Article(id=1322595368815149532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715875200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260908558, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260908558, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260908558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260908558, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=185, endPage=195, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595368978727389, articleId=1322595368815149532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Eco-Geological Environment Evaluation and Restoration of a Limestone Mine in Typical Arid Areas, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Tianjingshan mining area is a limestone quarrying region for construction purposes in the typical arid areas of northwest China. Due to severe environmental damage in this mining area, natural revegetation is no longer possible, and there is an urgent need for restoration and management. In light of this, from the overall perspective of the mine's eco-geological environmental system, research was conducted on the eco-geological environment of the mining area using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) methods. 20 evaluation factors were selected from both ecological and geological aspects. An eco-geological environmental evaluation system was constructed that is consistent with the characteristics of typical arid areas and oriented towards mine ecology restoration. This system aims to quantitatively and accurately determine the quality levels of the eco-geological environment of the mining area and match appropriate restoration and management models for corresponding levels. Based on the evaluation result that the eco-geological environment quality level of this mining area was poor (Level Ⅲ), targeted restoration and management mode of the mining area were carried out using combined methods of geological disaster risk elimination, soil reconstruction, vegetation reconstruction, and manual maintenance. Secondary revegetation of the mine relic site was ultimately achieved. The results show that the evaluation system can provide a relatively objective evaluation of the eco-geological environment of limestone mines in arid areas and the proposed restoration and management modes have good restoration and management effects, which can be replicated and promoted for application in local and similar arid and semi-arid areas for the restoration and management of mine relic sites.

, authors=Siyuan CAO1, Ying YUAN1, 2, Miao ZHANG1, Aihong ZHOU1, 2, Bo LIU3, Xi ZHANG3, authorsList=Siyuan CAO, Ying YUAN, Miao ZHANG, Aihong ZHOU, Bo LIU, Xi ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595372850070024, articleId=1322595368815149532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=典型干旱区石灰岩矿山生态地质环境评价及修复治理, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

天景山矿区是我国西北典型干旱区建筑用石灰岩开采区。因矿区环境破坏严重,已无自然复绿的可能,亟需修复治理。鉴于此,立足于矿山生态地质环境系统的整体视角,利用AHP层次分析法和FCE模糊综合评价法对矿区生态地质环境进行研究,从生态环境和地质环境两方面筛选了20个评价因子,构建了符合典型干旱区特点的、以矿山生态修复为导向的生态地质环境评价体系,对矿区生态地质环境质量等级进行精准定量化判别,并为相应等级选择适宜的修复治理模式。基于该矿区的生态地质环境质量等级为“差(Ⅲ级)”的评价结果,采取了地质灾害隐患消除+土壤重构+植被重建+人工管护联合修复治理模式对矿区进行针对性修复治理,最终实现了矿山遗迹地的二次复绿。结果表明:该评价体系对干旱区石灰岩矿山生态地质环境有着较为客观的评价,提出的修复治理模式获得了良好的修复治理效果,可复制推广应用于当地及类似干旱、半干旱地区矿山遗迹地修复治理。

, authors=曹思源1, 袁颖1, 2, 张淼1, 周爱红1, 2, 刘波3, 张汐3, authorsList=曹思源, 袁颖, 张淼, 周爱红, 刘波, 张汐, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=袁颖, authorNote=

曹思源(1996—),男,宁夏固原人,硕士,从事环境和灾害地质、矿山生态修复方向的研究工作。E-mail:

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袁颖(1976—),男,江西景德镇人,博士,教授,从事环境和灾害地质、工程地质、矿山生态修复方向的研究工作。E-mail:
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曹思源(1996—),男,宁夏固原人,硕士,从事环境和灾害地质、矿山生态修复方向的研究工作。E-mail:

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曹思源(1996—),男,宁夏固原人,硕士,从事环境和灾害地质、矿山生态修复方向的研究工作。E-mail:

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Remote sensing evaluation of mine geological environment and ecological restoration strategies in Hainan island in 2018[J]. 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Evaluation of resource environmental characteristics and eco-geological environmental carrying capacity in the western Sichuan lithium ore belt[J]. 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Spatial variability of site factors and micro-site division in arid and barren mountainous areas of central and southern Shandong[D]. 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Research on cost control of company D based on AHP-Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method[D]. 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Research on the quantitative model of coal mine ecological environment evaluation based on AHP[J]. 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Research on geological environmental problems and ecological restoration technology of abandoned mines in Qiaoshan Fuping section[D]. 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Research on the geological environment recovery and management zoning of a limestone mine in Lingui district, Guilin city[D]. 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Research on ecological restoration and landscape reconstruction of quarry abandoned areas based on mine ecological restoration theory[D]. Nanchang: Jiangxi Agricultural University, 2023., articleTitle=Research on ecological restoration and landscape reconstruction of quarry abandoned areas based on mine ecological restoration theory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322595815336558900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=54, authorNames=杨志洲, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨志洲.宝鸡黄土梁地区不稳定边坡的滑坡机制及预警[D].西安:长安大学,2017., articleTitle=宝鸡黄土梁地区不稳定边坡的滑坡机制及预警, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322595815412056373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=55, authorNames=YANG Zhizhou, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Zhizhou. Mechanism and early warning of unstable slope landslide in loess beam area of Baoji[D]. Xi'an: Chang'an University, 2017., articleTitle=Mechanism and early warning of unstable slope landslide in loess beam area of Baoji, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322595815474970934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=2, pageStart=35, pageEnd=47, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=56, authorNames=郭源上, 何明珠, 刘建兵, journalName=中国沙漠, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭源上,何明珠,刘建兵,等.干旱区石灰岩矿山遗迹地生态修复模式对比研究[J].中国沙漠,2024,44(2):35-47., articleTitle=干旱区石灰岩矿山遗迹地生态修复模式对比研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322595815542079799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=2, pageStart=35, pageEnd=47, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=57, authorNames=GUO Yuanshang, HE Mingzhu, LIU Jianbing, journalName=Journal of Desert Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO Yuanshang, HE Mingzhu, LIU Jianbing, et al. Comparative study on ecological restoration models of limestone mine relics in arid areas[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2024, 44(2):35-47., articleTitle=Comparative study on ecological restoration models of limestone mine relics in arid areas, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322595806931173625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, awardId=2021BEG02008, language=CN, fundingSource=宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划项目(2021BEG02008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322595806998282490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, awardId=KJCXTD-2021-08, language=CN, fundingSource=河北地质大学科技创新团队项目(KJCXTD-2021-08), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322595798752280754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322595798760669363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, companyId=1322595798752280754, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Urban Geology and Engineering, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322595798769057972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, companyId=1322595798752280754, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.河北地质大学 城市地质与工程学院,河北 石家庄 050031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322595799020716213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322595799033299126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, companyId=1322595799020716213, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Hebei Center for Ecological and Environmental Geology Research, Hebei GEO 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Grading standards for factors of eco-geological environmental assessment in mines

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目标要素指标指标因子分级标准
差(Ⅲ级)(3分)较差(Ⅱ级)(2分)较好(Ⅰ级)(1分)
矿山生态地质环境评价矿山生态环境年均降雨量小于400 mm,干旱、半干旱地区。400~800 mm,半湿润地区。大于800 mm,湿润地区。
年均蒸发量大于2 500 mm,蒸发量极高地区。1 000~2 000 mm,蒸发量高地区。小于1 000 mm,蒸发量较低地区。
植被覆盖度小于30%,覆盖度低地区。30%~60%,覆盖度中等地区。大于60%,覆盖度高地区。
含水层破坏含水层结构破坏严重,矿区及其周围主要含水层(带)水位大幅下降,地表水体漏失严重,不同含水层(组)串通水质恶化。对含水层结构有一定影响,矿区及周围主要含水层(带)水位下降幅度较大,地表水体局部有漏失现象。对含水层无影响,矿区及周围主要含水层水位下降幅度小,地表水体除正常蒸发外无漏失现象。
生物多样性小于20,物种贫乏,生态系统类型单一、脆弱,生物多样性极低。20~60,物种较丰富,特有属、种类较多,生态系统类型较多,生物多样性较好。大于60,物种高度丰富,特有属、种类多,生态系统丰富多样。
废水废液污染废水废液排放量为(4×104)~(1×105)m3/a废水废液排放量为(1×104)~(4×104)m3/a废水废液排放量为0~(1×104)m3/a
土地资源破坏破坏林地或草地大于4×10–6 km2,占用破坏荒地或未开发利用土地大于2×10–5 km2。破坏林地或草地(2×10–6)~(4×10–6)km2,占用破坏荒地或未开发利用土地(1×10–5)~(2×10–5)km2。破坏林地或草地小于2×10–6 km2,占用破坏荒地或未开发利用土地小于1×10–5 km2。
大气颗粒物污染大气颗粒物排放量为(4×104)~(1×105)t/a大气颗粒物排放量为(1×104)~(4×104)t/a大气颗粒物排放量为0~(1×104)t/a
土地荒漠化程度沙漠化土地流沙面积超过25%,土地大多呈平沙地或砾石地,植被覆盖度小于20%。黄土区域出现小片流沙,土壤腐殖质层风蚀厚度大于50%,植被覆盖度20%~50%。强风天气下沟道内有少量积沙,土壤表面有明显的风蚀痕迹,植被覆盖度大于50%。
地形地貌景观破坏对各类自然保护区、人文景观、风景旅游区、城市周围、主要交通干线两侧可视范围内地形地貌景观影响严重。对各类自然保护区、人文景观、风景旅游区、城市周围、主要交通干线两侧可视范围内地形地貌景观影响较重。对各类自然保护区、人文景观、风景旅游区、城市周围、主要交通干线两侧可视范围内地形地貌景观影响较轻。
矿山地质环境地形地貌地貌单元类型多,微地貌复杂多变,地形坡度一般大于35°,相对高差一般大于100 m。地貌单元类型较多,微地貌有变化,地形坡度一般为20°~35°,相对高差为50~100 m。地貌单元类型单一,微地貌形态简单,地形坡度一般小于20°,相对高差小于50 m。
地层岩性松散堆积物为主,风化能力好。软质岩为主,风化能力中等。硬质岩为主,风化能力差。
地质构造构造复杂,断裂构造、节理发育强烈。构造中等,断裂构造、节理较发育。构造简单,断裂构造、节理不发育。
边坡结构坡度小于60°,顺向坡。坡度60°~120°,横向坡。坡度大于120°,逆向坡。
水文地质复杂。低山区以基岩裂隙水为主,地貌多为低山高丘,大多组成山脊,构成地表分水岭。中等。丘陵平原区,地貌以石灰岩丘陵为主,地表岩溶发育。简单。平原区,地表透水性强,降水入渗补给条件好,地下水位与降雨量同步变化。
工程地质碳酸盐岩建造类型、松散岩碎屑岩建造类型岩浆岩建造类型
地质灾害发生3次以上,或存在3处及以上地质灾害隐患点,对交通、设施影响较大,有人员伤亡。发生过1~2次,或存在1~2处地质灾害隐患点,对人类、交通、设施影响较小。没发生过,且没有地质灾害隐患,对人类、交通、设施无影响,无人员伤亡。
土层厚度小于15 cm,浅薄层土壤。15~50 cm,中厚层土壤。大于50 cm,厚层土壤。
土壤粒级组成石砾(大于2 mm)含量大于55%,且粗砂(0.2~2 mm)含量大于25%。石砾(大于2 mm)含量为35%~55%,且粗砂(0.2~2 mm)含量为15%~25%。石砾(大于2 mm)含量小于35%,且粗砂(0.2~2 mm)含量小于15%。
土壤养分含量土壤养分综合得分小于35,土壤贫瘠。土壤养分综合得分35~75,土壤较贫瘠。土壤养分综合得分大于75,土壤较肥沃。
), ArticleFig(id=1322595805870014702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿山生态地质环境评价指标因子分级标准

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目标要素指标指标因子分级标准
差(Ⅲ级)(3分)较差(Ⅱ级)(2分)较好(Ⅰ级)(1分)
矿山生态地质环境评价矿山生态环境年均降雨量小于400 mm,干旱、半干旱地区。400~800 mm,半湿润地区。大于800 mm,湿润地区。
年均蒸发量大于2 500 mm,蒸发量极高地区。1 000~2 000 mm,蒸发量高地区。小于1 000 mm,蒸发量较低地区。
植被覆盖度小于30%,覆盖度低地区。30%~60%,覆盖度中等地区。大于60%,覆盖度高地区。
含水层破坏含水层结构破坏严重,矿区及其周围主要含水层(带)水位大幅下降,地表水体漏失严重,不同含水层(组)串通水质恶化。对含水层结构有一定影响,矿区及周围主要含水层(带)水位下降幅度较大,地表水体局部有漏失现象。对含水层无影响,矿区及周围主要含水层水位下降幅度小,地表水体除正常蒸发外无漏失现象。
生物多样性小于20,物种贫乏,生态系统类型单一、脆弱,生物多样性极低。20~60,物种较丰富,特有属、种类较多,生态系统类型较多,生物多样性较好。大于60,物种高度丰富,特有属、种类多,生态系统丰富多样。
废水废液污染废水废液排放量为(4×104)~(1×105)m3/a废水废液排放量为(1×104)~(4×104)m3/a废水废液排放量为0~(1×104)m3/a
土地资源破坏破坏林地或草地大于4×10–6 km2,占用破坏荒地或未开发利用土地大于2×10–5 km2。破坏林地或草地(2×10–6)~(4×10–6)km2,占用破坏荒地或未开发利用土地(1×10–5)~(2×10–5)km2。破坏林地或草地小于2×10–6 km2,占用破坏荒地或未开发利用土地小于1×10–5 km2。
大气颗粒物污染大气颗粒物排放量为(4×104)~(1×105)t/a大气颗粒物排放量为(1×104)~(4×104)t/a大气颗粒物排放量为0~(1×104)t/a
土地荒漠化程度沙漠化土地流沙面积超过25%,土地大多呈平沙地或砾石地,植被覆盖度小于20%。黄土区域出现小片流沙,土壤腐殖质层风蚀厚度大于50%,植被覆盖度20%~50%。强风天气下沟道内有少量积沙,土壤表面有明显的风蚀痕迹,植被覆盖度大于50%。
地形地貌景观破坏对各类自然保护区、人文景观、风景旅游区、城市周围、主要交通干线两侧可视范围内地形地貌景观影响严重。对各类自然保护区、人文景观、风景旅游区、城市周围、主要交通干线两侧可视范围内地形地貌景观影响较重。对各类自然保护区、人文景观、风景旅游区、城市周围、主要交通干线两侧可视范围内地形地貌景观影响较轻。
矿山地质环境地形地貌地貌单元类型多,微地貌复杂多变,地形坡度一般大于35°,相对高差一般大于100 m。地貌单元类型较多,微地貌有变化,地形坡度一般为20°~35°,相对高差为50~100 m。地貌单元类型单一,微地貌形态简单,地形坡度一般小于20°,相对高差小于50 m。
地层岩性松散堆积物为主,风化能力好。软质岩为主,风化能力中等。硬质岩为主,风化能力差。
地质构造构造复杂,断裂构造、节理发育强烈。构造中等,断裂构造、节理较发育。构造简单,断裂构造、节理不发育。
边坡结构坡度小于60°,顺向坡。坡度60°~120°,横向坡。坡度大于120°,逆向坡。
水文地质复杂。低山区以基岩裂隙水为主,地貌多为低山高丘,大多组成山脊,构成地表分水岭。中等。丘陵平原区,地貌以石灰岩丘陵为主,地表岩溶发育。简单。平原区,地表透水性强,降水入渗补给条件好,地下水位与降雨量同步变化。
工程地质碳酸盐岩建造类型、松散岩碎屑岩建造类型岩浆岩建造类型
地质灾害发生3次以上,或存在3处及以上地质灾害隐患点,对交通、设施影响较大,有人员伤亡。发生过1~2次,或存在1~2处地质灾害隐患点,对人类、交通、设施影响较小。没发生过,且没有地质灾害隐患,对人类、交通、设施无影响,无人员伤亡。
土层厚度小于15 cm,浅薄层土壤。15~50 cm,中厚层土壤。大于50 cm,厚层土壤。
土壤粒级组成石砾(大于2 mm)含量大于55%,且粗砂(0.2~2 mm)含量大于25%。石砾(大于2 mm)含量为35%~55%,且粗砂(0.2~2 mm)含量为15%~25%。石砾(大于2 mm)含量小于35%,且粗砂(0.2~2 mm)含量小于15%。
土壤养分含量土壤养分综合得分小于35,土壤贫瘠。土壤养分综合得分35~75,土壤较贫瘠。土壤养分综合得分大于75,土壤较肥沃。
), ArticleFig(id=1322595805953900783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Judgment matrix implications

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标度值含义
1两元素重要程度相同
3前者比后者稍微重要
5前者比后者比较重要
7前者比后者十分重要
9前者比后者绝对重要
2,4,6,8上述奇数标度值的中间值
倒数后者比前者的重要程度倒数
), ArticleFig(id=1322595806092312816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

判断矩阵含义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标度值含义
1两元素重要程度相同
3前者比后者稍微重要
5前者比后者比较重要
7前者比后者十分重要
9前者比后者绝对重要
2,4,6,8上述奇数标度值的中间值
倒数后者比前者的重要程度倒数
), ArticleFig(id=1322595806159421681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Judgment matrix of mine ecological environment indicator factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因子C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8C9C10
C11731452746
C21/711/41/61/31/21/521/31
C31/3411/4241/3635
C41641241635
C51/431/21/2121/3413
C61/521/41/41/211/441/21
C71/2531341625
C81/71/21/61/61/41/41/611/31
C91/431/31/3121/2312
C101/611/51/51/311/511/21
), ArticleFig(id=1322595806230724850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

矿山生态环境指标因子判断矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因子C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8C9C10
C11731452746
C21/711/41/61/31/21/521/31
C31/3411/4241/3635
C41641241635
C51/431/21/2121/3413
C61/521/41/41/211/441/21
C71/2531341625
C81/71/21/61/61/41/41/611/31
C91/431/31/3121/2312
C101/611/51/51/311/511/21
), ArticleFig(id=1322595806293639411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Judgment matrix for mining geological environmental indicator factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因子C11C12C13C14C15C16C17C18C19C20
C11161/26231/3446
C121/611/611/41/41/71/21/31/2
C132617331/2546
C141/611/711/41/41/81/21/31/2
C151/241/34121/4334
C161/341/341/211/4324
C173728441545
C181/421/521/31/31/511/21
C191/431/431/31/21/4212
C201/621/621/41/41/511/21
), ArticleFig(id=1322595806373331188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

矿山地质环境指标因子判断矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因子C11C12C13C14C15C16C17C18C19C20
C11161/26231/3446
C121/611/611/41/41/71/21/31/2
C132617331/2546
C141/611/711/41/41/81/21/31/2
C151/241/34121/4334
C161/341/341/211/4324
C173728441545
C181/421/521/31/31/511/21
C191/431/431/31/21/4212
C201/621/621/41/41/511/21
), ArticleFig(id=1322595806507548917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Summary of weights for eco-geological environmental evaluation index factors in mines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
要素B权重指标因子C权重
B10.550C10.236
C20.030
C30.121
C40.194
C50.077
C60.047
C70.171
C80.023
C90.069
C100.032
B20.450C110.159
C120.024
C130.202
C140.023
C150.105
C160.087
C170.267
C180.039
C190.058
C200.036
), ArticleFig(id=1322595806583046390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

矿山生态地质环境评价指标因子权重汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
要素B权重指标因子C权重
B10.550C10.236
C20.030
C30.121
C40.194
C50.077
C60.047
C70.171
C80.023
C90.069
C100.032
B20.450C110.159
C120.024
C130.202
C140.023
C150.105
C160.087
C170.267
C180.039
C190.058
C200.036
), ArticleFig(id=1322595806658543863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Summarg of evaluation index factor membership function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标因子C隶属度函数等级
C1“差(Ⅲ级)”
C2“较差(Ⅱ级)”
C3“差(Ⅲ级)”
C4“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C5“差(Ⅲ级)”
C6“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C7“差(Ⅲ级)”
C8“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C9“较差(Ⅱ级)”
C10“差(Ⅲ级)”
C11“差(Ⅲ级)”
C12“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C13“差(Ⅲ级)”
C14“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C15“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C16“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C17“差(Ⅲ级)”
C18“差(Ⅲ级)”
C19“差(Ⅲ级)”
C20“差(Ⅲ级)”
), ArticleFig(id=1322595806729847032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595368815149532, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

评价指标因子隶属度函数汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标因子C隶属度函数等级
C1“差(Ⅲ级)”
C2“较差(Ⅱ级)”
C3“差(Ⅲ级)”
C4“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C5“差(Ⅲ级)”
C6“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C7“差(Ⅲ级)”
C8“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C9“较差(Ⅱ级)”
C10“差(Ⅲ级)”
C11“差(Ⅲ级)”
C12“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C13“差(Ⅲ级)”
C14“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C15“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C16“较好(Ⅰ级)”
C17“差(Ⅲ级)”
C18“差(Ⅲ级)”
C19“差(Ⅲ级)”
C20“差(Ⅲ级)”
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典型干旱区石灰岩矿山生态地质环境评价及修复治理
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曹思源 1 , 袁颖 1, 2 , 张淼 1 , 周爱红 1, 2 , 刘波 3 , 张汐 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(3): 185-195
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (3) : 185 -195
典型干旱区石灰岩矿山生态地质环境评价及修复治理
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曹思源(1996—),男,宁夏固原人,硕士,从事环境和灾害地质、矿山生态修复方向的研究工作。E-mail:

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曹思源(1996—),男,宁夏固原人,硕士,从事环境和灾害地质、矿山生态修复方向的研究工作。E-mail:

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曹思源1 , 袁颖1, 2 , 张淼1, 周爱红1, 2, 刘波3, 张汐3
作者信息
  • 1.河北地质大学 城市地质与工程学院,河北 石家庄 050031
  • 2.河北地质大学 河北省高校生态环境地质应用技术研发中心,河北 石家庄 050031
  • 3.宁夏回族自治区地质资料馆,宁夏 银川 750021
通讯作者:
袁颖(1976—),男,江西景德镇人,博士,教授,从事环境和灾害地质、工程地质、矿山生态修复方向的研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

曹思源(1996—),男,宁夏固原人,硕士,从事环境和灾害地质、矿山生态修复方向的研究工作。E-mail:

Eco-Geological Environment Evaluation and Restoration of a Limestone Mine in Typical Arid Areas
Siyuan CAO1 , Ying YUAN1, 2 , Miao ZHANG1, Aihong ZHOU1, 2, Bo LIU3, Xi ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Urban Geology and Engineering, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, China
  • 2.Hebei Center for Ecological and Environmental Geology Research, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, China
  • 3.Geological Archives of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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天景山矿区是我国西北典型干旱区建筑用石灰岩开采区。因矿区环境破坏严重,已无自然复绿的可能,亟需修复治理。鉴于此,立足于矿山生态地质环境系统的整体视角,利用AHP层次分析法和FCE模糊综合评价法对矿区生态地质环境进行研究,从生态环境和地质环境两方面筛选了20个评价因子,构建了符合典型干旱区特点的、以矿山生态修复为导向的生态地质环境评价体系,对矿区生态地质环境质量等级进行精准定量化判别,并为相应等级选择适宜的修复治理模式。基于该矿区的生态地质环境质量等级为“差(Ⅲ级)”的评价结果,采取了地质灾害隐患消除+土壤重构+植被重建+人工管护联合修复治理模式对矿区进行针对性修复治理,最终实现了矿山遗迹地的二次复绿。结果表明:该评价体系对干旱区石灰岩矿山生态地质环境有着较为客观的评价,提出的修复治理模式获得了良好的修复治理效果,可复制推广应用于当地及类似干旱、半干旱地区矿山遗迹地修复治理。

干旱区石灰岩矿山  /  生态地质环境评价  /  修复治理模式  /  土壤重构  /  植被重建

The Tianjingshan mining area is a limestone quarrying region for construction purposes in the typical arid areas of northwest China. Due to severe environmental damage in this mining area, natural revegetation is no longer possible, and there is an urgent need for restoration and management. In light of this, from the overall perspective of the mine's eco-geological environmental system, research was conducted on the eco-geological environment of the mining area using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) methods. 20 evaluation factors were selected from both ecological and geological aspects. An eco-geological environmental evaluation system was constructed that is consistent with the characteristics of typical arid areas and oriented towards mine ecology restoration. This system aims to quantitatively and accurately determine the quality levels of the eco-geological environment of the mining area and match appropriate restoration and management models for corresponding levels. Based on the evaluation result that the eco-geological environment quality level of this mining area was poor (Level Ⅲ), targeted restoration and management mode of the mining area were carried out using combined methods of geological disaster risk elimination, soil reconstruction, vegetation reconstruction, and manual maintenance. Secondary revegetation of the mine relic site was ultimately achieved. The results show that the evaluation system can provide a relatively objective evaluation of the eco-geological environment of limestone mines in arid areas and the proposed restoration and management modes have good restoration and management effects, which can be replicated and promoted for application in local and similar arid and semi-arid areas for the restoration and management of mine relic sites.

Limestone mine in arid areas  /  Eco-geological environment evaluation  /  Restoration and management mode  /  Soil reconstruction  /  Vegetation reconstruction
曹思源, 袁颖, 张淼, 周爱红, 刘波, 张汐. 典型干旱区石灰岩矿山生态地质环境评价及修复治理. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 185 -195 .
Siyuan CAO, Ying YUAN, Miao ZHANG, Aihong ZHOU, Bo LIU, Xi ZHANG. Eco-Geological Environment Evaluation and Restoration of a Limestone Mine in Typical Arid Areas[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 185 -195 .
矿山遗迹地修复治理是我国生态文明建设的必经之路,也是实现矿业工程绿色发展的必要措施。因矿山环境的特殊性和区域性,每座矿山的修复治理模式和措施都需要根据其自身特殊情况量身定制。但在探讨哪种修复治理模式或措施具有最佳效果、经济效益和适宜性时,研究人员无法在修复治理之前有十足的把握,而修复治理模式和措施的选择则直接决定着修复治理效果[1]。因此,建立一个科学的矿山环境评价体系,以准确评估矿山环境状况并确定适合目标矿山遗迹地的修复治理模式或技术措施,对于指导修复工作至关重要。
为此,专家学者们围绕矿山环境评价开展了大量科学研究。郝杰等[2]以石灰岩矿山遗迹地为研究对象,构建了废弃露天石灰岩矿山地质环境修复难度评价指标体系,为露天石灰岩矿山地质环境修复难度评价及分区治理提供了参考。赵玉灵等[3]以海南岛矿山开发状况与矿山地质环境遥感调查监测结果为基础,建立了矿山地质环境质量评价指标体系,可推广应用于热带及亚热带矿山环境评价工作中。许锐等[4]创新地将遥感与传统评价方法相结合,构建了矿山地质环境评价指标体系,经验证,该体系能够客观地反映矿山地质环境现状,为矿山环境评价开拓了思路。吴晨阳等[5]将可拓学理论应用到矿山环境评价中,对矿山地质环境进行了定量评价,其研究成果可指导可拓模型在矿山评价中的应用,具有一定的借鉴意义。高俊华等[6]提出基于遥感的矿山地质环境灰色关联评价方法,将灰色关联法引入矿山评价中,为较大区域的矿山地质环境评价分区提供了较好的技术支持。
尽管上述学者构建的评价体系能够较准确地评估目标矿山环境现状,但仍然存在不可忽视的局限性。目前,现行评价模型大多仅从单一维度对矿山生态环境或地质环境进行评价,缺乏从矿山生态地质环境系统的整体性角度出发的综合性评价研究。矿山生态地质环境系统是一个复杂的综合体系,由生态环境子系统、地质环境子系统以及灾害环境子系统通过相互作用与相互耦合形成,这一体系的完整性和互动性共同决定了矿山环境的性状[7]。因此,为了更全面地掌握矿山环境的真实状况,亟需开展以矿山生态地质环境系统为对象,考虑其内在联系和整体性的研究,进而建立更为周全的评价体系。其次,部分评价研究仅利用构建好的评价体系初步确定出矿山环境等级,并未选择相应等级所适宜的修复治理模式,指导意义欠佳。此外,因受限于自然环境,干旱、半干旱地区矿山遗迹地修复治理难度要远大于湿润、半湿润地区,这就导致有关干旱、半干旱地区矿山环境评价的研究成果较少,仍未有适宜的、可复制推广的评价体系,严重制约该地区矿山遗迹地的二次复绿和经济可持续发展。
鉴于此,本研究以典型干旱区——中卫市天景山矿区为研究对象,立足于矿山生态地质环境系统的整体视角,依据研究区生态地质环境资料和生态地质环境现状实地调查成果,利用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法对研究区生态地质环境进行相应研究,构建了符合典型干旱区特点的,以矿山生态修复为导向的生态地质环境评价体系,拟对生态地质环境质量等级进行精准定量化判别,并为相应等级选择适宜的修复治理模式,指导该研究区修复治理工作的开展。研究结果不仅避免了上述矿山环境评价体系可能存在的缺陷,还可为类似评价工作提供指导,具有显著的参考价值和借鉴意义,可复制推广应用于干旱、半干旱地区矿山遗迹地的修复治理。
研究区位于宁夏回族自治区中卫市南部的天景山主峰北侧,属于西北干旱区,年均降雨量仅为180~367 mm,而年均蒸发量高达1913.8 mm。区域内无河流及地下水露头现象,水文地质类型简单。地貌上,研究区处于中低山区,地势北西低南东高,海拔在+1545~+1790 m之间,相对高差为135 m,地形切割作用强烈,沟谷发育,基岩出露良好,易发生地质灾害。
地质条件方面,研究区及其周边主要出露质地坚硬、完整性好的灰岩和灰质白云岩,风化能力弱,稳定性及工程地质条件良好。然而,研究区内断裂纵横交错,对矿区岩层持续挤压。地震活动和新构造运动显著活跃,区域抗震设防烈度为8度,地震动峰值加速度为0.20g,地震反应谱特征周期为0.45 s。
土壤条件贫瘠,地表有薄层风沙壤土覆盖,厚度约为10~20 cm,砾石含量多,粒级组成极差。原生植被覆盖度低,不足10%,主要由适应寒冷干旱环境的草本植物组成,荒漠化趋势严重。
矿业活动导致了一系列生态地质环境问题,包括不稳定的高陡边坡容易发生滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害,以及采矿活动形成的采坑和渣堆对地形地貌、土地资源及植被资源的严重破坏。根据《矿山地质环境保护与恢复治理方案编制规范》(DZ/T0223—2011),研究区在不稳定高陡边坡、弃土弃渣、土地资源破坏、地形地貌景观破坏等方面的影响程度均被评估为严重等级,对矿山生态地质环境质量和平衡影响极大。
综上,研究区矿山遗迹地已无自然复绿的可能,亟需开展针对性修复治理(见图1)。
评价指标因子决定评价结果,进而影响矿山遗迹地修复治理效果。基于此,在遵循国家标准与行业技术规范[8-10]的基础上,吸收借鉴以前学者的研究成果[11-14],在深入考虑研究区生态地质环境现状,并综合野外实地调查的详实资料后,创新性地增加了年均蒸发量、生物多样性、土地荒漠化程度、土层厚度、土壤粒级组成以及土壤养分含量等以矿山生态修复为导向的,能够反映干旱、半干旱地区环境特点的评价指标因子。最终从生态环境和地质环境两方面共筛选出20个评价指标因子,构成了评价体系的框架结构(见图2),拟对研究区生态地质环境质量等级进行精准定量化判别。
依据前述国家技术标准和行业规范,以及以往的研究成果[15-21],将研究区矿山生态地质环境影响程度共划分为“差(Ⅲ级)”、“较差(Ⅱ级)”、“较好(Ⅰ级)”三个等级。同时,为方便后续生态地质环境质量的判别,评价指标因子也相应划分为三个等级。分级时,评价指标尽量使用数字直接量化分级,对于无法直接量化的指标,采取专家打分的方式进行赋值分级。评价指标分级标准详见表1。
鉴于矿山生态地质环境系统复杂,很难对其进行定量化评价,现阶段适宜的评价方法是定性、定量相结合的分析方法。相较于其他方法,层次分析法不仅能够处理定性的决策因素,还能够通过矩阵计算等方式引入定量分析,使决策结果更加科学和准确。因此,采用层次分析法计算各评价因子的权重值。
判断矩阵是决策者对各元素相对重要性的主观评价的定量表示,用于反映同一层次内各元素之间的相对重要性。在构建判断矩阵时,通常采用1~9标度法表示两元素之间的重要关系,对其进行两两比较(见表2)。
利用构建好的判断矩阵,通过特征值法求解判断矩阵的最大特征值相对应的特征向量,再经归一化处理,得到各元素对于其上一层次中某一准则的相对权重。
权重计算完毕后,必须对构建的判断矩阵进行一致性检验。一致性检验包括计算一致性指标CI、查找平均随机一致性指标RI,以及计算一致性比例CR。如果CR<0.1,则认为判断矩阵的一致性可以接受;否则,需要对判断矩阵进行修改,以达到满意的一致性水平。
模糊综合评价法通过构建模糊关系矩阵,依据模糊数学的隶属度理论将定性评价转化为定量评价。该方法用模糊数学对受多种因素制约的事物或对象作出总体评价,提高了评价结果的科学性和合理性,具有结果清晰、系统性强的特点,能较好地解决模糊的、难以量化的问题,适合各种非确定性问题的解决[22]。因此,采用模糊综合评价法对矿山生态地质环境进行定量化评价。
确定评价对象的各种因素,构成评价因素集合U={U1,U2,⋯,Un}。式中,n为评价指标因子的总数。
根据评价需求,设定评价等级集合V={V1,V2,⋯,Vm}。例如,非常满意、满意、一般、不满意等。本次评价等级分为“较好(Ⅰ级)”、“较差(Ⅱ级)”、“差(Ⅲ级)”共三个等级。
根据各评价因素的重要程度,确定权重集合W={W1,W2,⋯,Wn},其中Wn表示第n个因素的权重。因此,利用上述层次分析法来计算各评价指标的权重值。
隶属度函数表示评价体系所包含的评价因子隶属于某评价等级的隶属程度。借鉴以往研究成果,并综合考虑研究区现状,最终确定三个评价等级的隶属度函数[23]。
“较好(Ⅰ级)”隶属度函数:
“较差(Ⅱ级)”隶属度函数:
“差(Ⅲ级)”隶属度函数:
式中,Ii1=Si1+β(Si2−Si1),Ii2=Si2+β(Si3−Si2);U11(xi)、U12(xi)、U13(xi)分别为上述三个级别的隶属度;Si1、Si2、Si3分别为评价体系中评价指标因子三个分级的标准值;xi为研究区某点评价指标因子的实测值;Ii1、Ii2分别为评价体系过渡区间的界限值;β为过渡系数,借鉴已有研究成果,取值为0.5[23]。
通过已经构建好的隶属度函数,确定各评价因素在不同评价等级上与评价等级V={V1,V2,⋯,Vm}的隶属度为rij=(ri1,ri2,⋯,rij),构建模糊关系矩阵R。但在构建矩阵时,需要从最低层级开始分别计算下一层级对上一层级的评判,这就要求先构建出最底层因素的模糊矩阵Ri。
利用模糊关系矩阵Ri和权重集Wi,通过模糊变换算子进行综合评价,得到综合评价向量Bi=Wi×Ri={Wi1,Wi2,Wi3,⋯,Win},重复该步骤,分别计算次级指标的模糊矩阵,最终确定出B的值。
式中,W为层次分析法计算得到的评价体系因子权重集;R为单个评价因子所对应的模糊矩阵;B为模糊综合评价结果。按照模糊综合评价的运算机制,最终的评价结果取决于模糊矩阵计算后各层级指标的隶属度大小。
由于评价体系共构建了准则层和指标层两个层级。因此,在完成二级指标层评价指标因子的初判之后,还需按照上述评价步骤对各评价指标因子进行一级模糊综合评价。
矿山生态地质环境系统的稳定性和健康状态是在矿山生态环境和地质环境等多方面影响下形成的,其受生态环境的影响远大于地质环境的影响[7]。因此,本研究赋予了矿山生态环境要素因子更大的权重。经查阅文献、参考技术规范以及咨询专家学者[24],最终确定了评价体系要素层矿山生态环境因子B1与地质环境因子B2的权重值分别为0.55和0.45。
通过参考已有研究成果,结合研究区生态地质环境现状及实地调查资料,构建了生态环境指标层判断矩阵(见表3)。
为避免层次分析结果出现逻辑上的矛盾,提高判断的可信度,减少人为主观因素对决策结果的影响,提高决策质量,必须对其进行一致性检验。经计算,CR=CI/RI=0.034<0.1,通过了一致性检验。
同理,构建地质环境指标层判断矩阵(见表4)。
同上,经计算,CR=CI/RI=0.031<0.1,通过一致性检验。
虽然生态环境评价指标因子与地质环境评价指标因子均满足本指标层的一致性检验,但整个矿山生态地质环境评价体系仍需要进行层次总排序一致性检验。
经计算,CR=CI/CR=0.033<0.1,层次总排序结果通过一致性检验,说明上述层次分析法确定的研究区生态地质环境评价体系各层级评价指标因子的权重值符合要求。
为更加直观地体现矿山生态地质环境各级评价指标因子的权重,并为综合模糊评价提供数据,将层次分析法的分析结果汇总为表5。
(1)要素集构建。
(2)评价指标因子确定。
(3)评语等级确定。
V={V1,V2,V3}={“较好(Ⅰ级)”,“较差(Ⅱ级)”,“差(Ⅲ级)”}
(4)隶属度函数及模糊矩阵确定。
以研究区年均降雨量指标因子为例,结合式(1)至式(3)确定隶属度函数和模糊矩阵,基于上述模糊综合评价原理及流程,计算得到S11=1,S12=2,S13=1,I11=1.5,I12=2.5,最终得到年均降雨量C1指标因子的隶属度函数。
“较好(Ⅰ级)”隶属度函数:
“较差(Ⅱ级)”隶属度函数:
“差(Ⅲ级)”隶属度函数:
将研究区气象站监测到的连续降雨量数据转换为年均降雨量数据后代入上式,得到年均降雨量C1指标的隶属度函数属“差(Ⅲ级)”。以此类推,计算得到研究区剩余19个评价指标因子的隶属度函数,最终得到要素层评价指标因子的模糊矩阵。研究区生态地质环境各评价指标因子隶属度函数汇总见表6。
得到指标层各评价指标因子的隶属度后即可进一步建立准则层指标矿山生态环境R1和矿山地质环境R2的模糊矩阵,如下:
将前述层次分析法计算得到的各评价指标因子和评价要素因子的权重以权重向量的形式表达,方便后续与对应的模糊矩阵计算,得出评价结果。
式中,W1为矿山生态环境评价要素因子的权重向量;W2为矿山地质环境评价要素因子的权重向量;W为矿山生态地质环境评价目标的权重向量。
矿山生态环境评价:
由评价结果可知,研究区生态环境要素因子的隶属度为“差(Ⅲ级)”,说明研究区生态环境遭采矿活动破坏严重。
矿山地质环境评价:
评价结果表明,研究区地质环境要素因子的隶属度同样为“差(Ⅲ级)”,对研究区生态地质环境系统影响很大。
由最终评价结果可知,研究区生态地质环境质量被评为“差(Ⅲ级)”,表明研究区生态地质环境现状受采矿影响,整体上表现很差,亟需进行针对性修复治理。
利用评价体系精准定量判别研究区生态地质环境质量等级后,仅能有效判定出研究区生态地质环境现状,并无法直接为后续修复治理工作提供具体指导,实际应用价值有限。为确保生态地质环境的持续改善与恢复,必须在已构建好的评价体系的基础上,选择不同等级所适宜的修复治理模式,以期达到最佳的环境治理效果。
据前述内容,制约干旱区石灰岩矿山遗迹地复绿的主要因素为水、土问题。无论生态地质环境质量好或差的矿区,要想实现理想的修复治理效果,就必须解决上述两个问题。生态地质环境质量“较好(Ⅰ级)”的干旱区石灰岩矿山遗迹地,表土剥离面积较小,大部分未遭破坏或保持原状,土壤环境和上覆植被较好,仅少许区域需开展针对性修复治理。
在此类矿山遗迹地修复治理时,应在无土、缺土或土壤环境差的区域先进行表土覆盖工程,将遗迹地可用土壤、采矿废渣以一定比例混合覆盖,然后再将遗迹地内生长状况良好的植被直接筛选移植于覆土区域,最终凭借生态地质环境系统的自然循环功能自然复绿,即表土覆盖+矿区优势植被筛选移植+自然复绿的修复治理模式。鉴于新覆土壤未经自然熟化,土体结构较不稳定,持水保肥能力差,且干旱区蒸发量巨大,在覆土时还应构建一层合适厚度的砾石保水层,以减少土壤水分过度蒸发而导致移植植被缺水死亡。
在生态地质环境“较差(Ⅱ级)”的干旱区石灰岩矿山遗迹地,表土剥离面积大,受生态地质环境各因子的综合影响,植被大面积成片死亡,生物丧失栖息地,生态完整性受损,最终形成封闭生态圈,阻碍生态地质环境系统的自然循环。即使未遭采矿破坏的区域,其植被长势也大不如前,部分植被甚至面临枯萎风险[25]。
当前,适用于此类矿山遗迹地的修复治理模式主要是在上述生态地质环境质量“较好(Ⅰ级)”的表土覆盖的基础上补栽或补喷乡土优势植物或外来先锋物种,并在相应区域喷洒保水剂、固定剂、速效肥、叶面肥等营养物质,以促进植被萌发和生长[26]。经适当人工管护,矿山生态地质环境将实现新的平衡,重新具备完整的自然循环功能,最终使植被在修复治理后期缺乏人工管护的条件下能够自然生长复绿。因此,“较差(Ⅱ级)”修复治理模式即表土覆盖+补栽或补喷乡土优势植物或外来先锋物种,并喷洒保水剂、固定剂、速效肥、叶面肥等营养物质+人工管护的修复治理模式。
在生态地质环境“差(Ⅲ级)”的干旱区石灰岩矿山遗迹地,由于长期无序开采,原生植被和表土层被彻底剥离,基岩裸露,地表破碎,自然循环功能完全丧失,植被无法自然复绿。即使有少量土壤残留,也因贫瘠干燥、粒级组成不佳,极不利于植被生长[27]。若要在此类环境下复绿,必须先改善土壤环境,再优选抗逆植被和先锋物种进行植被重建,以确保矿山遗迹地二次复绿的可能性。
虽然“较差(Ⅱ级)”的修复治理模式施作相对简单、便捷、快速,但不适用于已丧失自然循环功能的矿山遗迹地。现阶段适宜“差(Ⅲ级)”的是土壤重构+植被重建+人工管护的联合修复治理模式,即先重构适宜的土壤,再进行植被重建,后经长期人工管护,最终使植被存活、复绿,修复光秃破碎的矿区。而对于存在地质灾害隐患的矿山遗迹地,必须先消除隐患,然后再开展土壤重构和植被重建等工作,即地质灾害隐患消除+土壤重构+植被重建+人工管护的联合修复治理模式。
由前述评价结果可知,研究区生态地质环境被评为“差(Ⅲ级)”,植被已无自然复绿的可能,必须人为干预开展针对性修复治理,因此选择地质灾害隐患消除+土壤重构+植被重建+人工管护联合修复治理模式。
经实地调查,研究区未发生过地质灾害,但存在多处采坑、松散渣堆以及不稳定高陡边坡等地质灾害隐患,亟需消除。在实地调查的基础上,结合地区相似工程修复治理经验,确定了合适的地质灾害隐患消除总体方案,包括危岩体清理、渣堆清理、迹地清理及坡脚回填反压、场地平整等工程措施。经实施,最终消除了上述地质灾害隐患,为后续土壤重构和植被重建提供了必要的安全保障。
由生态地质环境评价结果可知,土壤粒级组成、土层厚度和土壤养分含量是影响土壤环境质量的主要因素。通常来说,黏粒、粉砂含量高且土层较厚的土壤,环境质量更好,更有利于植被生长。因此,应将上述影响因素的改善作为土壤重构的主要研究方向。
相比砂粒,土的颗粒粒径较小,黏粒和粉砂含量较高,选择土进行重构可确保土壤质量。为降低成本,也可将符合要求的采矿废渣充当砂,用于矿区的土壤重构。有关土壤养分的提升,现阶段主流的措施还是施加化学复合肥或有机肥。
综上,经全面考虑研究区现状与经济效益,并结合已有成果[29],最终采用砂粒+复垦土+有机肥(质量比为2:1:1)的模式重构土壤。重构时,每穴施加有机肥250 g,覆土厚度为30 cm,且在下层铺设5 cm厚的隔水保墒层,以减少水和营养流失。同时,上部砾石保水层的铺设也至关重要,不仅可以减少水分蒸发,避免干燥,还能维持重构土壤内部的水循环平衡。重构土壤结构如图3所示。
土壤重构完成后,选择能够适应研究区环境的先锋抗逆灌木,严格按照1 m间距、每穴单棵的模式进行植被重建。栽植前,需喷灌重构土壤,确保土壤湿度满足栽植要求。综合前期实地调查成果和以往经验[29],为避免植被群落单一,选择白刺、沙拐枣和短穗柽柳3种灌木进行混合栽植。栽植好后,经人工管护,研究区矿山遗迹地最终实现了二次复绿(见图4)。
(1)干旱、半干旱地区相较于其他区域,最显著的环境差异主要体现在降雨量、蒸发量、生物多样性、以及土壤环境质量等方面,且均差于湿润、半湿润地区。因此,在构建适宜干旱、半干旱地区矿山环境评价体系时,除了常见的评价指标因子外,还应将年均蒸发量、生物多样性、土地荒漠化程度、土层厚度、土壤粒级组成以及土壤养分含量等能够反映干旱区石灰岩矿山环境特点的评价指标因子纳入到评价体系中,以增加评价体系的适宜性和推广价值。
(2)立足于矿山生态地质环境系统的整体视角,在综合考虑矿山生态环境和地质环境影响的基础上,构建了典型干旱区石灰岩矿山生态地质环境评价体系,将生态地质环境质量划分为“较好(Ⅰ级)”“较差(Ⅱ级)”和“差(Ⅲ级)”共3个等级,并提出了相应的修复治理模式。经研究区修复治理验证,该评价体系不仅对干旱区石灰岩矿山生态地质环境有着较为客观的评价,而且还能为当地及类似矿山遗迹地修复治理提供必要指导。
(3)研究区生态地质环境为“差(Ⅲ级)”,对应采取地质灾害隐患消除+土壤重构+植被重建+人工管护的联合修复治理模式对研究区进行针对性修复治理,即以危岩体清理、渣堆清理、迹地清理及坡脚回填反压、场地平整等工程措施消除地质灾害隐患;采用砂粒+复垦土+有机肥按质量比为2:1:1的模式重构土壤;以白刺、沙拐枣和短穗柽柳3种灌木混合栽植的方式进行植被重建。经人工养护,研究区矿山遗迹地最终实现了二次复绿。
  • 宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划项目(2021BEG02008)
  • 河北地质大学科技创新团队项目(KJCXTD-2021-08)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-17
基金
宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划项目(2021BEG02008)
河北地质大学科技创新团队项目(KJCXTD-2021-08)
作者信息
    1.河北地质大学 城市地质与工程学院,河北 石家庄 050031
    2.河北地质大学 河北省高校生态环境地质应用技术研发中心,河北 石家庄 050031
    3.宁夏回族自治区地质资料馆,宁夏 银川 750021

通讯作者:

袁颖(1976—),男,江西景德镇人,博士,教授,从事环境和灾害地质、工程地质、矿山生态修复方向的研究工作。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kyyjykf/CN/1322595368815149532
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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