Article(id=1322595376167759878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714924800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260910311, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260910311, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260910311, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260910311, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=213, endPage=221, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595376381669383, articleId=1322595376167759878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Application of ICS-Elman Neural Network on Slope Stability Analysis, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the accuracy of slope stability prediction, a slope stability prediction model based on multi strategy improved cuckoo search algorithm (ICS) optimized Elman neural network was proposed. Firstly, the population was initialized using Sinusoidal chaos, and strategies such as dynamic step size control and 1% step discretization of discovery probability were introduced to improve the slow convergence speed and poor accuracy of the cuckoo search algorithm. Simulation results on 7 benchmark functions show that compared with the CS algorithm, the optimization ability and convergence speed of the ICS algorithm are significantly improved. Then, the ICS algorithm was used to optimize the weights and thresholds of the Elman neural network, and the optimal slope stability prediction model was constructed. The results show that the relative error range of the ICS-Elman model for predicting the safety factor of slope stability is –2.81%−6.98%, with root mean square error and mean absolute error of 0.275 0 and 0.342 2, respectively. Compared with the Elman and CS-Elman models, the ICS-Elman model has better stability and accuracy. Compared with the CPSO-BP neural network, the ICS-Elman neural network has a relative error range of –1.57%−1.25% in predicting values, indicating better prediction accuracy.

, authors=Guangxu RONG1, Qingqing MA2, Yanchao GAO3, Xiaoqian FAN1, Junjun LIANG4, authorsList=Guangxu RONG, Qingqing MA, Yanchao GAO, Xiaoqian FAN, Junjun LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595381381279810, articleId=1322595376167759878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=ICS-Elman神经网络在边坡稳定性分析中的应用, columnId=1226462295946085268, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山机电与矿业智能化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高边坡稳定性预测准确率,提出了一种基于多策略改进布谷鸟(ICS)算法优化Elman神经网络的边坡稳定预测模型。首先,利用Sinusoidal混沌初始化种群,引入动态步长控制量和对发现概率进行1%步进离散化等策略,改进布谷鸟算法收敛速度慢、精度较差的缺陷,在7个基准函数上的仿真结果表明,与布谷鸟(CS)算法相比,ICS算法的寻优能力和收敛速度有较大提高。然后,利用ICS算法对Elman神经网络的权值和阈值进行优化,构建最优的边坡稳定性预测模型。结果表明,ICS-Elman模型对边坡稳定性安全系数预测结果相对误差范围为−2.81%~6.98%,均方根误差、平均绝对误差分别为0.275 0, 0.342 2,与Elman、CS-Elman模型相比,ICS-Elman模型具有较好的稳定性和精度;与CPSO-BP神经网络相比,ICS-Elman神经网络预测值相对误差范围为−1.57%~1.25%,预测精度更好。

, authors=荣光旭1, 马清清2, 高延超3, 范小倩1, 梁俊俊4, authorsList=荣光旭, 马清清, 高延超, 范小倩, 梁俊俊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

荣光旭(1986—),男,安徽桐城人,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为岩土工程计算与分析。E-mail:

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荣光旭(1986—),男,安徽桐城人,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为岩土工程计算与分析。E-mail:

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荣光旭(1986—),男,安徽桐城人,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为岩土工程计算与分析。E-mail:

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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各模型边坡稳定性安全系数预测结果, figureFileSmall=4Z7LhktJYn8Fz1L9LZBSjg==, figureFileBig=b002tuJr+ktdcBB1b3PPnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322595778607042952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Dataset of slope stability analysis

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编号边坡相关参数稳定系数值
h/mθ/(°)ruc/kPaφ/(°)γ/(kN/m3)
190180.2719.559.9123.041.395
2136.5220.3221.310.120.031.15
337250.34118.520.50.95
433150.32211018.81.572
570130.309.6110.4419.471.273
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
55710450.4111.973522.40.89
55812.56220.3524.91320.411.40
55912.19220.4111.972019.631.35
56050450.2533.5236200.96
), ArticleFig(id=1322595778682540425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

边坡稳定性分析部分数据集

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编号边坡相关参数稳定系数值
h/mθ/(°)ruc/kPaφ/(°)γ/(kN/m3)
190180.2719.559.9123.041.395
2136.5220.3221.310.120.031.15
337250.34118.520.50.95
433150.32211018.81.572
570130.309.6110.4419.471.273
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
55710450.4111.973522.40.89
55812.56220.3524.91320.411.40
55912.19220.4111.972019.631.35
56050450.2533.5236200.96
), ArticleFig(id=1322595778762232202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation coefficient of slope stability factors

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名称高度坡角孔隙压力比黏聚力内摩擦角容重
高度10.4750.0040.2930.3460.158
坡角10.0530.3150.5010.366
孔隙压力比1–0.207–0.1180.021
黏聚力10.2890.464
内摩擦角10.399
容重1
), ArticleFig(id=1322595778825146763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

边坡稳定性因素相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称高度坡角孔隙压力比黏聚力内摩擦角容重
高度10.4750.0040.2930.3460.158
坡角10.0530.3150.5010.366
孔隙压力比1–0.207–0.1180.021
黏聚力10.2890.464
内摩擦角10.399
容重1
), ArticleFig(id=1322595778892255628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Test function

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函数名表达式维度范围
Sphere 30[−100,100]n
Schwefel 2.21 30[−100,100]n
Rosenbrock 30[−30,30]
Schwefel 1.2 30[−100,100]
Rastrigin 30[−5.12,5.12]
Griewank 30[−600,600]
Ackley 30[−32.786,32.786]
), ArticleFig(id=1322595778980336013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

测试函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数名表达式维度范围
Sphere 30[−100,100]n
Schwefel 2.21 30[−100,100]n
Rosenbrock 30[−30,30]
Schwefel 1.2 30[−100,100]
Rastrigin 30[−5.12,5.12]
Griewank 30[−600,600]
Ackley 30[−32.786,32.786]
), ArticleFig(id=1322595779068416398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Optimization results of test function

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函数PSOCSACSICS
平均值标准差平均值标准差平均值标准差平均值标准差
f18.373.422.365.691.67×10–92.01×10–900
f23.02×10–25.13×10–23.69×10–52.73×10–52.21×10–251.99×10–2500
f312.805.6414.306.3111.40×10–48.23×10–41.75×10–261.09×10–26
f4164.3315.244.01×10–12.68×10–17.92×10–238.26×10–233.12×10–292.37×10–29
f585.4876.534.59×10–23.23×10–23.74×10–342.1×10–341.11×10–622.16×10–62
f64.80×10–13.62×10–13.2×10–82.1×10–81.57×10–343.61×10–343.16×10–511.87×10–51
f77.942.535.76×10–24.59×10–21.64×10–412.89×10–411.83×10–413.40×10–41
), ArticleFig(id=1322595779156496783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

测试函数寻优结果

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函数PSOCSACSICS
平均值标准差平均值标准差平均值标准差平均值标准差
f18.373.422.365.691.67×10–92.01×10–900
f23.02×10–25.13×10–23.69×10–52.73×10–52.21×10–251.99×10–2500
f312.805.6414.306.3111.40×10–48.23×10–41.75×10–261.09×10–26
f4164.3315.244.01×10–12.68×10–17.92×10–238.26×10–233.12×10–292.37×10–29
f585.4876.534.59×10–23.23×10–23.74×10–342.1×10–341.11×10–622.16×10–62
f64.80×10–13.62×10–13.2×10–82.1×10–81.57×10–343.61×10–343.16×10–511.87×10–51
f77.942.535.76×10–24.59×10–21.64×10–412.89×10–411.83×10–413.40×10–41
), ArticleFig(id=1322595779231994256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Calculation results of neurons in hidden layer

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节点个数RMSE节点个数RMSE
30.043 490.013 2
40.031 1100.012 4
50.029 0110.028 3
60.025 7120.041 1
70.021 2130.053 4
80.010 7140.020 5
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隐含层神经元计算结果

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节点个数RMSE节点个数RMSE
30.043 490.013 2
40.031 1100.012 4
50.029 0110.028 3
60.025 7120.041 1
70.021 2130.053 4
80.010 7140.020 5
), ArticleFig(id=1322595779374600594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Prediction results and errors of safety factors of slope stability for each model

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样本编号真实值ElmanCS-ElmanICS-Elman
预测值绝对误差相对误差/%预测值绝对误差相对误差/%预测值绝对误差相对误差/%
10.941.060.1212.770.86–0.08–8.510.92–0.022.13
21.121.04–0.08–7.141.08–0.04–3.571.1200
31.781.14–0.64–35.961.57–0.21–11.801.73–0.05–2.81
40.910.74–0.1718.681.000.099.890.930.022.20
51.221.490.2722.131.17–0.05–4.101.230.010.01
60.860.990.1315.120.940.089.300.920.066.98
70.890.960.077.870.83–0.06–6.980.87–0.02–2.20
81.401.790.3927.861.580.1812.861.35–0.05–2.81
91.351.19–0.16–11.851.510.1611.851.32–0.03–2.22
100.960.71–0.25–26.041.070.1111.460.990.033.12
), ArticleFig(id=1322595779437515155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各模型边坡稳定性安全系数预测结果及误差

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样本编号真实值ElmanCS-ElmanICS-Elman
预测值绝对误差相对误差/%预测值绝对误差相对误差/%预测值绝对误差相对误差/%
10.941.060.1212.770.86–0.08–8.510.92–0.022.13
21.121.04–0.08–7.141.08–0.04–3.571.1200
31.781.14–0.64–35.961.57–0.21–11.801.73–0.05–2.81
40.910.74–0.1718.681.000.099.890.930.022.20
51.221.490.2722.131.17–0.05–4.101.230.010.01
60.860.990.1315.120.940.089.300.920.066.98
70.890.960.077.870.83–0.06–6.980.87–0.02–2.20
81.401.790.3927.861.580.1812.861.35–0.05–2.81
91.351.19–0.16–11.851.510.1611.851.32–0.03–2.22
100.960.71–0.25–26.041.070.1111.460.990.033.12
), ArticleFig(id=1322595779517206932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Evaluation indicators for each prediction model

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模型RMSEMAE
Elman0.848 21.023 0
CS-Elman0.424 50.764 1
ICS-Elman0.275 00.342 2
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各预测模型的评估指标

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模型RMSEMAE
Elman0.848 21.023 0
CS-Elman0.424 50.764 1
ICS-Elman0.275 00.342 2
), ArticleFig(id=1322595779668201878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Comparison of CPSO-BP model and ICS-Elman model in predicting the safety factors of slope stability

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样本编号稳定系数CPSO-BPICS-Elman预测结果
预测结果相对误差/%预测结果相对误差/%
11.2001.170–2.501.2100.01
20.9600.870–9.370.9721.25
31.1501.1802.611.132–1.57
41.4451.4540.621.438–0.48
), ArticleFig(id=1322595779735310743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595376167759878, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

CPSO-BP 模型与 ICS-Elman模型对边坡稳定性安全系数预测结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本编号稳定系数CPSO-BPICS-Elman预测结果
预测结果相对误差/%预测结果相对误差/%
11.2001.170–2.501.2100.01
20.9600.870–9.370.9721.25
31.1501.1802.611.132–1.57
41.4451.4540.621.438–0.48
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ICS-Elman神经网络在边坡稳定性分析中的应用
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荣光旭 1 , 马清清 2 , 高延超 3 , 范小倩 1 , 梁俊俊 4
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025,45(3): 213-221
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025 , 45 (3) : 213 -221
ICS-Elman神经网络在边坡稳定性分析中的应用
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荣光旭1 , 马清清2, 高延超3, 范小倩1, 梁俊俊4
作者信息
  • 1.安徽工业经济职业技术学院 地质与建筑工程学院,安徽 合肥 230051
  • 2.广东理工职业学院工程技术学院,广东 中山市 528400
  • 3.中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心(西南地质科技创新中心),四川 成都 610081
  • 4.中水珠江规划勘测设计有限公司,广东 广州 510610
作者简介:

荣光旭(1986—),男,安徽桐城人,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为岩土工程计算与分析。E-mail:

Application of ICS-Elman Neural Network on Slope Stability Analysis
Guangxu RONG1 , Qingqing MA2, Yanchao GAO3, Xiaoqian FAN1, Junjun LIANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Geology and Construction Engineering, Anhui Technical College of Industry and Economy, Hefei, Anhui 230051, China
  • 2.School of Engineering and Technology, Guangdong Polytechnic Institute, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528400, China
  • 3.Chengdu Center, China Geological Survey (Geosciences Innovation Center of Southwest China), Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
  • 4.China Water Resources Pearl River Planning, Surveying & Designing Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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为提高边坡稳定性预测准确率,提出了一种基于多策略改进布谷鸟(ICS)算法优化Elman神经网络的边坡稳定预测模型。首先,利用Sinusoidal混沌初始化种群,引入动态步长控制量和对发现概率进行1%步进离散化等策略,改进布谷鸟算法收敛速度慢、精度较差的缺陷,在7个基准函数上的仿真结果表明,与布谷鸟(CS)算法相比,ICS算法的寻优能力和收敛速度有较大提高。然后,利用ICS算法对Elman神经网络的权值和阈值进行优化,构建最优的边坡稳定性预测模型。结果表明,ICS-Elman模型对边坡稳定性安全系数预测结果相对误差范围为−2.81%~6.98%,均方根误差、平均绝对误差分别为0.275 0, 0.342 2,与Elman、CS-Elman模型相比,ICS-Elman模型具有较好的稳定性和精度;与CPSO-BP神经网络相比,ICS-Elman神经网络预测值相对误差范围为−1.57%~1.25%,预测精度更好。

边坡稳定性  /  Elman神经网络  /  改进布谷鸟算法  /  安全系数

In order to improve the accuracy of slope stability prediction, a slope stability prediction model based on multi strategy improved cuckoo search algorithm (ICS) optimized Elman neural network was proposed. Firstly, the population was initialized using Sinusoidal chaos, and strategies such as dynamic step size control and 1% step discretization of discovery probability were introduced to improve the slow convergence speed and poor accuracy of the cuckoo search algorithm. Simulation results on 7 benchmark functions show that compared with the CS algorithm, the optimization ability and convergence speed of the ICS algorithm are significantly improved. Then, the ICS algorithm was used to optimize the weights and thresholds of the Elman neural network, and the optimal slope stability prediction model was constructed. The results show that the relative error range of the ICS-Elman model for predicting the safety factor of slope stability is –2.81%−6.98%, with root mean square error and mean absolute error of 0.275 0 and 0.342 2, respectively. Compared with the Elman and CS-Elman models, the ICS-Elman model has better stability and accuracy. Compared with the CPSO-BP neural network, the ICS-Elman neural network has a relative error range of –1.57%−1.25% in predicting values, indicating better prediction accuracy.

Slope stability  /  Elman neural network  /  Improved cuckoo search algorithm  /  Safety factor
荣光旭, 马清清, 高延超, 范小倩, 梁俊俊. ICS-Elman神经网络在边坡稳定性分析中的应用. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 213 -221 .
Guangxu RONG, Qingqing MA, Yanchao GAO, Xiaoqian FAN, Junjun LIANG. Application of ICS-Elman Neural Network on Slope Stability Analysis[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 213 -221 .
边坡岩土体材料赋存状态、结构具有多样性,这些不确定因素的存在使得边坡的稳定性分析表现出较强的非线性特征[1],传统的边坡稳定性分析评价方法,如极限平衡法[2]、数值分析法[3]等均不能对其稳定状态做出准确评价。近年来,人工智能方法被广泛应用于边坡的稳定性分析。FOONG等[4]使用平衡优化和涡旋优化的人工神经网络(ANN)对单层土坡的稳定性系数进行了预测,结果较为可靠,但是ANN算法可能存在拟合过度的问题;ZENG等[5]基于LSSVM方法对边坡稳定性进行了分析,分别使用引力搜索算法和鲸鱼优化算法对LSSVM的控制参数进行了讨论,虽然结果较为理想,但是由于LSSVM控制参数对结果影响较大且难以确定,在样本数据规模较大时求解精度差,因此实际应用并不广泛;YANG等[6]基于数值流形法,利用MAX-MIN蚁群优化算法对边坡稳定系数进行了分析,结果精度较好,但是收敛速度较慢;胡少伟等[7]使用粒子群算法优化(PSO)改进神经网络(BP),并基于80条边坡数据开展了边坡稳定性分析及边坡稳定系数预测工作,虽然该模型针对样本数据集预测结果较好,但由于样本数据量较少,模型泛化性一般,且PSO算法易陷入局部最优,可能会出现个别偏差较大的点。因此,寻求一种预测精度良好且收敛速度快的边坡稳定分析方法仍是一个亟待解决的问题。
本文提出一种基于改进的布谷鸟(improved cuckoo search, ICS)算法与Elman神经网络相结合的边坡稳定性预测模型。首先,针对布谷鸟算法收敛速度过低、精度较差的问题,利用Sinusoidal混沌对种群初始化,计算适应度值,并按升序排列将种群遵从自然规律分布分为精英、一般、劣势三个种群,以加强种群间的信息共享,在偏好游走过程中引入动态步长控制量,加强搜索和开发能力,通过离散化发现概率以提高求解精度,并基于7个基准测试函数验证了ICS算法的性能;其次,将收集整理后的560组边坡案例数据作为改进的布谷鸟算法和Elman神经网络耦合模型的输入,边坡稳定系数作为输出,利用多策略改进的布谷鸟算法优化Elman神经网络的权值及阈值,构建最优的ICS-Elman神经网络模型;最后,通过与其他模型比较,验证了ICS-Elman模型的可行性及有效性。
在机器学习中,数据集的真实准确性直接关系到训练模型的性能。为提高模型的预测性能,本文使用研究文献中已被用于边坡稳定性预测的数据[8-11]作为数据集,共建立了560个边坡案例,其中处于稳定状态下的边坡298个,破坏状态下的边坡262个。相关研究[12-13]及工程实践表明,影响边坡稳定性的因素主要有高度h、坡角θ、孔隙压力比ru、黏聚力c、内摩擦角φ、容重γ。限于篇幅,部分数据见表1。
机器学习中数据集的构建是一个非常重要的过程,构建后的数据集应能满足边坡样本多样性、平衡性的要求,且神经网络的输入和输出应具有一定的相关性。为了更好地展示数据集中的6个影响因素的相关统计特征,采用小提琴图描述各组数据的分布特性。小提琴图结合了箱线图与核密度图的特点[14],因此既可以被用来展示某一组特征数据的分散情况,又能描述上述6个边坡稳定性影响因素的数据分布密度和趋势,判断是否存在异常值等情况。图1为边坡稳定性各影响因素的小提琴图。
由图1可知,高度、坡角以及孔隙压力比数据较为集中在某一区间值附近,黏聚力、内摩擦角、容重数据分布较为均匀。从高度及坡角来看,数据集中边(滑)坡高度多集中在100 m以下,存在个别极值;坡角区间范围多处于15°~30°,属于中等坡,但从图中可以看出缓坡、陡坡等类型在数据集中亦有包含。由黏聚力、内摩擦角、容重可以看出,数据集主要为土质边(滑)坡,少量存在岩质边坡。通过以上分析可以认为,数据集中的边(滑)坡类型较为齐全,基本可以满足训练样本数据的要求。
相关性分析可以用来判断多个具备相关性的变量元素之间的密切程度。为了解影响边坡稳定性的特征变量数据之间的关系,以便利用数据集对边坡状态做出更为精确的预测,采用皮尔逊相关系数对数据进行相关性分析。皮尔逊相关系数为两个变量之间协方差之积与标准差之积的商[15],可以反映出变量之间的线性相关程度,范围为(−1,1),其绝对值越大表示相关性越强。影响边坡稳定性的6个特征变量之间的相关关系见表2。
从表2可以看出,高度、坡角、黏聚力、内摩擦角、容重作为边(滑)坡的固有属性,它们之间存在一定的相关性。相关系数较大的是坡角与内摩擦角、高度与坡角、黏聚力与容重,分别为0.501, 0.475, 0.464。孔隙压力比与其余5个因素相关性较小,甚至为负相关,表明孔隙压力比作为被人为定义的参数,其与固有属性之间有一定的差异性。影响因素之间均未表现出强相关特征,不会出现过拟合或者影响预测精度的情形,因此采用前述6个因素作为特征向量是合适的。
布谷鸟(CS)算法是YANG等[16]提出的一种新型启发式智能优化算法,通过模拟布谷鸟寄生繁殖行为来寻找最优解。新解的产生主要有以下两种方式。
(1)Levy飞行机制。具体计算方式如下。
式中:和分别表示第t代和第t+1代第i个鸟巢的位置;α为步长;⊕为点对点乘法;n为鸟巢的数量,即可行解的个数;β为Levy随机搜索向量L(β)的分布参数。
式中:u、v均服从标准正态分布;Γ为伽玛函数。
(2)偏好随机游走。将随机数r与发现概率p进行比较,如果r>p,则新解由下式产生。
式中,、为第t代的两个随机解。若r≤p,则不更新,即。
本文主要从以下3个方面对CS算法的搜索精度及收敛速度进行改进。
首先,在种群初始化过程中,基本CS算法种群为随机生成,种群个体间缺少信息交流,种群多样性差,会导致个体在分布空间上的不均匀。为提高种群分布性,先利用Sinusoidal混沌映射对种群进行初始化,具体表达式如下。
式中:xk为第k个个体的初始位置;a=2.3。
自然界中的群居动物必然会存在等级差异,如精英群体、一般群体以及劣势群体,且多数种群会表现出聚集或均匀分布的现象。因此,为加强个体间互相学习,实现种群间信息共享以保证种群质量,本文根据鸟巢适应度值大小进行升序排列,将种群规模划分为Ne、Nn、Ni,分别表示精英种群、一般种群、劣势种群,参考自然界中一般规律,将三者比例设置为2:6:2。相对而言,最优解出现在精英种群或一般种群的概率较大。
其次,由于步长控制量α的大小对收敛速度有较大影响,且式(1)中α为固定值,导致搜索时针对性不强,在搜寻全局最优值时效率低下,无法进行动态调整全局搜索和局部搜索,因此,利用式(5)对α进行重新设定,实现动态调整,以提高搜索精度。
式中:λ为调整系数;tmax为最大迭代轮次。
最后,由于基本CS算法中发现概率p为定值,不利于更新解。对发现概率p进行离散化,得到p的离散列表。本文离散化方法参考文献[17]的做法,在0.005~1范围内,对p进行1%步进离散化。
为了验证ICS算法的有效性,本文利用标准布谷鸟算法,自适应布谷鸟搜索算法(Adaptive Cuckoo Search, ACS)[18]、粒子群算法(PSO)[19], 与本文ICS算法在7个基准测试函数上进行比较分析[20],测试函数具体表达式见表3。其中,f1~f4为单峰函数,f5~f7为多峰函数,所有测试函数理论最优值均为0。试验中,4种算法最大迭代次数均设置为500次,各参数设置如下: PSO算法中n=200,d=30,c1=c2=1.5; CS算法中p=0.25,n=25。每个测试函数独立运行20次以避免偶然因素对结果的影响。经过多次反复试验,ICS算法中特有参数设置为λ=1.4,p401=0.270 3。本文采用寻优结果的平均值与标准差对每个测试函数结果进行评价,各算法寻优结果见表4。
从表4可以看出,与标准CS算法、ACS算法及PSO算法对比,对于单峰函数f1~f4,ICS相较于其他3种算法在寻优速率及精度上表现最好,f1、f2函数的寻优值可以收敛到理论最小值0,且在f3、f4函数上,ICS平均值相较于ACS平均值优越多个数量级;在多峰函数测试方面,由于此类函数具有多个极值点,因此主要被用来测试算法不易陷入局部最优的能力,从表中可以看出,ICS同样具有最优的搜索结果。与ACS相比,ICS算法在函数f7上的寻优结果虽然不是最优,但二者数量级一致,平均值相差不大。ICS算法不论是在单峰函数还是多峰函数上的表现均优于CS以及ACS,这是由于动态步长可以使算法跳出局部最优,而发现概率离散化后的数据则处于一定的波动范围内,某种程度上降低了过拟合的风险,提升了模型的表达能力,因此,算法的精度得以提升。
函数收敛曲线可以反映其收敛速度。图2为CS和ICS算法在固定迭代次数下部分测试函数的收敛曲线,横坐标为迭代次数,纵坐标为对数函数变换后的平均适应度值。可以看出,ICS算法相较于CS算法的收敛速度更快,迭代后期具有较好的求精能力。这是由于Sinusoidal混沌映射可以增加初始种群的多样性,同时在对种群进行分类后,使求解方向更靠近精英种群附近的领域空间,一定程度上提高了收敛速度。
Elman神经网络是一种典型的动态递归神经网络,其网络结构相较于传统的BP神经网络,在隐含层中增加了一个承接层,用于记忆和存储前一时刻的输出值,进而提高了网络的稳定性和动态适应能力,基本表达式如下。
式中:w1、w2、w3分别为输入层与隐含层、承接层与隐含层、隐含层与输出层的连接权重向量;b1、b2分别为隐含层和输出层的阈值向量;y(k)、x(k)、xc(k)分别为k时刻输出层、隐含层、承接层的输出;f、h分别为隐含层与输出层的传递函数;u(k−1)为k−1时刻承接层的输出向量。其网络结构如图3所示。
Elman神经网络的预测能力与其不同层之间的连接权值和阈值的选取有较大关系,然而,常用的梯度下降法在寻找最优权值和阈值时效率低下,且易陷入局部最优解。因此,本文采用兼具全局以及局部搜索能力的ICS算法对Elman神经网络的权值和阈值进行优化,以提高模型的预测精度及收敛速度。ICS-Elman模型的预测流程如图4所示,具体流程如下:
(1)对数据进行归一化处理并将数据集中的前550组样本作为训练集,后10组作为测试集;
(2)构建Elman网络,确定隐含层及承接层神经元节点个数;
(3)初始化CS算法参数,根据式(4)对种群进行Sinusoidal混沌初始化,并计算适应度值,然后按升序确定ICS-Elman神经网络的种群,确定Ne、Nn、Ni三个种群的分布,并利用式(5)、式(6)更新步长及发现概率;
(4)利用ICS优化Elman神经网络参数并进行神经网络训练,将模型预测的训练集与测试集的均方根误差取得的最小值设为适应度函数,直至达到迭代终止条件;
(5)采用训练好的ICS-Elman模型对边坡稳定性进行预测分析。
为评估ICS-Elman神经网络的预测性能,本文采用均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error, MAE)作为评价指标。RMSE、MAE计算公式分别如式(10)、式(11)所示。同时,为进一步验证模型的有效性,对比分析文献[21]中相关数据集预测结果。
式中:、Pi分别是预测值与实际值;n为数据个数。
在进行分析预测之前,首先需要确定Elman网络中隐含层神经元的个数。由前述内容可知,训练集及测试集输入样本变量分别为550×6、10×6的矩阵,依据文献[22]将Elman网络中隐含层神经元节点个数范围设置为[3,14],经过1 000次迭代计算后结果见表5。由均方根误差最小原则可得,当隐含层神经元个数为8时,神经网络的预测效果较好。由于Elman网络中承接层储存隐含层输出的权值和阈值并进行反馈,其节点个数应与隐含层保存一致,因此承接层神经元节点个数同样设置为8。
综合考虑模型性能、计算效率等因素,根据文献[23]设置最大迭代次数为100,学习速率为0.1,最小误差为1×10−5。
为验证ICS-Elman神经网络在边坡稳定性分析模型的预测效果,将Elman、CS-Elman与ICS-Elman模型进行比较,表6为3种模型的预测结果。由表6可知,Elman、CS-Elman与ICS-Elman三种模型的相对误差范围分别为−35.96%~27.86%,−11.80%~12.86%,−2.81%~6.98%,ICS-Elman相对误差最小。
各模型在测试集上对边坡稳定性安全系数的预测结果如图5所示。
从图5可以看出,与另外2种模型相比,ICS-Elman模型预测的边坡稳定性安全系数与真实值更为接近,表明该模型的准确性较好。
利用评估指标均方根误差、平均绝对误差对3种模型的预测结果进行评估,结果见表7。与Elman、CS-Elman模型相比,ICS-Elman模型对边坡稳定性安全系数预测结果的均方根误差、平均绝对误差均最低,分别为0.275 0,0.342 2。结果表明,ICS-Elman模型具有较好的稳定性和精度。
为进一步验证本文所提出的ICS-Elman预测模型的有效性,基于文献[21]中的边坡样本数据,对CPSO-BP模型与ICS-Elman模型的预测结果进行对比分析,选择4个样本作为测试集,计算结果见表8。从表8可以看出,ICS-Elman模型在边坡稳定性安全系数预测精度上较CPSO-BP模型好,相对误差较小。
本文基于560组边坡样本数据,对边坡稳定性的影响因素进行了皮尔逊相关性分析,并利用改进的布谷鸟算法优化Elman神经网络的权值和阈值,建立了ICS-Elman边坡稳定性分析预测模型。将ICS-Elman神经网络预测结果与Elman、CS-Elman、CPSO-BP神经网络进行了对比,得出以下结论。
(1)本文在CS算法基础上,通过Sinusoidal混沌初始化解、改变步长和离散化发现概率等策略得到ICS算法,相较于CS算法,ICS算法的寻优能力和收敛速度有较大提升。
(2)通过对Elman神经网络进行训练和优化,确定了隐含层及承接层的神经元数量均为8个,在此基础上,构建了ICS-Elman边坡稳定性分析预测模型。结果显示,Elman、CS-Elman、ICS-Elman三种模型预测结果相对误差范围分别为−35.96%~27.86%,−11.80%~12.86%,−2.81%~6.98%,均方根误差分别为0.848 2, 0.424 5, 0.275 0,平均绝对误差分别为1.023 0, 0.764 1, 0.342 2。ICS-Elman预测结果的相对误差范围更小,精度更高,预测性能更好。
(3)基于以往研究中的边坡样本数据,与CPSO-BP神经网络相比,ICS-Elman模型的相对误差范围为−1.57%~1.25%,ICS-Elman模型在边坡稳定性预测方面表现出更为优异的性能。
  • 四川省自然科学基金项目(23NSFSC0297)
  • 安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(2022AH052670; 2023AH052675)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-06
基金
四川省自然科学基金项目(23NSFSC0297)
安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(2022AH052670; 2023AH052675)
作者信息
    1.安徽工业经济职业技术学院 地质与建筑工程学院,安徽 合肥 230051
    2.广东理工职业学院工程技术学院,广东 中山市 528400
    3.中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心(西南地质科技创新中心),四川 成都 610081
    4.中水珠江规划勘测设计有限公司,广东 广州 510610
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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