Article(id=1322595398275936428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715875200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260915583, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260915583, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260915583, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260915583, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=31, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595398649229485, articleId=1322595398275936428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Optimization Method and Sensitivity Analysis of Stope Structure Parameters Based on Response Surface, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the problem of roof instability or insufficient production capacity caused by unreasonable values of stope structure parameters, an iron ore mine in Hebei Province was selected as the background to optimize the stope structure parameters and analyze their sensitivity. Firstly, a rock mass quality investigation was conducted and the extended Mathews stability chart method with stable probability was used to preliminarily determine the width and length range of the stope. Then, FLAC3D numerical simulation was used to explore the deformation law of the maximum displacement of the stope roof with the variation of structure parameters. Combined with response surface method, a prediction model for the displacement of the stope roof was constructed, and the sensitivity of the single factor affecting the displacement of the stope roof and their interaction relationship were explored. Finally, considering safety and block size, the stope structure parameters were optimized, and industrial experiments were conducted to verify the rationality of the results. The results indicate that the overall rating of the ore body is grade V, and the rock mass quality is very poor. The sensitivity of the roof displacement of the stope to various parameters, from high to low, is as follows: stope width, stope length, and stope height. The optimal stope structure parameters for this ore body are a width of 12 m, a length of 36 m, and a height of 60 m. When using the structure parameters for recovery, the contour of the goaf is relatively flat and stable. The research results can provide theoretical basis for selecting reasonable stope structure parameters and correctly coordinating stope safety and production capacity.

, authors=Deqing GAN1, 2, 3, 4, Qi MENG1, 2, 3, 4, Zhiyi LIU1, 2, 3, 4, Yanze LU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, authorsList=Deqing GAN, Qi MENG, Zhiyi LIU, Yanze LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhiyi LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595406500966617, articleId=1322595398275936428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于响应曲面的采场结构参数优化方法与敏感性分析, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决采场结构参数取值不合理导致的顶板失稳或生产能力不足等难题,以河北省某矿为背景,对采场结构参数进行优化,并对其参数敏感性进行了分析。首先,进行岩体质量调查,并采用具有稳定概率的拓展Mathews稳定图法初步确定了采场的宽度和长度区间。然后,利用FLAC3D数值模拟探究了采场顶板最大沉降量随结构参数变化的变形规律,结合响应面法构建了采场顶板沉降量预测模型,探明了影响采场顶板沉降的自身因素敏感性及其交互作用关系。最后,综合考虑生产安全与矿块大小,对采场进行了采场结构参数优化,并进行工业试验验证结果合理性。结果表明:该矿岩体整体评级为Ⅴ级,岩体质量很差;采场顶板沉降量对各参数敏感程度从高到低依次为采场宽度、采场长度、采场高度;该矿体最佳采场结构参数为宽12 m、长36 m、高60 m,采用该结构参数进行回采,采空区轮廓较为平整,能够保持稳定。研究结果可为选取合理的采场结构参数、正确协调采场安全与生产能力提供理论依据。

, authors=甘德清1, 2, 3, 4, 孟岐1, 2, 3, 4, 刘志义1, 2, 3, 4, 路燕泽1, 2, 3, 4, 5, authorsList=甘德清, 孟岐, 刘志义, 路燕泽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘志义, authorNote=

甘德清(1962—),男,河北抚宁人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事采矿工艺方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘志义(1987—),男,山西朔州人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿工艺方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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2.Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Development and Ecological Restoration of Mineral Resources, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
3.Green Intelligent Mining Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
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甘德清(1962—),男,河北抚宁人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事采矿工艺方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:

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甘德清(1962—),男,河北抚宁人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事采矿工艺方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:

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3.Green Intelligent Mining Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
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3.华北理工大学 河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
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2.Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Development and Ecological Restoration of Mineral Resources, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
3.Green Intelligent Mining Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
4.Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Mining Development and Security Technology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
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2.华北理工大学 矿产资源绿色开发与生态修复协同创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
3.华北理工大学 河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
4.华北理工大学 河北省矿业开发与安全技术实验室,河北 唐山市 063210
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figureFileSmall=ZBAKYuS1YrzWcy96pcISmg==, figureFileBig=HSMosSDVJ9efBj5pBoxMQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595432845390128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595398275936428, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of structural plane

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测点倾向/(°)倾角/(°)线密度/(条/m)体密度/(条/m3)节理
1#112.2060.702.325 28.82很发育
2#211.1437.362.288 55.12发育
3#132.2166.793.551 39.52很发育
4#353.4823.624.458 69.21很发育
), ArticleFig(id=1322595432941859121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595398275936428, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

结构面参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点倾向/(°)倾角/(°)线密度/(条/m)体密度/(条/m3)节理
1#112.2060.702.325 28.82很发育
2#211.1437.362.288 55.12发育
3#132.2166.793.551 39.52很发育
4#353.4823.624.458 69.21很发育
), ArticleFig(id=1322595433025745202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595398275936428, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

RMR indexes and grading results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点评分值分级岩体质量
1#19.1Ⅴ很差
2#15.9Ⅴ很差
3#18.9Ⅴ很差
4#19.8Ⅴ很差
), ArticleFig(id=1322595433143185715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595398275936428, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RMR 指标及分级结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点评分值分级岩体质量
1#19.1Ⅴ很差
2#15.9Ⅴ很差
3#18.9Ⅴ很差
4#19.8Ⅴ很差
), ArticleFig(id=1322595433227071796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595398275936428, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fitting equations for stability probability

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稳定概率/%拟合方程
95lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–0.020 0
90lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–0.962 5
80lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–1.985 4
70lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–2.665 2
60lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–3.222 5
50lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–3.734 0
20lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–7.448 0
5lnN=1.819 7527 7lnS–5.482 6
), ArticleFig(id=1322595433315152181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595398275936428, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

稳定概率拟合方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
稳定概率/%拟合方程
95lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–0.020 0
90lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–0.962 5
80lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–1.985 4
70lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–2.665 2
60lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–3.222 5
50lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–3.734 0
20lnN=1.819 752 77lnS–7.448 0
5lnN=1.819 7527 7lnS–5.482 6
), ArticleFig(id=1322595433386455350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595398275936428, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mechanic parameters of ore body

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密度/(kg/m3)抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)弹性模量/GPa泊松比
3 9004.264.3150.719.70.22
), ArticleFig(id=1322595433474535735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595398275936428, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

矿体力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg/m3)抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)弹性模量/GPa泊松比
3 9004.264.3150.719.70.22
), ArticleFig(id=1322595433600364856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595398275936428, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Schemes of orthogonal test and results of numerical simulation

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编号采场宽度W/m采场高度H/m采场长度L/m顶板沉降量/mmED/mm
19153635.88514.115
29301832.97817.022
39453640.7799.221
49305448.4131.587
512303649.9110.089
612455457.9037.903
712155447.0722.928
812151838.52211.478
912451838.52011.480
1015305461.73211.732
1115453655.5745.574
1215301846.3333.667
1315153651.7191.719
), ArticleFig(id=1322595433701028153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595398275936428, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

正交试验设计及数值模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号采场宽度W/m采场高度H/m采场长度L/m顶板沉降量/mmED/mm
19153635.88514.115
29301832.97817.022
39453640.7799.221
49305448.4131.587
512303649.9110.089
612455457.9037.903
712155447.0722.928
812151838.52211.478
912451838.52011.480
1015305461.73211.732
1115453655.5745.574
1215301846.3333.667
1315153651.7191.719
), ArticleFig(id=1322595433784914234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595398275936428, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Correlation indicators of the prediction model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型978.169108.68214.43<0.000 1
W410.451410.45809.8<0.000 1
H47.91147.9194.53<0.000 1
L431.71431.7851.7<0.000 1
WH0.269 910.269 90.532 50.489 3
WL0.000 310.000 30.000 60.980 5
HL29.34129.3457.880.000 1
W25.2815.2810.420.014 5
H237.38137.3873.76<0.000 1
L210.85110.8521.400.002 4
残差3.5570.506 9——
失拟项3.5541.18——
纯误差0.00040.000——
), ArticleFig(id=1322595433856217403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595398275936428, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

预测模型相关性指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型978.169108.68214.43<0.000 1
W410.451410.45809.8<0.000 1
H47.91147.9194.53<0.000 1
L431.71431.7851.7<0.000 1
WH0.269 910.269 90.532 50.489 3
WL0.000 310.000 30.000 60.980 5
HL29.34129.3457.880.000 1
W25.2815.2810.420.014 5
H237.38137.3873.76<0.000 1
L210.85110.8521.400.002 4
残差3.5570.506 9——
失拟项3.5541.18——
纯误差0.00040.000——
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基于响应曲面的采场结构参数优化方法与敏感性分析
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甘德清 1, 2, 3, 4 , 孟岐 1, 2, 3, 4 , 刘志义 1, 2, 3, 4 , 路燕泽 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(3): 31-40
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (3) : 31 -40
基于响应曲面的采场结构参数优化方法与敏感性分析
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甘德清(1962—),男,河北抚宁人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事采矿工艺方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:

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4.Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Mining Development and Security Technology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
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甘德清1, 2, 3, 4 , 孟岐1, 2, 3, 4, 刘志义1, 2, 3, 4 , 路燕泽1, 2, 3, 4, 5
作者信息
  • 1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 2.华北理工大学 矿产资源绿色开发与生态修复协同创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 3.华北理工大学 河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 4.华北理工大学 河北省矿业开发与安全技术实验室,河北 唐山市 063210
  • 5.河北钢铁集团沙河中关铁矿有限公司,河北 邢台市 054100
通讯作者:
刘志义(1987—),男,山西朔州人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿工艺方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

甘德清(1962—),男,河北抚宁人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事采矿工艺方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:

Optimization Method and Sensitivity Analysis of Stope Structure Parameters Based on Response Surface
Deqing GAN1, 2, 3, 4 , Qi MENG1, 2, 3, 4, Zhiyi LIU1, 2, 3, 4 , Yanze LU1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mining Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 2.Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Development and Ecological Restoration of Mineral Resources, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 3.Green Intelligent Mining Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 4.Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Mining Development and Security Technology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
  • 5.Shahe Zhongguan Iron Mine Co., Ltd., Hebei Iron and Steel Group, Xingtai, Hebei 054100, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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为解决采场结构参数取值不合理导致的顶板失稳或生产能力不足等难题,以河北省某矿为背景,对采场结构参数进行优化,并对其参数敏感性进行了分析。首先,进行岩体质量调查,并采用具有稳定概率的拓展Mathews稳定图法初步确定了采场的宽度和长度区间。然后,利用FLAC3D数值模拟探究了采场顶板最大沉降量随结构参数变化的变形规律,结合响应面法构建了采场顶板沉降量预测模型,探明了影响采场顶板沉降的自身因素敏感性及其交互作用关系。最后,综合考虑生产安全与矿块大小,对采场进行了采场结构参数优化,并进行工业试验验证结果合理性。结果表明:该矿岩体整体评级为Ⅴ级,岩体质量很差;采场顶板沉降量对各参数敏感程度从高到低依次为采场宽度、采场长度、采场高度;该矿体最佳采场结构参数为宽12 m、长36 m、高60 m,采用该结构参数进行回采,采空区轮廓较为平整,能够保持稳定。研究结果可为选取合理的采场结构参数、正确协调采场安全与生产能力提供理论依据。

采场结构参数  /  敏感性分析  /  响应面法  /  Mathews稳定图法  /  数值模拟

To solve the problem of roof instability or insufficient production capacity caused by unreasonable values of stope structure parameters, an iron ore mine in Hebei Province was selected as the background to optimize the stope structure parameters and analyze their sensitivity. Firstly, a rock mass quality investigation was conducted and the extended Mathews stability chart method with stable probability was used to preliminarily determine the width and length range of the stope. Then, FLAC3D numerical simulation was used to explore the deformation law of the maximum displacement of the stope roof with the variation of structure parameters. Combined with response surface method, a prediction model for the displacement of the stope roof was constructed, and the sensitivity of the single factor affecting the displacement of the stope roof and their interaction relationship were explored. Finally, considering safety and block size, the stope structure parameters were optimized, and industrial experiments were conducted to verify the rationality of the results. The results indicate that the overall rating of the ore body is grade V, and the rock mass quality is very poor. The sensitivity of the roof displacement of the stope to various parameters, from high to low, is as follows: stope width, stope length, and stope height. The optimal stope structure parameters for this ore body are a width of 12 m, a length of 36 m, and a height of 60 m. When using the structure parameters for recovery, the contour of the goaf is relatively flat and stable. The research results can provide theoretical basis for selecting reasonable stope structure parameters and correctly coordinating stope safety and production capacity.

Stope structure parameter  /  Sensitivity analysis  /  Response surface method  /  Mathews stability chart method  /  Numerical simulation
甘德清, 孟岐, 刘志义, 路燕泽. 基于响应曲面的采场结构参数优化方法与敏感性分析. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 31 -40 .
Deqing GAN, Qi MENG, Zhiyi LIU, Yanze LU. Optimization Method and Sensitivity Analysis of Stope Structure Parameters Based on Response Surface[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 31 -40 .
近年来,爆破技术与机械设备迅速发展,采场规模逐渐扩大[1-3],随之暴露的安全问题也逐渐增多,比较突出的是顶板冒落、垮塌现象,合理控制采场的结构参数是保证矿山安全高效开采的前提。采场结构参数是影响顶板安全的主要因素,采场结构参数选择过小时,掘进与切割循环次数增加,一次爆破量减小,出矿效率降低;采场结构参数选择过大时,采场工作面容易失稳,带来安全隐患,同时为处理工作面安全问题而采取的支护措施等也会导致生产能力降低。因此,提高生产能力需要考虑采场安全问题,确定合理的结构参数,尽可能提高单次作业效率。
针对采场结构参数的确定,许多学者开展了相应研究[4-10]。黄德镛等[11]通过正交试验设计了16种采场结构参数,基于FLAC3D进行了稳定性分析,并建立了综合评判模型,得到了最优采场结构参数。柴红等[12]以山东半岛某地下矿井为例,基于Mathews稳定图法确定了采场宽度范围,后利用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对采场参数取值进行了进一步分析,得到了采场最优宽度。刘钦等[13]利用数值模拟方法建立了采场结构参数优化目标函数与矿体水平厚度、矿柱截面尺寸和矿柱跨度等因素的神经网络模型,采用混沌优化方法,得出了不同开采技术条件下的采场最优结构参数。张国联等[14]通过室内相似模拟试验,得到了最优的采场结构参数。陈顺满等[15]基于响应面法和指标满意度法,研究了采场高度、矿柱直径、矿柱排距和矿柱间距对破碎围岩条件下矿柱最大拉应力、最大压应力和矿石回收率的影响规律,发现整体满意度随采场高度的增加而降低,随矿柱直径、矿柱间距和矿柱排距的增大呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。虽然上述学者通过数值计算和相似试验等实现了确定合理结构参数的目的,但对于采场稳定性对采场结构参数自身的敏感性研究较少。此外,响应面法已在充填体配比优化设计、地下硐室可靠性分析和采场结构参数优化中得到了广泛应用[16-19]。因此,本文以河北省某矿北区矿体为研究对象,采用数值模拟分析采场顶板沉降随采场长度、宽度、高度的变化规律,并采用响应曲面对沉降规律进行函数拟合,进而研究采场顶板沉降对各结构参数的敏感性特征。
为获取该矿体整体稳定性情况,使用结构面数字识别系统ShapeMetriX 3D对不同区域典型的采场凿岩巷道暴露岩体进行结构面信息扫描,标号为1#~4#测点。利用三维重构技术建立岩体表面三维模型,得到各测点节理面空间分布情况,如图1所示。根据结构面的空间展布及分组情况,绘制各测点赤平极射投影,如图2所示。根据赤平极射投影图可以确定每组结构面的整体分布情况,各测点优势结构面产状信息见表1。
根据地质力学分类标准,RMR指标值及分类结果见表2。评分值由高到低依次为:4#测点、1#测点、3#测点、2#测点,且各测点处岩体均属于Ⅴ级(岩体质量很差),表明该矿体整体稳定性较差。
Mawdesley通过引入基于极大似然估计的Logit模型,对Mathews稳定图法进行了拓展,拓展的Mathews稳定图法[20]由2个变量和1个指标组成,即岩体稳定性指数N、水力半径S和稳定概率f(z), 稳定-破坏概率可被f(z)量化(例如,图3 中绿色线表示该条线上的点所代表的采场有60%的概率稳定,40%的概率会破坏,0%的概率会垮塌,颜色标识见电子版), 大大降低了人为主观性,因而更适用于厚大矿体等矿体形态变化较小的采场参数初步设计与评价。本研究基于Mawdesley提出的Logit模型,依据式(1)、式(2)对稳定概率分别为95%、90%、80%、70%、60%、50%、20%、5%的情况进行拟合,各拟合方程见表3, 拟合稳定图如图3所示。
稳定性指数N的计算公式如下:
式中:Q为岩体质量指数;A为应力系数,由单轴抗压强度与诱导应力的比值确定,区间为0.1~1;B为节理产状调整系数,由采场面倾角与主要节理组的倾角之差确定,区间为0.2~0.8;C为设计采场暴露面方位修正系数,可以通过经验公式进行估算,C=8−6cosα,α为暴露面与水平面的夹角。
根据RMR法和Q法的围岩分类等级岩体描述,该矿体对应Q法岩体等级为Ⅵ级,对应Q值区间为1~4;单轴抗压强度与采场中线诱导应力比值大于10,A取值为1;节理产状调整系数B由赤平投影(见图2)可得,考虑矿体不同区域破碎程度不同,为满足大部分区域需要,本次计算取全部区间0.2~0.8;该矿体为缓倾斜厚大矿体,暴露面为水平,C取值为2。
采场水力半径S能够综合反映采场的形状和尺寸。在井下开采中,任何暴露面均可近似认为是一个长方形,即可以定义采场水力半径S为:
式中:w为暴露面宽度,m;L为暴露面长度,m。
将上述各参数取值代入式(3),计算得到N的取值范围为0.4~6.4。考虑采场顶板已采取了一定的支护措施,结合图3可知,为减小少部分岩体质量较好的矿体对采场稳定性造成错误判断,导致较差岩体采场失稳,本次以0%垮塌为边界条件,采场水力半径取2.4~5 m(即不考虑图3中部分三角阴影区域),则不同跨度的采场最大允许暴露长度随水力半径S的变化规律如图4所示。
由图4可知,当以0%垮塌为边界,采场宽度为9~11 m时,采场的稳定性由采场宽度主导,采场最大允许暴露长度取75 m;当采场宽度分别为12 m、13 m、14 m、15 m时,采场最大允许暴露长度分别为60 m、45 m、35 m、30 m;当采场宽度为15~18 m时,采场最大允许暴露长度变化不大,约为22 m。
根据拓展的Mathews稳定图,当以0%垮塌为边界时,初步选取采场宽度为9~15 m,采场长度为10~60 m。
本研究基于单矿房开挖,对采场结构参数的敏感性进行分析。由岩体稳定性位移判据可知,当岩体沉降量为20~50 mm时,岩体可以保持稳定;当岩体沉降量为50~100 mm时,岩体可能出现不稳定的情况。考虑实际开挖过程中,其他矿房的开挖活动及其他复杂环境会对该矿房产生影响,本次位移判据统一设定为50 mm。当沉降量远小于50 mm时,采场结构参数通常较小,生产能力低,可能无法满足产能需求;当沉降量远大于50 mm时,实际开挖中可能会出现失稳现象,存在一定的安全隐患。定义顶板等效位移ED=|50−Dz|,其中,Dz为顶板竖向位移量,ED值越小,表明采场结构参数实际应用效果越好,依据ED值进一步确定采场高度区间。
选用FLAC3D内置建模,该矿山地质结构属块状结构,采用标准正方形网格,网格渐变稀疏。模型尺寸为长140 m,宽180 m,高300 m。模型底面和侧面施加法向位移约束,顶部施加均布荷载模拟上覆岩层自重应力,数值模型示意如图5所示。该矿体为缓倾斜极厚矿体且该盘区整体位于矿体中,近盘区围岩均为矿体,因此,模型整体按矿体参数赋值。结合前期力学试验和地应力测量数据对数值模型进行力学参数反演,根据修正后的Hoek-Brown强度准则计算矿体力学参数,见表4。
为确定采场高度,进行开挖模拟数值计算。当采场长度和宽度均取中间值时,不同采场高度下开挖顶板等效位移如图6所示。随着采场高度增大,ED值呈先减小后增大最后趋于平缓的趋势,ED值最低点位于采场高度为15~45 m时。当采场长度、宽度一定时,采场高度由45 m增加至60 m,由于“采场形状”改变,应力集中由顶板转移至侧帮,顶板沉降量变化很小。因此,确定采场高度区间为15~45 m。
按照采矿工艺挖掘凿岩巷道、切割巷道、切割天井等,并依照矿山实际爆破进尺(9 m)进行开采模拟,如图5(b)所示。前期模拟测试结果显示,采场顶板沉降量大于侧帮位移量。因此,本研究通过改变采场结构参数,重点对顶板最大沉降量进行研究,并设计正交试验,试验方案和计算结果见表5。
为减少数值计算量,构建顶板沉降量预测模型,以预测区间内其余参数对应的顶板沉降量。本研究采用响应面法构建顶板变形量预测模型,响应面法能够解决复杂非线性优化问题,其基本原理是通过一系列确定性试验,采用多项式函数,通过合理地选取试样点及迭代方式,保证多项式函数能够在稳定概率上收敛于实际稳定概率,其实质是用近似函数效果代替实际函数效果[15]。
根据顶板沉降量数值模拟结果,采用响应面法构建的基于采场长度、宽度、高度对顶板最大沉降量预测的响应函数见式(5)。
通过式(6)计算响应面拟合相关系数R2为0.996 4,不同结构参数中顶板沉降模拟值与预测值对比如图7所示。预测点与实际点均分布于y=x附近,表明预测模型有良好的拟合度,能够满足实际工程预测的需求。
式中,SR为回归平方和;ST为总离差平方和;、yi分别为第i组试验结果实测值、预测值;为所有试验结果平均值;n为样本容量,即试验数量。
P值用于衡量最终考察值的显著程度,当P<0.05时,为显著;当P<0.000 1时,为非常显著。对响应面拟合方程进行方差分析,结果见表6。整体模型P值小于0.000 1,表明回归模型非常显著,预测结果贴近实际。
由表6可知,预测模型中顶板沉降量对采场长度、宽度、高度均具有非常显著的相关性,其他因素为中值固定不变时,对各单因素进行分析,结果如图8所示。
图8(a)为顶板沉降量随采场宽度的变化曲线。由图8(a)可知,顶板沉降量与采场宽度呈正相关关系,且随采场宽度增大,顶板沉降增量几乎保持不变。图8(b)为顶板沉降量随采场长度的变化曲线,与采场宽度类似,顶板沉降量与采场长度呈正相关关系,且随采场长度增大,顶板沉降增量变化与宽度相同,几乎保持不变。图8(c)为顶板沉降随采场高度变化曲线,可以看出,顶板沉降量随采场高度增大呈先增大后减小的趋势。
图9(a)、图10(a)为采场长度为36 m时,采场宽度与采场高度对顶板沉降量的交互影响。响应面投影线集中在采场宽度、高度较小的区域,表明该范围内顶板沉降量的变化较为显著。等高线为开口向右的抛物线,表明随着采场宽度增加,顶板沉降量也随之增加。采场高度由15 m增加至30 m时,顶板沉降量显著增加,采场高度与采场宽度之间存在一定的交互作用。此时,采场顶板沉降量受采场高度、宽度交互作用的共同影响,且对采场宽度变化更为敏感。当采场高度由30 m增加至60 m时,顶板沉降量变化不明显。此时,顶板沉降量由采场宽度主导,对采场高度变化不再敏感。同时,当采场高度超过40 m时,由于采场形状系数变化较大,部分应力转移至采场两帮,顶板沉降量出现下降趋势。以上结果表明,顶板沉降量对采场宽度的敏感程度高于对采场高度的敏感程度,且随着采场高度的增加,顶板沉降量对于采场高度的敏感程度逐渐降低。
图9(b)、图10(b)为采场高度为30 m时,采场宽度和采场长度对顶板沉降量的交互影响。响应面投影线在两轴的分布较均匀,等高线为向右上开口的圆弧,说明采场宽度与采场长度对顶板沉降量的影响相近,且采场长度越长、宽度越宽,顶板沉降量越大。由于采场的长度区间跨度远大于采场宽度区间跨度,因此顶板最大沉降量对采场宽度变化更为敏感。
图9(c)、图10(c)为采场宽度为12 m时,采场长度与采场高度对顶板最大量的交互影响。响应面投影线集中在采场长度一侧,结合等高线图可知:在采场宽度为中值时,顶板沉降对采场高度的敏感程度呈上升趋势,对采场长度的敏感程度呈下降趋势。当采场长度小于36 m时,采场长度对顶板沉降的影响起到决定性作用,当采场长度超过36 m时,顶板沉降对采场高度的敏感程度逐渐增加,直至超过采场长度。
采场结构参数的选择应综合考虑安全和生产能力因素。依据顶板沉降量预测模型对采场宽度分别为9 m、12 m、15 m,采场长度分别为18 m、27 m、36 m、45 m、54 m,采场高度分别为15 m、30 m、45 m、60 m进行沉降量预测。结合矿块大小,绘制了以沉降量进行颜色映射、以矿块大小进行缩放的三维映射散点图,如图11所示 (颜色标识见电子版)。采用岩体极限位移判据50 mm作为安全指标,选出最大的球体,对应结构参数即为最优参数。因此,确定采场的结构参数为宽12 m、长36 m、高60 m。
为验证优化的合理性,将采场结构参数的优化结果进行实际应用。试验采场位于河北省某矿–170~–230 m水平中段,矿体平均厚度为150 m,处于矿体厚大部位。结合矿山现有设备情况,确定开采工艺为大直径深空凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法。试验采场高度为60 m,长度为36 m,宽度为12 m,矿房垂直矿体走向布置,可布置4个矿房,穿脉及采场布置情况如图12所示。
为明确试验采场稳定性情况,回采完毕后,在对采空区进行充填之前,利用三维激光扫描设备对各采空区边界轮廓进行三维扫描,建立三维模型对实际采空区变形情况进行还原,如图13所示。由图13(a)可以看出,顶板较为平整,无冒落、垮塌等安全问题,稳定性较好;由图13(b)可以看出,采场侧帮相对顶板而言略有粗糙起伏,但对采场稳定性影响不大。综上,采场高度为60 m、长度为36 m、宽度为12 m时,采场整体能够保持稳定,说明该采场的结构参数选取较为合理。
(1)对河北省某矿体进行了岩体质量调查,得出该矿体为Ⅴ级,岩体质量很差,结合拓展的Mathews稳定图法,以60%稳定概率进行计算,得出采场暴露面水力半径为2.4~5 m。综合考虑矿山采矿工艺及设备,确定采场宽度区间为9~15 m,采场长度区间为30~60 m,采场高度区间为15~45 m。
(2)采用数值模拟结合响应曲面拟合,构建了未支护条件下采场顶板沉降量预测模型,结合岩体极限位移判据,可判断采场稳定性;通过多因素交互作用分析得出,采场顶板沉降量对结构参数的敏感性从高到低依次为采场宽度、采场长度、采场高度。因此,在面临采场顶板安全问题时,可优先考虑降低采场宽度以保证采场稳定性;在面临生产能力不足时,可以优先考虑增加采场高度来提高矿块大小。
(3)综合考虑安全和生产能力因素,确定该矿体合理的采场结构参数为宽12 m、长36 m、高60 m,并进行工业试验。试验结果表明,采用该结构参数进行回采,采场稳定性良好,生产能力显著提高。本文构建的采场顶板沉降量预测模型和敏感性分析结果对于通过改变矿房大小来协调采场安全与生产能力具有重要的指导意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52204134)
  • 河北省中央引导地方科技专项项目(236Z4105G)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2021209127)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-17
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52204134)
河北省中央引导地方科技专项项目(236Z4105G)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2021209127)
作者信息
    1.华北理工大学 矿业工程学院,河北 唐山市 063210
    2.华北理工大学 矿产资源绿色开发与生态修复协同创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
    3.华北理工大学 河北省矿山绿色智能开采技术创新中心,河北 唐山市 063210
    4.华北理工大学 河北省矿业开发与安全技术实验室,河北 唐山市 063210
    5.河北钢铁集团沙河中关铁矿有限公司,河北 邢台市 054100

通讯作者:

刘志义(1987—),男,山西朔州人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿工艺方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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