Article(id=1322904517137793246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727452800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334615262, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334615262, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334615262, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334615262, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904517498503391, articleId=1322904517137793246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Treatment to the Goaf in Steeply Inclined Thin Vein Group and Synergistic Mining Technology for Deep Ore Body, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the theory of synergistic mining, the technical challenges such as handling hidden danger in goaf, recycling hidden trouble resources, and ensuring safe and efficient mining of deep ore bodies have been solved for the difficult-to-mine ore bodies in a tungsten mine in southern Jiangxi Province. Four innovative mining designs were proposed, including changing the mining method from the empty-field method to the caving method, taking hidden trouble resources as cover rock layers for deep mining, using the goaf as a free blasting space for cutting grooves and cushion layers, as well as synergistic applying shallow and medium-deep hole blasting technologies. On this basis, the mining design and application of the segmented rock excavation stage caving method were carried out. The results of mining practice show that the segmented rock excavation stage caving method is suitable for dense vein mining. Compared with the original shallow hole shrinkage method, the mining loss rate of this mining method is reduced from 22% to 3%−5%, the daily production capacity of the stope is increased from 65 t to 260 t, the unit consumption of explosives is reduced from 1.18 kg/t to 0.57 kg/t, and the cost per ton of ore is reduced from 65.54 yuan to 33.26 yuan. It is indicated that the theory of synergistic mining has a significant application value in the mining of dense ore bodies in tungsten mines. The research results provide a technical solution that can be used as a reference for dealing with similar problems in mines.

, authors=Jinlai ZHANG1, Guangxin WANG1, 2, Guangxiang YE1, Jie WANG1, Chenglin GUO3, authorsList=Jinlai ZHANG, Guangxin WANG, Guangxiang YE, Jie WANG, Chenglin GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guangxin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904520287715562, articleId=1322904517137793246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=急倾斜薄脉群采空区处理及深部矿体协同开采技术, columnId=1226462294582936453, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对赣南某钨矿山矿脉密集型矿体中难采矿体的回采问题,基于协同开采理论,重点解决了采空区隐患处理、隐患资源回采及深部矿体的安全高效开采等技术难题。提出了4方面的开采创新设计:开采方法由空场法转为崩落法、隐患资源作为深部开采覆盖岩层、采空区作为切割槽与垫层的自由爆破空间、浅孔与中深孔爆破技术协同应用,并以此进行了分段凿岩阶段崩落法的开采设计与应用。矿山开采实践结果表明,分段凿岩阶段崩落法适合密集型脉带开采,相较于原用的浅孔留矿法,该采矿方法采矿损失率由22%降低至3%~5%,采场日生产能力由65 t增加至260 t,炸药单耗由1.18 kg/t降低至0.57 kg/t,矿石吨矿成本由65.54元降低至33.26元,表明协同开采理论在钨矿山矿脉密集型矿体开采中具有显著的应用价值。研究结果为矿山处理类似问题提供了可借鉴的技术方案。

, authors=张金来1, 汪光鑫1, 2, 叶光祥1, 汪杰1, 郭成淋3, authorsList=张金来, 汪光鑫, 叶光祥, 汪杰, 郭成淋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=汪光鑫, authorNote=

张金来(1997—),男,江西赣州人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事矿山开采和地压控制研究工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
汪光鑫(1988—),男,江西上饶人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山安全和通风系统研究工作。E-mail:
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张金来(1997—),男,江西赣州人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事矿山开采和地压控制研究工作。E-mail:

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张金来(1997—),男,江西赣州人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事矿山开采和地压控制研究工作。E-mail:

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language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=Hidden trouble resource recovery), Keyword(id=1322904524607848722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=Deep ore body), Keyword(id=1322904524683346195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=Subsection drilling stage caving method), Keyword(id=1322904524750455060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=急倾斜薄脉群), Keyword(id=1322904524830146837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=协同开采), Keyword(id=1322904525031473430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=采空区处理), Keyword(id=1322904525119553815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=隐患资源回采), Keyword(id=1322904525207634200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=深部矿体), Keyword(id=1322904525484458265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=分段凿岩阶段崩落法)], refs=[Reference(id=1322904528772792618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=3+6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=刘亚雄, 洪松, 毕文嗣, journalName=采矿技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘亚雄,洪松,毕文嗣.急倾斜多层极薄矿体采矿方法研究[J].采矿技术,2022,22(2):1-3+6., articleTitle=急倾斜多层极薄矿体采矿方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322904528860873003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, 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China Tungsten Industry, 2019, 34(2):16-22., articleTitle=The application of mid-deep hole caving mining method in Xialong Tungsten Industry, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322904528567271720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, awardId=20232BCJ23063, language=CN, fundingSource=赣鄱俊才支持计划项目(20232BCJ23063), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322904528651157801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, awardId=2023PCG16997, language=CN, fundingSource=赣州市重点研发计划项目(2023PCG16997), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322904520530985195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904520539373804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, companyId=1322904520530985195, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, 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caption=扇形炮孔布置及装药连线, figureFileSmall=G+9kBT7sKFCXCXhCf8lBwA==, figureFileBig=FC83Zz70aAEQ0h4i/+4yWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904528160424228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting test plans

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次数分层排距/m孔底距/m加强排/m崩矿步距/排备注
1一分层1.1~1.21.8无3~4自由空间爆破
二分层
三分层
2一分层2.1-0.6-1.01.80.63爆破3排,排距2.1 m、0.6 m、1.0 m/1.1 m/1.2 m。
二分层2.1-0.6-1.1
三分层2.1-0.6-1.2
3一分层2.1-0.5-1.11.80.53爆破3排,排距2.1 m、0.5 m、1.1 m。
二分层2.0
三分层2.2
4一分层2.0-0.5-1.12.00.53爆破3排,排距2.0 m/2.1 m/2.2 m、0.5 m、1.1 m。
二分层2.1-0.5-1.1
三分层2.2-0.5-1.1
5一分层2.1-0.5-1.12.00.53爆破3排,排距2.1 m、0.5 m、1.1 m。
爆破5排,排距2.1 m、0.5 m、1.1 m、1.1 m、1.1 m。
爆破7排,排距2.1 m、0.5 m、1.1 m、1.1 m、1.1 m、1.1 m、1.1 m。
二分层2.1-0.5-1.1-1.1-1.12.05
三分层2.1-0.5-1.1-1.1-1.1-1.1-1.12.07
), ArticleFig(id=1322904528256893221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆破试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
次数分层排距/m孔底距/m加强排/m崩矿步距/排备注
1一分层1.1~1.21.8无3~4自由空间爆破
二分层
三分层
2一分层2.1-0.6-1.01.80.63爆破3排,排距2.1 m、0.6 m、1.0 m/1.1 m/1.2 m。
二分层2.1-0.6-1.1
三分层2.1-0.6-1.2
3一分层2.1-0.5-1.11.80.53爆破3排,排距2.1 m、0.5 m、1.1 m。
二分层2.0
三分层2.2
4一分层2.0-0.5-1.12.00.53爆破3排,排距2.0 m/2.1 m/2.2 m、0.5 m、1.1 m。
二分层2.1-0.5-1.1
三分层2.2-0.5-1.1
5一分层2.1-0.5-1.12.00.53爆破3排,排距2.1 m、0.5 m、1.1 m。
爆破5排,排距2.1 m、0.5 m、1.1 m、1.1 m、1.1 m。
爆破7排,排距2.1 m、0.5 m、1.1 m、1.1 m、1.1 m、1.1 m、1.1 m。
二分层2.1-0.5-1.1-1.1-1.12.05
三分层2.1-0.5-1.1-1.1-1.1-1.1-1.12.07
), ArticleFig(id=1322904528361750822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the main technical and economic indicators of each mining method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿方法采矿损失率/%采矿贫化率/%采场生产能力/(t/日)采切比/(m/kt)炸药单耗/(kg/t)凿岩机台效/(m/(台·班))矿石成本(直接成本)/(元/t)
分段凿岩阶段崩落法(新用)3~583.02603.40.575033.26
普通浅孔留矿法(原用)2276.46513.91.188365.54
), ArticleFig(id=1322904528445636903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904517137793246, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

采矿方法主要技术经济指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿方法采矿损失率/%采矿贫化率/%采场生产能力/(t/日)采切比/(m/kt)炸药单耗/(kg/t)凿岩机台效/(m/(台·班))矿石成本(直接成本)/(元/t)
分段凿岩阶段崩落法(新用)3~583.02603.40.575033.26
普通浅孔留矿法(原用)2276.46513.91.188365.54
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急倾斜薄脉群采空区处理及深部矿体协同开采技术
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张金来 1 , 汪光鑫 1, 2 , 叶光祥 1 , 汪杰 1 , 郭成淋 3
矿业研究与开发 | 深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025,45(5): 1-7
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矿业研究与开发 |深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025 , 45 (5) : 1 -7
急倾斜薄脉群采空区处理及深部矿体协同开采技术
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张金来1 , 汪光鑫1, 2 , 叶光祥1, 汪杰1, 郭成淋3
作者信息
  • 1.赣州有色冶金研究所有限公司,江西 赣州市 341003
  • 2.中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 3.江西下垄钨业有限公司,江西 赣州市 341500
通讯作者:
汪光鑫(1988—),男,江西上饶人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山安全和通风系统研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

张金来(1997—),男,江西赣州人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事矿山开采和地压控制研究工作。E-mail:

Treatment to the Goaf in Steeply Inclined Thin Vein Group and Synergistic Mining Technology for Deep Ore Body
Jinlai ZHANG1 , Guangxin WANG1, 2 , Guangxiang YE1, Jie WANG1, Chenglin GUO3
Affiliations
  • 1.Ganzhou Nonferrous Metallurgy Research Institute Co., Ltd., Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341003, China
  • 2.School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
  • 3.Jiangxi Xialong Tungsten Industry Co., Ltd., Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341500, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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针对赣南某钨矿山矿脉密集型矿体中难采矿体的回采问题,基于协同开采理论,重点解决了采空区隐患处理、隐患资源回采及深部矿体的安全高效开采等技术难题。提出了4方面的开采创新设计:开采方法由空场法转为崩落法、隐患资源作为深部开采覆盖岩层、采空区作为切割槽与垫层的自由爆破空间、浅孔与中深孔爆破技术协同应用,并以此进行了分段凿岩阶段崩落法的开采设计与应用。矿山开采实践结果表明,分段凿岩阶段崩落法适合密集型脉带开采,相较于原用的浅孔留矿法,该采矿方法采矿损失率由22%降低至3%~5%,采场日生产能力由65 t增加至260 t,炸药单耗由1.18 kg/t降低至0.57 kg/t,矿石吨矿成本由65.54元降低至33.26元,表明协同开采理论在钨矿山矿脉密集型矿体开采中具有显著的应用价值。研究结果为矿山处理类似问题提供了可借鉴的技术方案。

急倾斜薄脉群  /  协同开采  /  采空区处理  /  隐患资源回采  /  深部矿体  /  分段凿岩阶段崩落法

Based on the theory of synergistic mining, the technical challenges such as handling hidden danger in goaf, recycling hidden trouble resources, and ensuring safe and efficient mining of deep ore bodies have been solved for the difficult-to-mine ore bodies in a tungsten mine in southern Jiangxi Province. Four innovative mining designs were proposed, including changing the mining method from the empty-field method to the caving method, taking hidden trouble resources as cover rock layers for deep mining, using the goaf as a free blasting space for cutting grooves and cushion layers, as well as synergistic applying shallow and medium-deep hole blasting technologies. On this basis, the mining design and application of the segmented rock excavation stage caving method were carried out. The results of mining practice show that the segmented rock excavation stage caving method is suitable for dense vein mining. Compared with the original shallow hole shrinkage method, the mining loss rate of this mining method is reduced from 22% to 3%−5%, the daily production capacity of the stope is increased from 65 t to 260 t, the unit consumption of explosives is reduced from 1.18 kg/t to 0.57 kg/t, and the cost per ton of ore is reduced from 65.54 yuan to 33.26 yuan. It is indicated that the theory of synergistic mining has a significant application value in the mining of dense ore bodies in tungsten mines. The research results provide a technical solution that can be used as a reference for dealing with similar problems in mines.

Steeply inclined thin vein group  /  Synergistic mining  /  Goaf treatment  /  Hidden trouble resource recovery  /  Deep ore body  /  Subsection drilling stage caving method
张金来, 汪光鑫, 叶光祥, 汪杰, 郭成淋. 急倾斜薄脉群采空区处理及深部矿体协同开采技术. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 1 -7 .
Jinlai ZHANG, Guangxin WANG, Guangxiang YE, Jie WANG, Chenglin GUO. Treatment to the Goaf in Steeply Inclined Thin Vein Group and Synergistic Mining Technology for Deep Ore Body[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 1 -7 .
赣南大多数钨矿山开采始于20世纪初期,开采方法以浅孔留矿法为主。随着开采深度的增加,该地区采空区持续增多,加之各种构造叠加影响,地压活动愈发明显,矿柱剥落、顶板冒落、围岩片帮、巷道变形等地压问题时有发生,严重威胁着井下作业人员安全。若不予以充分重视,会造成巨大的资源浪费和经济损失,严重制约矿山企业的可持续发展[1-2]。
复杂采空区群下深部矿体的安全高效开采是一个重点研究课题,许多科技工作者已开展了大量的研究工作。胡建华等[3]针对西部某矿山目前的开采状况及大量遗留残矿的采空区结构特征,提出了一种协同利用采空区空间进行残矿开采的新模式。研究结果表明,该方法在评价采空区群下残矿开采作业环境的安全方面简单可行,并能通过采空区的结构效应实现对残矿开采作业环境的安全分级辨识。聂兴信等[4]基于协同开采理念,对现有薄矿脉开采方法进行了系统分析,并设计了深孔分段空场上向嗣后充填连续采矿法。采用该采矿方法,有效提升了矿山机械化连续开采水平,显著提高了矿山生产能力和回采效率,同时确保了多矿脉同时回采时的安全性。李海港等[5]在“协同开采”理念的指导下,兼顾资源开采与隐患处理,提出了针对赣南地区钨矿的采空区探测—微震实时监测—残矿协同回采(探-监-采)的协同开采关键技术方案,并对赣南某典型钨矿进行了工程案例分析。刘洋[6]针对某铁矿残矿回采及采空区治理的难题,基于临界冒落跨度理论,兼顾资源开采与隐患处理,提出了一种协同技术方案,实现了采空区隐患处理与残矿资源回采的有机统一。李元辉等[7]为进一步提高开采效率、降低贫损率,从协同开采理论出发,提出了薄矿脉井下“采-选-充”协同开采新模式,该开采新模式对于改变薄矿脉开采效率低、矿石贫损率大、作业安全性差、开采成本高等现状,破解开采效率与贫损控制难以兼顾的重大技术难题具有深远意义。张东杰等[8]针对某矿浅孔留矿法开采时,复合采空区可能导致冒落冲击及地表陷落等危害问题,采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法进行了覆岩冒落机理及采空区治理方法的研究,通过岩体极限冒落跨度力学分析,提出了顺次崩落中段顶柱与地表协同充填的复合采空区治理方法。
在当今矿产资源开采新技术需求日益增长的时代背景下,协同开采理论因其独特的资源利用观念和创新的工程技术手段,已成为矿业领域的研究热点之一。近期的研究成果和工程实践均充分证明了协同开采技术在推动传统开采模式变革中的重要作用[9-12]。
鉴于此,本文以赣南某钨矿急倾斜薄脉群矿体开采过程中采空区处理、隐患资源回采与深部矿体开采问题为背景,基于协同开采理念,提出了4方面的开采创新设计,并开展了现场工业试验。研究可为同类矿山处理类似问题提供借鉴。
协同开采理论强调资源的高效利用、工艺的协同创新与管理的安全经济有机融合,旨在通过技术创新、多学科交叉融合以及资源的综合利用,实现矿产资源开采的高效、环保和可持续发展[13-16]。该理论的核心在于运用科学的方法和策略,协调处理矿山系统运行中出现的各种矛盾与冲突,从而实现矿山系统的整体和谐与高效运行。在矿山开采实践中,资源开采与采空区治理通常被视为一对难以调和的矛盾。传统做法通常要求在资源开采之前先行治理采空区,以确保开采的安全性。协同开采理论打破了开采与治理之间的对立关系,将资源开采与采空区治理视为一个相互关联、相互促进的动态过程。
赣南某钨矿山面临采空区总量庞大、形态复杂、探测难度大以及地压活动显著等问题,加之传统开采技术的限制,导致大量残矿资源未能得到有效利用。在此背景下,残矿资源的开采与采空区隐患处理的协同作业,成为工程技术人员面临的一项重大技术挑战[17-18]。基于协同开采理论,通过采用充填、崩落围岩处理采空区等技术手段,并根据不同的地质条件制定个性化的残矿资源回采方案,可以有效解决采空区安全隐患处理、残矿资源回采以及深部矿体安全高效开采等多方面的技术难题。该协同作业模式可以同步实现采空区治理与残矿资源回采,对于提升矿山工程实践价值具有重要意义。
协同开采理论的应用为矿山工程实践提供了一种科学、系统的解决方案,有助于提高资源利用率和生产安全性,同时也能推动矿山行业的可持续发展。随着矿产资源开采技术的不断进步,协同开采理论将为矿山工程实践提供更加全面和高效的指导。
赣南地区某钨矿山矿床结构复杂,由众多单脉-黑钨石英脉组成,呈现出膨胀缩小、分支复合和尖灭侧现等地质形态。随着矿山开采活动向深部拓展,已开拓出9个中段,其中500 m、450 m、400 m、337 m、286m中段的开采作业已结束,236 m、186 m中段的开采作业接近尾声,136 m、86 m中段是矿区的主要生产中段。针对矿区内的急倾斜薄脉矿体,主要采用浅孔留矿法进行开采[19]。
随着开采深度的增加,深部矿体的赋存状态发生变化,尤其是矿体在不同延伸方向上的厚度和品位变化较大,矿脉间距减小、连续性较差,限制了浅孔留矿法的应用,增加了矿体回采难度,导致深部矿体的开采效率降低,资源损失严重。此外,采空区数量的持续增加导致了地压活动加剧,特别是在南组103线至105线区域,地压活动尤为剧烈。复杂空区群与成矿后的构造破碎带交互作用,使得东西向矿脉被断层破碎带切割形成楔形体,楔形体的滑移运动诱发采空区的片帮、冒顶等地压灾害,严重威胁残矿资源回采作业安全。若继续采用浅孔留矿法,将不可避免地扩大采场顶板的暴露面积,增加回采安全风险。因此,针对矿区南组矿脉密集型矿体中的难采矿体,亟需研究新型采矿工艺,实现安全生产、生产效率提高、生产成本降低的协同目标。
试验矿块位于矿区136 m中段,介于南组103线东副穿以东15 m至103线西副穿以西25 m的范围内。矿块沿矿体走向布置,长度为140 m,宽度为15.1 m,中段高50.56 m。矿体呈脉状产出于浅变质砂岩中,形态变化复杂。工程勘察结果显示,试验矿块东端包含浅孔留矿法采场(图2中B-C采场),其平均宽度为7.1 m,节理裂隙发育,局部区域发生冒顶,已上采至136 m中段轨道面以上16.1 m,实际长度为26.4 m。此外,B-C采场以西的V205、V206、V207采场部分沿脉巷道矿脉也已被挑顶至轨道面以上6~7 m。试验矿块的具体位置及其三维模型如图1所示。
针对试验矿块所处复杂采空区群的开采条件及矿山技术经济现状,采用充填法进行开采能保障采场安全,但建设充填站需要投入大量资金,开采成本过高,不符合矿山的实际经济条件。同时,由于试验矿块所处中段上部存在大量采空区,必须构建安全缓冲隔离垫层以确保作业安全。因此,采用覆盖保护层下的阶段崩落法,更适宜于矿区南组复杂采空区群下的脉组开采。
阶段崩落法区别于传统的空场法与充填法,主要通过主动崩落围岩及形成覆盖岩石来实现地压的控制与管理。实施策略包括:在采矿工作面推进过程中,有计划地崩落顶板或围岩,利用崩落岩体充填采空区以调控采场地压;同步崩落矿石与围岩,形成采场顶部覆盖层,从而实现有效的地压管理。
通过对试验矿块周边的工程地质条件和采区情况进行调查,发现在试验矿块上方186 m中段存在V206、V207两个并列的已采采场,且V206采场与V207采场之间的夹墙含有分支矿脉。因此,可以采用崩落采空区夹墙、底柱及其上下盘围岩的方式,构建覆盖垫层,为地压管理提供有效手段。
在阶段崩落法的开采过程中,切割槽的设置对解决爆破补偿空间问题至关重要。切割槽的高度应贯穿整个采场,宽度通常设置为1.8~2.5 m。试验矿块东侧的B-C采场已开采至轨道面以上16.1m;西侧的V205、V206、V207采场的部分沿脉巷道已挑顶至轨面以上6~7 m。这些既有采空区可作为矿块回采的切割槽的组成部分,从而减少回采工程量。同时,为解决地压管理问题,需合理设置垫层。试验矿块上方存在的V206、V207采场可为崩落围岩和夹墙提供自由爆破补偿空间,为阶段崩落法的实施提供基础。
试验采场上部覆盖垫层的构建主要依赖于3部分:V206采场与V207采场之间的夹墙、V206采场的底柱、V206采场上下盘的围岩。现场调查及现有资料显示,V206采场与V207采场夹墙的东侧厚度约为5.6 m,西侧厚度约为3.2m,可以考虑采用扇形中深孔进行崩落;V206采场的底柱可根据底柱厚度采用浅孔崩落;V206采场上下盘的围岩可以采用中深孔与夹墙一起进行崩落,从而实现地压的有效控制。
采矿方法为电耙道底部结构分段凿岩阶段崩落法,采场不设顶柱、间柱,且底柱需进行回采。矿块沿矿体走向布置,采用后退式回采。为便于分层巷道掘进出矿,并避免与人行设备井干扰,设计了两个天井,分别为下矿井和人行设备井。其中,下矿井采用反钻井法施工,人行设备井则采用传统施工方法。在矿块东西两端各施工一个切割槽,作为回采爆破的自由空间。矿块底部结构设计采用两种出矿结构,在试验采场东侧原B-C采场部分设计为装矿机道出矿结构,B-C采场部分以西设计为电耙道出矿结构。试验采场工程布置如图2所示。
垫层造设区域位于103E线以东8.2 m、以西10.2m,南北方向为大采矿块圈定边界。区域内含V206、V207两个采空区,V206已基本放矿结束,采空区体积为664 m3,有4个底柱,尺寸为4.3 m×1.5 m×2.7 m(长×宽×高),可提供爆破补偿空间,V207采场底柱已基本回收完成;区域内隔墙东厚西薄,东侧厚约5.6 m、西侧厚约3.2 m,内含分支矿脉。垫层炮孔施工主要分为3部分:V206和V207采场夹墙、V206采场底柱、V206采场上下盘围岩。采用一次起爆微差分段爆破。
采场回采过程包括切割拉槽和矿房回采两部分。首先通过切割拉槽为采场第一次爆破创造初始自由面,继而实施矿房主体回采。
试验采场两端各施工一个切割槽,根据矿块现场情况,分别采用浅眼切槽法和“门字形”留矿法采后成槽法。
浅眼切槽法布置在试验采场东侧,通过掘进天井为切槽提供爆破自由面。切槽宽度为1.5~1.8 m,长度为8.5m。浅眼切槽法示意图如图3所示。
“门字形”留矿法采后成槽法布置在试验采场西侧,由V205矿脉、V206矿脉及试验采场西切割立槽构成“门字形”结构,如图4(a)所示。应用留矿法进行开采,其中西切割槽长11 m, V205与V206两矿脉在136 m中段处间距约为6 m,在186 m中段处间距约为5 m,支脉间距约为2 m。V205矿脉、V206矿脉横剖面图如图4(b)所示。
矿房回采设计采用上向扇形中深孔崩矿,扇形炮孔布置及装药联线如图5所示。
在各分层凿岩巷道内采用YGZ-90型钻机钻凿上向垂直扇形中深孔,采用BQF-100型风动装药器装填多孔粒状黏性铵油炸药,在孔底敷设导爆索、导爆管。通过导爆管、雷管(毫秒管)进行起爆,每排孔设置不同段别以实现爆破效果的最优化。矿房回采共组织了5次中深孔崩矿爆破,爆破试验方案见表1。
5次矿房回采爆破均成功实施,现场分层平巷矿堆分布均匀、大块率少,爆破效果良好。通过收集现场试验数据,对新用的分段凿岩阶段崩落法与原用的普通浅孔留矿法就主要技术经济指标进行了对比,见表2。
由表2可知,与普通浅孔留矿法相比,新采用的分段凿岩阶段崩落法在资源回采率、采场生产能力、炸药单耗、生产成本等方面具有明显的优势,采矿损失率由22%降低至3%~5%,采场日生产能力由65 t增加至260 t,炸药单耗由1.18 kg/t降低至0.57 kg/t,矿石吨矿成本由65.54 元降低至33.26 元。该采矿方法对复杂采空区群下的资源回收起到重要作用,说明协同开采理论在赣南地区钨矿山矿脉密集型矿体开采中具有显著的应用价值。
(1)首次在赣南地区某钨矿山应用协同开采技术,有效解决了采空区安全隐患处理、隐患资源回采及深部矿体安全高效开采等多方面的技术难题,为矿山工程实践提供了科学、系统的解决方案。
(2)基于协同开采理念,提出了开采方法由空场法转至崩落法、隐患资源作为深部开采覆盖垫层、采空区作为切割槽及垫层自由爆破空间、浅孔和中深孔协同应用等4方面的开采创新设计,并以此进行了分段凿岩阶段崩落法开采的设计与应用。
(3)现场工业试验结果表明,分段凿岩阶段崩落法适合密集型脉带矿体开采,利用采空区群下再造松散介质缓冲层应力隔离技术将上部采空区与开采中段实现了有效分割,可保障采空区群下矿体回采的安全性。
(4)相较于原用的普通浅孔留矿法,分段凿岩阶段崩落法在资源回采率、采场生产能力、炸药单耗、生产成本等方面具有显著优势,采矿损失率由22%降低至3%~5%,采场日生产能力由65 t增加至260t炸药单耗由1.18 kg/t降低至0.57 kg/t,矿石吨矿成本由65.54 元降低至33.26 元。该采矿方法在赣南地区某钨矿山成功应用,说明协同开采理论在赣南地区钨矿山矿脉密集型矿体开采中具有显著的应用价值。
  • 赣鄱俊才支持计划项目(20232BCJ23063)
  • 赣州市重点研发计划项目(2023PCG16997)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-28
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赣鄱俊才支持计划项目(20232BCJ23063)
赣州市重点研发计划项目(2023PCG16997)
作者信息
    1.赣州有色冶金研究所有限公司,江西 赣州市 341003
    2.中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
    3.江西下垄钨业有限公司,江西 赣州市 341500

通讯作者:

汪光鑫(1988—),男,江西上饶人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山安全和通风系统研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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