Article(id=1322595348695073068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322595047657296718, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713715200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260903762, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260903762, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260903762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260903762, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322595047657296718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260831989, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793260831989, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=137, endPage=147, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322595348871233837, articleId=1322595348695073068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on the Influence of High Temperature and Cyclic Cooling on the Shear Strength of Granite, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of hot dry rock mining in enhanced geothermal system, high temperature and cyclic cooling will lead to damage the thermal reservoir rock mass, change its physical and mechanical properties as well as microstructure, and affect the permeability of rock mass and mining efficiency. The granite samples after high temperature treatment at 400 ℃ were subjected to cyclic cooling treatment by different cooling methods. The shear permeability tests were carried out under different normal stresses. The shear fracture surface of granite was analyzed by three-dimensional morphology and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the shear strength and shear displacement of granite increase with the increase of normal stress. The shear strength decreases with the increase of cyclic cooling times, and the shear strength of water-cooled samples decreases more obviously. The cohesive force decreases with the increase of cyclic cooling times, and the internal friction angle does not change significantly. The initial permeability decreases with the increase of normal stress, and the initial permeability of water-cooled samples is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of natural cooling samples. The shear displacement corresponding to the minimum permeability increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of cyclic cooling times, and increases with the increase of normal stress. With the increase of cyclic cooling times, the intergranular cracks of the natural cooling sample increase, the width of the transgranular cracks increases. The secondary cracks of the water-cooled sample increase and crystal fracture occurs. The research results can provide theoretical basis and technical support for hot dry rock mining.

, authors=Shuangze MA, Wei CHEN, Congcong LYU, Subiao ZHANG, Fan ZHANG, authorsList=Shuangze MA, Wei CHEN, Congcong LYU, Subiao ZHANG, Fan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322595353451413842, articleId=1322595348695073068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=高温与循环冷却对花岗岩抗剪强度影响试验研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

增强型地热系统进行干热岩开采过程中,高温和循环冷却会导致热储岩体损伤,改变其物理力学性能和微观结构,影响岩体渗透率及开采效率。采用不同冷却方式对400 ℃高温处理后的花岗岩试样进行循环冷却处理,在不同法向应力下进行剪切渗透试验,结合三维形貌和扫描电镜试验对花岗岩的剪切断裂面进行分析。结果表明,花岗岩抗剪强度和剪切位移随法向应力的增加而增大;抗剪强度随循环冷却次数的增加而降低,水冷却试样抗剪强度下降更明显;黏聚力随循环冷却次数的增加而降低,内摩擦角变化不显著。初始渗透率随法向应力增大而减小,水冷却试样初始渗透率高于自然冷却试样1~2个数量级;渗透率最小值对应的剪切位移随循环冷却次数的增加先增大后减小,随法向应力的增大而增大;随着循环冷却次数的增加,自然冷却试样晶间裂隙增多,穿晶裂隙宽度增大,水冷却试样次生裂隙增多并出现晶体断裂。研究结果可为干热岩开采提供理论基础和技术支持。

, authors=马双泽, 陈伟, 吕聪聪, 张塑彪, 张帆, authorsList=马双泽, 陈伟, 吕聪聪, 张塑彪, 张帆, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张帆, authorNote=

马双泽(1996—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士,主要研究方向为岩石力学多场耦合。E-mail:

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张帆(1981—),女,江苏仪征人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为岩石力学多场耦合。E-mail:
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马双泽(1996—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士,主要研究方向为岩石力学多场耦合。E-mail:

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Mining Research and Development, 2021, 41(1):73-80., articleTitle=Three dimensional characterization and evaluation of JRC value of rock fractures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322595839596413410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595348695073068, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=45, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=67, authorNames=黄彦华, 陶然, 陈笑, journalName=岩土工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄彦华,陶然,陈笑,等.高温后花岗岩断裂特性及热裂纹演化规律研究[J].岩土工程学报,2023,45(4):1-9., articleTitle=高温后花岗岩断裂特性及热裂纹演化规律研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322595839667716579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322595348695073068, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=45, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=68, authorNames=HUANG Yanhua, TAO Ran, CHEN Xiao, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Yanhua, TAO Ran, CHEN Xiao, et al. 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高温与循环冷却对花岗岩抗剪强度影响试验研究
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马双泽 , 陈伟 , 吕聪聪 , 张塑彪 , 张帆
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(3): 137-147
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (3) : 137 -147
高温与循环冷却对花岗岩抗剪强度影响试验研究
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马双泽 , 陈伟, 吕聪聪, 张塑彪, 张帆
作者信息
  • 湖北工业大学 土木建筑与环境学院,湖北 武汉 430068
通讯作者:
张帆(1981—),女,江苏仪征人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为岩石力学多场耦合。E-mail:
作者简介:

马双泽(1996—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士,主要研究方向为岩石力学多场耦合。E-mail:

Experimental Study on the Influence of High Temperature and Cyclic Cooling on the Shear Strength of Granite
Shuangze MA , Wei CHEN, Congcong LYU, Subiao ZHANG, Fan ZHANG
Affiliations
  • College of Civil Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25
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增强型地热系统进行干热岩开采过程中,高温和循环冷却会导致热储岩体损伤,改变其物理力学性能和微观结构,影响岩体渗透率及开采效率。采用不同冷却方式对400 ℃高温处理后的花岗岩试样进行循环冷却处理,在不同法向应力下进行剪切渗透试验,结合三维形貌和扫描电镜试验对花岗岩的剪切断裂面进行分析。结果表明,花岗岩抗剪强度和剪切位移随法向应力的增加而增大;抗剪强度随循环冷却次数的增加而降低,水冷却试样抗剪强度下降更明显;黏聚力随循环冷却次数的增加而降低,内摩擦角变化不显著。初始渗透率随法向应力增大而减小,水冷却试样初始渗透率高于自然冷却试样1~2个数量级;渗透率最小值对应的剪切位移随循环冷却次数的增加先增大后减小,随法向应力的增大而增大;随着循环冷却次数的增加,自然冷却试样晶间裂隙增多,穿晶裂隙宽度增大,水冷却试样次生裂隙增多并出现晶体断裂。研究结果可为干热岩开采提供理论基础和技术支持。

花岗岩  /  高温  /  循环冷却  /  抗剪强度  /  渗透率

In the process of hot dry rock mining in enhanced geothermal system, high temperature and cyclic cooling will lead to damage the thermal reservoir rock mass, change its physical and mechanical properties as well as microstructure, and affect the permeability of rock mass and mining efficiency. The granite samples after high temperature treatment at 400 ℃ were subjected to cyclic cooling treatment by different cooling methods. The shear permeability tests were carried out under different normal stresses. The shear fracture surface of granite was analyzed by three-dimensional morphology and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the shear strength and shear displacement of granite increase with the increase of normal stress. The shear strength decreases with the increase of cyclic cooling times, and the shear strength of water-cooled samples decreases more obviously. The cohesive force decreases with the increase of cyclic cooling times, and the internal friction angle does not change significantly. The initial permeability decreases with the increase of normal stress, and the initial permeability of water-cooled samples is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of natural cooling samples. The shear displacement corresponding to the minimum permeability increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of cyclic cooling times, and increases with the increase of normal stress. With the increase of cyclic cooling times, the intergranular cracks of the natural cooling sample increase, the width of the transgranular cracks increases. The secondary cracks of the water-cooled sample increase and crystal fracture occurs. The research results can provide theoretical basis and technical support for hot dry rock mining.

Granite  /  High temperature  /  Cyclic cooling  /  Shear strength  /  Permeability
马双泽, 陈伟, 吕聪聪, 张塑彪, 张帆. 高温与循环冷却对花岗岩抗剪强度影响试验研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (3) : 137 -147 .
Shuangze MA, Wei CHEN, Congcong LYU, Subiao ZHANG, Fan ZHANG. Experimental Study on the Influence of High Temperature and Cyclic Cooling on the Shear Strength of Granite[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (3) : 137 -147 .
地热资源作为一种清洁可再生能源[1],按赋存条件可分为水热型和干热岩型[2]。干热岩型地热资源占已探明地热资源总量的90%左右,主要赋存在花岗岩地层中[3]。干热岩主要分布于距地表3~10 km深的无水或仅含有少量水的致密低渗高温岩体中,温度在150~650 ℃之间[4-5]。干热岩型地热资源的开发主要采用增强型地热系统(Enhanced Geothermal System, EGS)进行,使用水力压裂技术对热储岩体进行改造以增强其渗透性,驱动低温工质(主要是水)流经改造形成的裂隙进行热能提取,从而用于发电或供暖[6-7]。使用EGS系统进行地热开采过程中,循环高温冷却作用会对热储岩体造成热损伤,使得岩石内部孔隙结构和微裂纹发生变化[8],引发岩石物理力学性能和内部微观结构的变化,进而导致岩石渗透率发生改变[9],对干热岩的开采效率产生影响[10]。因此,深入研究高温加热后不同冷却方式和循环冷却次数对花岗岩物理力学性质和微观结构的影响,对实现干热岩的开发和利用具有重要意义。
众多学者开展了高温对岩石物理力学性质影响的相关研究,WANG等[11]通过研究发现随着温度的升高,花岗岩试样直径的增长率逐渐变大,略大于试件轴向长度的变化。刘坤等[12]、古启雄等[13]研究发现随着温度升高,花岗岩表面的裂纹、色差、质量损失率、体积膨胀率和纵波波速衰减率不断增加。ZHANG等[14]以高温水冷处理后的花岗岩为研究对象开展了三轴压缩试验,发现高温产生的裂隙及内部孔隙结构的变化是岩石物理力学性质下降的主要原因。朱栋等[15]对不同温度循环水冷却后的花岗岩试样进行研究,发现花岗岩的抗压强度、抗拉强度和弹性模量均随温度升高和循环次数的增加呈劣化趋势。LI等[16]开展了实时高温下花岗岩节理直剪试验,结果表明,花岗岩节理抗剪强度及剪切刚度均随温度升高呈连续劣化趋势,节理面剪胀变形随温度的升高而逐渐减小。同时,针对典型干热岩(花岗岩)热储岩体渗透率的研究,胡少华等[17]对北山花岗岩进行了三轴压缩过程中的渗透率测试,发现初始微裂纹的压缩闭合可导致试样的渗透率下降约1个数量级,峰前破坏时渗透率的增幅可达2~3个数量级。武治盛等[18]研究发现在围压加卸载过程中,花岗岩渗透率随围压的变化规律符合幂函数,花岗岩在同围压条件下加载过程的渗透率始终大于卸载过程的渗透率。张凯等[19]将花岗岩分别加热至不同温度后进行了气体渗透率试验,发现自然冷却与遇水冷却下的花岗岩渗透率变化趋势相同。ZHANG等[20]对高温处理后的花岗岩-水泥砂浆界面进行剪切渗透试验,研究结果表明,当水灰比和法向应力相同时,抗剪强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角随加热温度升高而降低。YANG等[21]发现高温处理后花岗岩渗透率随围压的升高而降低。
目前,对于循环高温冷却后岩石力学性质的研究主要侧重于抗压和抗拉强度,而对循环高温冷却后花岗岩的渗透性的研究相对较少。为进一步探究循环高温冷却对花岗岩抗剪强度与渗透率的影响,选取花岗岩物理力学性能变化[22]和渗透率变化[23]的临界温度400 ℃作为研究温度,以高温后不同冷却方式(自然冷却、水冷却)和循环冷却次数(5次、10次和15次)处理后的花岗岩试样为研究对象,在不同法向应力(5 MPa、10 MPa和15 MPa)作用下开展剪切渗透试验,分析黏聚力与内摩擦角的变化规律,结合三维形貌分析和扫描电镜试验从微观角度探究了岩石剪切断裂面裂隙粗糙形态参数JRC变化规律和裂纹演化规律。研究结果有望为干热岩开采提供理论基础和技术支持。
试验使用的花岗岩取自福建省晋江市某矿区,采集深度约为120 m,属于高热流花岗岩型干热岩资源分布区[24],天然状态下呈灰青色,质地坚硬、无明显裂缝。使用X射线衍射法(X-Ray Diffraction, XRD)测得花岗岩主要矿物成分及其质量占比分别为:钠长石58.47%,云母27.02%,石英14.51%。将花岗岩加工为Φ50 mm×80 mm的圆柱体试样进行剪切渗透试验,同时自制一组直径与试样直径一致的剪切垫片[25],垫片高度为10 mm,进行剪切渗流试验时,将两个剪切垫片相对放置[20],如图1所示。垫片上表面(与花岗岩试样接触)一侧由半圆形不锈钢组成,另一侧由厚度为5 mm的半圆形硅胶组成,垫片下表面(与试验设备压头接触)由不锈钢构成。垫片中间设有5个直径为1.5 mm的贯通孔洞(见图1),用于剪切渗流时流体通过。
将花岗岩试样放置到马弗炉(TNX1200-30)中加热至400 ℃,升温速率为5 ℃/min,加热至目标温度后恒温4 h,使花岗岩试样受热均匀,该升温速率和保温时间可以有效降低热应力对试样的影响[20]。马弗炉加热保温程序终止后,分别对花岗岩试样进行炉内自然冷却(简称自然冷却)和25 ℃恒温水冷却(简称水冷却)。加热保温结束后,将试样继续置于炉内自然冷却至室温,将冷却完毕的试样置于105 ℃烘箱中干燥24 h[26],并将干燥后的试样密封保存,视为进行了1次自然冷却。马弗炉加热保温阶段结束后,立即将试样从炉内取出并置于容积40 L、温度25 ℃的恒温水桶中进行冷却处理,待试样冷却至室温后从桶中捞出并擦干表面水分,将试样置于105 ℃烘箱中干燥24 h,并将干燥后的试样密封保存,视为进行了1次水冷却。对400 ℃高温后的花岗岩试样分别进行两种冷却方式条件下的5次、10次和15次循环冷却处理,并取未加热处理(天然)花岗岩试样作为对照组。
图2为400 ℃高温加热后不同冷却方式和循环冷却次数处理后的花岗岩试样的外观形态。从图2中可以看出,当循环冷却次数从5次增加至15次时,自然冷却试样的颜色逐渐由未加热处理的灰青色向黄褐色转变(颜色标识见电子版);水冷却试样的颜色较自然冷却试样颜色更深,岩石表面的黄黑色斑点个数逐渐增多,单个斑点的面积逐渐增大。试样在水冷却至15次时,岩石表面出现肉眼可见的细小裂缝(图2中红色实线部分是试样因加热水冷却产生的宏观裂缝)。
本次剪切渗流试验使用自主研制的温度–渗流–应力–化学(THMC)岩土介质多场耦合试验系统,该试验系统最大轴压(剪应力)为750 MPa,最大法向应力为50 MPa,最大气体渗透压力为2 MPa。试验开始时,先将垫片上表面相对错动放置于试样两端(见图1),把试样放入橡胶套内并使用卡箍将试样安装密封。将围压室外围螺丝拧紧,然后将围压室推至加载平面。以1 mL/min的加载速率将法向应力加载至目标压力,然后采用恒压加载保持目标压力(法向应力分别为5 MPa、10 MPa和15 MPa)。待法向应力稳定后,将气体渗透系统减压阀打开并调节至目标压力1.5 MPa,进行气体渗透试验,记录1 h内气体压力与时间的变化情况,计算得出初始渗透率。初始渗透率测量完毕后,以1 mL/min的加载速率对试样施加剪应力直至试样破坏,停止加载并记录剪切渗透全过程中剪应力、渗透率与剪切位移的变化情况。
定义质量损失率Lm来描述400 ℃高温加热后不同冷却方式(自然冷却、水冷却)和循环冷却次数(5次、10次和15次)处理后的花岗岩试样的质量变化情况,具体公式如下:
式中:md为天然花岗岩试样干燥后的质量,g;mn为花岗岩试样400 ℃高温处理后经历不同循环冷却次数干燥后的质量,g;Lm为试样的质量损失率,%。
为了便于分析,将未加热处理的花岗岩试样视为进行了0次循环冷却,绘制质量损失率与循环冷却次数的关系曲线,如图3所示。
从图3中可以看出,花岗岩试样的质量损失率随循环冷却次数的增加而升高,水冷却试样质量损失率曲线上升趋势更加明显。自然冷却试样质量损失的原因主要为试样外部附着水、内部结合水和组成矿物结构的结晶水析出。水冷却试样质量损失的原因主要为试样内外因温差产生的热应力[27]导致裂缝的剧烈产生与发展。高温试样遇水后,水在高温作用下会迅速气化形成水蒸气,加剧表面裂缝的产生,水沿外部裂缝进入岩石内部,在岩石内部高温作用下形成水蒸气,并从内部裂缝中排出,加剧岩石的热破裂[28]。岩石发生热破裂后,会有一部分微小岩块或沙状掉落物从裂缝和岩石表面脱落,这也是水冷却试样质量下降更明显的原因。
为研究高温加热后不同冷却方式和循环冷却次数对花岗岩试样内部结构的影响情况,使用非金属波速检测仪RSM-SY6(C)对400 ℃高温加热后不同冷却方式(自然冷却、水冷却)和循环冷却次数(5次、10次和15次)处理后的花岗岩试样进行纵波波速测试。为了便于分析,将未加热处理试样视为进行了0次循环冷却。
图4为花岗岩纵波波速与循环冷却次数的关系曲线。从图4中可以看出,高温水冷却处理后花岗岩试样随循环冷却次数增加导致的纵波波速的下降比自然冷却试样纵波波速的下降更加明显。高温后水冷却处理使花岗岩试样内部产生更大损伤,内部孔隙之间的连通性增强,孔隙体积增大[29]。这是因为在岩石微裂隙处,纵波会发生散射,造成能量损失,岩石总体损伤的增加表现为纵波波速的下降[30-31],波速下降越明显,说明岩石内部损伤程度越剧烈。
图5为不同循环冷却次数条件下花岗岩剪应力–剪切位移关系曲线。
从图5中可以看出,花岗岩的剪应力–剪切位移关系曲线分为四个阶段:第一阶段为初始压密阶段,出现的原因是由于岩石在剪应力作用下产生压缩,内部裂隙在压力作用下被压实并逐渐闭合;第二阶段为线弹性阶段,此时剪应力随剪切位移的增加而增大,曲线近似一条直线;第三阶段为峰前非线性变形阶段,此阶段剪应力随剪切位移的增加出现波动,这是因为试样在剪应力作用下本应该瞬间进行的剪切破坏,但受到法向应力保护作用,先出现较大断裂但又没有完全破坏,破坏过程发生了延后,此时剪应力随位移增大出现水平滑移阶段或应力波动阶段,破坏形式表现为渐进破坏;第四阶段是试样的峰后急速破坏阶段,此时试样发生破坏完全断为两段,剪应力到达最大值后,随着加载的继续进行,剪应力出现断崖式下降,局部裂隙间相互连通形成贯穿整个试样的裂隙面,试样被完全剪断。试样断裂面在残余剪应力继续作用下,受法向应力保护作用,与裂隙面间存在不均匀咬合作用,仍然具备一定的抗剪强度。
在相同循环冷却次数条件下,自然冷却试样与水冷却试样的抗剪强度均随法向应力的增加而增大。随着循环冷却次数的增加,抗剪强度对应的剪切位移呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。在相同法向应力条件下,试样的抗剪强度随循环冷却次数的增加而减小,水冷却条件下的抗剪强度随循环冷却次数增加的下降幅度大于自然冷却条件下的下降幅度。循环冷却15次时抗剪强度发生明显下降,这是由于花岗岩试样内部的晶体结构和晶间胶结物具有不同的膨胀系数,经历多次高温冷却后,晶体在热应力作用下形成了较多的裂缝,试样在多次循环冷却后发生应力聚集使得裂隙大幅增长,进而引发抗剪强度的明显下降[32]。
岩石的抗剪强度指标主要包括黏聚力与内摩擦角。黏聚力是指岩石材料内部颗粒之间的吸引力或结合力,内摩擦角是指岩石在受到外部力作用时内部颗粒之间产生的摩擦阻力的大小。使用库仑强度准则[33]描述岩石材料在受到外部应力作用下的剪切破坏行为,表达式为:
式中,τ为剪切应力,MPa;c为黏聚力,MPa;σ为剪切面上的法向应力,MPa;φ为内摩擦角,(°)。
基于库伦强度准则,使用最小二乘法对不同冷却方式与循环冷却次数条件下的法向应力与剪应力进行线性拟合,如图6所示,拟合系数R2均大于0.97。根据式(2)可知,拟合曲线的纵截距为黏聚力c,曲线的斜率则对应花岗岩内摩擦角φ的正切值tanφ。为了便于分析,将未加热处理的花岗岩试样视为进行了0次循环冷却,绘制花岗岩黏聚力与内摩擦角随循环冷却次数的变化曲线,如图7所示。
从图7中可以观察到,两种冷却方式下黏聚力均随循环冷却次数的增加而降低,水冷却条件下的黏聚力降幅较自然冷却条件下更加显著。这是由于岩石附着水、结合水和结构水的析出导致岩石内部矿物晶格骨架破坏[34],晶胞内部和晶胞间黏聚力下降。水冷却试样外部与水接触降温更快,而内部降温缓慢,产生了热应力[27],导致岩石产生更大的热破裂,损伤加剧,裂缝迅速扩展,加剧了黏聚力的削弱,这也是水冷却花岗岩黏聚力降幅更大的原因。高温作用下晶体矿物颗粒和胶结物的不均匀膨胀引发热裂纹,随着循环冷却次数的增加,热裂纹不断扩展,岩石的黏聚力降低。岩石内摩擦角与温度变化不具有显著关系,这与WANG等[35]的研究结果一致。
由于完整的花岗岩试样整体致密、坚硬,使用水作为渗透介质无法透过试样,因此,本文采用气体作为渗透介质。为防止气体与试样反应,选取惰性气体(氩气)进行本次花岗岩剪切渗透试验。采用准稳态法[36]对花岗岩的气体渗透率进行测定,岩石气体渗透率的表达式为:
式中:k为气体渗透率,m2;μ为气体黏度系数,氩气取2.2×10−5Pa·s;V1为上游进气端体积,m3;H为试样高度,m;ΔP1为气压差,Pa;S为试样横截面积,m2;Pmoy为进气压平均值,Pa;P0为标准大气压值,Pa;Δt为测试时间,s;P1为初始气压值,Pa。
对花岗岩试样进行剪切渗透试验,得到不同循环冷却次数条件下花岗岩渗透率–剪切位移曲线,如图8所示。
从图8中可以看出,花岗岩试样的渗透率随位移变化经历了压密阶段、剪切破坏阶段、法向应力效应下的裂隙闭合阶段。在压密阶段,岩石受到剪应力作用,内部孔隙随位移增加而逐渐被压缩,表现为渗透率随位移的增加而减小。随着剪切位移的不断增大,岩石进入剪切破坏阶段,岩石首先在上下两个剪切面金属与硅胶交界处产生微裂缝[37],微裂缝与剪应力作用下形成的微破裂迅速连通并扩展为贯通的局部裂隙,此时气体渗透率转变为随位移的增加而逐渐增大。随着位移的进一步增大,剪切面两端的局部裂隙开始逐渐向岩石中部扩展,气体渗透率进一步增大,最终发育成贯通整个试样的裂隙面,导致岩石彻底破坏。岩石破坏后停止加载,裂隙会在法向应力保护作用下产生闭合,这一闭合过程本应该表现为渗透率随位移的增大而减小,但实际过程中出现了渗透率随位移增加而增大的反常现象,这是因为在残余剪应力下,试样会沿破坏面继续发生滑动,两个破坏面会出现上下错动导致无法对齐咬合的情况,这种情况会保留破坏面间的较大裂隙,导致渗透率的反常增大。
在压密阶段和剪切破坏阶段之间的转折点为渗透率最小值,绘制花岗岩渗透率最小值对应的剪切位移与循环冷却次数关系曲线,如图9所示。从图9中可以看出,渗透率最小值对应的剪切位移随冷却次数的增加呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,这种趋势受冷却方式影响并不显著。在相同循环冷却次数条件下,渗透率最小值对应的剪切位移随法向应力增加而增大。法向应力的增加限制了裂缝在剪切界面处的生成,延后了裂缝产生时间和发展过程。
为了便于分析,将未加热处理的花岗岩试样视为进行了0次循环冷却,绘制花岗岩初始渗透率与循环冷却次数关系曲线,如图10所示。从图10中可以看出,循环冷却次数为5次的试样渗透率较未加热处理试样发生明显增加。这是因为高温试样内外因温差产生的热应力[27]导致试样内部裂纹萌生和扩展[38],体现为渗透率的显著增加。当循环冷却次数从5次逐渐增加至15次时,试样的气体渗透率发生缓慢增加。花岗岩试样在相同冷却方式和循环冷却次数条件下,初始渗透率均随法向应力的增大而减小。相同循环冷却次数条件下,水冷却试样比自然冷却试样的初始渗透率大1~2个数量级。这是因为水冷却引起的温度梯度变化[39]和热应力[27]大于自然冷却,使得试样内部微裂纹的产生和扩展更加剧烈,对岩石内部劣化效应更强烈[40]。
BARTON等[41-42]提出使用节理粗糙度系数(Joint Roughness Coefficient, JRC)来表征裂隙粗糙形态,TSE等[43]使用节理面剖面线坡度均方根一阶导数Z2与JRC进行拟合,并提出了相关公式:
式中:L为节理面裂隙剖面线长度,mm;N为取样间距总数;xi为沿节理面裂隙剖面线方向的长度坐标,mm,zi为垂直于节理面裂隙剖面线方向的高度坐标,mm;Z2为节理面剖面线坡度均方根的一阶导数;JRC为节理粗糙度系数。
通过非接触结构光三维扫描仪(EinScan-Pro)对剪切破坏后的花岗岩试样断面进行扫描,得到点云数据,并将点云数据导入Geomagic Wrap软件中得到最佳拟合平面作为xOy平面,然后将文件导入Matlab软件中使用自主编程的命令流构建试样断裂面的3D曲面图。采用0.5 mm的采样间距[44]获取坐标,并带入式(5)和式(6)中计算出试样节理粗糙度系数JRC,绘制花岗岩断裂面节理粗糙度系数JRC随法向应力的变化曲线,如图11所示。
从图11中可以看出,当循环冷却次数相同时,JRC随着法向应力的增加呈下降趋势,这种趋势受冷却方式影响并不显著。这说明法向应力的施加限制了试样沿剪切面法向方向的变形,也限制了裂缝沿剪切面法向方向的扩展,使得尽可能多的裂缝沿剪切方向产生与扩展。
图12为不同循环冷却次数条件下花岗岩断裂面扫描电镜图像(图像放大倍数为500倍)。图12中红色虚线代表穿晶裂纹;黄色虚线代表晶间裂纹及其走向;绿色方框部分为雪花状或贝壳纹状(颜色标识见电子版),这是典型的晶体断裂特征。未加热处理的花岗岩试样(见图12(a))结构致密、断裂面平整,裂纹仅有一条贯通的主要穿晶裂隙,无晶间裂隙。
自然冷却5次的花岗岩试样(见图12(b))断裂面开始出现晶间裂隙,这是因为高温导致不同种类矿物颗粒之间发生不均匀膨胀,不均匀膨胀产生的应力导致裂纹尖端产生应力集中效应,而应力集中会导致裂纹末端的矿物颗粒发生断裂,引发晶间裂隙的产生与发育[45]。构成矿物的结合水和结晶水会在300~400 ℃高温期间逸出,破坏矿物的晶格结构,矿物晶格结构被破坏会削弱晶格间的嵌合作用进而引发岩石抗剪强度的下降。当花岗岩试样的循环自然冷却次数增加至10次和15次时(见图12(d)和图12(f)),晶间裂隙显著增多。多次加热冷却引发的不均匀膨胀更加显著,不均匀膨胀的增加会强化晶间裂纹的发育与增长过程。同时,晶间裂隙的发育会使原本的晶间裂隙相互贯通,并发展为更加明显和粗壮的穿晶裂隙。
水冷却试样均出现了典型的晶体断裂特征。这是因为高温花岗岩表面温度较高而水温度较低且恒定不变,岩石表面在极短时间内与水进行大量热交换极速降温,从而快速收缩。岩石内部不与水直接接触,温度下降缓慢,仍然具有较高温度。内外温差产生的热应力[27]使岩石内部的晶体结构发生断裂,形成明显的晶体断裂特征。冷却水沿热应力产生的新生裂隙渗入花岗岩内部,使得内部矿物颗粒的不均匀收缩加剧。在水冷却过程中,岩石表面的冷却水与渗入岩体内部的冷却水会在岩石高温作用下形成高温水蒸气,水蒸气从岩石内部排出,使岩石产生进一步的热破裂[46]。水冷却的花岗岩试样(见图12(c)、图12(e)和图12(g))断裂面较自然冷却的花岗岩试样(见图12(b)、图12(d)和图12(f))表面更加粗糙,表面出现了更多的微小碎块结构,且晶间裂隙更少。随着循环水冷却次数从5次增加至15次,断裂面起伏更大,穿晶裂隙个数增多,晶间裂隙个数减少。晶间裂隙的减少是因为试样在热应力作用下产生了热硬化[47],而矿物颗粒在热硬化作用下使得试样的黏聚力增大,限制了晶间裂隙发育。
本文以不同冷却方式(自然冷却和水冷却)和循环冷却次数(5次、10次和15次)处理的花岗岩试样为研究对象,在不同法向应力(5 MPa、10 MPa和15 MPa)条件下对花岗岩试样开展剪切渗透试验,结合三维形貌分析试验和扫描电镜试验对花岗岩的剪切断裂面进行分析,主要结论如下。
(1)在相同循环冷却次数条件下,试样抗剪强度及其对应的剪切位移均随法向应力增加而增大,水冷却试样抗剪强度的增长幅度更加明显。在相同法向应力条件下,试样抗剪强度随循环冷却次数的增加而减小。
(2)黏聚力随循环冷却次数增加而降低,水冷却条件下黏聚力的降幅较自然冷却条件下更加显著。内摩擦角随循环冷却次数变化不具有明显特征。
(3)在相同冷却方式和循环冷却次数条件下,初始渗透率均随法向应力的增大而减小。相同循环冷却次数条件下,水冷却试样比自然冷却试样的初始渗透率大1~2个数量级。
(4)渗透率最小值对应的剪切位移随冷却次数的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,这种趋势受冷却方式影响并不显著。在相同循环冷却次数条件下,渗透率最小值对应的剪切位移随法向应力增加而增大。
(5)节理粗糙度系数JRC随着法向应力的增加呈下降趋势,这种趋势受冷却方式影响并不显著。未加热处理的花岗岩试样结构致密、断裂面平整,无晶间裂隙。随着循环冷却次数的增加,自然冷却试样晶间裂隙逐渐增多,穿晶裂隙的宽度逐渐增大,水冷却试样主体穿晶裂隙周边产生了更多的次生裂隙,且出现了明显的晶体断裂。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51979100)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-04-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-22
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51979100)
作者信息
    湖北工业大学 土木建筑与环境学院,湖北 武汉 430068

通讯作者:

张帆(1981—),女,江苏仪征人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为岩石力学多场耦合。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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