效降低冶炼单位的固废堆存并控制矿山单位充填成本，拟利用多种固体废弃物，制备固废胶凝材料替代部分水泥用于矿山充填。通过室内试验，得到满足西部矿业股份公司锡铁山分公司（简称锡铁山）、肃北县博伦矿业开发有限责任公司(博伦矿业)充填体强度与浆料流动性要求的最佳固废利用参数，实现企业内部固体废弃物资源化利用。
2　室内试验
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通过对冶炼固废物理化学性质进行测定分析，本研究最终选用同鑫化工氟石膏渣、西部镁业化灰渣（包含返灰和返石）与粉煤灰、青海铜业选铜尾渣、西豫公司及湘和公司水淬渣、西宁特钢的钢渣微粉，与少量水泥按比例混合制备胶凝材料，并开展充填配比试验。初步拟定了锡铁山及博伦矿业试验的胶凝材料配比方案，见表1。
按照胶凝材料设计配比制作尺寸为40 mm×40 mm×160 mm的标准试块，养护3 d、7 d、28 d后进行单轴抗压强度试验。试验结果如图2所示，矿山现场对胶凝材料的强度要求见表2。由图2(a)可知，对于锡铁山而言，配比3的试件单轴抗压强度较低，28 d强度为2.57 MPa，为纯水泥配比试件强度的52.8%，但能够满足采矿需求的强度；配比2试件的3 d强度最高，达0.91 MPa，为纯水泥配比试件强度的54.2%；配比1和配比2试件的7 d强度较高，约为1.85 MPa，为纯水泥配比试件强度的76.1%；配比1试件的28 d强度最高，达4.36 MPa，为纯水泥配比试件强度的89.5%。综合来看，配比1试件在各养护周期强度整体最高，且在养护28 d时最接近纯水泥配比试件的强度。
由图2(b)可知，对于博伦矿业公司而言，配比1的试件强度在各养护周期均远高于配比2，养护28 d时强度为2.52 MPa，为纯水泥配比试件强度的86.9%；配比2的28 d强度为1.97 MPa，为纯水泥配比试件的67.9%。根据现场采矿需求，配比2的试件强度能够满足一步骤矿柱采场充填开采、二步骤矿房采场充填及嗣后充填的需求，但无法满足打底及浇面的强度需求。
综合评估不同配比试件在各养护周期的强度及固废利用种类，锡铁山选择配比1方案和配比3方案开展现场工业试验，其中配比1具有接近纯水泥配比的强度，配比3则能够同时处理多类固废；博伦矿业选择配比1及配比2方案开展现场工业试验，其中配比1具有接近纯水泥配比的强度，但胶砂比较小，相较于配比2，成本较高。
3　现场工业试验
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3.1　锡铁山试验
根据配比方案，将西部矿业集团内部冶炼固废物运至矿山并进行研磨加工，配料后将其充入锡铁山井下2　522m中段05线南穿脉采场进行井下充填工业试验。试验过程中，同步在地表充填站搅拌桶内取样制作试块，进行抗压强度测试，试验结果见表3。由表3可知，各配比试件的3 d强度相差不大，7 d后强度开始出现较大区别，并且井上试件强度明显要高于井下充填体的强度。采用纯水泥配比的充填体强度能够满足各类充填的强度需求；配比1条件下的胶凝材料7 d、28 d井下强度分别为0.70 MPa、2.50 MPa，达到水泥配比强度的53.4%、86.5%，能够满足一步骤矿柱采场开采、二步骤矿房开采及嗣后充填的强度需求，但不能满足浇面及打底的充填体强度需求；而配比3条件下的胶凝材料7 d、28 d井下强度分别为0.55 MPa、1.10 MPa，达到水泥配比强度的42.0%、38.1%，仅能满足二步骤矿房开采及嗣后充填的强度需求。
综合井上、井下及实验室数据可知，实验室获得的试件强度数据与井上充填站制样获得的试样强度相差稍小，而与井下实际充填的强度相差较大。这种现象主要是由于制备条件与养护环境的差异所致，室内试验充填料浆方量较小，并经精细配比控制，材料粒径和级配更为标准，而现场工业试验更接近于实际生产状态，充填材料经生产设备处理，粒径和级配随机性更大，配比过程达不到实验室的精细程度；室内试验采用恒温箱养护，而井下湿度大、通风条件差，部分试块压裂后出现水分渗出现象，说明实际应用中胶凝材料锁水性较好导致试块整体脱水较慢，这些复杂的环境因素造成井下试块强度低于地表和实验室测定值。
3.2　博伦矿业试验
固废胶凝材料在锡铁山研磨混合后运输至博伦矿业，配料完成后充入博伦矿业2　085m水平南矿414采场进行工业试验，总充填量为380 m3，试验结果见表4。由表4可知，配比1条件下胶凝材料7 d、28 d强度分别为0.69 MPa、1.88 MPa，达到水泥配比强度的62.7%及73.1%，能够满足一步骤矿柱采场充填、二步骤矿房采场充填和嗣后充填的强度需求，无法满足浇面及打底的充填体强度需求，且无法达到实验室试件的强度；配比2条件下胶凝材料7 d、28 d强度分别为0.36 MPa、0.99 MPa，达到水泥配比强度的32.7%及38.5%，仅能满足二步骤矿房采场充填和嗣后充填的强度需求。
综上所述，博伦矿业现场工业试验井下充填体强度无法达到实验室设计强度，基于固废物的胶凝材料无法完全取代水泥，但配比1和配比2条件下的胶凝材料强度能够满足矿山绝大部分充填采矿的需求，通过将这两个配比方案应用于适宜采矿场景，可实现固废物替代纯水泥用作充填胶凝材料而被大量再利用，降低矿山充填成本。
4　固废消耗量及经济性评价分析
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4.1　固废胶凝材料用量测算
根据锡铁山2025年矿山生产作业计划，全年胶结充填量为21.3 万m3，其中一步骤采场9.5 万 m3，二步骤采场11.8 万 m3。通过优化充填方案，一步骤采场采用配比1进行充填，二步骤采场采用配比3进行充填，能最大限度控制成本，加大固废消耗量。具体物料消耗量为：一步骤采场最终消耗水泥量为3 042 t，钢渣微粉量为15 212 t，氟石膏渣及化灰渣各1 014 t；二步骤采场最终消耗水泥量为4 409 t，钢渣微粉量为8 188 t，水淬渣量为5 039 t，粉煤灰量为7 558 t。综上，锡铁山可累计消耗西部矿业集团冶炼固废14 625 t，其中，水淬渣为5 039 t，氟石膏渣为1 014 t，化灰渣为1 014 t，粉煤灰为7 558 t。
对于傅伦矿业，为保证浇面层强度同时降低充填层成本，现场浇面层采用矿山现有水泥胶砂比参数正常充填，充填层采用配比2进行胶结充填。根据生产作业计划，博伦矿业2025年胶结充填量为8 万 m3，其中浇面层0.4 万 m3，充填层7.6 万 m3，最终消耗水泥量为1 874 t，水淬渣量为2 999 t，选铜尾渣量为1 499 t，氟石膏量为1 125 t。
综上，采用新型固废胶凝材料进行采场充填，可处理西部矿业集团钢渣微粉8 188 t，水淬渣8 038 t，粉煤灰7 558 t，选铜尾渣1 499 t及氟石膏1 125 t，大幅缓解集团内部固废物处理的压力。
4.2　固废胶凝材料充填成本分析
经统计，锡铁山水泥到场含税单价为390　元/t，多元固废配比1到场（含运输、研磨等工序）含税单价为395元/t，配比3到场含税单价为309 元/t，锡铁山固废胶凝材料与水泥成本对比见表5。若矿山按2025年计划进行充填，相较于纯水泥充填，一步骤采场充填费用上升5.82 万元，二步骤采场充填费用下降209.43 万元，每年综合可降低充填成本203.61 万元。
博伦矿业水泥到场含税单价为380 元/t，而冶炼固废胶凝材料需从甘河地区拉运至锡铁山，研磨配制后再运至博伦矿业矿区，到场含税单价为645 元/t，博伦矿业固废胶凝材料与水泥成本对比见表6。若矿山按照2025年计划进行胶结充填，则每年需增加充填成本43.24 万元。
综上，2025年锡铁山一、二步骤采场利用固废胶凝材料进行充填可节约成本203.61 万元，博伦矿业充填层利用固废胶凝材料进行充填需增加充填成本43.24 万元。整体而言，西部矿业集团公司通过固废资源化利用，2025年可节约充填成本160.37 万元。
5　结论
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（1）通过室内试验初步确定了适用于锡铁山和博伦矿业的固废胶凝材料配比。锡铁山配比1条件下胶凝材料7 d、28d强度分别为1.86 MPa、4.36 MPa，配比3条件下胶凝材料7 d、28 d强度分别为1.07 MPa、2.57 MPa，两种配比方案所得试件的7 d、28 d强度均能够满足采矿需求且能同时处理多类固废；博伦矿业配比1条件下胶凝材料7 d、28 d强度分别为1.87 MPa、2.52 MPa，配比2条件下胶凝材料强度整体略低，但能够满足一、二步骤采场充填及嗣后充填的需求，且该方案的胶砂用量比较大，整体充填材料成本低。
（2）锡铁山和博伦矿业现场充填工业试验结果表明，受现场充填工艺及养护环境等影响，井下充填体强度低于实验室数据，基于固废物的胶凝材料尚不能完全替代水泥，但可满足矿山主要充填采矿需求。通过不同区域及工况的差异化应用，可实现大面积替代纯水泥胶凝材料，降低矿山充填成本。
（3）锡铁山一步骤采场采用配比1方案进行充填，二步骤采场采用配比3方案进行充填，全年可消耗固废物14 625 t，节约充填成本203.61 万元。博伦矿业充填层采用配比2方案进行充填，全年可消耗固废物5 623 t，增加充填成本43.24 万元。对于西部矿业集团而言，通过固废资源化利用，全年累计可处理冶炼固废20 248 t，节约充填成本160.37 万元。
基金
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  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404)
文献
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间：2025-01-22
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-22
基金
“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404)
作者信息
    1.西部矿业股份有限公司，青海　西宁　810023
    2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司，湖南　长沙　410012

通讯作者:

朱晨迪（1992—），男，河南南阳人，硕士，工程师，主要从事矿山采矿工艺技术研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)		 属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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