Article(id=1322595442689421670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725292800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260926172, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260926172, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260926172, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260926172, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=58, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595442974634343, articleId=1322595442689421670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on the Size Effect of Damage and Failure of Cylindrical Gangue Cemented Backfill, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There are significant differences in mechanical properties and failure modes among backfill with different sizes. In order to study the size effect of backfill, the uniaxial compression experiments were conducted on four groups of backfill specimens with different sizes, and an acoustic emission meter was used to monitor the energy release during the loading process. Numerical simulation was used to simulate and verify the compression failure of the specimens and study the size effect and damage characteristics of cylindrical backfill specimens with different sizes. Finally, the scanning electron microscope tests were carried out on the cylindrical specimens of gangue cemented backfill with different sizes, and the microscopic morphology difference of different sizes of specimens was observed. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of the specimen is inversely proportional to the size of the specimen. The small size specimen is dominated by shear failure. When the size of the specimen increases to a certain extent, it shows a certain tensile failure. With the increase of the size of the specimen, the specimen shows a more obvious size effect. The acoustic emission characteristic of the cylindrical specimen can be divided into the initial preparation stage, the acoustic emission increasing stage and the acoustic emission decreasing stage. The acoustic emission activity of the specimen with small size is more intense than that with the large size. The larger the size of specimen, the more weak points in the specimen, and the worse the cementation ability of the specimen. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the determination of backfill parameters of different size structures in gangue cemented filling.

, authors=Yu SUN1, Xinguo ZHANG1, 2, Jiangfeng LU1, Yaqi FAN1, Fangshu JIAO1, Yile ZHOU1, authorsList=Yu SUN, Xinguo ZHANG, Jiangfeng LU, Yaqi FAN, Fangshu JIAO, Yile ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinguo ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595450511798649, articleId=1322595442689421670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=矸石胶结充填圆柱体损伤破坏尺寸效应研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

不同尺寸的充填体在力学性能、破坏形式等方面有较大差异,为研究充填体的尺寸效应,选取4组不同尺寸充填体试件进行单轴压缩试验,使用声发射仪监测受载过程能量释放情况,利用数值模拟技术模拟验证试件的压缩破坏,研究不同尺寸圆柱充填体试件尺寸效应及损坏特征。最后,对不同尺寸矸石胶结充填体圆柱体试件进行扫描电镜试验,观察不同尺寸试件微观形貌差距。结果表明:试件的单轴抗压强度与试件尺寸成反比,小尺寸试件以剪切破坏为主,当试件尺寸增大到一定程度时呈现一定的拉伸破坏;随试件尺寸的增大,试件表现出更为明显的尺寸效应,圆柱体试件声发射特征可分为初始准备阶段、声发射递增阶段、声发射递减阶段,小尺寸试件声发射活动相比大尺寸试件更为剧烈;试件尺寸越大,试件内薄弱点越多,试件胶结能力越差。研究结果可为矸石胶结充填中不同尺寸结构的充填体参数确定提供科学依据。

, authors=孙昱1, 张新国1, 2, 卢江丰1, 范亚奇1, 焦方树1, 周以乐1, authorsList=孙昱, 张新国, 卢江丰, 范亚奇, 焦方树, 周以乐, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张新国, authorNote=

孙昱(2000—),男,山东青岛人,硕士,主要研究方向为充填开采与地表沉陷控制。E-mail:

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张新国(1973—),男,山东莱芜人,博士,副教授,主要从事充填开采与地表沉陷控制、三下一上采煤、采空区(塌陷地)治理与生态修复等方面的教学和科研工作。E-mail:
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孙昱(2000—),男,山东青岛人,硕士,主要研究方向为充填开采与地表沉陷控制。E-mail:

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Experimental study on the proportion of coal gangue filling materials[J]. Mining Technology, 2020, 20(1):33-35+39., articleTitle=Experimental study on the proportion of coal gangue filling materials, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322595812228575631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, awardId=ZR202111260144, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR202111260144), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322595806004228430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322595806012617039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, companyId=1322595806004228430, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322595806029394256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, companyId=1322595806004228430, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院,山东 青岛市 266590)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322595806096503121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322595806100697426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, companyId=1322595806096503121, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322595806104891731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, companyId=1322595806096503121, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山东科技大学 矿山灾害预防控制省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地,山东 青岛市 266590)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322595810391470461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Stress-strain curve of the backfill specimen, figureFileSmall=0ky8QslbzKnKZOZ7/yfGsA==, figureFileBig=oHxL5Thv4h3FU0YNg11MMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595810462773630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=CN, label=图1, caption=充填体试件应力-应变曲线, figureFileSmall=0ky8QslbzKnKZOZ7/yfGsA==, figureFileBig=oHxL5Thv4h3FU0YNg11MMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595810567631231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Simulation of three failure modes, figureFileSmall=5aBk64mY93rdRO4qpsLqJA==, figureFileBig=vADJtSY/OPIvJpWv51sisQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595810655711616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=CN, label=图2, caption=3种破坏模式模拟, figureFileSmall=5aBk64mY93rdRO4qpsLqJA==, figureFileBig=vADJtSY/OPIvJpWv51sisQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595810722820481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Failure modes of specimens with different sizes, figureFileSmall=fyxPj6jwHY6sHjJD6G/p/Q==, figureFileBig=N/UG/YdyD9TyZdHR+0sq3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595810794123650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同尺寸试件的破坏模式, figureFileSmall=fyxPj6jwHY6sHjJD6G/p/Q==, figureFileBig=N/UG/YdyD9TyZdHR+0sq3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595810857038211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Acoustic emission characteristics of gangue cemented backfill with different sizes, figureFileSmall=DJ5HdVJtll/16ZiRjCaz6Q==, figureFileBig=Xt8DmoQjU/vbialnBz1hFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595810919952772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同尺寸矸石胶结充填体声发射特征, figureFileSmall=DJ5HdVJtll/16ZiRjCaz6Q==, figureFileBig=Xt8DmoQjU/vbialnBz1hFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595810995450245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Numerical simulation of gangue cemented backfill with different sizes, figureFileSmall=JeB0lsBLg+YEwi9MnNi3oA==, figureFileBig=hFzhSUm+pw5cHIFbpIBX2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595811087724934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同尺寸矸石胶结充填体数值模拟, figureFileSmall=JeB0lsBLg+YEwi9MnNi3oA==, figureFileBig=hFzhSUm+pw5cHIFbpIBX2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595811247108487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Scanning electron microscope images of gangue cemented backfill with different sizes, figureFileSmall=pYQk5+pANkteFVmuXUC/Kw==, figureFileBig=7q0IdSZhn+YV14Iw0bFGYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595811314217352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同尺寸矸石胶结充填体扫面电镜图, figureFileSmall=pYQk5+pANkteFVmuXUC/Kw==, figureFileBig=7q0IdSZhn+YV14Iw0bFGYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595811402297737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Compressive strength of the backfill specimen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件编号试件尺寸/(mm×mm)抗压强度/MPa平均值/MPa标准差
150×1004.233.950.289 5
23.54
33.88
475×1503.273.170.223 8
52.86
63.38
7100×2002.512.320.170 2
82.36
92.09
10150×3001.811.630.207 0
111.15
121.21
), ArticleFig(id=1322595811477795210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

充填体试件抗压强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件编号试件尺寸/(mm×mm)抗压强度/MPa平均值/MPa标准差
150×1004.233.950.289 5
23.54
33.88
475×1503.273.170.223 8
52.86
63.38
7100×2002.512.320.170 2
82.36
92.09
10150×3001.811.630.207 0
111.15
121.21
), ArticleFig(id=1322595811658150283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Size effect variation of backfill specimens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件尺寸/(mm×mm)抗压强度/MPa尺寸效应变化度/%
50×1003.95—
75×1503.1719.75
100×2002.3241.27
150×3001.6358.73
), ArticleFig(id=1322595811725259148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

充填体试件尺寸效应变化度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件尺寸/(mm×mm)抗压强度/MPa尺寸效应变化度/%
50×1003.95—
75×1503.1719.75
100×2002.3241.27
150×3001.6358.73
), ArticleFig(id=1322595811788173709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Numerical simulation parameters of backfill specimens with different sizes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件尺寸/mm密度/(kg/m3)弹性模量/MPa泊松比抗压强度/MPa膨胀角/(°)偏心率
50×1001 820.001 227.000.193.95300.1
75×1501 585.27440.330.203.17300.1
100×2001 464.96432.610.222.32300.1
150×3001 509.79192.350.231.63300.1
), ArticleFig(id=1322595812085969294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595442689421670, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同尺寸充填体试件数值模拟参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件尺寸/mm密度/(kg/m3)弹性模量/MPa泊松比抗压强度/MPa膨胀角/(°)偏心率
50×1001 820.001 227.000.193.95300.1
75×1501 585.27440.330.203.17300.1
100×2001 464.96432.610.222.32300.1
150×3001 509.79192.350.231.63300.1
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矸石胶结充填圆柱体损伤破坏尺寸效应研究
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孙昱 1 , 张新国 1, 2 , 卢江丰 1 , 范亚奇 1 , 焦方树 1 , 周以乐 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(3): 58-65
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (3) : 58 -65
矸石胶结充填圆柱体损伤破坏尺寸效应研究
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孙昱1 , 张新国1, 2 , 卢江丰1, 范亚奇1, 焦方树1, 周以乐1
作者信息
  • 1.山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院,山东 青岛市 266590
  • 2.山东科技大学 矿山灾害预防控制省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地,山东 青岛市 266590
通讯作者:
张新国(1973—),男,山东莱芜人,博士,副教授,主要从事充填开采与地表沉陷控制、三下一上采煤、采空区(塌陷地)治理与生态修复等方面的教学和科研工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

孙昱(2000—),男,山东青岛人,硕士,主要研究方向为充填开采与地表沉陷控制。E-mail:

Study on the Size Effect of Damage and Failure of Cylindrical Gangue Cemented Backfill
Yu SUN1 , Xinguo ZHANG1, 2 , Jiangfeng LU1, Yaqi FAN1, Fangshu JIAO1, Yile ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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不同尺寸的充填体在力学性能、破坏形式等方面有较大差异,为研究充填体的尺寸效应,选取4组不同尺寸充填体试件进行单轴压缩试验,使用声发射仪监测受载过程能量释放情况,利用数值模拟技术模拟验证试件的压缩破坏,研究不同尺寸圆柱充填体试件尺寸效应及损坏特征。最后,对不同尺寸矸石胶结充填体圆柱体试件进行扫描电镜试验,观察不同尺寸试件微观形貌差距。结果表明:试件的单轴抗压强度与试件尺寸成反比,小尺寸试件以剪切破坏为主,当试件尺寸增大到一定程度时呈现一定的拉伸破坏;随试件尺寸的增大,试件表现出更为明显的尺寸效应,圆柱体试件声发射特征可分为初始准备阶段、声发射递增阶段、声发射递减阶段,小尺寸试件声发射活动相比大尺寸试件更为剧烈;试件尺寸越大,试件内薄弱点越多,试件胶结能力越差。研究结果可为矸石胶结充填中不同尺寸结构的充填体参数确定提供科学依据。

矸石胶结充填圆柱体  /  尺寸效应  /  损伤破坏  /  抗压强度  /  声发射特征

There are significant differences in mechanical properties and failure modes among backfill with different sizes. In order to study the size effect of backfill, the uniaxial compression experiments were conducted on four groups of backfill specimens with different sizes, and an acoustic emission meter was used to monitor the energy release during the loading process. Numerical simulation was used to simulate and verify the compression failure of the specimens and study the size effect and damage characteristics of cylindrical backfill specimens with different sizes. Finally, the scanning electron microscope tests were carried out on the cylindrical specimens of gangue cemented backfill with different sizes, and the microscopic morphology difference of different sizes of specimens was observed. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of the specimen is inversely proportional to the size of the specimen. The small size specimen is dominated by shear failure. When the size of the specimen increases to a certain extent, it shows a certain tensile failure. With the increase of the size of the specimen, the specimen shows a more obvious size effect. The acoustic emission characteristic of the cylindrical specimen can be divided into the initial preparation stage, the acoustic emission increasing stage and the acoustic emission decreasing stage. The acoustic emission activity of the specimen with small size is more intense than that with the large size. The larger the size of specimen, the more weak points in the specimen, and the worse the cementation ability of the specimen. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the determination of backfill parameters of different size structures in gangue cemented filling.

Cylindrical gangue cemented backfill  /  Size effect  /  Damage and failure  /  Compressive strength  /  Acoustic emission characteristic
孙昱, 张新国, 卢江丰, 范亚奇, 焦方树, 周以乐. 矸石胶结充填圆柱体损伤破坏尺寸效应研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 58 -65 .
Yu SUN, Xinguo ZHANG, Jiangfeng LU, Yaqi FAN, Fangshu JIAO, Yile ZHOU. Study on the Size Effect of Damage and Failure of Cylindrical Gangue Cemented Backfill[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 58 -65 .
充填开采是目前最大限度地回收矿产资源、保护地下、地表环境、控制覆岩及地表沉陷变形的主要技术[1]。充填开采控制地表沉陷主要是由充填体对上覆岩层的支撑实现的[2-4],因此充填体的稳定是控制地表沉陷的关键,充填体的强度和尺寸结构是评判充填体是否稳定的重要指标,不同尺寸的充填体在力学性能、破坏形式等方面有较大差异,因此,研究尺寸对充填体受载荷作用损伤演化的影响对充填开采参数选取和采空区稳定性评估具有重要意义。
目生前学者们对岩石及混凝土由不同尺寸产生的差异开展了大量研究[5-8]。解文硕等[9]采用单轴压缩试验研究了不同尺寸立方体试件的尺寸效应,得出充填体强度先增大后减小的规律;孙国文等[10]建立矿岩正态强度尺寸理论模型,分析了岩石单轴抗压强度、声发射信号与试件尺寸的关系,改进了矿柱强度经验公式;赵永辉等[11]对不同高宽比矸石胶结棱柱体进行了单轴压缩试验,指出矸石膏体强度随高宽比的增大而减小;郭育霞等[12]基于不同尺寸的矸石立方体试件的单轴压缩及声发射试验,发现矸石立方体试件的强度随尺寸的增大而减小。
声发射仪可以监测试件压缩过程中声发射特征,反映试件受载荷破坏特征及能量演化规律[13-15]。郭婧宇等[16]对含裂隙岩石进行不同加载速率的单轴压缩试验,通过声发射监测其能量变化,得到岩石起裂强度与应力水平;杨慧明等[17]对不同力学特性的煤体进行单轴压缩试验,利用声发射监测仪监测煤体的压缩过程,得出不同力学性质煤体破坏过程的声发射特征;GUO等[18]对不同高度试样进行声发射及单轴压缩、单轴循环压缩、单轴增加循环压缩试验,得出尺寸对岩石声发射特征的影响;陈兵等[19]采用声发射试验,研究不同水泥掺量充填体的破坏模式,同时利用数值模拟获得不同破坏模式的裂纹类型及变化规律。
以上研究表明,岩石、混凝土及充填体的力学特性受尺寸影响很大,而试件的形状也会影响充填体的尺寸效应,圆柱体试件不同于立方体试件,针对不同的端面条件其强度变化仅为1%左右,且荷载施加的方向与试件浇筑的方向一致[20]。因此本文对4组不同尺寸的矸石胶结充填圆柱体试件进行单轴压缩试验,监测压缩破坏过程中声发射变化,利用数值模拟技术模拟试件压缩破坏,并采用扫描电镜观察不同尺寸充填体内部的微观形貌,分析充填体强度与破坏模式,利用声发射振铃表征受载荷过程中充填体内部的损伤演化规律。
矸石膏体试件原材料为煤矸石、粉煤灰、水泥和水,其中煤矸石为山西三元煤矿已破碎煤矸石,按照粒径5~15 mm、0.075~5 mm、0~0.075 mm分为粗骨料、细骨料和粉料,分别占比18.77%、75.94%、5.29%,水泥选用P·O 42.5普通硅酸盐水泥,粉煤灰采用三元煤矿矿用Ⅱ级粉煤灰,水为普通自来水。为满足矿用需求,同时考虑平均工艺水平,经过充填体强度计算及配比试验,最终确定矸石膏体质量浓度为80%[21-22],材料配比为11:3:2:4。使用搅拌机将料浆搅拌均匀后浇筑在模具中,使用电子震荡机对试件进行震荡,极大程度清除料浆内部气泡,使试件密实。制备尺寸为50 mm×100 mm、75 mm×150 mm、100 mm×200 mm、150 mm×300 mm的矸石膏体试件,每组3个。试件在室温(20±5)℃下静置,达到膏体凝结时间后脱模,随后室温养护90 d,以确保充填体试件达到长期强度,养护完成后将试件两端磨平。
试验所用仪器主要包括电子万能材料试验机、声发射监测仪及场发射扫描电镜。材料试验机使用型号为AG-X250的电子万能材料试验机,声发射检测设备选择AMSY-6声发射检测仪,配备MB6主机箱。试件达到养护龄期后,进行单轴压缩试验,为避免产生偏心力,应将试验机上下压板对齐后置于中心位置,于试件表面上下两侧对称位置布置2个声发射探头,探头与试件接触位置涂抹厚度约2 mm的凡士林,采用绝缘胶带固定探头,避免探头产生滑动,声发射前放增益为34 dB。试验时,先对材料试验机进行预加载试验,加载至0.3 kN后清零,以减少试件内的孔隙裂隙,然后以0.3 mm/min的加载速率加载至试件破坏,应注意单轴压缩试验进行的同时记录声发射数据。利用ZEISS sigma500场发射扫描电镜对各尺寸充填体试件进行扫描电镜试验,以获得充填体微观特性。
不同尺寸矸石胶结充填体试件抗压强度见表1。每组相同尺寸共设3块试件,取平均值为该尺寸试件抗压强度。经计算,4组试件的标准差均低于0.3,表明各组内试件的离散程度较小,数据较为精确。4组试件间抗压强度降低数值分别为0.78, 0.85, 0.69 MPa,试件抗压强度随圆柱体试件尺寸的增大而减小,当试件尺寸达到150 mm×300 mm时,抗压强度降低趋势逐渐趋于平缓。
图1为不同尺寸充填体试件应力-应变曲线。
由图1可知,各充填体试件应力-应变曲线均符合岩石变形的典型全应力-应变曲线,呈现4个阶段特征,但不同尺寸试件的阶段性特征有所不同。矸石胶结充填体试件是由人工制成,制作过程中料浆内部产生微小气泡或凝固过程中无法压实,导致试件内含有孔隙裂隙,试件尺寸越小所能包含的孔隙裂隙数量越少。因此,试件的孔隙裂隙压密阶段随试件尺寸的增大而增长,小尺寸试件能更快到达弹性变形阶段。大尺寸试件含有的孔隙裂隙数量比小尺寸试件更多,孔隙结构更加复杂,因此大试件的薄弱部分更多,同时大尺寸试件裂隙和缺陷的形成与发展更为显著,这些裂隙和缺陷的存在会导致应力集中和试件发生局部破坏,从而降低试件整体的抗压强度。此外,随着试件尺寸的增大,试件峰值应变也逐渐增大,与抗压强度变化趋势一致,试件尺寸为150 mm×300 mm时,峰值应变增大趋于平缓。
以50 mm×100 mm的圆柱体试件的抗压强度为标准强度,通过不同尺寸试件与其相差数值比标准试件的百分比来量化试件尺寸效应的变化,通过曲线斜率可以直观地看出不同尺寸试件间抗压强度的变化程度,以此来表征试件尺寸的效应变化度。
式中:εd为直径为d的充填体试件的尺寸效应变化度,%;fd为直径为d的充填体试件抗压强度,MPa;fn为标准试件n的抗压强度,MPa。
εd值越大,试件与标准试件抗压强度相差数值越大,试件尺寸效应表征越显著。根据不同尺寸圆柱体试件抗压强度数据,计算得到试件尺寸效应变化度,结果见表2。由表2可知,试件的尺寸效应变化度随试件尺寸的增大而增大,但尺寸效应变化度增大的趋势逐渐趋于平缓,表明尺寸越大的试件尺寸效应越明显,但相邻尺寸试件间尺寸效应差距越来越小。
在单轴压缩试验中,充填体试件通常呈现3种主要的破坏模式:X状共轭剪切、单斜面剪切以及拉伸破坏,如图2所示。图2中,p代表试件所受载荷,β为破坏面法线与荷载轴线的夹角。图3为试验获得不同尺寸圆柱体试件的典型破坏模式。由图3可以看出,50 mm×100 mm尺寸试件贯穿有一条沿试件对角的主裂纹,主裂纹延展转折角处发育有几条次生裂纹,主裂纹靠近试件两端各有一处塌陷区,破坏形式呈现单斜面剪切破坏,这是由于该处剪应力超过峰值抗剪强度,而破坏面处所受到的最大剪应力又和正应力相关,因此可将该破坏形式视为压-剪破坏。随着试件尺寸增大,试件尺寸为75 mm×150 mm、100 mm×200 mm、150 mm×300 mm时,试件表面均含有两条主裂纹。75 mm×150mm试件主裂纹由顶部轴线两端开始向轴线方向发育,发育到底部时与轴线方向大致偏差40°,试件破坏形式呈X状共轭斜面剪切破坏。尺寸为100 mm×200 mm的试件含两条主裂纹,两端各含一处塌陷区,主裂纹在试件中下部相距最短,向上延伸则距离逐渐增大,破坏模式近似呈X状共轭斜面剪切破坏。而当试件尺寸为150 mm×300 mm时,试件由微小裂纹连通,不规则竖向发展于试件两侧,试件破坏形式为拉伸破坏,由于试件产生泊松效应,受压缩过程中在横向方向产生拉应力,超过抗拉极限从而引起破坏。由此可见,随着试件尺寸的增大,试件的破坏模式以剪切破坏为主,当试件增大到150 mm×300 mm时出现拉伸破坏的特征。此外,试件在达到峰值强度并发生破坏后,随着试件尺寸的增大,试件的裂隙逐渐变小,残余强度下降速率降低。
矸石胶结充填体试件受压后内部孔隙裂隙逐渐闭合,试件逐渐压密,这个过程中试件向外释放弹性波,利用声发射仪监测记录弹性波释放数据。声发射特征能够反映试件压缩过程中内部结构中的损伤及能量演化,帮助研究材料的变形行为和失效机制。图4为不同尺寸充填体试件声发射振铃计数及应力关系曲线。
从图4中可以看出,与试件应力-应变曲线类似,试件受载荷压缩过程的声发射振铃计数也呈现一定的阶段性,分别为初始准备阶段、声发射递增阶段、声发射递减阶段。在初始准备阶段,试件内部的空间被压闭合,内部骨架颗粒间摩擦碰撞较少,声发射活动较为平缓,此时处于相对稳定的准备期;随着试件不断被压缩,声发射振铃计数进入递增阶段,对应试件弹塑性变形阶段,在此阶段,试件内部颗粒发生弹性变形,颗粒之间接触增多,相互作用力增加,声发射行为开始大量增多,当荷载超过弹性变形极限时,试件开始发生永久性损坏,裂隙相互贯通形成宏观裂缝,应力到达峰值强度,试件发生破坏;当试件破坏后,试件抗压强度开始下降,声发射进入递减阶段,试件内部进入相对稳定状态,新裂纹形成,扩展减少,试件完成损坏,能量释放速率降低,导致声发射振铃计数减少。
不同尺寸试件声发射特征在振铃数量、增长速率、峰值点各有不同,但都符合声发射的3个阶段特征,100 mm×200 mm尺寸的试件在峰值强度处声发射振铃信号突然升高,表明该试件在峰值强度处试件释放能较强,150 mm×300 mm尺寸的试件经过声发射递减阶段后仍有一部分上升,但此时试验已结束,上升部分为无效数据。与立方体试件不同的是,圆柱体试件在峰值强度处几乎不会发生剧烈的声发射行为,试件的内部能量逐渐释放,裂隙逐渐发育,最终导致破坏。
为研究不同尺寸充填体单轴压缩试验下其内部应力分布,探究圆柱体试件的损坏模式,同时验证以上试验结果的准确度,采用工程模拟有限元软件Abaqus对不同尺寸充填体试件进行单轴压缩模拟。表3为4种尺寸充填体试件模拟数据,根据设计建立4种尺寸圆柱充填体模型图,以模拟试件不均匀的特点,在试件两面建立单轴压缩试验压板,压板为刚体结构,模型底部约束条件固定,顶部自由,并施加向下的载荷。
图5为4种尺寸圆柱体试件模型图,选取破坏模式及应力分布最具代表性的位置。
从图5可以看出,试件整体呈现剪切破坏的模式,压缩过程中试件中部逐渐向两边膨胀,呈现一定的泊松效应,图5(a)为单斜面剪切破坏,在斜裂缝中部存在一条交叉的应力分布区,应力集中在斜裂缝处,随着压缩过程的进行,该处剪应力超过试件抗剪强度导致发生剪切破坏;图5(b)、图5(c)呈现较为明显的X状共轭破坏面,应力主要集中在裂缝周围及共轭破坏面内部,试件的破坏先从上部出现斜向的裂缝然后逐渐向下发展,以X状形式延伸,最终形成破坏;由图5(d)可知,随着试件尺寸增大,试件逐渐呈现拉伸破坏的特点,这是由于圆柱体试件相比立方体试件,在压缩过程中受力更为均匀,不易产生应力集中,同时对于大尺寸圆柱体试件,两端的锥形应力区不会交接,试件中部存在不受横向压力的中心区,因此X状共轭破坏特点不明显。
通过对4种尺寸圆柱充填体试件单轴压缩试验的数值模拟结果进行对比分析,发现随着试件尺寸的增大,试件的破坏模式由剪切破坏逐渐变为拉伸破坏,试件应力分布较为均匀。纵观试件破坏过程,可以清晰地看到裂隙延展贯通最终产生破坏,未见模拟方格区域性删除或弹出,表明试件内部能量的剧烈释放行为较少,试件未产生突然性破坏,这与声发射监测的结果一致,表明试验结果较为准确。
图6为不同尺寸的矸石胶结充填体试件放大10 000倍的扫描电镜图。
结果表明,50 mm×100 mm尺寸试件的骨架颗粒较小,试件内孔隙裂隙较小,骨架颗粒表面几乎完全被胶结物覆盖,胶结物与骨架颗粒之间相互黏结形成凝块,具有较强的黏结力;75 mm×150 mm尺寸试件的骨架颗粒表面的胶结物变少,骨架颗粒部分裸露,孔隙空间变大,孔隙间含有絮状物连结;100 mm×200 mm尺寸试件骨架颗粒比较清晰,表面仅有少量胶结物,试件孔隙数量增多,孔隙间几乎不含絮状物胶结;150 mm×300 mm尺寸试件骨架颗粒大且清晰,骨架颗粒表面几乎不含胶结物,胶结物与骨料颗粒间由絮状物连结,试件的孔隙数量增多,孔隙空间增大,胶结能力差。随着试件尺寸的增大,试件内骨架颗粒逐渐明显,骨架颗粒表面胶结物减少,试件内部的孔隙数量增多,空间变大,表明试件内薄弱点数量增多,同时孔隙内起胶结作用的絮状物减少,试件的胶结能力逐渐变差,因此大尺寸试件更容易产生孔隙裂隙的延展、汇聚、贯通,从而形成宏观裂缝并发生损坏。
(1)矸石胶结充填体试件单轴抗压强度与圆柱体试件的尺寸成反比关系,峰值应变与试件尺寸成正比关系,尺寸增大到一定程度后,峰值强度及峰值应变增长均趋于稳定,充填体的尺寸效应变化度随试件尺寸增大而增大,试件的尺寸效应越来越明显。
(2)圆柱体试件的尺寸效应同时体现在试件的破坏模式上,小尺寸试件的破坏模式主要以剪切破坏为主,当试件尺寸增大到一定程度后,在拉应力作用下会呈现一定的拉伸破坏特征。
(3)圆柱体试件的声发射活动特征主要分为初始准备阶段、声发射递增阶段、声发射递减阶段3个阶段。小尺寸圆柱体试件声发射活动更为剧烈,随着试件尺寸增大,试件声发射的阶段性特征更为明显,声发射振铃计数在试件破坏后缓慢增长,达到峰值。
(4)矸石胶结充填体不同尺寸试件扫描电镜图表明,随着试件尺寸增大,试件内骨架颗粒表面胶结物减少,试件内部孔隙数量增多,空间增大,孔隙内起胶结作用的絮状物减少,试件胶结能力逐渐变差。
  • 山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR202111260144)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-03
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山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR202111260144)
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    1.山东科技大学 能源与矿业工程学院,山东 青岛市 266590
    2.山东科技大学 矿山灾害预防控制省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地,山东 青岛市 266590

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张新国(1973—),男,山东莱芜人,博士,副教授,主要从事充填开采与地表沉陷控制、三下一上采煤、采空区(塌陷地)治理与生态修复等方面的教学和科研工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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