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Article(id=1322904479900775116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322844250153275555, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793334606385, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793334606385, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793334606385, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793334606385, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322844250153275555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793320246494, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793320246494, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=27, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322904480198570701, articleId=1322904479900775116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research on Mining Method of Medium-Diameter Long Hole in Steeply Inclined Thin Ore Body, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tieshanlong Tungsten Industry Huangsha mining area have the problems of low mechanization level, large quantity of mining preparation and cutting engineering, high labor intensity and large dilution loss rate for original mining technology. In order to solve these problems and improve the mechanization degree and ore utilization rate, according to the development experience of medium-diameter long holes in similar mines, combined with the grooving process of medium-long holes, the coordinated and efficient caving of upward medium-long hole and downward medium-diameter long hole was realized. The medium diameter long hole stage subsequent caving method was developed to mine steeply inclined thin ore body, and representative test blocks were selected for industrial tests. The industrial test results show that compared with the sublevel drilling stage caving method, the medium-diameter long hole stage subsequent caving method reduces the explosive unit consumption by 36.5%, and reduces the loss rate and dilution rate by 60% and 16.8%, respectively. The year-on-year ore volume and WO3 metal extraction volume increase by 16.7% and 19.0% respectively, and the net profit increases by 729 500 yuan. The results can confirm the significant economic and social benefits of the mining technology of steeply inclined thin ore body, and provide a feasible scheme for long hole blasting mining of steeply inclined thin ore body.

, authors=Yunpeng GUO1, Dong PAN1, 2, Zhijun LIU3, authorsList=Yunpeng GUO, Dong PAN, Zhijun LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322904481188426450, articleId=1322904479900775116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=急倾斜薄矿体中直径深孔采矿方法研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决铁山垅钨业黄沙矿区原采矿工艺机械化水平低、采准切割工程量大、劳动强度大、贫化损失率较大等问题，提高机械化程度和矿石利用率，根据相似矿山中直径深孔开发经验，结合中深孔拉槽工艺，实现上向中深孔与下向中直径深孔的协同高效落矿，开发了中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法开采急倾斜薄矿体，并选择了具有代表性的试验矿块进行工业试验。工业试验结果显示：中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法较分段凿岩阶段崩落法炸药单耗降低了36.5%，损失率、贫化率分别降低60%和16.8%，同比矿石量和 WO3 金属采出量分别增加了16.7%和19.0%，新增净利润72.95 万元。研究结果证实了急倾斜薄矿体中直径深孔采矿工艺的显著经济效益和社会效益，为急倾斜薄矿体的深孔爆破开采提供了可行方案。

, authors=郭云鹏1, 潘冬1, 2, 刘志军3, authorsList=郭云鹏, 潘冬, 刘志军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

郭云鹏（1999—），男，山东菏泽人，硕士研究生，主要从事金属矿山开采工艺研究。E-mail:

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郭云鹏（1999—），男，山东菏泽人，硕士研究生，主要从事金属矿山开采工艺研究。E-mail:

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郭云鹏（1999—），男，山东菏泽人，硕士研究生，主要从事金属矿山开采工艺研究。E-mail:

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Gold, 2021, 42(12):29-32., articleTitle=Optimized selection and application of the mining method for the remaining steeply inclined thin ore bodies in southwest wing of Hongling Lead-Zinc Mine, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322904481423307475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904481431696084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, companyId=1322904481423307475, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904481440084693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, companyId=1322904481423307475, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.长沙矿山研究院责任有限公司，湖南　长沙　410012)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322904481502999254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904481515582167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, companyId=1322904481502999254, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of Safety Technology in Metal Mines, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904481528165080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, companyId=1322904481502999254, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室，湖南　长沙　410012)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322904481599468249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904481612051162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, companyId=1322904481599468249, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Hunan Research Center of Mining Geological Disaster Prevention and Environmental Recycling Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322904481624634075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, companyId=1322904481599468249, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.湖南省矿山地质灾害防治与环境再造技术研究中心，湖南　长沙　410012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322904484795527924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Standard block diagram of medium diameter long hole stage subsequent caving method, figureFileSmall=qX67seQHPIFRabnFwAF61w==, figureFileBig=H4RIOtje35vkCazRXLQBtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904484879414005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, language=CN, label=图1, caption=中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法标准矿块图, figureFileSmall=qX67seQHPIFRabnFwAF61w==, figureFileBig=H4RIOtje35vkCazRXLQBtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904485231735542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Trench bottom structure, figureFileSmall=nsK0HqVeU0mogXIcXUhPtw==, figureFileBig=P9nBRbXZXho7xnKJZEGf3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904485307233015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, language=CN, label=图2, caption=堑沟式底部结构, figureFileSmall=nsK0HqVeU0mogXIcXUhPtw==, figureFileBig=P9nBRbXZXho7xnKJZEGf3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322904485391119096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Rock properties of mining area

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岩性抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa泊松比弹性模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
花岗岩2.4810.0320.197 98.354.48635.11
变质砂岩3.0020.0570.263 98.514.79331.75
石英脉石2.0350.0440.149 56.793.11930.68
), ArticleFig(id=1322904485466616569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿区岩石性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa泊松比弹性模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
花岗岩2.4810.0320.197 98.354.48635.11
变质砂岩3.0020.0570.263 98.514.79331.75
石英脉石2.0350.0440.149 56.793.11930.68
), ArticleFig(id=1322904485621805818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primary selection of economic and technical indicators for mining methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿方法采场生产能力/(t/d)采矿工效/(t/工班)采切比/(m3/kt)矿石损失率/%矿石贫化率/%采矿生产成本/(元/t)
中直径深孔阶段崩落法30010077.509.57.937.8
分段凿岩阶段崩落法20070143.6823.89.588.4
分段充填法12080201.7912.012.0103.6
上向进路充填法10060259.156.06.0124.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322904485701497595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

采矿方法初选经济技术指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿方法采场生产能力/(t/d)采矿工效/(t/工班)采切比/(m3/kt)矿石损失率/%矿石贫化率/%采矿生产成本/(元/t)
中直径深孔阶段崩落法30010077.509.57.937.8
分段凿岩阶段崩落法20070143.6823.89.588.4
分段充填法12080201.7912.012.0103.6
上向进路充填法10060259.156.06.0124.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322904485810549500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Quantity of cutting works in test stope

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称断面规格/m断面面积/m2长度/m工程量/m3
凿岩巷2.2×2.44.9476.0375.44
人行通风天井进路2.2×2.44.949.245.45
人行通风天井3×1.53.877.529.03
联络巷2×24.006.526.00
耙道2×24.0062.5250.00
斗穿硐室2×24.0032.0128.00
斗穿2.5×2.56.2540.0250.00
拉底巷3.2×2.57.2456.0405.44
回风斗联络巷2×24.0012.048.00
回风斗2×24.004.016.00
合计305.71 573.36
), ArticleFig(id=1322904485894435581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验采场采切工程量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称断面规格/m断面面积/m2长度/m工程量/m3
凿岩巷2.2×2.44.9476.0375.44
人行通风天井进路2.2×2.44.949.245.45
人行通风天井3×1.53.877.529.03
联络巷2×24.006.526.00
耙道2×24.0062.5250.00
斗穿硐室2×24.0032.0128.00
斗穿2.5×2.56.2540.0250.00
拉底巷3.2×2.57.2456.0405.44
回风斗联络巷2×24.0012.048.00
回风斗2×24.004.016.00
合计305.71 573.36
), ArticleFig(id=1322904486045430526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Main economic and technical indicators of test stope

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿方法地质矿量/tWO3品位/%采矿损失率/%采矿贫化率/%采出矿量/t采出WO3品位/%采出WO3金属量/tWO3回收率/%选矿回收WO3金属量/tWO3精矿产量/t
中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法20 300.000.439.507.9019 947.340.4079.1878.0061.7695.02
分段凿岩阶段崩落法20 300.000.4323.809.5017 092.380.3966.5178.0051.8879.82
采矿方法采矿生产成本/(元/t)选矿生产成本/(元/t)管理费用/万元营业费用/万元总成本费用/万元营业收入/万元WO3精矿价格(不含税)/(万元/t)利润总额/万元净利润/万元吨矿净利润/(元/t)
中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法104.9878.00164.3327.49556.801 200.0712.63549.65412.24206.67
分段凿岩阶段崩落法104.9678.00140.8123.55477.081 008.1012.63452.39339.29198.51
), ArticleFig(id=1322904487739929343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322904479900775116, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试验采场主要经济技术指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿方法地质矿量/tWO3品位/%采矿损失率/%采矿贫化率/%采出矿量/t采出WO3品位/%采出WO3金属量/tWO3回收率/%选矿回收WO3金属量/tWO3精矿产量/t
中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法20 300.000.439.507.9019 947.340.4079.1878.0061.7695.02
分段凿岩阶段崩落法20 300.000.4323.809.5017 092.380.3966.5178.0051.8879.82
采矿方法采矿生产成本/(元/t)选矿生产成本/(元/t)管理费用/万元营业费用/万元总成本费用/万元营业收入/万元WO3精矿价格(不含税)/(万元/t)利润总额/万元净利润/万元吨矿净利润/(元/t)
中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法104.9878.00164.3327.49556.801 200.0712.63549.65412.24206.67
分段凿岩阶段崩落法104.9678.00140.8123.55477.081 008.1012.63452.39339.29198.51
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急倾斜薄矿体中直径深孔采矿方法研究
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郭云鹏 1 , 潘冬 1, 2 , 刘志军 3
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(5): 27-33
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (5) : 27 -33
急倾斜薄矿体中直径深孔采矿方法研究
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郭云鹏1 , 潘冬1, 2, 刘志军3
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院责任有限公司，湖南　长沙　410012
  • 2.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室，湖南　长沙　410012
  • 3.湖南省矿山地质灾害防治与环境再造技术研究中心，湖南　长沙　410012
作者简介:

郭云鹏（1999—），男，山东菏泽人，硕士研究生，主要从事金属矿山开采工艺研究。E-mail:

Research on Mining Method of Medium-Diameter Long Hole in Steeply Inclined Thin Ore Body
Yunpeng GUO1 , Dong PAN1, 2, Zhijun LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Safety Technology in Metal Mines, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 3.Hunan Research Center of Mining Geological Disaster Prevention and Environmental Recycling Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25
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摘要
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为解决铁山垅钨业黄沙矿区原采矿工艺机械化水平低、采准切割工程量大、劳动强度大、贫化损失率较大等问题，提高机械化程度和矿石利用率，根据相似矿山中直径深孔开发经验，结合中深孔拉槽工艺，实现上向中深孔与下向中直径深孔的协同高效落矿，开发了中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法开采急倾斜薄矿体，并选择了具有代表性的试验矿块进行工业试验。工业试验结果显示：中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法较分段凿岩阶段崩落法炸药单耗降低了36.5%，损失率、贫化率分别降低60%和16.8%，同比矿石量和 WO3 金属采出量分别增加了16.7%和19.0%，新增净利润72.95 万元。研究结果证实了急倾斜薄矿体中直径深孔采矿工艺的显著经济效益和社会效益，为急倾斜薄矿体的深孔爆破开采提供了可行方案。

急倾斜薄矿体  /  中直径深孔  /  阶段嗣后崩落法  /  工业试验

Tieshanlong Tungsten Industry Huangsha mining area have the problems of low mechanization level, large quantity of mining preparation and cutting engineering, high labor intensity and large dilution loss rate for original mining technology. In order to solve these problems and improve the mechanization degree and ore utilization rate, according to the development experience of medium-diameter long holes in similar mines, combined with the grooving process of medium-long holes, the coordinated and efficient caving of upward medium-long hole and downward medium-diameter long hole was realized. The medium diameter long hole stage subsequent caving method was developed to mine steeply inclined thin ore body, and representative test blocks were selected for industrial tests. The industrial test results show that compared with the sublevel drilling stage caving method, the medium-diameter long hole stage subsequent caving method reduces the explosive unit consumption by 36.5%, and reduces the loss rate and dilution rate by 60% and 16.8%, respectively. The year-on-year ore volume and WO3 metal extraction volume increase by 16.7% and 19.0% respectively, and the net profit increases by 729 500 yuan. The results can confirm the significant economic and social benefits of the mining technology of steeply inclined thin ore body, and provide a feasible scheme for long hole blasting mining of steeply inclined thin ore body.

Steeply inclined thin ore body  /  Medium-diameter long hole  /  Stage subsequent caving method  /  Industrial test
郭云鹏, 潘冬, 刘志军. 急倾斜薄矿体中直径深孔采矿方法研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (5) : 27 -33 .
Yunpeng GUO, Dong PAN, Zhijun LIU. Research on Mining Method of Medium-Diameter Long Hole in Steeply Inclined Thin Ore Body[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (5) : 27 -33 .
正文
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0　引言
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近年来，随着我国矿产资源持续开发，优质矿产储量已经逐渐枯竭，急倾斜薄矿体这一常见的复杂赋存条件矿体已经逐渐成为矿业研究的一个重大课题[1]。急倾斜薄矿体的固有经济技术难题以及现有矿山的开采规模导致该类矿体的开采方法较为落后，浅孔留矿法因为其采准工程量少、管理简单等优点依旧是相关矿山应用最为广泛的采矿方法，同时削壁充填法等采矿方法也应用较为广泛[2-3]。但上述采矿方法生产效率低、生产安全性差、损失贫化率高、机械化水平低，为解决这些问题，吴礼军等[4]、李永新等[5]、李元辉等[6]、唐学义等[7]、蔡勺钊[8]对浅孔留矿法、削壁充填法进行工艺优化，提出新的采矿方法，但依旧难以从根本上改变其生产效率、安全管理、采矿成本之间的矛盾。随着抛废采选设备技术的发展，急倾斜薄矿体的中深孔乃至于深孔高效开采成为了可能[9]。大直径深孔若直接用于薄矿体中，受夹制作用的影响，爆破参数极难控制。刘志军等[10-11]在某中厚矿体中采用中直径深孔进行全断面落矿，安全性高，并获得了较好的经济效益。为了解决铁山垅钨业黄沙矿区现阶段采矿方法生产能力低、机械化水平低、损失贫化率高等问题，以铁山垅黄沙矿区急倾斜薄矿体为工程背景，结合当前矿业发展高效安全的要求，以中直径深孔工艺为核心，结合矿山实际工程地质，提出全新的中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法，并以此方法选取具有代表性的标准矿块开展工业试验。
1　开采技术条件
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铁山垅黄沙矿区矿体开采标高+800~−100 m，矿体延长一般为200~300m，平均为240 m，一般延深为100~250 m，平均为160 m，带宽一般为1.00~1.50 m，矿体倾角为65°~85°。其中，规模最大的石英脉带型矿体东西全长1 500 m，延深为450 m，带宽一般为3.00~6.00 m，最大为8.6 m。总体而言，赋存矿体中薄矿体所占比重较大，故将急倾斜薄矿体作为主要研究对象。现矿区保有矿产 WO3 平均品位为0.431%，主要生产方法为浅孔留矿法和分段凿岩阶段崩落法。
矿区岩石由变质砂岩、石英脉石和花岗岩组成，呈致密块状，属坚硬脆性岩组，具较大的承载能力，矿区岩石性质见表1。
矿区及其周围无较大的地表或地下水体，矿区水文地质条件中等。矿山经多年开采形成大量废石堆积，且矿山选矿流程中重选后尾矿经浮选综合回收伴生矿产，浮选废液对矿区及周边环境有一定影响，矿区地质环境质量中等。
综上所述，矿区水文地质、工程地质和环境地质条件中等，属开采技术条件中等的（Ⅱ-4类型）矿床。
2　采矿方法选择
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国内外开采急倾斜薄矿体的方法主要有：浅孔留矿法、阶段矿房法、无底柱分段崩落法、自然崩落法、分段空场嗣后充填法和水平分层充填法等。
石良[12]在新疆某铁矿推广使用了深孔（中深孔）阶段矿房法，降低了采矿成本、提高了经济效益，验证了深孔（中深孔）在薄矿体中应用的可行性。孟庆学等[13]在矿体平均厚度仅为2.02 m的急倾斜矿山中进行中深孔阶段矿房法的工业试验，获得了较好的经济效益，证明了深孔采矿工艺在薄矿体中应用的先进性，但也着重强调了其中深孔孔深应严格限制在15m以内，以避免深孔凿岩工艺的炮孔控制难题在薄矿体中更为明显。GUO Yanhui等[14]通过数值模拟的方式对薄矿体矿山使用房柱法连续开采的参数进行优化，保证了房柱法在薄矿体深部采矿中的安全。
党建东等[15]通过中深孔预裂爆破将矿体与围岩剥离，实现了矿体边界控制良好的矿体自然崩落。张芫涛等[16]针对阶段机械化崩落法与大埋深矿体地应力难控制的矛盾，设计出小分段无底柱崩落法并在某大型深井锰矿进行工业试验，取得较好的经济效益。
YOUL等[17]针对复杂赋存条件的急倾斜薄矿体提出了以分段空场嗣后充填法替代浅孔留矿法，生产能力均提升近3倍，生产成本也显著降低。
杜树浩等[18]、王志惠等[19]、童大志等[20]根据矿山实际工程技术条件设计分层充填法，相较于矿山原有采矿工艺均取得了较好的经济效益，但分层充填法成本较高、生产能力较低的缺点将这种方法的应用限制在高价值矿石矿山。
中直径深孔嗣后崩落法是以阶段空场法与阶段崩落法为基础，适应矿山实际的生产设备，结合长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司专项设计的小断面精细化中直径深孔潜孔钻机及其他智能化采矿设备与工艺，最终设计出的高效采矿方法。
通过对国内外相似矿山采矿方法进行研究，经过采矿方法经济技术指标初选（见表2）以及变权重理论改进模糊数学优选采矿方法，最终得出铁山垅黄沙矿区最优采矿方法为中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法。
3　中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法试验方案
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为使工业试验采场具有足够的代表性，根据黄沙矿区实际生产情况，尽量选择对矿山目前生产影响小、便于无轨设备行走的地段作为深孔阶段嗣后崩落法试验采场。经现场踏勘交流，选择位于黄沙矿区平面175线至177线之间，立面在14中段至15中段水平(192~142 m水平)作为中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法试验采场。试验采场上方为分段凿岩阶段崩落法采空区，四周及下方均是尚未开采的矿岩实体。中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法标准矿块图如图1所示。
3.1　采场布置与结构参数
经过理论分析及FLAC3D数值模拟分析，结合试验采场实际工程技术条件，本试验采场沿矿体走向布置，倾向为25°，倾角约为85°，走向长56 m，平均宽5m。采场东西两侧均留4 m厚的间柱，回采走向长约48 m；因矿山实际生产状况及技术水平，采场底部结构确定为人工漏斗底部结构，试验采场留12 m厚的底柱。
3.2　采准切割
采准切割工程主要有凿岩联络巷、凿岩硐室、人行通风天井、回风联络道、矿石溜井、出矿进路、切割平巷、切割天井等工程。
在下部中段设单侧堑沟出矿底部结构，拉底高12 m，堑沟式底部结构如图2所示。先沿矿块掘进东西向沿脉拉底平巷；后垂直拉底平巷在采场中部布置南北向切割横巷，使其穿透矿体1.0m以上。自切割横巷顶板至上部中段，竖直向上施工切割天井。在采场另一侧穿脉顶板至凿岩硐室水平，竖直向上施工溜井（溜井仅用于采准施工时出渣，矿房回采时不出渣，只承担回风任务）。平行拉底平巷在矿体脉外10 m处掘进铲运机出矿平巷。沿出矿平巷每隔10 m掘进3~4条装矿进路至采场的拉底平巷，其与拉底平巷夹角为45°。
上中段脉内运输巷利旧扩刷作为深孔凿岩硐室，如不可利用，则应在采准斜坡道至上中段以下8~12 m构造布置深孔凿岩硐室，用于中直径深孔凿岩装药和爆破作业。深孔凿岩硐室规格为5.0 m×2.8 m矩形断面，为确保凿岩硐室安全稳定，掘进宜采用光面爆破技术，在凿岩硐室两帮每隔5 m左右，留设1个2~2.5 m宽的点状矿柱支撑硐室顶板，并视硐室围岩特性采取喷锚网等支护措施。采准斜坡道采用3.0 m×2.8 m三心拱断面，直线坡度控制在−14%以内，弯道段坡度控制在−3%以内，直线段每隔30 m至少布置1个躲避硐室，弯道段每隔15 m至少布置1个躲避硐室，躲避硐室进深1.5 m，采用2.0 m×2.1 m三心拱断面。采准斜坡道主要承担凿岩设备行走和进风任务，切割天井承担采场回风任务，人行通风天井主要承担人员上下及采场回风任务。
为确保低矮型CS150H潜孔钻机（3 364 mm×1 200 mm×1 825 mm)的凿岩精度，凿岩硐室的底板和顶板要尽量水平，避免出现弧形或凹凸不平。为便于在切割天井周边凿岩，将切割天井东西3 m范围内凿岩硐室断面扩刷。试验采场采切工程量见表3。
3.3　凿岩爆破
中深孔拉底凿岩采用YGZ-90型钻机配Φ70 mm钻头。自中深孔拉底巷中央切割井处开始拉槽爆破，在切割槽布置垂直向上中深孔，排距1.5m，间距1.2 m，孔深15 m，爆破形成切割立槽。以切割立槽为自由面由中央向两翼实施上向平行中深孔全断面侧向拉槽，孔间距1.0~1.2 m，排间距1.5 m。
中直径深孔凿岩选用低矮型CS150H潜孔钻机配Φ90 mm钻头，在凿岩硐室内凿下向垂直平行深孔，孔间距1.5 m、孔排距2.0 m，炮孔排面角90°，炮孔倾角与矿体倾角一致，孔深约21 m。先以孔间距1.5 m、孔排距2.0 m在切割天井附近凿4排下向平行深孔，作为深孔切割拉槽炮孔。水孔采用Φ70 mm卷装乳化炸药，干孔采用多孔粒状铵油炸药。孔底设铁丝悬吊Φ80 mm堵头堵塞炮孔后灌砂1.5 m长；装完药后，孔口堵塞2.0 m。孔内中部装双发毫秒延时导爆管雷(配孔底起爆具)起爆，自采场中央向两端，实行逐孔分段延时复式起爆。
3.4　采场出矿
除最初试验采场利旧采用电耙出矿外，后续试验采场采用铲运机出矿：每次爆破2~3排中直径深孔或6~10排中深孔。爆下的矿石集中在V形堑沟，采用WJD-1型1 m3电动铲运机装矿，经出矿进路、出矿平巷（局部装矿点需刷大)后装0.75m3矿车，经主运输巷运输至地表选矿厂。
3.5　采场通风
爆破后掘进面通风时间大于等于30 min，采场通风时间大于等于2 h, 经检查确定安全后方可进入爆破区作业。148 m水平电耙道施工时，在回风天井形成通风回路前，其掘进作业面为独头巷道，为保证足够新鲜风流供给，需按要求布置局扇加强通风。14中段深孔凿岩硐室是由原巷道扩刷而成，施工过程中不存在独头作业面情况，通风条件良好，但也应执行通风时间规定。
3.6　采场支护
凿岩硐室、出矿底部结构一般不需要支护，若遇局部不稳固地段，一般采用锚杆、锚网或锚喷网支护；防止上部采空区因爆破振动产生片帮、冒顶或落石的伤人事故。如现场揭露围岩极不稳定，普通支护手段不能确保巷道稳定时，应根据实际采取中钢支架、锚注、砌碹等支护手段。
3.7　采空区处理及矿柱回采
采空区处理方案可采用胶结充填法、尾石非胶结或废石充填法，因矿区充填系统暂未恢复，故暂时采用强制崩落围岩的方式对采空区进行处理。在这种采空区处理方式的基础下，矿柱回采采用崩落法后退回采。具体实施方案为待中直径深孔爆破完成后，在14中段电耙道中采用YGZ-90钻机施工上向扇形中深孔，在回风天井中施工水平深孔，炮孔排距为1.0~1.2 m。中深孔和深孔推荐采用装药台车进行连续耦合装药，若不具备台车装药条件，亦可采用BQF-100装药器装药。爆破时采用孔底起爆，孔内双发毫秒微差导爆管雷管(配孔底起爆具)，孔口用炮泥堵塞，填塞长度不小于1.0m。爆破时以中直径深孔采空区为自由面分1~2次完成全断面下向崩矿。
4　主要经济技术指标
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试验采场主要经济技术指标见表4。试验采场共崩落矿石19　947.34t，综合炸药单耗约为0.80 kg/t，比原有的分段凿岩阶段崩落法炸药单耗1.26 kg/t低36.5%；矿石平均损失率为9.5%，与原有的分段凿岩阶段崩落法23.8%相比，降低了60%；试验采场矿石平均贫化率为7.9%，与原有的分段凿岩阶段崩落法9.5%相比，降低了16.8%。试验采场的平均采切比为77.50 m3/kt，原有分段凿岩阶段崩落法的采切比为143.68 m3/kt，两相比较，降低了46.1%。
相较于分段凿岩阶段崩落法，采用中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法开采，试验采场多采出矿石量2 854.96 t，增加了16.7%，多采出 WO3 金属量12.67 t，增加了19.0%；采场安全顺利出矿14 195 t，新增利润总额97.26 万元，新增净利润72.95 万元。
5　结论
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经过接近两年的现场调研以及工业试验，基本验证了中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法在急倾斜薄矿体矿山使用的先进性和安全性，主要经济技术指标总结以及问题反思如下。
（1）试验采场所采用的中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法具有安全高效、技术可靠、机械化程度高、劳动强度低、炸药单耗低的优点，为急倾斜薄矿体的高效开采提出了一个可行方案。
（2）为解决中直径深孔采矿方法在薄矿体、岩石质量较差环境中的钻孔质量控制能力不足、钻孔成本较高的问题，将浅孔拉底技术变更为协同中深孔拉底技术，下向中直径深孔炮孔深度缩小为21 m，相较于浅孔拉底技术直接采矿成本降低了15%。试验采场矿石平均损失率为9.5%，与原有的分段凿岩阶段崩落法23.8%相比，降低了60%；试验采场矿石平均贫化率为7.9%，与原有的分段凿岩阶段崩落法9.5%相比，降低了16.8%。
（3）试验采场的平均采切比为77.50m3/kt，与原有分段凿岩阶段崩落法的采切比143.68 m3/k相比，降低了46.1%，采切比降低的原因主要是减少了大量的分段凿岩巷等巷道工程。
（4）试验采场地质储量20 300 t，中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法采出矿石量19 947.34 t，相较于原分段凿岩阶段崩落法采出矿石量17 092.4 t，多采出矿石量2 854.96 t，增加了16.7%，多采出 WO3 金属量12.67 t，增加了19.0%，试验采场进行工业试验期间，采场安全顺利出矿14 195 t，试验采场新增净利润72.95 万元。
（5）中直径深孔阶段嗣后崩落法在试验采场的工业试验成果证实了深孔爆破在急倾斜薄矿体中应用的可能性和前景。同时本次工业试验中也存在较多的不足，深孔凿岩过程中的钻孔控制难度较大，试验采场的底部结构的选择有待优化，出矿方式受条件限制使用电耙出矿，这些问题需要在后续的试验与反馈中优化改进，以实现中直径深孔采矿工艺在急倾斜薄矿体中的推广与应用。

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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间：2024-06-24
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-24
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    1.长沙矿山研究院责任有限公司，湖南　长沙　410012
    2.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室，湖南　长沙　410012
    3.湖南省矿山地质灾害防治与环境再造技术研究中心，湖南　长沙　410012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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