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Article(id=1322595384048861837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714060800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260912191, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260912191, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260912191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260912191, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=206, endPage=212, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595384220828302, articleId=1322595384048861837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Feasibility Study on the Application of 3D Printing Technology in the Manufacture of Ocean Exploration Drill Bits, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to factors such as high pressure, water depth, and complex geological formations, the difficulty and complexity of ocean exploration are much higher than those on land, which puts high demands on the quality and performance of drill bits, and even requires customized production according to special needs. In order to provide customized drill bits in time, 3D printing technology has been innovatively applied to the production process of ocean exploration drill bits. Using spherical tungsten carbide (WC), cobalt (Co) powder, and diamond particles as raw materials, a method of selective laser melting (SLM) printing the working layer of drill bits has been proposed. By testing the density and hardness of printed samples, the printing parameters were optimized. The results show that the bulk density of printed WC-20Co-diamond stone can reach up to 13.45 g/cm3, and the hardness can reach 1 455 HV. Under the conditions of laser power of 220 W and scanning speed of 400 mm/s, high-quality molding can be achieved. The final prepared tungsten carbide cobalt based diamond drill bit sample has a good bonding between the hard alloy and the steel matrix interface. The production mode of drill bits based on 3D printing can significantly shorten the manufacturing time, produce drill bits that are suitable for various extreme environments and complex rock formations on the seabed, and timely meet the needs of printing drill bits on ocean drilling ships.

, authors=Jianhua WANG1, 2, Tubing YIN1, Yangfan SHI3, Xiaobo ZOU2, authorsList=Jianhua WANG, Tubing YIN, Yangfan SHI, Xiaobo ZOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tubing YIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595387307836063, articleId=1322595384048861837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=应用3D打印技术制造海洋勘探钻头的可行性研究, columnId=1226462295946085268, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山机电与矿业智能化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

受高压、水深、复杂地层等因素影响，海底勘探的难度及复杂程度远高于陆地，对钻头的质量及性能提出了更高的要求，甚至要根据特殊需求进行定制化生产。为了及时提供定制化的钻头，创新性地将3D打印技术应用到海洋勘探钻头的生产过程中，以球形碳化钨(WC)、钴(Co)粉末和金刚石颗粒为原材料，提出了选区激光熔化(SLM)技术打印钻头工作层的方法。通过对打印样品致密度及硬度进行测试，优化了打印参数。结果表明，打印态WC-20Co-金刚石块体致密度最高可达13.45 g/cm3，硬度可达1 455 HV，且在激光功率为220 W和扫描速度400 mm/s的条件下，实现较高质量的成型；最终制备出的碳化钨钴基金刚石钻头样品，硬质合金和钢基体界面两者结合良好。基于3D打印的钻头生产模式可显著缩短制造时间，制造出适应海底各种极端环境和复杂岩层的钻头，及时满足在大洋钻探船上打印钻头的需要。

, authors=王建华1, 2, 尹土兵1, 史洋帆3, 邹晓波2, authorsList=王建华, 尹土兵, 史洋帆, 邹晓波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=尹土兵, authorNote=

王建华（1978—），男，江西安福人，博士研究生，高级工程师，主要从事海洋资源开发等方面的研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
尹土兵（1982—），男，湖南郴州人，博士，教授，主要从事金属矿床开采及岩石力学等方面的研究。E-mail:
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王建华（1978—），男，江西安福人，博士研究生，高级工程师，主要从事海洋资源开发等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王建华（1978—），男，江西安福人，博士研究生，高级工程师，主要从事海洋资源开发等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Ratio of mixed powder

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材料密度/(g/cm3)体积分数/%质量分数/%
WC15.63—78.930
Co8.90—19.732
金刚石3.5051.338
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混合粉体比例

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材料密度/(g/cm3)体积分数/%质量分数/%
WC15.63—78.930
Co8.90—19.732
金刚石3.5051.338
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The performance parameters of SLM 125HL3D printer

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激光扫描速度/(m/s)激光器功率/W激光波长/nm激光光斑直径/μm单层层厚/μm最大成型范围/mm
0~100~40020707020~75125×125×125
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SLM 125HL3D打印机性能参数

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激光扫描速度/(m/s)激光器功率/W激光波长/nm激光光斑直径/μm单层层厚/μm最大成型范围/mm
0~100~40020707020~75125×125×125
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Density and macroscopic forming quality of printed samples under different laser powers and scanning speeds

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样品号激光功率/W扫描速度/(mm/s)密度/(g/cm3)成型质量评价
122040013.29无明显缺陷
222045012.70无明显缺陷
322050013.10无明显缺陷
422055013.25无明显缺陷
524040013.20无明显缺陷
6240450—翘曲
7240500—开裂
824055013.15无明显缺陷
926040013.29无明显缺陷
1026045013.02无明显缺陷
11260500—开裂
1226055013.45无明显缺陷
1328040013.26无明显缺陷
14280450—翘曲、开裂
15280500—开裂
16280550—开裂
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不同激光功率和扫描速度下打印态样品密度及宏观成型质量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号激光功率/W扫描速度/(mm/s)密度/(g/cm3)成型质量评价
122040013.29无明显缺陷
222045012.70无明显缺陷
322050013.10无明显缺陷
422055013.25无明显缺陷
524040013.20无明显缺陷
6240450—翘曲
7240500—开裂
824055013.15无明显缺陷
926040013.29无明显缺陷
1026045013.02无明显缺陷
11260500—开裂
1226055013.45无明显缺陷
1328040013.26无明显缺陷
14280450—翘曲、开裂
15280500—开裂
16280550—开裂
), ArticleFig(id=1322595924925333551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595384048861837, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Vickers hardness of printed samples under different laser powers and scanning speeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号激光器功率/W扫描速度/(mm/s)硬度/HV
12204001 338
22204501 284
32205001 240
42205501 235
52404001 429
82405501 296
92604001 455
102604501 350
122605501 251
132804001 296
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不同激光功率和扫描速度下打印态样品硬度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号激光器功率/W扫描速度/(mm/s)硬度/HV
12204001 338
22204501 284
32205001 240
42205501 235
52404001 429
82405501 296
92604001 455
102604501 350
122605501 251
132804001 296
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The printing parameters for drill sample

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粉体基板惰性气体结构模型基板预热温度/℃
WC,Co，金刚石45#钢钻头模型氩气梯形Ⅴ字刀齿100
扫描速度/(mm/s)激光功率/W扫描间距/μm铺粉层厚/μm能量密度/(J/mm3)
4002207040196.43
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钻头样品打印参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粉体基板惰性气体结构模型基板预热温度/℃
WC,Co，金刚石45#钢钻头模型氩气梯形Ⅴ字刀齿100
扫描速度/(mm/s)激光功率/W扫描间距/μm铺粉层厚/μm能量密度/(J/mm3)
4002207040196.43
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应用3D打印技术制造海洋勘探钻头的可行性研究
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王建华 1, 2 , 尹土兵 1 , 史洋帆 3 , 邹晓波 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025,45(3): 206-212
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025 , 45 (3) : 206 -212
应用3D打印技术制造海洋勘探钻头的可行性研究
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王建华1, 2 , 尹土兵1 , 史洋帆3, 邹晓波2
作者信息
  • 1.中南大学　资源与安全工程学院，湖南　长沙　410012
  • 2.深圳港集团有限公司，广东　深圳市　518081
  • 3.南方科技大学　工学院，广东　深圳市　518055
通讯作者:
尹土兵（1982—），男，湖南郴州人，博士，教授，主要从事金属矿床开采及岩石力学等方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

王建华（1978—），男，江西安福人，博士研究生，高级工程师，主要从事海洋资源开发等方面的研究。E-mail:

Feasibility Study on the Application of 3D Printing Technology in the Manufacture of Ocean Exploration Drill Bits
Jianhua WANG1, 2 , Tubing YIN1 , Yangfan SHI3, Xiaobo ZOU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410012, China
  • 2.Shenzhen Port Group Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518081, China
  • 3.College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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摘要
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受高压、水深、复杂地层等因素影响，海底勘探的难度及复杂程度远高于陆地，对钻头的质量及性能提出了更高的要求，甚至要根据特殊需求进行定制化生产。为了及时提供定制化的钻头，创新性地将3D打印技术应用到海洋勘探钻头的生产过程中，以球形碳化钨(WC)、钴(Co)粉末和金刚石颗粒为原材料，提出了选区激光熔化(SLM)技术打印钻头工作层的方法。通过对打印样品致密度及硬度进行测试，优化了打印参数。结果表明，打印态WC-20Co-金刚石块体致密度最高可达13.45 g/cm3，硬度可达1 455 HV，且在激光功率为220 W和扫描速度400 mm/s的条件下，实现较高质量的成型；最终制备出的碳化钨钴基金刚石钻头样品，硬质合金和钢基体界面两者结合良好。基于3D打印的钻头生产模式可显著缩短制造时间，制造出适应海底各种极端环境和复杂岩层的钻头，及时满足在大洋钻探船上打印钻头的需要。

增材制造  /  海洋勘探钻头  /  3D打印  /  选区激光熔化技术

Due to factors such as high pressure, water depth, and complex geological formations, the difficulty and complexity of ocean exploration are much higher than those on land, which puts high demands on the quality and performance of drill bits, and even requires customized production according to special needs. In order to provide customized drill bits in time, 3D printing technology has been innovatively applied to the production process of ocean exploration drill bits. Using spherical tungsten carbide (WC), cobalt (Co) powder, and diamond particles as raw materials, a method of selective laser melting (SLM) printing the working layer of drill bits has been proposed. By testing the density and hardness of printed samples, the printing parameters were optimized. The results show that the bulk density of printed WC-20Co-diamond stone can reach up to 13.45 g/cm3, and the hardness can reach 1 455 HV. Under the conditions of laser power of 220 W and scanning speed of 400 mm/s, high-quality molding can be achieved. The final prepared tungsten carbide cobalt based diamond drill bit sample has a good bonding between the hard alloy and the steel matrix interface. The production mode of drill bits based on 3D printing can significantly shorten the manufacturing time, produce drill bits that are suitable for various extreme environments and complex rock formations on the seabed, and timely meet the needs of printing drill bits on ocean drilling ships.

Additive manufacturing  /  Ocean exploration drill bit  /  3D Printing  /  Selective laser melting technology
王建华, 尹土兵, 史洋帆, 邹晓波. 应用3D打印技术制造海洋勘探钻头的可行性研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 206 -212 .
Jianhua WANG, Tubing YIN, Yangfan SHI, Xiaobo ZOU. Feasibility Study on the Application of 3D Printing Technology in the Manufacture of Ocean Exploration Drill Bits[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 206 -212 .
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0　引言
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海底矿产资源储量丰富，相关研究表明，海底金属矿产资源的总储量远高于陆地，且大多数海底矿产资源具有再生性，如铜、钴等，其资源生长速度远大于世界消耗速度。因此，向海底资源开发受到世界各国的重视[1]。随着经济的迅猛发展，我国对各类重要金属及海底能源的需求量日益增大，近年也在大力推动海底资源勘探事业发展。海底勘探作业船一般远离陆地，时常需要根据特殊需求对钻头进行定制化生产，但是在陆地进行钻头生产难以及时满足勘探需求。
为了根据实际钻探需要及时定制钻头，缩短生产制造周期，金属3D打印技术被引入了钻头生产过程[2]。3D打印技术又名增材制造，具有形状设计自由度高、无需模具成型等特点，可以及时设计制造以满足远洋海底勘探实际需求。在金属3D打印中，常采用选择性激光熔化(SLM)技术进行金属零件制造[3]。SLM技术利用激光作为能量源，按照切片模型中规划好的路径，逐层扫描金属粉末床层，通过将金属粉末熔化、凝固，达到冶金结合的效果，最终直接成型出定制化的近乎全致密且力学性能良好的金属零件。SLM技术解决了传统技术难以制造复杂形状金属零件的问题，具备以下特点：(1)不受零部件的几何形状限制，通过样品三维构型就可进行精密制造；(2)精度可做到微米级别甚至纳米级别；(3)成型试样致密度高、性能好，具有优异的力学性能；(4)材料利用率高，不依赖模具，可实现定制化制造[4-5]。WC-Co硬质合金综合了WC的高硬度、高强度、高耐磨性和Co的良好韧性、延展性，具有优异的机械性能[6]，被广泛应用于切屑钻头中。近年来，众多学者在采用SLM技术加工成型WC-Co硬质合金方面开展了一系列研究。UHLMANN等[7]采用SLM技术成功制备了WC-17Co硬质合金，并研究了激光功率对熔池的连续性及材料孔隙度的影响，研究结果表明，提高激光功率能显著改善熔池的连续性，降低材料的孔隙度并提高材料的致密度。FORTUNATO等[8]利用SLM制备WC-Co硬质合金，研究了不同激光扫描速度对硬质合金成型质量的影响，发现随着激光能量密度增加，硬质合金试样致密度从92.5%增加到98.8%。CHEN等[9]研究了粉体形状对SLM制备WC-Co硬质合金致密度的影响，发现使用球形粉体制备出的WC-20Co试样致密度达96%，而不规则形状粉体制备的试样致密度仅为86%。
此外，实际资源勘探和工程建设中常采用金刚石作为钻头工作层的主要成分，尽管对于SLM制备WC-Co硬质合金的成型工艺和组织性能目前已经有所研究，但含有金刚石的硬质合金体系(WC-Co-金刚石)的SLM技术可打印性及其力学性质尚不明确。同时，受高压、水深、复杂地层等因素影响，海底资源勘探的难度及复杂程度远高于陆地勘探，这又对钻头制备及性能提出了更高的要求。
本文以海底资源勘探工程为背景，选用WC粉末、Co粉末和人造金刚石粉末作为原始材料，基于金属3D打印中SLM技术，研究了打印速度、激光功率对成型钻头密度和硬度的影响，研究结果有望为实际海洋勘探工程钻头制备提供一定的参考。
1　试验材料及试验方法
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1.1　试验材料
粉末的粒径、形态和纯度等对打印产品的物理力学性能有直接的影响，一般而言，粒径较大的粉末需要更高的激光能量才能完全熔化，球形颗粒的表观密度越高越好，粉末流动性越好的颗粒摊铺会更均匀，便于均匀地吸收激光能量，所得打印产品的致密度也就越高。LIU等[10]研究表明，Co含量的提升会使得WC晶粒长大过程中的溶解-沉积效应更加明显，可以显著提高硬质合金的致密度。因此，本文考虑采用WC-20Co粉末进行3D打印试验，金刚石粉末的体积分数为5%。根据材料密度及所需体积分数、质量分数的计算结果，最后设置混合粉体比例见表1。
采用行星式混粉仪进行混合，混粉时间为1 h。图1为混合粉体的SEM图像和EDS能谱分析，观察发现金刚石颗粒、钴粉、碳化钨粉体的分布较均匀，其数量也与原材料添加的比例相符合。金刚石粉末颗粒为较规则的正八面体或正十二面体，由于其导电性较差，在SEM图像中的衬度要高于钴粉和碳化钨粉体。
1.2　试验方法
为了获得较好的试验效果，选用SLM 125HL3D金属打印机进行试验，该打印机详细性能参数见表2。
试验开始前，首先将成型参数文件导入3D金属打印机，同时考虑到混合粉末中的金刚石在高温下易受氧化影响，试验中采用高纯Ar作为保护气体，并使Ar气体在整个成型过程保持循环状态。这样不仅能够有效阻止金刚石粉末在试验中被氧化，也能降低热损伤对钻头工作层打印的影响。在与钻头胎体材质相同的标准基板（45#钢）上，批量打印尺寸为10 mm×10 mm×5 mm的块体。打印时，每铺完一层粉末，激光束根据拟成型试样的切片文件进行选区熔化，随后基板下降一个层厚的高度，再次进行铺粉，并用激光将新铺的粉末熔化，如此往复，直至试样成型；根据块体成型状况和致密度检测结果，优化打印参数后，重复上述打印操作，观测新块体的微观结构，确定其物相组成，并研究WC-20Co-金刚石复合材料与45#钢基体的结合情况，确定最佳打印参数；最后，在钻头胎体上直接打印出高性能的WC-20Co-金刚石工作层，制备实体钻头模型。
2　成型质量与力学性能研究
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致密度是衡量3D打印产品质量最重要的性能指标之一，SLM技术的主要目标就是实现致密和无缺陷的零件。同时，相比于传统制作方法，3D打印能使异种材料之间产生更紧密的结合，以避免传统工艺制备钻头的刀齿和钻头基体连接部分经常出现的断齿情况[11]。因此，需要对打印态WC-20Co-金刚石工作层的致密度、物相结构及其与基板的结合情况进行分析，并依据分析结果优化打印参数。
2.1　致密度与化学成分研究
依次使用80目、200目和500目砂纸对预打印试样的所有面进行打磨处理，随后使用排水法测出样品的实际密度，实际密度与混合后复合材料的理论密度之比，即为每个样品的致密度。理论密度计算公式如下。
式中：ρ为样品理论密度，g/cm3；M为合金的总质量，g;a、b、c分别为WC、Co和金刚石的质量分数（详见表1）；ρWC、ρCo、ρD分别为WC、Co和金刚石的理论密度，ρWC=15.77 g/cm3，ρCo=8.90 g/cm3，ρD=3.50 g/cm3。计算得出打印试样的理论密度为13.07 g/cm3。
首次预打印共制备了25个尺寸为10 mm×10 mm×5 mm的块体，但是在打印过程中观察到了显著的热积累现象，且成型质量不理想，打印样品的力学性能受到了负面影响。对第一次打印样品的致密度和力学性能进行测试之后，对打印扫描速度及激光能量等参数进行优化调整。
第二次打印考虑了4种激光功率（220 W、240 W、260 W和280 W）以及4种激光扫描速度（400 mm/s、450 mm/s、500 mm/s和550 mm/s)，共打印了16个尺寸为10 mm×10 mm×5 mm的块体样品。与首次打印相比，打印样品的成型质量与致密度都得到了显著改善。打印态块状样品的外观如图2所示，其致密度及宏观成型质量评价见表3。其中，部分打印样品表面无明显缺陷（样品号：1、2、3、4、5、8、9、10、12、13），而少量样品表面存在明显的裂纹和翘曲（样品号：6、7、11、14、15、16）。对成型质量较好的块状样品致密度进行统计，发现有5种块状样品致密度大于13.2 g/cm3（样品号：1、4、9、12、13）。综合分析结果表明，当激光功率为220 W或扫描速度为400 mm/s时，打印样品致密度较好，且增大激光功率对金刚石有损伤倾向，因此确定激光功率为220 W、扫描速度为400 mm/s为最优打印参数。
XRD分析结果表明（见图3），与打印前的混合粉体相比，打印后的WC-20Co-金刚石体系中主要存在4种物相，分别为WC相、W2C相、W相和Co相，打印态WC-20Co-金刚石块体新增了Co3W3C相，由此推断在激光扫描的过程中，打印前粉体中的WC和W2C在激光扫描导致的高温条件下分解脱碳，脱碳产生的碳元素进一步与W相和Co相在高温下反应生成Co3W3C相，形成了具有高性能、高强度的WC-20Co体系。由于金刚石含量较低，XRD曲线中没有观察到金刚石的特征峰。
2.2　产品硬度分析
磨蚀磨损是钻头的主要磨损类型，对花岗岩或硬砂岩等坚硬地层进行磨削是钻头磨损的主要原因[12]。一般而言，材质硬度较高的钻头，其磨损速率则相对较低。表4为不同激光功率和扫描速度下成型质量良好的样品硬度值，硬度值最高为1 455 HV，该值略高于目前已报道的打印态WC-Co合金硬度(1 350 HV)[13]，也高于传统工艺生产的硬质合金钻头硬度(1 300 HV)。由此可见，在大洋钻探船上通过3D打印技术生产的钻头，与工厂生产的硬质合金钻头相关力学性能接近，具备可替代性。
2.3　界面处的微观结构分析
图4为打印态WC-20Co-金刚石与45#钢基板连接处的EDS能谱，从图中可以观察Fe、Co、W元素在界面的分布状态。可以发现，界面处形成了层厚约为50 μm的过渡层，即打印态WC-20Co-金刚石与45#钢基板之间存在冶金结合。与传统制作工艺(电镀)所生产钻头相比，冶金结合迎过范德华力将刀齿与基体结合，钻头具有更良好的工艺性能，可以有效改善钻头在实际钻探过程中可能出现的断齿问题。
为了明确金刚石的存在形式，进行了以下分析：通常在WC-Co体系的SLM过程中，Co会经历完全熔化过程，而WC则不会完全熔化。因此，以Co为研究对象，通过Comsol模拟打印过程中的温度场。在该模拟过程中，设定激光吸收率为23%，熔化潜热为272 666 J/kg，激光功率为220 W，扫描速度为400 mm/s，基板预热温度为373 K，激光光斑直径为0.064 mm。
与中心激光点不同距离所对应的温度变化情况如图5所示（距离中心点距离由近至远依次为：A、B、C、D、E）。由图5可以看出，在上述的激光打印参数下，熔池中心温度可达3 500 K，该温度远高于Co的熔点(1 766 K)，也略高于WC的熔点(3 143 K)。然而，熔池存活时间极短，不足0.6 ms，这与WC颗粒仍存在于打印态基体之中的现象相符。图6为C随温度和压力变化示意[14]。由图6可知，金刚石通常存在于高压条件下，且打印过程中的高温条件可能会对金刚石的稳定性产生影响，导致金刚石向石墨转变。
2.4　参数确定及钻头样品打印
综合考虑预打印样品的致密度分析及力学性能测试结果，最终确定钻头样品的打印参数见表5。采用SLM 125HL3D打印机在钻头胎体上进行梯形Ⅴ字刀齿的打印，成功获得SLM技术制备的孕镶金刚石钻头，如图7所示。试验结果表明，在大洋钻探船上通过3D打印方式定制化地快速生产出高质量的金刚石钻头是切实可行的。
3　应用前景分析
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发达国家的大洋钻探活动已经开展近60年，但我国目前尚未自主实施海洋科学钻探工程，缺乏与之相关的先进工艺和设备。发达国家在海洋装备设计图纸和制造工艺方面对我国进行了严密封锁，拒绝出售各种先进钻具。我国在“十四五”海洋经济发展规划中提出：要加快提升海洋科技自主创新能力，开发与钻探船配套的相关钻探器具。然而，在深海钻探过程中，硬岩及复杂地层高效钻进取芯工艺与器具尚不成熟，因此，研究并设计生产能够在硬岩以及复杂地层高效钻进和取芯的钻头已经成为迫切需要解决的问题[15]。海洋资源勘探时，钻探的地层条件在不同地点变化很大，钻进条件复杂多变。同时，钻探船在海浪和洋流的作用下漂浮不定，既有水平方向的摇摆和移动，也有垂直方向的动荡起伏，此时钻具更易发生异常损坏[16]。上述情况下，对钻头的性能、形状等都提出了更高的要求以及各种个性化的需求。3D打印技术可通过调整材料配比及优化打印参数来满足这些需求。
海洋钻探与取芯所用钻头直径较大，传统钻头生产工艺难以保证高致密度和高性能，在复杂钻探条件下容易发生脱齿、断裂等情况，而通过3D打印生产的钻头致密度及完整性更强，有助于降低此类风险。
由于金属3D打印技术的原材料、耗材及设备价格高，当产品可以采用传统工艺进行大批量生产时，3D打印技术在成本方面并不占优势。但是当产品的设计较复杂或需个性化定制时，由于3D打印无需准备模具，无需大型成套铸造设备，其综合成本会更低[17-18]。以色列CASTOR公司开发的3D分析软件能评估零部件3D打印的估算成本，在2019—2021年间，对筛选出的3 万多个典型零部件进行分析，发现可打印部件中有20%采用3D打印比传统制造更节省成本。若综合考虑生产规模和交货时间，3D打印技术的总体效益提升将更为显著[19]。
综上所述，可以预见我国的大洋钻探船未来在海上作业时，很可能需要根据地层情况、作业条件、钻探环境等对钻头提出个性化的定制需求，并期望即刻生产、即刻投入使用。3D打印技术作为一种新型的快速成型技术，具有制造任意复杂形状结构、个性化定制和创意设计的优点，将3D打印工艺应用于海底资源勘探钻头的生产是未来的发展趋势。
4　结论
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（1）提出了SLM打印钻头工作层的方法并对SLM技术打印金刚石钻头工作层的成品进行了致密度、硬度与化学成分研究，分析了工作层与钢基体界面处的微观结构。结果表明，打印态WC-20Co-金刚石致密度最高可达13.45 g/cm3，硬度可达1 455 HV，且在激光功率为220 W和扫描速度400 mm/s的条件下，可实现较高质量的成型，打印态WC-20Co-金刚石与45#钢基板之间结合良好。
（2）钻头工作层与钢基板界面存在不匹配以及受热不均匀等问题，易导致残余应力的产生，进而增加样品的缺陷，如开裂和翘边等。为了解决这一问题，可以采用不同致密度的梯度打印技术，或者在钢基体与硬质合金之间添加过渡层，来调节胎体的内应力，从而减少裂纹的产生。
（3）激光扫描对金刚石会产生一定的热损伤，即便在整个打印过程中持续填充惰性保护气体，也无法完全避免这种损伤。为此，可以考虑使用预置合金粉末进行SLM打印，由于预置合金粉末的熔点相对较低，因此可以使用更低的激光功率进行打印，以减少对金刚石的热损伤。
（4）3D打印具有无需模具、无需大型生产设备、成本更低、速度更快等优势，技术上具备可行性。因此，可根据实际需求，在大洋钻探船上通过3D打印方式快速生产出高质量的个性化钻头，满足现场作业的即时需求。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(51971108)
  • 广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2020A1515011373)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(20221ZDH04054)
文献
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间：2024-04-26
  • 首发时间：2026-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-04-26
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51971108)
广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2020A1515011373)
中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(20221ZDH04054)
作者信息
    1.中南大学　资源与安全工程学院，湖南　长沙　410012
    2.深圳港集团有限公司，广东　深圳市　518081
    3.南方科技大学　工学院，广东　深圳市　518055

通讯作者:

尹土兵（1982—），男，湖南郴州人，博士，教授，主要从事金属矿床开采及岩石力学等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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