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Article(id=1322904538012844369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720886400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334620240, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334620240, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334620240, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334620240, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=42, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904538201588050, articleId=1322904538012844369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Mining Scheme Optimization Considering Carbon Performance Under the "Dual Carbon" Goals, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The development and utilization of mineral resources not only provides a material basis for the development of the national economy, but also a key “battlefield” for carbon emission reduction under the “dual carbon” goals. In order to realize the low-carbon development of mines, based on the previous evaluation indexes of mining scheme optimization, the carbon performance related indexes were introduced, and the weighted grey relational mining scheme optimization model considering carbon performance was constructed. Taking a mine in China as an example, in addition to safety, economic and technical indicators, carbon performance indicators such as average carbon performance were introduced. The weight of each index was comprehensively determined using game theory, and the four mining schemes of stage room subsequent filling mining, open-pit stratified stepped mining, open-pit stratified stepped mining (35%) and stage room subsequent filling combined mining, open-pit stratified stepped mining (60%) and stage room subsequent filling combined mining were evaluated. Finally, it is determined that open-pit stratified stepped mining is the optimal scheme. Compared with the optimization results without considering carbon performance, the introduction of carbon performance index makes the weighted grey relational grade of each scheme change, which proves that it is of great significance to consider carbon performance index under the “dual carbon” goals, which meets the requirements of developing green mining and can provide reference for mining scheme optimization of mines under the “dual carbon” goals.

, authors=Mingsong PEI, Lin LIU, Guangjun DAI, Xiaowei LI, Aizhang CHEN, Hai LIU, Xiaohua SI, authorsList=Mingsong PEI, Lin LIU, Guangjun DAI, Xiaowei LI, Aizhang CHEN, Hai LIU, Xiaohua SI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904542815322481, articleId=1322904538012844369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=“双碳”目标下考虑碳绩效的采矿方案优选, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

矿产资源开发利用不仅为国民经济发展提供物质基础，还是“双碳”目标下碳减排的关键“战场”。为了实现矿山低碳开发，在以往采矿方案优选评价指标的基础上，引入碳绩效相关指标，构建了考虑碳绩效的加权灰色关联采矿方案优选模型。以国内某矿山为例，除安全、经济、技术方面的指标外，引入了平均碳绩效等碳绩效相关指标，利用博弈论思想综合确定各指标权重，对阶段矿房嗣后充填开采、露天分层台阶式开采、露天分层台阶式开采(35%)和阶段矿房嗣后充填联合开采以及露天分层台阶式开采(60%)和阶段矿房嗣后充填联合开采4种采矿方案进行评价，最终确定露天分层台阶式开采为最优方案。与不考虑碳绩效的优选结果相比，碳绩效指标的引入使得各方案的加权灰色关联度发生了变化，证明在“双碳”目标下考虑碳绩效指标具有重要意义，符合发展绿色矿业的要求，可为“双碳”目标下矿山采矿方案优选提供参考。

, authors=裴明松, 刘林, 代光俊, 李小伟, 陈爱章, 刘海, 斯小华, authorsList=裴明松, 刘林, 代光俊, 李小伟, 陈爱章, 刘海, 斯小华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

裴明松（1991—），男，河南淅川人，硕士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为矿产资源开发利用和生态复绿。E-mail:

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裴明松（1991—），男，河南淅川人，硕士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为矿产资源开发利用和生态复绿。E-mail:

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裴明松（1991—），男，河南淅川人，硕士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为矿产资源开发利用和生态复绿。E-mail:

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Mining Research and Development, 2024, 44(7):149-155., articleTitle=Evaluation of rock burst level based on combination weighting-cobweb grey target model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322904550721585587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, awardId=2022CFB557; 2023AFB923, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省自然科学基金项目(2022CFB557; 2023AFB923), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322904550792888756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, awardId=42000024205T000000140, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省转制科研院所科技发展专项项目(42000024205T000000140), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322904543167644018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904543176032627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, companyId=1322904543167644018, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hubei Institute of Metallurgical Geology (Central South Institute of Metallurgical Geology), Yichang, Hubei 443003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904543184421236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, companyId=1322904543167644018, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=湖北冶金地质研究所（中南冶金地质研究所），湖北　宜昌市　443003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322904547760406947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=3D model of the mine, figureFileSmall=XIaZxxywg2Gp3GvAB3mWPw==, figureFileBig=mPDqy0YdLnCoH5vC4Wn60w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904547844293028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=CN, label=图1, caption=矿山三维模型, figureFileSmall=XIaZxxywg2Gp3GvAB3mWPw==, figureFileBig=mPDqy0YdLnCoH5vC4Wn60w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904548095951270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Evaluation indices of mining plans optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标二级指标备注
碳绩效指标直接碳排放量/t定量指标
间接碳排放量/t定量指标
平均碳绩效/(万元/t)定量指标
增汇潜力定性指标
吨矿碳排放量/t定量指标
经济指标可采资源量/万 t定量指标
开采综合成本/(元/t)定量指标
建设投资/万元定量指标
综合剥采比定量指标
净利润/万元定量指标
技术指标综合回采率/%定量指标
生产能力达成难易程度定性指标
矿石综合贫化率/%定量指标
综合生产效率/(万 t/a)定量指标
生产管理难易程度定性指标
生产连续性定性指标
综合利用率定量指标
安全指标安全监管难易程度定性指标
地压管理难易程度定性指标
机械化程度定性指标
), ArticleFig(id=1322904548192420264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

采矿方案优选评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标二级指标备注
碳绩效指标直接碳排放量/t定量指标
间接碳排放量/t定量指标
平均碳绩效/(万元/t)定量指标
增汇潜力定性指标
吨矿碳排放量/t定量指标
经济指标可采资源量/万 t定量指标
开采综合成本/(元/t)定量指标
建设投资/万元定量指标
综合剥采比定量指标
净利润/万元定量指标
技术指标综合回采率/%定量指标
生产能力达成难易程度定性指标
矿石综合贫化率/%定量指标
综合生产效率/(万 t/a)定量指标
生产管理难易程度定性指标
生产连续性定性指标
综合利用率定量指标
安全指标安全监管难易程度定性指标
地压管理难易程度定性指标
机械化程度定性指标
), ArticleFig(id=1322904548259529129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Carbon emission factors of mines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳源类型碳排放因子
车用汽油3.080 0 t/t
汽油/柴油3.200 0 t/t
生物汽油1.920 0 t/t
生物柴油1.920 0 t/t
硝铵炸药0.262 9 t/t
岩石硝铵炸药0.233 5 t/t
2号岩石硝铵炸药0.222 2 t/t
外购电力(华中区域电网)0.858 7 t/(MW•h)
破坏植被95.000 0 t/hm2
), ArticleFig(id=1322904548339220906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

矿山碳排放因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳源类型碳排放因子
车用汽油3.080 0 t/t
汽油/柴油3.200 0 t/t
生物汽油1.920 0 t/t
生物柴油1.920 0 t/t
硝铵炸药0.262 9 t/t
岩石硝铵炸药0.233 5 t/t
2号岩石硝铵炸药0.222 2 t/t
外购电力(华中区域电网)0.858 7 t/(MW•h)
破坏植被95.000 0 t/hm2
), ArticleFig(id=1322904548402135467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Evaluation indices of each scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案X1/万 tX2/(元/t)X3/万元X4X5/%X6X7/%X8/(万 t/a)X9
1338.2485.007 643.540.0085难5.0022.76较难
2385.2554.005 326.697.0195易0.0025.96较易
3343.6064.796 306.721.7589较难2.7922.77难
4350.5652.505 583.632.6492较易1.5022.81难
方案X10X11X12X13X14/tX15/tX16/(万元/t)X17X18/(×10–4 t)
1连续较难难一般1 598.25114.0077 017.92较低5.06
2较连续易易高58 465.023 984.426 277.54高162.10
3较不连续较难较难一般14 444.941 550.0114 202.45一般46.55
4较不连续较易较易较高18 558.072 435.5913 640.65较高59.89
), ArticleFig(id=1322904548481827244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各方案评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案X1/万 tX2/(元/t)X3/万元X4X5/%X6X7/%X8/(万 t/a)X9
1338.2485.007 643.540.0085难5.0022.76较难
2385.2554.005 326.697.0195易0.0025.96较易
3343.6064.796 306.721.7589较难2.7922.77难
4350.5652.505 583.632.6492较易1.5022.81难
方案X10X11X12X13X14/tX15/tX16/(万元/t)X17X18/(×10–4 t)
1连续较难难一般1 598.25114.0077 017.92较低5.06
2较连续易易高58 465.023 984.426 277.54高162.10
3较不连续较难较难一般14 444.941 550.0114 202.45一般46.55
4较不连续较易较易较高18 558.072 435.5913 640.65较高59.89
), ArticleFig(id=1322904548569907629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Quantification of some evaluation indicators

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方案X2/(元/t)X6X9X10X11X12X13X17
185.000.900.60.900.900.200.400.2
213.000.100.20.700.201.000.900.8
354.490.350.90.630.400.480.500.4
436.960.600.90.580.650.680.650.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322904550230852014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

部分评价指标的定量化

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方案X2/(元/t)X6X9X10X11X12X13X17
185.000.900.60.900.900.200.400.2
213.000.100.20.700.201.000.900.8
354.490.350.90.630.400.480.500.4
436.960.600.90.580.650.680.650.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322904550314738095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Grey correlation of each scheme

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备选方案灰色关联度
10.549 3
20.798 3
30.456 3
40.491 9
), ArticleFig(id=1322904550432178608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各方案的灰色关联度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
备选方案灰色关联度
10.549 3
20.798 3
30.456 3
40.491 9
), ArticleFig(id=1322904550537036209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Grey correlation of each scheme without the consideration of carbon performance indices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
备选方案灰色关联度
10.431 5
20.921 1
30.437 7
40.490 4
), ArticleFig(id=1322904550612533682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904538012844369, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不考虑碳绩效指标的方案灰色关联度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
备选方案灰色关联度
10.431 5
20.921 1
30.437 7
40.490 4
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“双碳”目标下考虑碳绩效的采矿方案优选
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裴明松 , 刘林 , 代光俊 , 李小伟 , 陈爱章 , 刘海 , 斯小华
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(5): 42-48
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (5) : 42 -48
“双碳”目标下考虑碳绩效的采矿方案优选
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裴明松（1991—），男，河南淅川人，硕士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为矿产资源开发利用和生态复绿。E-mail:

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裴明松（1991—），男，河南淅川人，硕士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为矿产资源开发利用和生态复绿。E-mail:

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裴明松 , 刘林, 代光俊, 李小伟, 陈爱章, 刘海, 斯小华
作者信息
  • 湖北冶金地质研究所（中南冶金地质研究所），湖北　宜昌市　443003
作者简介:

裴明松（1991—），男，河南淅川人，硕士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为矿产资源开发利用和生态复绿。E-mail:

Mining Scheme Optimization Considering Carbon Performance Under the "Dual Carbon" Goals
Mingsong PEI , Lin LIU, Guangjun DAI, Xiaowei LI, Aizhang CHEN, Hai LIU, Xiaohua SI
Affiliations
  • Hubei Institute of Metallurgical Geology (Central South Institute of Metallurgical Geology), Yichang, Hubei 443003, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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摘要
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矿产资源开发利用不仅为国民经济发展提供物质基础，还是“双碳”目标下碳减排的关键“战场”。为了实现矿山低碳开发，在以往采矿方案优选评价指标的基础上，引入碳绩效相关指标，构建了考虑碳绩效的加权灰色关联采矿方案优选模型。以国内某矿山为例，除安全、经济、技术方面的指标外，引入了平均碳绩效等碳绩效相关指标，利用博弈论思想综合确定各指标权重，对阶段矿房嗣后充填开采、露天分层台阶式开采、露天分层台阶式开采(35%)和阶段矿房嗣后充填联合开采以及露天分层台阶式开采(60%)和阶段矿房嗣后充填联合开采4种采矿方案进行评价，最终确定露天分层台阶式开采为最优方案。与不考虑碳绩效的优选结果相比，碳绩效指标的引入使得各方案的加权灰色关联度发生了变化，证明在“双碳”目标下考虑碳绩效指标具有重要意义，符合发展绿色矿业的要求，可为“双碳”目标下矿山采矿方案优选提供参考。

“双碳”目标  /  碳绩效  /  采矿方案优选  /  加权灰色关联度  /  源头减碳

The development and utilization of mineral resources not only provides a material basis for the development of the national economy, but also a key “battlefield” for carbon emission reduction under the “dual carbon” goals. In order to realize the low-carbon development of mines, based on the previous evaluation indexes of mining scheme optimization, the carbon performance related indexes were introduced, and the weighted grey relational mining scheme optimization model considering carbon performance was constructed. Taking a mine in China as an example, in addition to safety, economic and technical indicators, carbon performance indicators such as average carbon performance were introduced. The weight of each index was comprehensively determined using game theory, and the four mining schemes of stage room subsequent filling mining, open-pit stratified stepped mining, open-pit stratified stepped mining (35%) and stage room subsequent filling combined mining, open-pit stratified stepped mining (60%) and stage room subsequent filling combined mining were evaluated. Finally, it is determined that open-pit stratified stepped mining is the optimal scheme. Compared with the optimization results without considering carbon performance, the introduction of carbon performance index makes the weighted grey relational grade of each scheme change, which proves that it is of great significance to consider carbon performance index under the “dual carbon” goals, which meets the requirements of developing green mining and can provide reference for mining scheme optimization of mines under the “dual carbon” goals.

“Dual carbon” goals  /  Carbon performance  /  Mining scheme optimization  /  Weighted grey relational grade  /  Source carbon reduction
裴明松, 刘林, 代光俊, 李小伟, 陈爱章, 刘海, 斯小华. “双碳”目标下考虑碳绩效的采矿方案优选. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 42 -48 .
Mingsong PEI, Lin LIU, Guangjun DAI, Xiaowei LI, Aizhang CHEN, Hai LIU, Xiaohua SI. Mining Scheme Optimization Considering Carbon Performance Under the "Dual Carbon" Goals[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 42 -48 .
正文
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0　引言
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我国致力于在2030年完成“碳达峰”并在2060年实现“碳中和”。不同领域科研人员对各行业的碳排放要素、实现“双碳”目标途径以及“双碳”目标对行业发展的新挑战和新要求等进行了研究，并取得了一定的成果。2023年11月，国家发改委等五部门联合印发《关于加快建立产品碳足迹管理体系的意见》(发改环资[2023]1529号)[1]。2023年12月，中央经济工作会议提出要加快构建绿色低碳供应链。2024年政府工作报告明确提出，提升碳排放统计核算能力，建立碳足迹管理体系，扩大全国碳市场行业覆盖范围。《关于进一步加强绿色矿山建设的通知》（自然资规[2024]1号）将碳排放量作为考核绿色矿山的提升性指标之一。矿业作为国民经济的重要部分，必将成为未来碳足迹、碳排放研究关注的重点之一。
“双碳”目标提出之后，煤炭、有色金属等行业对已建矿山的碳排放、碳汇变化以及碳绩效等方面进行了研究。例如，岳宗耀等[2]构建了煤炭企业整体碳绩效评价指标体系及生产矿井碳绩效评价体系，并用于煤炭企业碳绩效评价；彭亚辉等[3]对湖南省矿业碳排放特征进行研究，进而构建了碳绩效模型，并用于分析湖南省2010年后10年内的矿业碳绩效；彭仁东等[4]对阜康矿区西部地下矿井碳排放估算方法进行研究，获得了地下矿井的碳排放总量；王猛等[5]厘清了煤矿区碳排放源边界，并构建了碳排放量核算模型，进而明确了煤矿区低碳发展方向；裴明松等[6]研究了露天矿山生命周期内碳排放规律等；李海英等[7]归纳了金属矿山碳排放计算方法，构建了崩落法低碳高效开采理论模型；XU　Xiaochuan等[8]在经济利润的基础上考虑露天矿生态成本，进而对露天矿开采境界进行了优化；郑玉蓉等[9]通过分析识别露天煤矿的碳排放源，基于煤炭开发碳排放源清单分析方法构建了露天煤矿碳排放核算模型；乔兰等[10]构建了金属矿山井巷建设工程碳排放智能测算方法。上述研究多集中在矿山现状碳排放、碳绩效等的评估方面，进而针对性提出降低矿山碳排放的相关措施。矿山开采方案关系着矿产资源开发的安全、低碳、高效、经济、合理性。既然矿山碳排放成为了行业关注的重点之一，那么从源头方案的选择方面将减少矿山碳排放考虑进去，进而实现源头减碳也是矿山降低碳排放的措施之一。但是，该方面却鲜有研究，即现有的开采方案优选模型多结合矿山实际情况，从采矿方案的经济、技术及安全性方面综合考虑，对方案的环境影响仅进行定性评估，较少考虑矿山碳绩效方面的指标。
本文在加权灰色关联分析法的基础上，引入碳排放量、平均碳绩效以及增汇水平等碳绩效相关的指标，构建考虑碳绩效相关指标的开采方案优选模型，对采矿方案的考量涵盖了矿山开发的全生命周期，不仅仅包括矿石采出的过程，还涵盖后期生态复绿的内容，并与不考虑碳绩效指标的方案进行对比，以研究碳绩效指标在矿山开采方案选择方面的意义，为“双碳”目标下矿山采矿方案的选择提供借鉴，助力我国“碳中和”目标的实现。
1　矿山碳绩效相关指标
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碳绩效体现了企业绿色低碳发展的水平，对于矿山而言，碳绩效的核算包括矿山生产直接碳排放量和植被破坏引起的间接排放量。为了更加贴合矿山实际并考虑其后期碳汇发展，本文将直接碳排放量、间接碳排放量、平均碳绩效、吨矿碳排放量以及增汇潜力作为“双碳”目标下矿山需考虑的碳绩效相关指标。其中，直接碳排放量即为矿山实现年产能所消耗的燃料、电力以及爆破等引起的碳排放量[6]。参考文献[6]和文献[11]的研究成果，采用等值替代法将因植被破坏或复绿初期而不能实现的原始固碳量作为间接碳排放量，认为矿山通过生态复绿工作能将固碳水平恢复至矿山碳汇基线水平。此外采用彭亚辉等[3]的研究成果，将排放1 t CO2所能产生的经济价值作为平均碳绩效，即静态环境下矿山净经济效益终值与净碳排放量的比值。吨碳排放量为矿山构建低碳供应链的参考指标，即矿山生命周期内净碳排放量与可采资源量的比值。增汇潜力即矿山采用适宜的生态复绿措施超过碳汇基线值的能力。
2　考虑碳绩效指标的方案优选模型
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矿山采矿方案选择方面的研究屡见不鲜，系统工程思想的引入使得学者们研究了很多具有指导意义的优选模型并将其用于矿山开采实践中。灰色关联分析是在灰色系统理论基础上发展起来的一种方法，通过因素之间发展趋势的相似性或者差异程度来判断因素间的关联程度。该方法通过分析待评价对象与评价标准各因子的距离，确定各个对象的关联程度，并结合评价因子的权重，进而确定评价结果，具有适应面广，对样本量和样本规律性要求低等特点，在诸如矿业[12-16]、建筑业、水利[17]等行业得到了广泛的应用。本文以灰色关联分析法为基础构建采矿方案优选模型。
2.1　指标体系构建
开采方案优选涉及的指标因素多而复杂，不仅要考虑具体的矿床地质条件，同时需满足矿山经济、安全、低碳、高效采矿的目的。本文从经济、技术、安全和低碳4方面筛选能充分表征采矿方案可行性的指标，构建矿山开采方案优选的评价指标体系，见表1。
2.2　确定各指标权重
博弈论又被称为对策论，是特定条件下多对象之间对局中采用相关方的策略。根据博弈论思想，结合各种确定权重的方法，可以得到综合权重，提高权重计算的科学性[18-20]。其主要步骤如下。
（1）将L种方法获得的n个评价指标的权重组成基础权重矩阵为：
式中，pkq为第k(k=1,2,⋯,L)种方法获得的第q(q=1,2,⋯,n)个评价指标的权重值。
（2）将上述权重通过线型组合得到L种权重的综合权重向量集p：
式中：pk为第k种方法获得的权重向量；ck为第k种方法获得的权重线型组合时的系数；ck>0。
（3）对ck进行优化，使得p与pk的离差最小化，即：
（4）对式（2）求一阶导数，即：
（5）对ck进行归一化处理，即：
式中，为归一化处理后第k种方法获得的权重线型组合时的系数。
由博弈论思想得到的因素或指标的综合权重p*
2.3　优选过程
（1）选取参考序列和比较序列。
参考序列是反映系统行为特征的数据序列，比较序列是由影响系统行为的因素组成的数据序列。一般自子序列中挑选出反映方案中系统最优的特征数据序列作为参考序列。
假设有m个待比较序列，每个序列中有n个评价指标，设aij(i=1,2,⋯,m;j=1,2,⋯,n)为各待优选方案在某一评价指标下的值，则可构建比较序列矩阵R：
上述比较序列往往由于数据类型不同而无法实现数据间的可比性，需进行无量纲化处理。无量纲化的方法有很多，本模型采用极值法将指标分为正向指标和负向指标分别进行处理。
其中，正向指标采用式（8）处理[2]：
式中，xij为aij归一化处理后的无量纲化值，下同。
负向指标采用式（9）处理[2]：
则无量纲化后的比较序列矩阵X如下：
假设x0j为各评价指标在各比较序列中的最优值，则构建参考序列矩阵X0：
（2）计算灰色关联系数。
比较序列Xi和X0中各指标灰色关联系数rij可采用式（12）计算得到：
式中，ρ表示分辨系数，取值范围为0~1，一般取中间值0.5。
（4）计算比较序列Xi的加权灰色关联度Ri0。
式中，pj为待比较序列中第j个指标的权重，自p*中取值。
2.4　优选结果
根据上述考虑了碳绩效相关指标的评价指标体系，利用优选模型，得到各备选方案的加权灰色关联度。加权灰色关联度越大，表明比较序列越接近参考序列，该比较序列即为最优方案。即加权灰色关联度最大的备选方案即为模型的优选结果。
3　实例验证
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3.1　矿山背景资料
在2019年前后，建筑砂石料因供少于求而引发价格高企，为了保证建筑砂石料供应，各地出台了综合利用相关政策，为此前剥采比大于经济合理剥采比的矿山露天开采提供了可能性，部分金属、非金属矿矿业权在此背景下投放。随着房地产市场的持续低迷以及砂石供应量逐渐上升等因素的影响，砂石行业进入量价齐跌阶段，砂石骨料的价格逐渐进入理性区间。此前投放的采矿权陷入进退两难的境地，综合利用的建筑砂石料进入微利甚至负利区间，原有露天开采的可行性需要重新进行评估，若采用地下开采则面临开采成本高等问题，迫切需要能够从国家产业政策、安全以及经济性方面为矿山选择最优的开采方式和开采方法。
鄂西某玻璃用砂岩矿就是在上述背景下设立的，开采矿种为玻璃用砂岩。矿体主要赋存在二叠系梁山组(P1l)石英砂岩中，上覆地层为二叠系栖霞组(P1q)灰岩，即为矿体上盘围岩。上覆灰岩厚度整体呈现西薄东厚的特点，最薄处石英砂岩近似自然出露于地表，最厚处灰岩厚度超过80 m。矿山地形及上覆灰岩情况如图1所示。矿山保有玻璃用砂岩资源量为547万 t，上覆灰岩资源量达3 775.01 万 t。根据矿山所在地区相关产业政策，上述灰岩可进行综合利用，主要用作建筑石料，具有一定的经济价值。
但是随着周边建筑石料市场的逐渐饱和，矿山所处片区建筑石料价格持续下降，综合利用上覆灰岩增加了玻璃用砂岩的开采成本。同时考虑到绿色矿山评价指标中关于碳排放核算的要求，矿山亟需寻求一种低碳、安全、经济、技术合理的采矿方案。
3.2　待优选方案
矿山上覆灰岩总量较大，根据矿山地形情况及玻璃用砂岩出露情况，参考专家和矿业权人的意见，矿山可选用的采矿方案有：阶段矿房嗣后充填开采（方案1），露天分层台阶式开采（方案2），露天分层台阶式开采(35%)和阶段矿房嗣后充填联合开采（方案3）以及露天分层台阶式开采(60%)和阶段矿房嗣后充填联合开采（方案4）。上述方案均建立在上覆灰岩可以综合利用的基础上。为了便于分析，联合开采方案3和方案4均为露天分层台阶式开采完毕后再进行地下开采，在露天采场和地下采场之间预留的保安矿柱厚度为50 m。
3.3　选取评价指标及取值
根据前述模型，矿山开采方案优选的评价指标包括经济、技术、安全和碳绩效方面的指标。根据前述4个备选方案的特点，选取可采资源量X1、开采综合成本X2、建设投资X3、综合剥采比X4作为经济方面的指标，选取综合回采率X5、生产能力达成难易程度X6、矿石综合贫化率X7、综合生产效率X8、生产管理难易程度X9、生产连续性X10作为技术方面的指标，选取安全监管难易程度X11、地压管理容易程度X12、机械化程度X13作为安全方面的指标，选取直接碳排放量X14、间接碳排放量X15、平均碳绩效X16、增汇潜力X17、吨矿碳排放量X18作为碳绩效相关的指标。
各指标的取值主要结合专家意见和现场管理人员的经验进行确定，其中有以下几项需要说明：一是方案2、方案3和方案4中露天开采综合利用灰岩的净利润摊入矿石的开采成本中；二是植被破坏区域（含采场及工业场地等）可通过生态复绿恢复至不低于基线水平，植被固碳能力恢复的时间按照10 a计算，期间固碳能力不计；三是增汇水平主要考虑通过树种改良等方式增加矿山碳汇能力，因而认为露天部分增汇水平较高。
一般而言，矿山生产能力是固定的，则可认为无论是露天开采、地下开采还是联合开采，其爆破、工程机械设备、外购电力等碳源的历年碳排放量在其服务期内(不含闭坑生态复绿期间)保持不变。矿山开采时所用机械设备较多，可分为凿岩设备、铲装设备、运输设备、通风设备等，包括潜孔钻机、凿岩台车、挖掘机、铲运机、自卸式卡车、空压机、风机等，除了通风设备外，其他设备主要为柴油设备。其中燃油、炸药、外购电力的碳排放因子以及植被破坏作为间接碳源的碳排放因子参照文献[6]选取，见表2。
根据表2中的取值结果，结合矿山实际情况，构建各方案的评价指标体系，见表3。
将表3中各定性指标作定量化处理，并将净利润摊入开采综合成本X2后更新指标，以便于利用优选模型进行方案的选择。根据专家的建议并充分参考矿山工作人员的意见，部分指标定量化后数值见表4。
3.4　确定各指标的权重
通过专家打分法确定各指标的权重为p1=(0.072　0,0.0640,0.064 0,0.016 0,0.064 0,0.040 0,0.048 0,0.064 0,0.048 0,0.048 0,0.032 0,0.064 0,0.040 0,0.064 0,0.064 0,0.072 0,0.064 0,0.072 0)。采用客观赋权法即熵值法确定的权重为p2=(0.074 5,0.036 3,0.036 8,0.036 2,0.041 3,0.042 3,0.040 0,0.151 5,0.091 4,0.062 5,0.042 9,0.043 9,0.054 5,0.035 3,0.041 7,0.088 8,0.044 2,0.035 9)。利用博弈论思想，根据式(1)至式(5)得到的各指标的综合权重为p*=(0.074 0,0.041 4,0.041 8,0.032 5,0.045 5,0.041 9,0.041 5,0.135 3,0.083 4,0.059 8,0.040 9,0.047 6,0.051 8,0.040 6,0.045 8,0.085 7,0.047 9,0.042 6）。
3.5　方案优选
根据式(7)至式(10)构建比较矩阵X，并根据式(11)构建参考序列矩阵X0。
各备选方案的加权灰色关联度可根据式(12)和式(13)进行计算，结果见表5。
3.6　优选结果
由表5可知，方案2的加权灰色关联度最大，则方案2即露天分层台阶式开采为该矿山的最优开采方案。矿山已确定采用露天分层台阶式开采并综合利用上覆灰岩资源，目前正在进行基建工作，且在绿色矿山建设方案中已将碳排放核算作为其绿色矿山考核的提升性指标之一。
3.7　结果讨论
为了进一步明确碳绩效相关指标在方案优选中所起作用，利用同样方法计算不考虑碳绩效相关指标时各方案的灰色关联度，计算结果见表6。
同样地，由表6可知，方案2即露天分层台阶式开采为该矿山的最优开采方案。
但是可以看出，考虑碳绩效指标时各方案的灰色关联度从大到小的排序为方案2、方案1、方案4、方案3，而不考虑碳绩效指标时各方案的灰色关联度从大到小的排序为方案2、方案4、方案3、方案1，可见，考虑了碳绩效相关指标后，各方案的灰色关联度排序发生了变化，方案1即阶段矿房嗣后充填开采的灰色关联度仅次于方案2即露天分层台阶式开采，且方案2的灰色关联度也有所降低，说明碳绩效相关指标在方案优选中发挥了作用。同时方案1的灰色关联度的提高说明碳绩效相关指标的引入符合未来低碳绿色开发的要求。矿山未来需要合理规划，加强管理，实施电能替代，降低化石燃料消耗的碳排放，同时加强矿山智能化建设，促进矿山生产系统节能降耗，此外还需发展节能减排技术，加强矿区碳汇开发，通过上述措施在生产过程中减少碳排放，提高矿山的平均碳绩效和增汇潜力。
4　结论
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（1）基于“双碳”目标，综合分析了矿山碳绩效相关指标，并将这些指标引入采矿方案优选的评价指标体系中。采用加权灰色关联分析法构建采矿方案的优选模型，并应用于鄂西某玻璃用砂岩矿山，得到该矿山最优的开采方案是露天分层台阶式开采方案(方案2)，与矿山实际采用的方案一致，可在实现矿产资源安全高效开发的同时兼顾低碳发展。
（2）在矿山开采方案优选中引入碳绩效相关指标会影响优选结果，证明了碳绩效相关指标的引入对促进矿业低碳绿色发展具有重要的意义。
（3）选取的采矿方案优选评价指标较多，未考虑相关指标之间的关联性和内在逻辑，未来可通过粗糙集等方法进行属性约简，以期得到更优的评价指标体系。
基金
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  • 湖北省自然科学基金项目(2022CFB557; 2023AFB923)
  • 湖北省转制科研院所科技发展专项项目(42000024205T000000140)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间：2024-07-14
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-14
基金
湖北省自然科学基金项目(2022CFB557; 2023AFB923)
湖北省转制科研院所科技发展专项项目(42000024205T000000140)
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    湖北冶金地质研究所（中南冶金地质研究所），湖北　宜昌市　443003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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